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All by Myself

All by Myself - wikipedia All by Myself For other uses , see All by Myself ( disambiguation ) . `` All by Myself '' Single by Eric Carmen from the album Eric Carmen B - side `` Everything '' Released December 1 , 1975 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop soft rock Length 7 : 10 ( album version ) 4 : 22 ( single edit ) Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Eric Carmen Producer ( s ) Jimmy Ienner Eric Carmen singles chronology `` All by Myself '' ( 1975 ) `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' ( 1976 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1975 ) `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' ( 1976 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic No rating `` All by Myself '' is a song by American artist Eric Carmen released in 1975 . The verse is based on the second movement ( Adagio sostenuto ) of Sergei Rachmaninoff 's Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor , Opus 18 . The chorus is borrowed from the song `` Let 's Pretend '' , which Carmen wrote and recorded with the Raspberries in 1972 . The song was the first released on Carmen 's first solo LP after leaving the power pop group the Raspberries and was released as the first single in December 1975 , to great acclaim . It reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 behind The Miracles ' `` Love Machine '' and The Four Seasons ' `` December , 1963 ( Oh What a Night ) '' , number 1 on Cash Box Top 100 Singles and number 3 in Canada . The single sold more than one million copies in the United States and was certified gold by the RIAA in April 1976 . `` All By Myself '' was Carmen 's first of eight US Top 40 hits . In the UK , however , this was his only Top 40 success , peaking at number 12 . In a 2006 poll for UK 's Five programme Britain 's Favourite Break - up Songs , Eric Carmen 's version of this song was voted seventeenth . Rachmaninoff 's music was in the public domain in the United States and Carmen thought no copyright existed on it , but it was still protected outside the U.S. Subsequent to the release of the album , he was contacted by the Rachmaninoff estate and informed otherwise . An agreement was reached in which the estate would receive 12 percent of the royalties from `` All by Myself '' as well as from `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' , which was based on the third movement from Rachmaninoff 's Symphony No. 2 . Carmen has stated that he also incorporated part of another melody into this song . The melody was taken from his previous hit with the Raspberries , `` Let 's Pretend . '' Carmen 's original version has spawned numerous cover versions by such artists as Rico J. Puno in 1976 , Celine Dion in 1996 , Frank Sinatra , Igudesman & Joo , Il Divo , and Only Men Aloud ! . The slide guitar solo was performed by famed studio guitarist Hugh McCracken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television performance 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Celine Dion version 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Charts 3.2. 1 Weekly charts 3.2. 2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications and sales 3.4 Release history 4 Other cover versions 5 Use in popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Television performance ( edit ) Carmen performed `` All By Myself '' and his follow - up hit , `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again , '' on The Midnight Special television program on July 23 , 1976 ( season 4 , episode 37 ) . The show was hosted by The Spinners . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles Canadian Adult Contemporary Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Cash Box Top 100 US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 67 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles 54 US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Cash Box 41 Celine Dion version ( edit ) `` All by Myself '' Single by Celine Dion from the album Falling into You Released October 7 , 1996 Format CD single cassette single Recorded 1995 : The Record Plant , Compass Point , Capitol Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 5 : 09 ( album version ) 4 : 30 ( single version ) 3 : 54 ( radio edit ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Eric Carmen Sergei Rachmaninoff Producer ( s ) David Foster Celine Dion singles chronology `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1996 ) `` Les derniers seront les premiers '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1996 ) `` Les derniers seront les premiers '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` All by Myself '' on YouTube One of the most notable cover versions of `` All by Myself '' was recorded by Celine Dion in 1996 . It was the fourth ( or third , depending on the country ) hit single from her album Falling into You . Produced by David Foster at Compass Point Studios in The Bahamas , it was released on October 7 , 1996 in Europe , January 13 , 1997 in Australia , and March 11 , 1997 in North America . There were three music videos made . The first one was released in October 1996 . It contains fragments from Dion 's photo session for the Falling into You album cover and some scenes from her Live à Paris concert . It was made for the single version and it was directed by Nigel Dick . The second version was made for the UK market with the same white T - shirt scenes but adding footage of a young couple in love at Christmas time , instead of scenes from Dion 's concert . This was made for the album version . Finally , a live music video was released in March 1997 in North America ( from the 1996 concert in Montreal ) . Dion performed this song many times during world tours , TV shows and music events such as the Grammy Awards ( 1997 ) , Billboard Music Awards ( 1997 ) and Bambi Awards ( 1996 ) . A performance from her 2008 - 2009 Taking Chances Tour can be found on the Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert DVD / CD . It is currently included in the set list of Dion 's Las Vegas residency show Céline which premiered on March 15 , 2011 . The song was also performed during the 2013 Sans attendre Tour ; the Quebec City performance was included in the Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 CD / DVD . The song was also performed in Dion 's 2017 European tour . Dion also recorded a Spanish version of `` All by Myself , '' called `` Sola otra vez '' ( English : By Myself Again ) . It was added to the Falling into You Latin American / Spanish edition , and as a B - side to other singles from that album . This version became available worldwide on Dion 's later compilation The Collector 's Series , Volume One . The CD single was released in 1996 in Brazil only . Dion 's `` Sola otra vez '' was selected the number one Spanish language cover of an English pop song by TheSpanishVersion.Org . The `` All by Myself '' single became one of Dion 's biggest hits in the United States , reaching number 1 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks ( for three weeks ) and the Latin Pop Airplay ( two weeks ) . It peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 ( number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and number 5 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales ) . It was also a top 10 hit in France , United Kingdom , Wallonia in Belgium and the Republic of Ireland . In Canada , `` All by Myself '' was released as a promotional single only , hitting number 1 on the Adult Contemporary Chart . `` All by Myself '' was certified gold in the US ( 500,000 ) , and silver in the UK ( 200,000 ) and France ( 165,000 ) . The track was included on some editions of Dion 's greatest hits All the Way ... A Decade of Song in 1999 and on My Love : Essential Collection in 2008 . This version also features on the ITV game show Take Me Out if the contestant leaves the show without a date . Critical reception ( edit ) Dion 's cover received positive reviews . New York Times editor Stephen Holden wrote that the remake , along with `` Because You Loved Me , '' `` are the strongest cuts on an album crammed with formulaic romantic bombast . '' Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report commented : `` Demand by both programmers and the public for this rendition of Eric Carmen 's 1976 smash made it the obvious choice to be the third single lifted off Celine 's multi-platinum and Grammy - nominated album , Falling Into You . '' Music.uk.launch.yahoo.com editor Dan Leroy wrote : `` Trying to out - emote Eric Carmen was almost crazy enough to work . '' Entertainment Weekly editor Chuck Eddy said : '' ... But only in her desolate cover of Eric Carmen 's All by Myself does she truly crash through the glass ceiling of passion . '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 7 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( Nielsen BDS Airplay Chart ) 9 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 55 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 35 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Spain ( Top 40 Radio ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 33 US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 93 France ( SNEP ) 49 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 292 Chart ( 1997 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 58 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 49 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' 38 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 164,400 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United Kingdom December 9 , 1996 CD cassette United States March 11 , 1997 CD cassette 7 '' Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1994 , `` All By Myself '' was covered by New Zealand singer Margaret Urlich . Her version reached # 100 in Australia in November 1994 , and # 26 in New Zealand in March 1995 . The 2001 motion picture Bridget Jones 's Diary featured a cover version performed by Jamie O'Neal showing actress Renée Zellweger singing to it in the famous pajamas scene . This track is also played over the other Bridget Jones films Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason and Bridget Jones 's Baby . In 2008 , the male voice choir Only Men Aloud ! covered the song on their self - named album and also released it as a single . Use in popular culture ( edit ) The Carmen version is used in the video introduction for Conan O'Brien 's `` Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour '' , when an obese and bearded version of the talk show host struggles to cope with losing his job as host of Tonight Show . The Carmen version is also featured in the second season 's episode 17 of the popular 1990s sitcom Friends ( set on Joey & Chandler 's friendship ) , and a season 4 episode of the hit sitcom That ' 70s Show whereas Eric Forman breaks up with Donna Pinciotti . It was also featured in the films Under Wraps , Bridget Jones ' Diary and To Die For . The version is used also in the film I nuovi mostri directed by Dino Risi , with Ornella Muti and Yorgo Voyagis . In the Disney film Zootopia , a snippet is heard of it as the main character , Judy Hopps , browses through one depressing song after another on her clock radio . A character is featured performing the song as karaoke in the 2001 Angel episode `` Happy Anniversary '' . The song was used in advertisements : Toyota Soarer , Japan , 1991 Honda CR - V Second Generation , Thailand , 2002 Visine `` Distance '' version , Indonesia , 2011 See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1976 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1997 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1997 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1997 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Hot Latin Pop Airplay of 1997 List of UK top 10 singles in 1996 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hogya , Bernie ( 2005 ) . `` '' All By Myself '' 30th Anniversary `` . EricCarmen.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald . `` All by Myself '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Covers ' All By Myself ' : The Story Behind The Song '' . Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald . `` All by Myself - Eric Carmen -- Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gordon Pogoda ( 1991 ) . `` An Interview with Eric Carmen '' . ericcarmen.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold and Platinum - Search Results - Eric Carmen singles '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rust , Victor ( 2010 ) . The Cliff Richard Recording Catalogue 1958 - 2010 . ISBN 9780956738400 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` One Lonely Song , But Many Voices Keep Eric Carmen 's Tear - Jerker in Rotation '' The Plain Dealer February 12 , 2006 : J1 Jump up ^ Vandeventer , Mary . `` Symphony Promises a Crowd Pleaser '' The Beaumont Enterprise January 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Eric Carmen '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen interview '' . 2005 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Midnight Special '' . TV.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Carmen -- All By Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.fireballmedia.ie , Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Group - . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . www.irishcharts.ie . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Carmen '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Carmen -- All By Myself '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 '' . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 3 / 13 / 76 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1976 '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1976 Jump up ^ Roberts , Randall ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Alone in Las Vegas , man crafts clip for Celine Dion 's ' All By Myself ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falling into You Archived September 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 31 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LOS DIEZ : The Spanish Version 's Ten Best '' . Thespanishversion.org . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Releases '' . The New York Times . April 14 , 1996 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sholin , Dave ( January 24 , 1997 ) . `` Gavin Picks > Singles '' ( PDF ) . Gavin Report . No. 2140 . p. 62 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falling Into You - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3210 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 3191 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' . Music & Media . December 28 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 23.01. 1997 - 29.01. 1997 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- All by Myself '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1996 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1996 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM ' 97 Year End ... Top 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM ' 97 Year End ... Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 1997 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2005 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 27 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1996 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter All by Myself in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . Discogs . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin Ryan ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) '' . External links ( edit ) Celine Dion -- `` All by Myself '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eric Carmen Studio albums Eric Carmen Boats Against the Current Change of Heart Tonight You 're Mine Eric Carmen 1984 I Was Born to Love You Compilation albums The Definitive Collection Singles `` All by Myself '' `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` She Did It '' `` Change Of Heart '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` It Hurts Too Much '' `` I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips '' `` Hungry Eyes '' `` Make Me Lose Control '' Songwriting `` Go All the Way '' `` I Wanna be With You '' `` Let 's Pretend '' `` Overnight Sensation ( Hit Record ) '' `` That 's Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey Deanie '' `` I Need You ( 3T song ) '' `` Almost Paradise '' `` Maybe My Baby * Related topics Raspberries Jimmy Ienner Book : Eric Carmen Margaret Urlich Studio albums Safety in Numbers ( 1989 ) Chameleon Dreams ( 1992 ) Live ( 1994 ) The Deepest Blue ( 1995 ) Second Nature ( 1999 ) Singles `` Escaping '' `` Only My Heart Calling '' `` Number One ( Remember When We Danced All Night ) '' `` Guilty People '' `` Boy in the Moon '' `` Human Race '' `` ( I Do n't Want to Be ) Second Best '' `` Burnt Sienna '' `` Man Overboard '' `` Where Is the Love '' ( with Rick Price ) `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` All By Myself '' `` Gonna Make You Mine '' `` Every Little Thing '' `` All For The Love '' Related articles Peking Man ( band ) `` Room That Echoes '' When the Cat 's Away ( band ) `` The Horses '' Kate Ceberano and Friends Rick Price Celine Dion English singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Ashes '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal Only Men Aloud ! Studio albums Only Men Aloud ! ( 2008 ) Band of Brothers ( 2009 ) In Festive Mood ( 2011 ) Singles `` All by Myself '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Featured singles `` Caliban 's Dream '' Television Last Choir Standing Related articles Only Boys Aloud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_by_Myself&oldid=846592712 '' Categories : 1970s ballads Eric Carmen songs Celine Dion songs 1975 singles 1975 songs 1976 singles 1996 singles American soft rock songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by David Foster Songs about loneliness Songs written by Eric Carmen Pop ballads Il Divo songs RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Arista Records singles Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardlatintropical Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 18 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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Region

Region - wikipedia Region Two or three dimensionally defined space , mainly in terrestrial and astrophysics sciences This article is about the concept of region in geography . For other uses , see Region ( disambiguation ) . In geography , regions are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics ( physical geography ) , human impact characteristics ( human geography ) , and the interaction of humanity and the environment ( environmental geography ) . Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined , and sometimes transitory boundaries , except in human geography , where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined in law . Apart from the global continental regions , there are also hydrospheric and atmospheric regions that cover the oceans , and discrete climates above the land and water masses of the planet . The land and water global regions are divided into subregions geographically bounded by large geological features that influence large - scale ecologies , such as plains and features . As a way of describing spatial areas , the concept of regions is important and widely used among the many branches of geography , each of which can describe areas in regional terms . For example , ecoregion is a term used in environmental geography , cultural region in cultural geography , bioregion in biogeography , and so on . The field of geography that studies regions themselves is called regional geography . In the fields of physical geography , ecology , biogeography , zoogeography , and environmental geography , regions tend to be based on natural features such as ecosystems or biotopes , biomes , drainage basins , natural regions , mountain ranges , soil types . Where human geography is concerned , the regions and subregions are described by the discipline of ethnography . A region has its own nature that could not be moved . The first nature is its natural environment ( landform , climate , etc . ) . The second nature is its physical elements complex that were built by people in the past . The third nature is its socio - cultural context that could not be replaced by new immigrants . Contents 1 Globalization 1.1 Continental regions 1.2 Regional geography 2 Human geography 2.1 Historical regions 2.2 Tourism region 2.3 Natural resource regions 2.4 Religious regions 2.5 Political regions 2.6 Administrative regions 2.6. 1 Local administrative regions 2.7 Traditional or informal regions 2.8 Functional regions 2.9 Military regions 2.10 Media geography 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Globalization ( edit ) Global regions distinguishable from space , and are therefore clearly distinguished by the two basic terrestrial environments , land and water . However , they have been generally recognised as such much earlier by terrestrial cartography because of their impact on human geography . They are divided into largest of land regions , known as continents , and the largest of water regions known as oceans . There are also significant regions that do not belong to either classification , such as archipelago regions that are littoral regions , or earthquake regions that are defined in geology . Continental regions ( edit ) Continental regions are usually based on broad experiences in human history and attempts to reduce very large areas to more manageable regionalization for the purpose of study . As such they are conceptual constructs , usually lacking distinct boundaries . Oceanic division into maritime regions are used in conjunction with the relationship to the central area of the continent , using directions of the compass . Some continental regions are defined by the major continental feature of their identity , such as the Amazon basin , or the Sahara , which both occupy a significant percentage of their respective continental land area . To a large extent , major continental regions are mental constructs created by considering an efficient way to define large areas of the continents . For the most part , the images of the world are derived as much from academic studies , the media , or from personal experience of global exploration . They are a matter of collective human knowledge of its own planet and are attempts to better understand their environments . Regional geography ( edit ) Regional geography is a branch of geography that studies regions of all sizes across the Earth . It has a prevailing descriptive character . The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region , which consists of natural as well as human elements . Attention is paid also to regionalization , which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions . Regional geography is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences ( similar to quantitative or critical geographies ; for more information , see history of geography ) . Human geography ( edit ) Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various discrete environments . It encompasses human , political , cultural , social , and economic aspects among others that are often clearly delineated . While the major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth ( see physical geography ) , it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out , and environmental geography is emerging as a link between the two . Regions of human geography can be divided into many broad categories : Cultural geography Demography Development geography Economic geography Ethnography Geopolitics Health geography Historical geography Language geography Religion geography Social geography Time geography Tourism geography Transportation geography Urban geography Media Geography Historical regions ( edit ) Main article : Historical region The field of historical geography involves the study of human history as it relates to places and regions or the study of how places and regions have changed over time . D.W. Meinig , a historical geographer of America , describes many historical regions in his book The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . For example , in identifying European `` source regions '' in early American colonization efforts , he defines and describes the Northwest European Atlantic Protestant Region , which includes sub-regions such as the `` Western Channel Community '' , which itself is made of sub-regions such as the English West Country of Cornwall , Devon , Somerset , and Dorset . In describing historic regions of America , Meinig writes of `` The Great Fishery '' off the coast of Newfoundland and New England , an oceanic region that includes the Grand Banks . He rejects regions traditionally used in describing American history , like New France , `` West Indies '' , the Middle Colonies , and the individual colonies themselves ( Province of Maryland , for example ) . Instead he writes of `` discrete colonization areas , '' which may be named after colonies but rarely adhere strictly to political boundaries . Historic regions of this type Meinig writes about include `` Greater New England '' and its major sub-regions of `` Plymouth , '' `` New Haven shores '' ( including parts of Long Island ) , `` Rhode Island '' ( or `` Narragansett Bay '' ) , `` the Piscataqua , '' `` Massachusetts Bay , '' `` Connecticut Valley , '' and to a lesser degree , regions in the sphere of influence of Greater New England , `` Acadia '' ( Nova Scotia ) , `` Newfoundland and The Fishery / The Banks . '' Other examples of historical regions include Iroquoia , Ohio Country , Illinois Country , and Rupert 's Land . Tourism region ( edit ) Main article : Tourism region A tourism region is a geographical region that has been designated by a governmental organization or tourism bureau as having common cultural or environmental characteristics . These regions are often named after a geographical , former , or current administrative region or may have a name created for tourism purposes . The names often evoke certain positive qualities of the area and suggest a coherent tourism experience to visitors . Countries , states , provinces , and other administrative regions are often carved up into tourism regions to facilitate attracting visitors . Some of the more famous tourism regions based on historical or current administrative regions include Tuscany in Italy and Yucatán in Mexico . Famous examples of regions created by a government or tourism bureau include the United Kingdom 's Lake District and California 's Wine Country . great plains region Natural resource regions ( edit ) Natural resources often occur in distinct regions . Natural resource regions can be a topic of physical geography or environmental geography , but also have a strong element of human geography and economic geography . A coal region , for example , is a physical or geomorphological region , but its development and exploitation can make it into an economic and a cultural region . Some examples of natural resource regions include the Rumaila Field , the oil field that lies along the border or Iraq and Kuwait and played a role in the Gulf War ; the Coal Region of Pennsylvania , which is a historical region as well as a cultural , physical , and natural resource region ; the South Wales Coalfield , which like Pennsylvania 's coal region is a historical , cultural , and natural region ; the Kuznetsk Basin , a similarly important coal mining region in Russia ; Kryvbas , the economic and iron ore mining region of Ukraine ; and the James Bay Project , a large region of Quebec where one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world has been developed . Religious regions ( edit ) Sometimes a region associated with a religion is given a name , like Christendom , a term with medieval and renaissance connotations of Christianity as a sort of social and political polity . The term Muslim world is sometimes used to refer to the region of the world where Islam is dominant . These broad terms are very vague when used to describe regions . Within some religions there are clearly defined regions . The Roman Catholic Church , the Church of England , the Eastern Orthodox Church , and others , define ecclesiastical regions with names such as diocese , eparchy , ecclesiastical provinces , and parish . For example , the United States is divided into 32 Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces . The Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod is organized into 33 geographic districts , which are subdivided into circuits ( the Atlantic District ( LCMS ) , for example ) . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints uses regions similar to dioceses and parishes , but uses terms like ward and stake . Political regions ( edit ) See also : Administrative divisions In the field of political geography , regions tend to be based on political units such as sovereign states ; subnational units such as administrative regions , provinces , states ( in the United States ) , counties , townships , territories , etc. ; and multinational groupings , including formally defined units such as the European Union , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , and NATO , as well as informally defined regions such as the Third World , Western Europe , and the Middle East . Administrative regions ( edit ) Further information : Administrative division The word `` region '' is taken from the Latin regio ( derived from regere , to rule ) , and a number of countries have borrowed the term as the formal name for a type of subnational entity ( e.g. , the región , used in Chile ) . In English , the word is also used as the conventional translation for equivalent terms in other languages ( e.g. , the область ( oblast ) , used in Russia alongside a broader term регион ) . The following countries use the term `` region '' ( or its cognate ) as the name of a type of subnational administrative unit : Belgium ( in French , région ; in German , Region ; the Dutch term gewest is often translated as `` region '' ) Chad ( région , effective from 2002 ) Chile ( región ) Côte d'Ivoire ( région ) Denmark ( effective from 2007 ) England ( not the United Kingdom as a whole ) Eritrea France ( région ) Ghana Guinea ( région ) Guinea - Bissau ( região ) Guyana Hungary ( régió ) Italy ( regione ) Madagascar ( région ) Mali ( région ) Malta ( reġjun ) Namibia New Zealand Peru ( región ) Portugal ( região ) Philippines ( rehiyon ) Senegal ( région ) Tanzania Togo ( région ) Trinidad and Tobago ( Regional Corporation ) The Canadian province of Québec also uses the `` administrative region '' ( région administrative ) . Scotland had local government regions from 1975 to 1996 . In Spain the official name of the autonomous community of Murcia is Región de Murcia . Also , some single - province autonomous communities such as Madrid use the term región interchangeably with comunidad autónoma . Two län ( counties ) in Sweden are officially called ' regions ' : Skåne and Västra Götaland , and there is currently a controversial proposal to divide the rest of Sweden into large regions , replacing the current counties . The government of the Philippines uses the term `` region '' ( in Filipino , rehiyon ) when it 's necessary to group provinces , the primary administrative subdivision of the country . This is also the case in Brazil , which groups its primary administrative divisions ( estados ; `` states '' ) into grandes regiões ( greater regions ) for statistical purposes , while Russia uses экономические районы ( economic regions ) in a similar way , as does Romania and Venezuela . The government of Singapore makes use of the term `` region '' for its own administrative purposes . The following countries use an administrative subdivision conventionally referred to as a region in English : Bulgaria , which uses the област ( oblast ) Russia , which uses the область ( oblast ' ) , and for some regions the край ( krai ) Ukraine , which uses the область ( oblast ' ) Slovakia ( kraj ) China has five 自治区 ( zìzhìqū ) and two 特別 行政區 ( or 特别 行政区 ; tèbiéxíngzhèngqū ) , which are translated as `` autonomous region '' and `` special administrative region '' , respectively . Local administrative regions ( edit ) There are many relatively small regions based on local government agencies such as districts , agencies , or regions . In general , they are all regions in the general sense of being bounded spatial units . Examples include electoral districts such as Washington 's 6th congressional district and Tennessee 's 1st congressional district ; school districts such as Granite School District and Los Angeles Unified School District ; economic districts such as the Reedy Creek Improvement District ; metropolitan areas such as the Seattle metropolitan area , and metropolitan districts such as the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago , the Las Vegas - Clark County Library District , the Metropolitan Police Service of Greater London , as well as other local districts like the York Rural Sanitary District , the Delaware River Port Authority , the Nassau County Soil and Water Conservation District , and C - TRAN . Traditional or informal regions ( edit ) The traditional territorial divisions of some countries are also commonly rendered in English as `` regions '' . These informal divisions do not form the basis of the modern administrative divisions of these countries , but still define and delimit local regional identity and sense of belonging . Examples include : Finland Japan Korea Norway ( landsdeler ) Romania Slovakia Functional regions ( edit ) Functional regions are usually understood to be the areas organised by the horizontal functional relations ( flows , interactions ) that are maximised within a region and minimised across its borders so that the principles of internal cohesiveness and external separation regarding spatial interactions are met ( see , for instance , Farmer and Fotheringham , 2011 ; Klapka , Halas , 2016 ; Smart , 1974 ) . A functional region is not an abstract spatial concept , but to a certain extent it can be regarded as a reflection of the spatial behaviour of individuals in a geographic space . The functional region is conceived as a general concept while its inner structure , inner spatial flows , and interactions need not necessarily show any regular pattern , only selfcontainment . The concept of self - containment remains the only crucial defining characteristic of a functional region . Nodal regions , functional urban regions , daily urban systems , local labour - market areas ( LLMAs ) , or travel - to - work areas ( TTWAs ) are considered to be special instances of a general functional region that need to fulfil some specific conditions regarding , for instance , the character of the region - organising interaction or the presence of urban cores , ( Halas et al. , 2015 ) . Military regions ( edit ) See also : Military district Common military ranks in English Navies Armies Air forces Commissioned officers Admiral of the fleet Field marshal or General of the Army Marshal of the air force Admiral General Air chief marshal Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal Commodore Brigadier or brigadier general Air commodore Captain Colonel Group captain Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander Lieutenant commander Major or Commandant Squadron leader Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade or sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or first lieutenant Flying officer Ensign or midshipman Second lieutenant Pilot officer Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet Enlisted grades Warrant officer or chief petty officer Warrant officer or sergeant major Warrant officer Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading seaman Corporal or bombardier Corporal Seaman Private or gunner or trooper Aircraftman or airman Talk View In military usage , a region is shorthand for the name of a military formation larger than an Army Group and smaller than an Army Theater or simply Theater . The full name of the military formation is Army Region . The size of an Army Region can vary widely but is generally somewhere between about 1 million and 3 million soldiers . Two or more Army Regions could make up an Army Theater . An Army Region is typically commanded by a full General ( US four stars ) , a Field Marshal , or General of the Army ( US five stars ) , or Generalissimo ( Soviet Union ) . Due to the large size of this formation , its use is rarely employed . Some of the very few examples of an Army Region are each of the Eastern , Western , and southern ( mostly in Italy ) fronts in Europe during World War II . The military map unit symbol for this echelon of formation ( see Military organization and APP - 6A ) consists of six Xs . Media geography ( edit ) Media geography is a spatio - temporal understanding , brought through different gadgets of media , nowadays , media became inevitable at different proportions and everyone supposed to consumed at different gravity . The spatial attributes are studied with the help of media outputs in shape of images which are contested in nature and pattern as well where politics is inseparable . Media geography is giving spatial understanding of mediated image . See also ( edit ) Autonomous region Committee of the Regions Continent Continental fragment Euroregion Latin names of regions Military district Regional district Regionalism ( disambiguation ) Regional municipality Subcontinent Submerged continents Subregion Supercontinent United Nations geoscheme Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turismo.intoscana.it . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Visitmexico.com Archived 2010 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Lakedistrict.gov.uk , Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Winecountry.com , Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Farmer , CJQ ; Fotheringham , AS ( 2011 ) . `` Network - based functional regions '' . Environment and Planning A. 43 ( 11 ) : 2723 -- 2741 . doi : 10.1068 / a44136 . Jump up ^ Klapka , P ; Halas , M ( 2016 ) . `` Conceptualising patterns of spatial flows : five decades of advances in the definition and use of functional regions '' . Moravian Geographical Reports . 24 ( 2 ) : 2 -- 11 . doi : 10.1515 / mgr - 2016 - 0006 . Jump up ^ Smart , MW ( 1974 ) . `` Labour market areas : uses and definition '' . Progress in Planning . 2 : 239 -- 353 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 9006 ( 74 ) 90008 - 7 . Jump up ^ Halas , M ; Klapka , P ; Tonev , P ; Bednar , M ( 2015 ) . `` An alternative definition and use for the constraint function for rule - based methods of functional regionalisation '' . Environment and Planning A. 47 ( 5 ) : 1175 -- 1191 . doi : 10.1177 / 0308518X15592306 . References ( edit ) Bailey , Robert G. ( 1996 ) Ecosystem Geography . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94586 - 5 Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) . The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History , Volume 1 : Atlantic America , 1492 - 1800 . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03548 - 9 Moinuddin Shekh. ( 2017 ) `` Mediascape and the State : A Geographical Interpretation of Image Politics in Uttar Pradesh , India . Netherland , Springer . Smith - Peter , Susan ( 2018 ) Imagining Russian Regions : Subnational Identity and Civil Society in Nineteenth - Century Russia . Leiden : Brill , 2017 . ISBN 9789004353497 External links ( edit ) Map and descriptions of hydrologic unit regions of the United States Federal Standards for Delineation of Hydrologic Unit Boundaries Physiographic regions of the United States Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Prehistoric supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Other prehistoric continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica Pampia Cuyania Chilenia Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Sahul Sunda Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis Subcontinents Arabian peninsula Indian subcontinent See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Ifriqiya Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Tartary Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Ural Ural Mountains Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Tartary Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Sikhote - Alin Beringia Chukchi Peninsula East Orient Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Carnatic region Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Paropamisadae Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Orient Sundaland Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Wallacea Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Jutland Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Visegrád Group Bohemia West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain states Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria Zealandia Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category Designations for types of administrative territorial entities English terms Common English terms Area Insular area Local government area Protected area Special area Statistical area Combined statistical area Metropolitan statistical area Micropolitan statistical area Urban area Canton Half - canton Borough County borough Metropolitan borough Capital Federal capital Imperial capital City City state Autonomous city Charter city Independent city Incorporated city Imperial city Free imperial city Royal free city Community Autonomous community Residential community County Administrative county Autonomous county Consolidated city - county Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan Viscountcy Country Overseas country Department Overseas department District Capital district City district Congressional district Electoral district Federal district Indian government district Land district Metropolitan district Non-metropolitan district Military district Municipal district Police district Regional district Rural district Sanitary district Subdistrict Urban district Special district Division Census division Police division Subdivision Municipality City municipality County municipality Norway Nova Scotia Regional county municipality Direct - controlled municipality District municipality Mountain resort municipality Neutral municipality Regional municipality Resort municipality Rural municipality Specialized municipality Prefecture Autonomous prefecture Subprefecture Super-prefecture Praetorian prefecture Province Autonomous province Overseas province Roman province Region Administrative region Autonomous region Capital region Development region Economic region Mesoregion Microregion Overseas region Planning region Special administrative region Statistical region Subregion Reserve Biosphere reserve Ecological reserve Game reserve Indian reserve Nature reserve State Federal state Free state Sovereign state Territory Capital territory Federal capital territory Dependent territory Federal territory Military territory Organized incorporated territory Overseas territory Union territory Unorganized territory Town Census town Market town Township Charter township Civil township Paper township Survey township Urban township Unit Autonomous territorial unit Local administrative unit Municipal unit Regional unit Zone Economic zone Exclusive economic zone Free economic zone Special economic zone Free - trade zone Neutral zone Self - administered zone Other English terms Current Alpine resort Bailiwick Banner Autonomous Block Cadastre Circle Circuit Colony Commune Condominium Constituency Duchy Eldership Emirate Federal dependency Governorate Hamlet Ilkhanate Indian reservation Manor Royal Muftiate Neighbourhood Parish Periphery Precinct Principality Protectorate Quarter Regency Autonomous republic Riding Sector Autonomous Shire Sultanate Suzerainty Townland Village Administrative Summer Ward Historical Agency Barony Burgh Exarchate Hide Hundred Imperial Circle March Monthon Presidency Residency Roman diocese Seat Tenth Tithing Non-English or loanwords Current Amt Bakhsh Barangay Bezirk Regierungsbezirk Comune Frazione Fu Gemeinde Austria Germany South Tyrol Switzerland Gemeente Gmina Județ Kampong Kunta / kommun Finland Sweden Län Località Megye Muban Mukim Oblast Autonomous Okrug Ostān Poblacion Purok Shahrestān Sum Sýsla Tehsil Vingtaine Historical Commote Gau Heerlijkheid Köping Landskommun Maalaiskunta Nome Egypt Greece Pagus Pargana Plasă Satrapy Socken Subah Syssel Zhou Arabic terms for country subdivisions First - level Muhafazah ( محافظة governorate ) Wilayah ( ولاية province ) Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Mudiriyah ( مديرية directorate ) Imarah ( إمارة emirate ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Shabiyah ( شعبية `` popularate '' ) Second / third - level Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Qadaa ( قضاء district ) Nahiyah ( ناحية subdistrict ) Markaz ( مركز district ) Mutamadiyah ( معتمدية `` delegation '' ) Daerah / Daïra ( دائرة circle ) Liwa ( لواء banner / sanjak ) City / township - level Amanah ( أمانة municipality ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Ḥai ( حي neighborhood / quarter ) Mahallah ( محلة ) Qarya ( قرية ) Sheyakhah ( شياخة `` neighborhood subdivision '' ) Majlis Mahalliyy ( مجلس محلي local council ) Majlis ʾIqlimiyy ( مجلس اقليمي regional council ) English translations given are those most commonly used . French terms for country subdivisions arrondissement département préfecture subprefectures Greek terms for country subdivisions Modern apokentromenes dioikiseis / geniki dioikisis / diamerisma / periphereia nomos / periphereiaki enotita demos / eparchia / koinotita Historical archontia / archontaton bandon demos despotaton dioikesis doukaton droungos eparchia exarchaton katepanikion kephalatikion kleisoura meris naukrareia satrapeia strategis thema toparchia tourma signifies a defunct institution Portuguese terms for country subdivisions Regional subdivisions Estado Distrito federal Província Região Distrito Comarca Capitania Local subdivisions Município Concelho Freguesia Comuna Circunscrição Settlements Cidade Vila Aldeia Bairro Lugar Historical subdivisions in italics . Slavic terms for country subdivisions Current dzielnica gmina krai kraj krajina / pokrajina městys obec oblast / oblast ' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblast ' okręg okres okrug opština / općina / občina / obshtina osiedle powiat / povit raion selsoviet / silrada sołectwo voivodeship / vojvodina županija Historical darugha gromada guberniya / gubernia jurydyka khutor obshchina okolia opole pogost prowincja sorok srez starostwo / starostva uyezd volost ziemia župa Spanish terms for country subdivisions National , Federal Comunidad autónoma Departamento Distrito federal Estado Provincia Región Regional , Metropolitan Cantón Comarca Comuna Corregimiento Delegación Distrito Mancomunidad Merindad Municipalidad Municipio Parroquia Ecuador Spain Urban , Rural Aldea Alquería Anteiglesia Asentamiento Asentamiento informal Pueblos jóvenes Barrio Campamento Caserío Ciudad Ciudad autónoma Colonia Lugar Masía Pedanía Población Ranchería Sitio Vereda Villa Village ( Pueblito / Pueblo ) Historical subdivisions in italics . Turkish terms for country subdivisions Modern il ( province ) ilçe ( district ) şehir ( city ) kasaba ( town ) belediye ( municipality ) belde ( community ) köy ( village ) mahalle ( neighbourhood / quarter ) Historical ağalık ( feudal district ) bucak ( subdistrict ) beylerbeylik ( province ) kadılık ( subprovince ) kaza ( sub-province ) hidivlik ( viceroyalty ) mutasarrıflık ( subprovince ) nahiye ( nahiyah ) paşalık ( province ) reya ( Romanian principalities ) sancak ( prefecture ) vilayet ( province ) voyvodalık ( Romanian provinces ) Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms . Historical derivations in italics . See also : Census division , Electoral district , Political division , and List of administrative divisions by country GND : 4049029 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Region&oldid=866464983 '' Categories : Regions Geography Geography terminology Regional geography Types of country subdivisions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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List of Arrow episodes

List of Arrow episodes - wikipedia List of Arrow episodes Arrow is an American television series , developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . The series premiered in the United States on October 10 , 2012 for The CW television network . The first five seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray to Regions A and B . Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who , after five years of being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to his mother , Moira Queen ( Susanna Thompson ) and sister , Thea Queen ( Willa Holland ) and becomes a bow and arrow - wielding vigilante . He is initially aided by his friends , John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) , Curtis Holt ( Echo Kellum ) , Rene Ramirez ( Rick Gonzalez ) , Evelyn Sharp ( Madison McLaughlin ) , Rory Regan ( Joe Dinicol ) , and Dinah Drake ( Juliana Harkavy ) join them . In addition , Queen 's team receives help from the Lance family ; Laurel ( Katie Cassidy ) , Sara ( Caity Lotz ) , and Quentin ( Paul Blackthorne ) , sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City ( later , Star City ) . The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing , and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime . As of May 17 , 2018 , 138 episodes of Arrow have aired , concluding the sixth season . On April 2 , 2018 , the CW renewed the series for a seventh season , which is set to premiere on October 15 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.7 Season 7 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.2 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) 23 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 130 3.68 23 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 128 3.28 23 October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 135 3.52 23 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 145 2.90 5 23 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 147 2.21 6 23 October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 181 1.76 7 TBA October 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 15 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 296818 4.14 `` Honor Thy Father '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 2J7302 3.55 `` Lone Gunmen '' Guy Bee Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2J7303 3.51 `` An Innocent Man '' Vince Misiano Moira Kirland & Lana Cho October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 2J7304 3.05 5 5 `` Damaged '' Michael Schultz Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 2J7305 3.75 6 6 `` Legacies '' John Behring Moira Kirland & Marc Guggenheim November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 2J7306 3.83 7 7 `` Muse of Fire '' David Grossman Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Marc Guggenheim November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 2J7307 3.74 8 8 `` Vendetta '' Ken Fink Beth Schwartz & Andrew Kreisberg December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 2J7308 3.35 9 9 `` Year 's End '' John Dahl Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 2J7309 3.11 10 10 `` Burned '' Eagle Egilsson Moira Kirland & Ben Sokolowski January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 2J7310 3.06 11 11 `` Trust But Verify '' Nick Copus Gabrielle Stanton January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 2J7311 3.14 12 12 `` Vertigo '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2J7312 2.97 13 13 `` Betrayal '' Guy Bee Lana Cho & Beth Schwartz February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 2J7313 2.96 14 14 `` The Odyssey '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 2J7314 3.29 15 15 `` Dodger '' Eagle Egilsson Beth Schwartz February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 2J7315 3.15 16 16 `` Dead to Rights '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 2J7316 3.17 17 17 `` The Huntress Returns '' Guy Bee Jake Coburn & Lana Cho March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 2J7317 3.02 18 18 `` Salvation '' Nick Copus Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 2J7318 2.65 19 19 `` Unfinished Business '' Michael Offer Bryan Q. Miller & Lindsey Allen April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 2J7319 2.92 20 20 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Fink Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2J7320 3.10 21 21 `` The Undertaking '' Michael Shultz Jake Coburn & Lana Cho May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 2J7321 2.89 22 22 `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' John Behring Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 2J7322 2.62 23 23 `` Sacrifice '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 2J7323 2.77 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` City of Heroes '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7451 2.74 25 `` Identity '' Nick Copus Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7452 3.06 26 `` Broken Dolls '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7453 2.89 27 `` Crucible '' Eagle Egilsson Andrew Kreisberg & Wendy Mericle October 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7454 2.37 28 5 `` League of Assassins '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Drew Z . Greenberg November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7455 2.80 29 6 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Guy Bee Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7456 3.09 30 7 `` State v. Queen '' Bethany Rooney Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7457 2.66 31 8 `` The Scientist '' Michael Schultz Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7458 3.24 32 9 `` Three Ghosts '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Ben Sokolowski December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7459 3.02 33 10 `` Blast Radius '' Rob Hardy Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 2J7460 2.52 34 11 `` Blind Spot '' Glen Winter Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7461 2.49 35 12 `` Tremors '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7462 2.95 36 13 `` Heir to the Demon '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7463 2.86 37 14 `` Time of Death '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 2J7464 2.45 38 15 `` The Promise '' Glen Winter Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 2J7465 2.21 39 16 `` Suicide Squad '' Larry Teng Keto Shimizu & Bryan Q. Miller March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7466 2.42 40 17 `` Birds of Prey '' John Behring Mark Bemesderfer & A.C. Bradley March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7467 2.62 41 18 `` Deathstroke '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7468 2.32 42 19 `` The Man Under the Hood '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Keto Shimizu April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7469 2.26 43 20 `` Seeing Red '' Doug Aarniokoski Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7470 2.19 44 21 `` City of Blood '' Michael Schultz Holly Harold April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7471 2.31 45 22 `` Streets of Fire '' Nick Copus Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7472 2.33 46 23 `` Unthinkable '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7473 2.37 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` The Calm '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5151 2.83 48 `` Sara '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5152 2.32 49 `` Corto Maltese '' Stephen Surjik Erik Oleson & Beth Schwartz October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5153 2.55 50 `` The Magician '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5154 2.49 51 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5155 2.73 52 6 `` Guilty '' Peter Leto Erik Oleson & Keto Shimizu November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5156 2.60 53 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Rob Hardy Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5157 2.64 54 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Grainne Godfree December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5158 3.92 55 9 `` The Climb '' Thor Freudenthal Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5159 3.06 56 10 `` Left Behind '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5160 3.06 57 11 `` Midnight City '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5161 2.91 58 12 `` Uprising '' Jesse Warn Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5162 2.94 59 13 `` Canaries '' Michael Schultz Jake Coburn & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5163 2.67 60 14 `` The Return '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5164 2.91 61 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' Gregory Smith Story by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski Teleplay by : Erik Oleson & Ben Sokolowski February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5165 3.07 62 16 `` The Offer '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 3J5166 2.56 63 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' Jesse Warn Keto Shimizu March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 3J5167 2.86 64 18 `` Public Enemy '' Dwight Little Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5168 2.48 65 19 `` Broken Arrow '' Doug Aarniokoski Story by : Jake Coburn Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan April 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5169 2.47 66 20 `` The Fallen '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 3J5170 2.72 67 21 `` Al Sah - him '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5171 2.39 68 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' Wendey Stanzler Story by : Erik Oleson Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5172 2.54 69 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5173 2.83 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Green Arrow '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 3J5801 2.67 Diggle , Thea , and Laurel continue fighting crime in Starling City , recently renamed ' Star City ' in honor of Ray , who apparently died in the explosion . The city 's leadership , which includes Quentin , assemble to discuss a group of criminals named the `` Ghosts '' who are terrorizing the city . Damien Darhk , revealed to be controlling the Ghosts , systematically begins assassinating the city 's leadership , but fails to kill Quentin . Laurel and Thea convince Oliver , who was trying to propose to Felicity , to return and help them , which Diggle reluctantly approves . Oliver realizes that Felicity has been helping the team , which tracks the Ghosts , where they witness Damien using some form of mystical energy manipulation . Oliver notices Speedy 's excessive aggressiveness . Working together , the team stops Damien 's terrorist attack . Diggle deduces that Damien is leading H.I.V.E. Afterward , taking the name `` Green Arrow '' , Oliver broadcasts a message to the city vowing to be a beacon of hope , while Quentin is revealed to be working with Damien under duress . In flashbacks , Waller finds Oliver and forces him back on Lian Yu to assess a new threat . He is captured upon arrival . 71 `` The Candidate '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5802 2.50 The Queen family friend Jessica Danforth decides to run for mayor . During her announcement , she is attacked by Lonnie Machin , an anarchist for hire working for Damien . Queen explains to his sister that her aggressiveness is a result of being in the Lazarus Pit . Diggle tells Laurel about H.I.V.E. The team successfully stops Machin , but Speedy sets him on fire in the process . Later , Machin escapes police custody . Laurel decides to take Thea back to Nanda Parbat both to find a way to stop the aggression and to bring Sara 's body to the pit . Queen decides to run for mayor after Danforth backs out of the race . Meanwhile , Felicity takes over for Ray at the company and tasks an operative named Curtis Holt to find a way to save the financial crisis . In flashbacks , Oliver kills the soldier and is tasked by Waller to infiltrate the local military operation run by an officer named Reiter . Reiter decides to recruit Oliver for his cause instead of killing him . 72 `` Restoration '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5803 2.40 Laurel and Thea arrive in Nanda Parbat and request Merlyn to use the Lazarus Pit for Sara . He initially refuses and tells Thea that she needs to kill some people once in a while to suppress the lust . In order to appease her , he eventually agrees to revive Sara . When Sara returns feral , Nyssa destroys the Lazarus Pit in retaliation , and Merlyn has her imprisoned . Meanwhile , an A.R.G.U.S. operative delivers Diggle information on a H.I.V.E. operative , Mina Fayad . Fayad meets with Damien about the growing issue with the vigilantes in Star City . She brings in a metahuman named Jeremy Tell , who can turn his playing card tattoos into physical projectiles . After Tell 's initial failure , Damien kills Fayad for challenging him . Felicity reveals to Holt that she is aiding Green Arrow . Diggle and Green Arrow team up and take down Tell , who refuses to talk because of fearing Damien more . He is imprisoned in Iron Heights . In flashbacks , in order to impress his handler , Queen uses torture techniques to interrogate the prisoners who are being used to harvest heroin - cocaine hybrid plants . He secretly frees a woman . 73 `` Beyond Redemption '' Lexi Alexander Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5805 2.64 Quentin has Green Arrow look into the death of two police officers and the team discovers they were killed by members of the Anti-Vigilante Task Force . Laurel brings Quentin to see Sara , who is chained up in the basement of Laurel 's apartment . Smoak identifies Liza Warner as a suspect and , while searching for her , Oliver discovers Quentin meeting with Darhk and confronts Quentin , who reveals that Darhk threatened to kill Laurel . Darhk advises Quentin to kill Sara ; but Laurel dissuades him . Green Arrow and the team stop the corrupt officers before Liza attempts to kill the vigilante ; but Quentin convinces her to surrender . Later , Queen asks Quentin to spy on Darhk and announces his candidacy , Smoak opens an audio of Palmer 's apparent final moments , and Laurel discovers that Sara has escaped . In flashbacks , Queen gets Taiana , the woman , to a cave and convinces officer Conklin of her death ; but he discovers his communication device with Waller . 74 5 `` Haunted '' John Badham Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 3J5804 2.60 In flashbacks , Reiter dismisses Conklin 's accusation . Instead , he introduces them to a recent captive named John Constantine , who escapes and forces Queen to help him locate a mystical object on the island . Afterwards , Constantine warns Queen to be wary of Reiter 's real plans and uses the object to cast a spell on the him . In the present , Sara starts killing women and Green Arrow discovers she is alive . The team realizes that Sara is looking for Thea and plans to kill her . They capture Sara and Oliver contacts John , who helps restore Sara 's soul . Meanwhile , Darhk gives Quentin a new task to install a computer virus in a security company . Diggle goes along and sees his brother 's name among the list of individuals being deleted by the virus . Later , Smoak and Holt learn that Palmer is still alive and Diggle learns that his brother was killed because he was a drug cartel leader . 75 6 `` Lost Souls '' Antonio Negret Beth Schwartz & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5806 2.30 As Oliver works on his campaign , Felicity continues searching for Ray with the help of Curtis . Ray is able to send a new message , letting Felicity know that he survived the explosion because his suit successfully shrank him down to a small size , that he is being held prisoner , and where to find the schematics to build a device to return him to his normal size . In a second message , Felicity discovers that Darhk is the one imprisoning Ray , hoping to get the technology from his suit . The team tracks Darhk to his hideout and , with the device created by Curtis , they successfully save and restore Ray . Thea starts dating Alex while Quentin and Donna start their own date . Darhk orders tests a power source made from Ray 's technology on a mystical board . Meanwhile , Sara struggles with the bloodlust and decides to leave Star City to gain control . In flashbacks , Reiter sends Oliver on a search for another ancient ruin that is supposed to yield a `` gift '' for Reiter . Conklin has a worker turn on Oliver , who kills him , giving the former the opportunity to question Oliver 's motives . 76 7 `` Brotherhood '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Keto Shimizu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5807 2.69 While Ray refuses to return to Palmer Tech , H.I.V.E. destroy money meant for the city bank . John gives Oliver information that H.I.V.E. murdered his brother Andy because he was a criminal rival . Darhk tells Quentin about his knowledge of Quentin 's betrayal . The team heads to a lab , where they are attacked by Darhk 's group and John discovers that Andy is still alive , working for H.I.V.E. John refuses to see Andy as anything more than a traitor , unworthy of saving . The team finds out that Darhk uses pills to control his operatives ' minds , which could have been administered to Andy . They locate him and the rest of H.I.V.E , successfully extracting Andy with help from Ray and John , who confronts Andy with the documents , which Andy confirms . After an encounter with Darhk , Thea learns that his powers may help cure her bloodlust permanently after Darhk 's failure to drain her lifeforce . In flashbacks , Conklin reveals that the worker Oliver killed was Taiana 's brother , diverting accusation from the former . However , Reiter finds the truth by a mystical object and has Oliver whip Conklin as punishment . Oliver later convinces Taiana to help him find a map . 77 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Marc Guggenheim December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5808 3.66 Malcolm orchestrates a meeting between Savage , Barry , and Oliver . Savage demands they turn over Kendra and Carter or he will destroy both Central City and Star City with the Staff of Horus . They devise a plan to deliver the pair as a ruse to get close enough to destroy the staff . The plan fails ; Kendra and Carter are killed and Savage uses the staff to destroy everyone else in the city . Barry escapes and runs fast enough to go back in time to the point of the original negotiation . Barry informs Oliver of his time travel and the mistakes that led to their defeat . They change their approach to the plan and Barry is able to steal the staff . He and Oliver use it on Savage , burning his body . Afterward , Kendra and Carter decide to use their powers to help others in another city . Cisco gives her a tracking device . Meanwhile , Oliver learns about his son , William , and accepts Samantha 's condition not to tell William or anyone else about the paternity in order to be able to see William . Malcolm collects Savage 's ashes , repeating the words Savage said the first time he killed the pair . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 2 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 78 9 `` Dark Waters '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5809 2.82 Oliver 's campaign starts an initiative to clean up the Star City bay . Darhk sends a drone to the bay and begins shooting at the citizens helping , injuring several . In response , Oliver reveals Darhk to the media as the leader of H.I.V.E. and the Ghosts . In retaliation , Darhk crashes Oliver 's campaign holiday party and kidnaps John , Felicity , and Thea . Oliver makes contact and agrees to exchange himself for them . Darhk tricks Oliver and attempts to kill them all in front of him . Malcolm , dressed as Green Arrow , and Laurel arrive and rescue everyone . Afterward , Oliver proposes to Felicity , who accepts . As they leave , Darhk 's men shoot up Oliver 's limo and hit Felicity while Darhk reunites with his wife and daughter . Meanwhile , H.I.V.E 's plan , entitled Genesis , is revealed to include mass growing of corn in a large field . In flashbacks , Oliver returns to the ship the Amazo and acquires the maps . However , Conklin finds Taiana alive and confronts Oliver . 79 10 `` Blood Debts '' Jesse Warn Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5810 2.83 While Felicity goes under multiple surgeries , Oliver and the team continue searching for Darhk . Oliver turns to Quentin for information on Darhk 's location , while John interrogates his brother Andy . They track down Darhk 's location , but find only several dead Ghost soldiers and an anarchy symbol , deducing that Machin is back and out for revenge against Darhk . Machin is caught and Oliver interrogates him before freeing him to go after Darhk , tracking him in the process . Andy reveals Darhk 's family house , where Machin goes too ; the team arrives and saves Darhk 's family , but Machin escapes . Darhk grants Oliver time to spend with his own family before Darhk can kill him . Meanwhile , Felicity is left paralyzed from being shot . John regains his relationship with Andy . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé , is revealed to be his accomplice and H.I.V.E 's plan is revealed to be destroying the world and rebuilding it . In flashbacks , Conklin presents his proof to Reiter , who allows the former to whip Oliver as punishment , until Reiter notices the spell on Oliver 's abdomen . In exchange for Taiana 's safety , Oliver agrees to help Reiter . 80 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' Charlotte Brandström Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5811 2.78 Felicity returns home from the hospital , trying to figure out her place on the team now that she is a paraplegic . An A.R.G.U.S. agent seeks out John and Lyla for assistance , but is kidnapped before he can tell the pair anything . The pair goes to Waller , who secretly gives her a portable hard drive that reveals the operative was taken by an organization known as `` Shadowspire '' . John recognizes the name and recounts first meeting the war profiteering group in Afghanistan . With Andy 's help , the team tracks Shadowspire . Oliver pressures Felicity for help , who has started having hallucinations of her hacker past self . Shadowspire infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. looking for the access codes to a project known as `` Rubicon '' , killing Waller when she refuses to help . Oliver and the team , with Felicity 's assistance , enter A.R.G.U.S. and stop Shadowspire . Oliver vows to look for a way to cure Felicity 's paralysis ; and John takes Andy to his house . In flashbacks , Reiter is revealed as the leader of Shadowspire . 81 12 `` Unchained '' Kevin Fair Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5812 2.48 The team goes after a burglar and Oliver and Thea manage to corner him . He escapes when Thea loses consciousness . Malcolm reveals to Oliver that since she has not taken a life , the bloodlust is killing her . Oliver finds out that the burglar is Roy . They free Roy from the control of a man who goes by the name Calculator . Felicity tracks the Calculator through the web , who reveals he intends to shut down the entire city , killing everyone in the process . The team manages to stop the plan . Meanwhile , Ruve enters the mayoral race , Thea slips into a coma , while the Calculator is revealed to be Felicity 's father , Noah Kuttler . Roy decides to leave again . Nyssa escapes her cell in Nanda Parbat , visits Tatsu and somehow convinces her to give her Lotus , a cure for Thea 's bloodlust . She demands Oliver to kill Malcolm in exchange for Lotus . In flashbacks , Reiter tortures Oliver for information on the maps he acquired . Oliver has a mystical meeting with the soul of Shado , who gives him a special stone . He reveals to Taiana that he killed her brother . 82 13 `` Sins of the Father '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Keto Shimizu February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5813 2.44 Oliver refuses Nyssa 's offer ; instead , he manages to convince Malcolm to relinquish control of the League to Nyssa in exchange for the Lotus . At the exchange , Malcolm double - crosses Nyssa and a war starts between the two Assassin factions in Star City . Oliver convinces Malcolm to challenge Nyssa to a duel . Oliver uses ancient rules to trade places with Nyssa as her husband . The former bests Malcolm but , instead of killing him , cuts off the hand wearing the Demon 's Head ring and exchanges the ring for the Lotus . However , Nyssa disbands the League and destroys the ring . Malcolm informs Darhk about Oliver 's son , William . Meanwhile , Noah reveals to Felicity that he is the Calculator , claiming to have changed into a good person . She finds out that he is lying and turns him over to the police . In flashbacks , Taiana takes the stone from Oliver and gives it to Reiter , demanding her freedom , which Reiter refuses to do and tasks her to help Oliver recover . She later reconciles with him . Reiter informs Oliver that the stone led to the location of what he seeks ; and they are going to `` dig '' . 83 14 `` Code of Silence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5814 2.44 Malcolm joins Darhk , Ruvé , and the other leaders of H.I.V.E. and it is revealed that they are moving on to `` Phase 5 '' of their plan . Darhk sends a group of mercenaries , known as the Demolition Team , to take out Quentin , whom Laurel saves . With Curtis ' help , Felicity realizes that the Demolition Team is planning to destroy the building of the mayoral debate between Oliver and Ruvé , leaving her alive as a sympathetic survivor . Oliver and his team stop the mercenaries in time for Oliver to win the debate . Oliver and Felicity become engaged and Curtis presents her a device that can cure her paralysis . Darhk kidnaps William . Meanwhile , Thea finds out about William and supports Oliver 's decision to hide it from Felicity . Quentin tells Donna about his previous involvement with Darhk . In flashbacks , in order to gain the approval of the prisoners , Oliver kills Conklin , who reveals that Reiter plans to kill all the prisoners after he finds his `` ultimate power '' . 84 15 `` Taken '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford Sullivan February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 3J5815 2.70 Darhk demands Oliver withdraw from the mayoral race in exchange for William . Oliver reveals the truth about William to the rest of the team while revealing his alter ego to Samantha . He asks a Detroit - based vigilante named Mari McCabe for help , as her powers are derived from magic . Mari tracks William 's location ; but they fail to rescue him . Oliver withdraws from the race while the team discovers the root of Darhk 's powers and sets a plan to destroy his mystical idol . The plan works ; Darhk is left powerless and arrested , while William is saved . They also discover that Malcolm was the one who kidnapped William . Later , Oliver sends William and his mother away for safety , planning to reveal the truth to William when he is 18 . Felicity decides to break up with Oliver while she recovers her ability to walk . In flashbacks , a passage is discovered that leads to Reiter 's `` ultimate power '' and the spell on Oliver 's stomach allows him to pass unharmed . 85 16 `` Broken Hearts '' John Showalter Rebecca Bellotto & Nolan Dunbar March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 3J5816 2.09 Carrie Cutter returns to Star City and begins targeting high profile couples . While the team works to track her whereabouts and prevent any more killings , Laurel works on Darhk 's prosecution . After several failed attempts to find a suitable witness , Quentin testifies to his involvement . The team discovers that Carrie is targeting couples that have recently been married . In order to draw her out , Oliver convinces Felicity to stage a `` secret '' wedding with him to set themselves up as targets , intentionally leaking the information to the media . The plan works and Carrie attacks Oliver and Felicity at the ceremony . Felicity distracts her long enough for Diggle and Thea to apprehend her . Darhk 's bail is denied and is remanded into custody . Quentin is suspended pending an investigation , while Felicity quits the team for good . In custody , Darhk is shown wearing a mystical ring he secretly carried inside . In flashbacks , Oliver leads Reiter to a mystical idol , but steals it and runs off into the tunnels with Taiana . The pair incapacitate two mercenaries and acquire their guns . 86 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 3J5817 2.34 Brie Larvan orchestrates her release from prison and travels to Star City in search of the bio-mechanical chip that helps Felicity walk . Brie attacks Palmer Tech , holding the board hostage until Felicity turns herself over . Curtis tracks down Oliver 's hideout , discovering his secret in the process , so that he can offer his help to the team to save Felicity , Donna , and Thea . Oliver is stung by one of Brie 's robotic bees . Curtis realizes the sting actually implanted a bee within Oliver that is replicating itself . Laurel uses her Canary Cry to save Oliver . Felicity is able to evacuate the board members , while Brie reveals she is after the chip because she has a tumor that is going to leave her paralyzed . Curtis develops a virus to shut down the bees and uses them to stop Brie . Meanwhile , Malcolm visits Darhk and informs him that H.I.V.E. is proceeding with `` Genesis '' without Darhk , who later gains the loyalty of Michael Amar . Andy is revealed to be still allegiant to Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver engages Reiter , whose powers from the idol dwindle ; and Reiter escapes into the tunnels to recover it . Oliver and Taiana decide to save the prisoners instead . 87 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' Rob Hardy Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5818 2.24 Andy tells John that he was approached by Malcolm about a plan to break Darhk out of prison . Oliver and John foil H.I.V.E. 's plan , but it turns out to be a ruse designed to let Malcolm and his loyal Assassins invade the bunker and steal Darhk 's idol . Malcolm delivers the idol to Darhk , who finds out that it is incomplete . John reveals to Andy that he personally hid the missing piece in another location . Oliver becomes suspicious of Andy . Darhk and Amar orchestrate a prison riot and the team sets out to stop him with Andy joining them . However , when the team reaches Darhk , Andy turns on them and gives Darhk the missing piece to his idol . With his powers restored , Darhk subdues the team and stabs Laurel before escaping with Malcolm , Andy , and tens of other inmates . Laurel later dies at the hospital . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana help the prisoners escape and set off a bomb to bury Reiter in the tunnels . Reiter kills his two accompanying mercenaries in order to survive by the idol . 88 19 `` Canary Cry '' Laura Belsey Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5819 2.27 As the team , including the rejoined Felicity , mourns Laurel 's death and tries to determine their next move against Darhk , another woman posing as the Black Canary appears in Star City . She turns out to be Evelyn Sharp , the daughter of H.I.V.E. prisoners who were left behind after Oliver saved his team when they were kidnapped by Darhk previously . John , angry at being betrayed by Andy , goes after Ruvé , the new mayor ; but Oliver intervenes . Ruvé issues arrest warrants for all vigilantes . Sharp goes after Ruvé publicly , but Oliver is able to dissuade her from killing Ruvé . Meanwhile , Quentin starts looking for ways to revive Laurel ; but Oliver manages to dissuade him . At Laurel 's funeral , Oliver reveals her as the Black Canary to preserve her image with the city . Afterwards , Oliver vows to find a way to defeat and kill Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver and Laurel struggle to come to terms with Tommy Merlyn 's death . In the end , Oliver leaves Laurel to cope on her own and returns to Lian Yu . 89 20 `` Genesis '' Gregory Smith Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5820 2.07 Darhk returns to H.I.V.E. and kills two of the board members before renewing his plans for `` Genesis '' . Oliver and Felicity go to Hub City and meet an immortal shaman , Esrin Fortuna , who starts educating Oliver about dark magic . After a mystical ritual , Fortuna tells Oliver that the darkness inside him is too strong to channel the light . In Star City , John locates Andy , but is captured after a brief shootout . Andy puts a tracking device on him , then allows John to escape so that Darhk and his team can go after John and Lyla and steal `` Rubicon '' , the key to the world 's nuclear weapons . Oliver manages to stop Darhk by channeling the power of light , nullifying Darhk 's powers and forcing him to retreat . John kills Andy . Meanwhile , Thea and Alex , who is working for Ruve now , go to an unknown city for vacation . She soon realizes that the city is atypical and finds out that Alex is using Darhk 's mind control pills . She is subdued by Darhk 's operatives and the city is revealed to be under Star City . The team realizes that Darhk plans to detonate nuclear weapons and build a new world over the ashes . 90 21 `` Monument Point '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Jenny Lynn May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5821 2.16 Darhk begins taking control of the world 's nuclear missiles . The team seeks out Noah to help disable Rubicon . Darhk sends Danny Brickwell and Amar to find and kill Noah , but Oliver and his team are able to rescue him . Noah agrees to help , but it requires a high - powered processor from Palmer Tech . Felicity learns she has been fired as CEO and is unable to get the processor , forcing the team to break in and steal it . H.I.V.E. locates the team when Noah hacks into Rubicon . As H.I.V.E. attacks , Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon and stop all the missiles but one , which launches and heads to Monument Point . Felicity only manages to redirect it to Havenrock , reducing the casualties to tens of thousands . Oliver and Diggle find Darhk in the Star City nexus chamber , gathering more power from all the deaths caused by the explosion . Meanwhile in the underground city , Malcolm tells Thea it is designed to protect Darhk and his chosen people from the nuclear apocalypse . Lonnie attacks the city and kills Alex . In flashbacks , Reiter escapes the cave - in , but Oliver and Taiana steal the idol back . The idol then begins to affect Taiana . 91 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' Glen Winter Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 3J5822 1.94 His power grown exponentially , Darhk attempts to reactivate `` Rubicon '' with the help of Felicity 's former boyfriend , Cooper , and launch the remaining missiles . However , Noah , Felicity , and Curtis successfully shut down `` Rubicon '' for good . Meanwhile , Oliver and Diggle discover the underground town and track Thea 's whereabouts . Malcolm uses a mind - controlling drug on her which makes her turn on Oliver , but Oliver manages to talk her back to reality . Just then , Machin takes over H.I.V.E. 's command center and threatens to destroy Darhk 's town . Oliver , Diggle , and Thea intercede , but the main power source gets ruptured and explodes , destroying the city . The town is evacuated and Machin escapes , but not before killing Ruvé . Donna convinces Noah to leave and never come back . Darhk decides to use `` Rubicon '' to destroy the whole Earth and shows up at Oliver 's home , where Felicity , Donna , and Curtis are . In flashbacks , the idol begins to slowly corrupt Taiana , feeding her ever more power from each soldier she and Oliver kill . Oliver takes the idol and tries to talk her down , but Reiter suddenly arrives and confronts them both . 92 23 `` Schism '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 3J5823 2.19 Darhk steals the laptop keeping him locked out of `` Rubicon '' and launches over 15,000 nuclear missiles , giving the team two hours to prevent worldwide annihilation . With Star City citizens rioting , Oliver addresses everyone directly , inspiring hope in them to stay strong , while Felicity and Curtis divert the missile aimed at Star City . Oliver goes after Darhk , while Felicity , Merlyn , and Thea track down `` Rubicon '' . Felicity convinces Cooper to stop helping Darhk , at the cost of his life . Curtis devises a means to stop the missiles . Oliver is able to nullify Darhk 's powers with the hope he inspired throughout the city . While the citizens of Star City take on Darhk 's remaining men , Oliver duels and kills Darhk . Afterward , Thea , Diggle and Lance , who gets fired from SCPD , leave the team for new lives , and the city council appoints Oliver as the interim mayor . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana manage to kill Reiter . She then convinces him to kill her when she is unable to escape the darkness within . Oliver radios Waller to rescue the rest of the prisoners and keep the idol safe , intending to go to Russia to meet Taiana 's family as he promised . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Legacy '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T27. 13201 1.87 Five months after the death of Damien Darhk , Oliver is distracted from his new duties as mayor due to continuing as Green Arrow alone , his old team members having gone their separate ways . He is encouraged by Felicity to build a new team by recruiting the amateur vigilantes now working in Star City , like Rene Ramirez . A new criminal crew appears , headed by Tobias Church , and kidnaps Mayor Queen in a bid to draw out and kill the Green Arrow , thereby taking over the city . He is rescued by Speedy , but she permanently quits the team after seeing that Oliver is again willing to kill . Church escapes from the Green Arrow and a team of several police officers , then later unites all the organized crime cartels and street gangs under his leadership . Oliver finally agrees to form a new team and includes Curtis at Curtis ' request . Elsewhere , a mysterious hooded figure in black kills a policeman in cold blood . In a flashback , Oliver encounters his old friend Anatoli Knyazev in Russia . Anatoli agrees to help him kill Konstantin Kovar , the tyrant running Taiana 's village , by initiating him to the Bratva , the only group that can possibly defeat Kovar . 94 `` The Recruits '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13202 1.94 Green Arrow recruits Rene , Evelyn Sharp , and Curtis and begins training them using an exercise from his Bratva initiation , revealed through flashbacks . As mayor , Oliver arranges to have AmerTek provide free medical care for Star City 's disenfranchised at a special clinic . A new metahuman , `` Ragman '' , appears and starts attacking AmerTek executives . The recruits leave Green Arrow because they do not trust him . Thea discovers that AmerTek CEO Janet Carroll is working with Church and Felicity learns that it was AmerTek 's nuclear missiles that Damien Darhk used to try and destroy the world . Ragman and Green Arrow stop an arms buy between Carroll and Church . Ragman later reveals that he was the only survivor of the Havenrock bombing . Green Arrow convinces him to put aside vengeance and join his team . Later , Oliver reveals his identity to the other recruits as a sign of trust and they agree to rejoin the team . Thea decides to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor . Church is attacked by the mysterious archer who calls himself `` Prometheus '' , who wants to personally kill Green Arrow . Meanwhile , Diggle , back in the Army and on a covert operation , is ambushed by his superior , who plans to sell a nuclear trigger and frame Diggle . 95 `` A Matter of Trust '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13203 1.79 Green Arrow investigates a new drug , `` Stardust '' , but still believes his team is not ready for the streets . While he is being informed about Prometheus , Rene and Evelyn secretly raid Stardust dealer Derek Sampson 's warehouse . The raid goes wrong and Sampson ends up with superhuman strength and an inability to feel pain . Oliver learns what happened from District Attorney Adrian Chase , convincing him that he still can not trust his recruits . Felicity advises him to accept the recruits as they are and Green Arrow finally uses his new team to stop Sampson from creating more superhumans . Oliver also publicly endorses Thea 's decision to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor after negative news stories almost cause her to resign . Felicity admits to Rory ( Ragman ) that she was the one responsible for Havenrock . Diggle is incarcerated and hallucinates Floyd Lawton as his cellmate due to guilt over killing his brother . Afterward , he tells Lyla that he will not fight the charges against him , so she asks Oliver to help her break Diggle out of prison . Flashbacks focus on Anatoli teaching Oliver the need to trust his brothers in the Bratva . 96 `` Penance '' Dermott Downs Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13204 1.87 Oliver 's team captures an associate of Church 's and delivers him and his loot to the SCPD . Afterward , Rory formally leaves the team , saying that he can not work with Felicity . Oliver leaves Star City to help Lyla break Diggle out of prison over Felicity and the team 's objections . Quentin and Adrian personally deliver the evidence to the SCPD , which turns out to be a disguised bomb . The explosion allows Church 's group to break in and steal weapons from evidence . Oliver infiltrates a federal prison and locates Diggle , who agrees to escape to safeguard Oliver . Oliver takes him and Lyla to a H.I.V.E. safe house . Felicity attempts to reconcile matters with Rory . She and the team determine that Church is planning an assault on the SCPD 's anti-crime unit , where Adrian is interrogating Church 's man . Rory rejoins the team and they help everyone inside escape the attack . However , Curtis is injured and Church captures Rene , intending to torture him to death . Oliver returns and vows to rescue Rene , while Adrian decides to trust the vigilantes ' motives . In flashbacks , Anatoli tasks Oliver with gaining information from , and then killing , an associate of Kovar . Oliver completes the assignment and Anatoli welcomes him into the Bratva . 97 5 `` Human Target '' Laura Belsey Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13205 1.61 Oliver rescues Rene , who tells him that he gave up Green Arrow 's true identity to Church . Church plans to kill Oliver as the Mayor instead of as the vigilante . Diggle rejoins the team and suggests that bodyguard Christopher Chance , the `` Human Target '' , could be able to help them . Christopher impersonates Oliver at City Hall and fakes the Mayor 's death when Church 's mercenary attacks . The team realizes that Church plans to consolidate the drug traffic of five cities through Star City , needing Green Arrow eliminated for his plan to succeed . Oliver and his team , joined by Diggle and Christopher , raid Church 's meeting and capture him along with several other crime lords . Oliver publicly claims that his faked death was part of a sting operation . Prometheus kills Church during transport , despite Church telling him Green Arrow 's identity . Television reporter Susan Williams obtains evidence that Oliver was in Russia during the time he was supposedly stranded on the island . Meanwhile , Oliver finds out that Felicity is dating Billy Malone , a police detective recently assigned to the anti-crime unit . In flashbacks , Oliver is ambushed by other Bratva members . However , the men are killed by Christopher , whom Anatoli had hired to protect Oliver . 98 6 `` So It Begins '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Brian Ford Sullivan November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13206 1.95 Oliver , Diggle , and Felicity privately track Prometheus , who starts killing seemingly random civilians with throwing stars . A news report on the killings causes tension in the city and angers the recruits , since they were not informed . Felicity steals one of the stars from Billy to examine it . A pattern between the victims relates to Oliver 's list from when he first started out as the Hood . This further angers the recruits , Evelyn most of all , as they did not know about Oliver 's `` kill list '' from when he initially returned . Felicity uses the pattern to predict future victims and the team splits up . Evelyn encounters Prometheus and engages him , managing to cut his arm before being overpowered . Oliver then arrives , but Prometheus escapes . Meanwhile , Thea discovers that Quentin never quit drinking . Evelyn reconciles with Oliver and Felicity tells Billy that she works with the Green Arrow , which intrigues him . She later tells Oliver that evidence she has discovered suggests that Prometheus could be an SCPD officer ; Quentin is shown waking from an alcohol - induced sleep with a slash across his arm and a throwing star in his possession . In flashbacks , during a Bratva operation , Oliver is abducted by Kovar 's men and taken to him . 99 7 `` Vigilante '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13207 1.86 A new vigilante appears in Star City , one who kills criminals in cold blood . Quentin tenders his resignation as Deputy Mayor . He later tells Thea about the throwing star and his drunken blackouts , but believes he is being set up . The team intercepts the Vigilante during a bank robbery , but he gets away , as does Eric Dunn , the head of the robbers . DA Chase forces one of the other robbers to reveal Dunn 's location and Green Arrow saves him from the Vigilante . Thea convinces Quentin to go into rehabilitation , while Oliver and Susan start getting closer . The team poses as bank robbers to lure out the Vigilante , who again escapes even after Oliver defeats and nearly unmasks him . Thea tells Oliver about Quentin and the possibility of his being framed ; they deduce that Prometheus must know Green Arrow 's identity . Evelyn is revealed to be working for Prometheus . In flashbacks , Kovar introduces Oliver to his servant Galina , Taiana 's mother . He also claims that the Bratva have only been using Oliver for their own ends , including making a deal with him . Kovar then releases Oliver back to the Bratva . 100 8 `` Invasion ! '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T27. 13208 3.55 Oliver finds himself back at Queen Manor ; both his parents are alive , he is about to be married to Laurel Lance , and Diggle is the Hood . However , it is revealed that he , Diggle , Thea , Sara , and Ray are all being held unconscious inside pods aboard the Dominator mothership . Meanwhile , Felicity , Curtis , and Cisco Ramon try to hack into the Dominators ' mainframe using a piece of their technology . The team recovers a necessary device with the help of the Flash and Supergirl and manages to locate the others . Oliver begins seeing flashes of his former life , as do Sara and Ray . All five captives soon realize that they are inside a shared hallucination of simulated reality . Their escape attempt is blocked by manifestations of Malcolm Merlyn , Deathstroke , Damien Darhk , and their mercenaries . The group defeats all of them , then leaves the dream and awakens inside the ship . Escaping in a shuttle , they are rescued by the Waverider . Ray deduces that the Dominators were gathering information from their minds to help them complete a special `` weapon '' , using the hallucination as a distraction . The team learns that the Dominator mothership is headed toward Earth . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 101 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13209 1.94 Prometheus obtains further intel about the team from Evelyn . He then attacks and hospitalizes Curtis , injecting him with a tuberculosis vaccine developed by Justin Claybourne , a corrupt pharmaceutical manufacturer named on Oliver 's former kill list . Flashbacks show that Oliver killed Claybourne after discovering that he financed a TB epidemic , then raised the price on his drug to boost his company 's profits . When the team tracks down Prometheus , Evelyn reveals her true allegiance and escapes with Prometheus . Investigating Prometheus on his own , Billy sends information he discovers to Felicity just before the villain captures him . The information turns out to be about Claybourne 's illegitimate son , who may now be seeking retribution . Oliver deduces that Prometheus is at the former office building of the corporation that created the epidemic and goes there alone . He finds that Prometheus has staged it to resemble Oliver 's prior attack . Oliver kills Prometheus , only to discover he has actually killed a gagged Billy , whom the real Prometheus set up as himself to trick Oliver . Curtis ' husband Paul leaves him after discovering Curtis is a vigilante ; Felicity mourns Billy 's death ; Diggle is recaptured ; Oliver encounters a woman inside the lair who appears to be Laurel Lance , alive and well . 102 10 `` Who Are You ? '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13210 1.68 Oliver welcomes the seemingly - revived Laurel into the team , but it becomes clear that she is Laurel 's Earth - Two doppelganger Black Siren , having been broken out of S.T.A.R. Labs by Prometheus . Laurel escapes and calls Oliver for a meeting , which ends in her capture . Learning about Paul , Rene convinces Curtis to focus on his capabilities , not his flaws . Oliver places Laurel in an A.R.G.U.S. facility , hoping to change her one day . Oliver reveals his plans to follow their Laurel 's dying wish , to find a new Black Canary . In Hub City , a woman with a sonic scream stops an attempted assault in a bar . Meanwhile , Oliver convinces Adrian to represent John whose corrupt superior , General Walker , arrives to transfer him into custody . However , Adrian manages to keep John in his jurisdiction . In flashbacks , Gregor , the Bratva traitor , attempts to force Oliver 's obedience , but Oliver is rescued by a female archer named Talia . 103 11 `` Second Chances '' Mark Bunting Speed Weed & Sarah Tarkoff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13211 1.91 During the S.T.A.R. Labs incident , CCPD undercover officer Tina Boland develops a sonic scream after watching her partner die at the hands of drug dealer Sean Sonus . In the present day , Adrian tells Oliver that the NSA had been investigating Walker , but its file has disappeared . While Felicity tries to locate it , Oliver takes Rene and Curtis to Hub City to recruit Tina . She initially refuses to join , but the team intercepts her attacking Sonus , who is also a metahuman with sonic powers . Sonus escapes and Oliver reveals his identity to convince Tina to let him help her . Oliver 's team helps her defeat the dealers during a shipment , but Oliver fails to dissuade her from killing Sonus . Meanwhile , Felicity meets with a hacktivist whom she inspired during her college days and receives the file against Walker along with a cache of other secret information . With the file , Adrian manages to get John released . Tina meets Oliver and agrees to join the team , revealing that her real name is Dinah Drake . In flashbacks , Talia helps Oliver kill an important associate of Kovar 's . She also urges Oliver to become the avenger his father wanted him to be for Starling City . 104 12 `` Bratva '' Ben Bray Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13212 1.61 In flashbacks , Oliver and Talia kill a drug merchant from Robert Queen 's list . Talia presses Oliver to return home , but he chooses to help Anatoli kill Gregor . In the present , the team learns that Walker is in Russia for a deal with Markovian terrorists . Oliver takes everyone except Rene , who is helping Quentin prepare for an interview with Susan . Anatoli refuses to help Oliver unless he does something criminal in return , which Oliver refuses . After Felicity blackmails a Russian analyst , the team captures Walker 's henchman , whom John tortures to no avail . To prevent John and Felicity from acting against their morals , Oliver and Dinah accept Anatoli 's terms and attacks a rival . The team and the Bratva intercept Walker 's deal . John decides to spare Walker , who is arrested by the US military police , while Rory uses his rags to contain the nuclear blast of Walker 's failsafe bomb . Upon returning , Oliver sleeps with Susan , who later deduces his alter - ego after learning about a similar hooded vigilante who was in Russia five years ago . Rory tells Felicity that his rags do not function anymore and that he needs to leave temporarily . Meanwhile , with Rene 's help , Quentin 's interview is successful and they become friends . 105 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' Kristin Windell Marc Guggenheim February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13213 1.66 Sixteen months ago , Rene watched as his wife , an addict , was killed by a dealer in front of their daughter , Zoe , who was transferred to foster care , barring Rene from seeing her . He was inspired by the Green Arrow killing Darhk and saving Star City and decided to start his vigilantism . In the present , Rene now works for Quentin as his assistant . An armed man attacks city hall , killing seven staff members and wounding several others . Felicity identifies the shooter as James Edlund , a former clerk and a proponent of gun control who lost his family in a shootout months prior . Thea and Quentin encourage Oliver to deal with the situation as the mayor , not the vigilante . Oliver decides to work with the city council towards a gun control act . Rene and Curtis locate Edlund 's hideout and find his next target , where Oliver confronts Edlund as the mayor and dissuades him from killing anyone , convincing him to surrender . Oliver reaches an agreement with the council with Rene 's help . Curtis promises to help Rene get Zoe back legally . Meanwhile , John convinces Dinah to return to a normal life , and she enlists in the SCPD . 106 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' Mary Lambert Barbara Bloom & Jenny Lynn February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13214 1.54 Oliver meets Prometheus ' alleged mother , but she refuses to help him . During a prison transfer , Chien , Carrie , and Warner kill the guards and escape . Oliver appoints Dinah as an SCPD officer . Pike receives evidence that the Green Arrow killed Malone and orders a manhunt . Oliver and Quentin track down the trio , but they escape due to the intervention of the ACU . Oliver surmises that Prometheus is responsible for sending the evidence . Susan asks Oliver if he is the Green Arrow and he says no . Thea discredits her by having Felicity hack Susan 's files and insert proof that she committed plagiarism . Susan gets angry with Oliver , who then confronts Thea . He reveals the circumstances surrounding Malone 's death to Pike . The team intercepts the trio stealing money from a stash left by Church , but are ambushed by their mercenaries . The ACU arrives and arrests the trio , allowing the team to leave . Quentin gives Dinah his blessing to assume the Black Canary identity . Word of the cover - up is later leaked to the media and the allegations are serious enough that impeachment is on the table . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli engage Gregor and his men . Gregor prepares to kill Anatoli . 107 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' Michael Schultz Speed Weed & Ben Sokolowski March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13215 1.60 Oliver 's impeachment process begins , with Adrian serving as his attorney . The Vigilante starts targeting the former , but is opposed by Prometheus , who is revealed to be Adrian . Using Pandora , Felicity and Thea learn about a secret that can be used to blackmail an alderman . Oliver and John dissuade them from using it . Using a piece of the Vigilante 's visor , Curtis manages to track him down to where he plans to assassinate Oliver . To give himself a fighting chance to remain mayor , Oliver publicly disavows the Green Arrow as a `` cop killer '' , stating his motive for the cover - up was to protect the people from losing hope . The Vigilante escapes . The council votes against impeachment , but Thea resigns from Oliver 's administration in order to work on her morality . Paul decides to divorce Curtis . Susan gets her job back due to Felicity 's anonymous testimony . Felicity then secretly joins Helix . Adrian aggressively demands that Susan listen to his story . In flashbacks , Anatoli demands `` spross dopross '' , the process by which the Pakhan may be overthrown . Oliver infiltrates Kovar 's mansion and acquires evidence that Gregor has been embezzling the Bratva 's money . The majority of the captains vote for Anatoli , but Gregor starts a mutiny . 108 16 `` Checkmate '' Ken Shane Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13216 1.53 Oliver meets Talia , who reveals herself to be Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . She tells Oliver that she hates him for killing her father , so she helped Adrian become Prometheus . Oliver confronts Adrian , who says that he has kidnapped Williams and she will starve if Oliver kills him . The Green Arrow breaks into Adrian 's house and tries to reason with Adrian 's wife , Doris , until the ACU storms in , forcing him to escape . Felicity agrees to hack Department of Homeland Security drones for Helix in exchange for assistance in finding Williams ' location . Oliver 's team enters the building , finding and rescuing Williams before Oliver confronts Adrian . Diggle brings Doris to try and convince Adrian to surrender , only for him to mortally stab her . Oliver engages Adrian while the others take Williams and Doris away . Talia arrives and helps Adrian overpower and abduct Oliver . Adrian tells Oliver that he plans to help Oliver learn who he really is . Meanwhile , Adrian continues acting normally at City Hall , angering the team . In flashbacks , most of the Bratva captains are killed in the shootout before Gregor escapes . Oliver and Knyazev attack Gregor during a meeting with his loyal followers and subdue him . 109 17 `` Kapiushon '' Kevin Tancharoen Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13217 1.38 In flashbacks , Anatoli becomes the new Pakhan . Kovar buys Sarin gas from Malcolm . Anatoli learns that Kovar is planning a coup against the Russian government . By torturing an operative of Kovar , Oliver learns that Kovar has invited key government officials to his casino , where he plans to assassinate all of them by the gas . Oliver convinces Galina , Taiana 's mother , to give him her key card to the casino . Oliver and the Bratva infiltrate the casino , where Kovar learns about Galina 's betrayal and kills her , angering Oliver , who fails to stop the spread of the gas in time , leading to Viktor 's death . Anatoli fails to persuade Oliver from killing Kovar . The former appoints him as a Bratva captain . Malcolm helps Kovar 's operatives revive him . In the present , Adrian tortures Oliver to make him confess a `` secret '' . The former brings a seemingly reluctant Evelyn , apparently killing her after Oliver refuses to do it . Oliver reveals that he killed people because he liked it , which Adrian wanted to hear . Evelyn is revealed to be alive and still assisting Adrian . Adrian lets Oliver go , and he returns to the hideout and tells the team about his decision to end his vigilantism . 110 18 `` Disbanded '' JJ Makaro Rebecca Bellotto March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13218 1.55 With Chase having broken him , Oliver disbands the team and calls in the Bratva to take out Chase . Diggle tries to talk Oliver out of it , reminding him that there are better ways of doing things . Felicity goes to Helix and manages to find pixelated footage of Chase taking off his Prometheus mask . Oliver allows the Bratva to steal diabetes medicine as a downpayment , but they are stopped by the team . Diggle tells Oliver that they can fix him if he is willing to accept help . Oliver rejoins the team , taking out the Bratva and saving hostages that Anatoli had taken as leverage . Felicity and Curtis manage to decode Chase 's pixelation device , revealing Prometheus ' identity to the police . Oliver claims he 's not ready to put the hood back on yet but , with his team , it will be sooner rather than later . When Chase 's guards try to arrest him , he kills them and leaves his safe house . In flashbacks , Oliver wants to return to Lian Yu , so Anatoli plans one last heist to help sick children , hoping to convince Oliver to stay , but Oliver still intends to return to Lian Yu in order to stage his dramatic return to Starling City . 111 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Joel Novoa Speed Weed & Elizabeth Kim April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13219 1.36 With law enforcement agencies unable to locate Chase , Felicity agrees to Alena 's plan to free former Helix leader Cayden James , who created a biometric tracker that can find anyone , but is currently in A.R.G.U.S. custody without due process . Lyla plans to use James as bait to destroy Helix , but Alena , having already anticipated that , finds James ' true location and leads her team , including Felicity , to the rescue . They are interrupted by the team , but Felicity forces them to allow Helix to escape with James . Helix ends their connection with Felicity , but provides her with James ' scanner , which she uses to learn that Chase is already in the team 's hideout , starting an assault . Meanwhile , Quentin confronts Rene for not visiting Zoe , though legally possible . Rene believes himself to be an unsuitable father . However , Quentin organizes a visit , making Rene decide to fight to regain custody of Zoe . John confronts Lyla for her moral ambiguity which led to their divorce previously . 112 20 `` Underneath '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13220 1.36 Chase triggers an EMP within the team hideout , deactivating all the equipment , stranding Oliver and Felicity , and rendering her paralyzed . Curtis learns about the attack , informing Rene and Dinah . Diggle and Lyla agree to put their problems aside when they hear about Oliver and Felicity . The team soon realizes that , after a period of time , a backup generator will activate , igniting the methane gas currently leaking into the base . Oliver is injured trying to find a way out . Eventually , Diggle is lowered down an access shaft with the others ' help and manages to pull up both Oliver and Felicity . The team takes refuge at A.R.G.U.S. , where Diggle and Lyla reconcile . Later , Chase is revealed to have tracked down Oliver 's son , William . In flashbacks to the period after Damien 's death , Oliver , Felicity , and Curtis continue working together . Curtis arranges to have Oliver and Felicity spend time together , leading to their having sex in the lair , but she decides that she is not ready to get back together with Oliver , who accepts it . 113 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' Laura Belsey Marc Guggenheim & Sarah Tarkoff May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13221 1.65 Chase 's prosecutions are discredited and most of the convicts , including Sampson , are released on bail . Oliver is sent a body , identified as Henry Goodwin . While Curtis and Dinah track Sampson , the others investigate Goodwin , who is revealed to have been killed by Robert Queen , shocking Thea and Oliver . The team deduces that Chase and Sampson are working together to release Claybourne 's weaponized tuberculosis in Star City . With Oliver wearing the Green Arrow costume again , they track the bomb and engage Sampson 's party while Oliver duels Chase . Sampson is captured as Curtis defuses the bomb . Oliver reveals that Claybourne planned to disown Chase due to Chase 's mental condition . Disillusioned , Chase asks Oliver to kill him , but Oliver arrests him instead . Oliver gives Thea a video of Robert asking her to look after Oliver . Meanwhile , Rene refuses to testify in court so as not to upset Zoe , leading to the judge dismissing his claim . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli return to Lian Yu , where they arrange for Oliver 's return to Starling City . Anatoli leaves to bribe the boatmen to sail towards the island , but Oliver gets captured by Kovar , who knows about Oliver 's plan . 114 22 `` Missing '' Mairzee Almas Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13222 1.44 The team holds a birthday party for Oliver , but Rene , Dinah , and Curtis are later kidnapped by Chase 's outside team . Realizing that Chase is picking them off after Thea and Quentin are kidnapped by Black Siren and Evelyn , Oliver accepts Malcolm 's aid to help him lean on Chase . However , Chase reveals he has kidnapped William and Oliver is forced to free him . Felicity and Diggle are kidnapped by Talia and the League of Assassins , Oliver recruits Nyssa to help him fight Chase 's army . Tracking a plane carrying Chase , they realize they are going to Lian Yu . Arriving on the island , Oliver visits Slade and asks for his help . In flashbacks , Kovar injects a drug into Oliver that forces him to suffer visceral hallucinations of painful moments from the last five years . After enduring visions of Yao Fei and Laurel , Oliver eventually finds the strength to escape . 115 23 `` Lian Yu '' Jesse Warn Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13223 1.72 Oliver recruits a Mirakuru-less and hate - free Slade Wilson . Harkness reveals his allegiance to Chase . Oliver 's party frees Felicity , Thea , Curtis , and Samantha , trapping Evelyn . Oliver asks Malcolm to take Felicity 's party to Chase 's plane in order to escape and manages to free John , Rene , Dinah , and Quentin , who knocks Black Siren unconscious while Nyssa defeats Talia . Malcolm kills Harkness , but sacrifices himself by taking Thea 's place on a tripped landmine , allowing Felicity 's party to escape . They reach the plane , but learn that the whole island is rigged with C4 , which will detonate if Chase dies . Oliver asks John to lead the others to Felicity 's party and escape while Oliver captures Chase on a boat and frees William , who learns that his father is the Green Arrow . The plane is sabotaged , so Oliver tells the others to run to a ship on the eastern shore . Unsure of the others ' fates , Chase kills himself in front of Oliver and William , causing the bombs to demolish Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver kills Kovar and his men , reaches the boat in time and calls Moira on his way home . Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 `` Fallout '' James Bamford Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13451 1.52 In flashbacks , Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane . Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows . John 's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity . Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William . Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren , whom he shoots . She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James . In the present , Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha 's death . Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station . During another confrontation , John 's hesitation gets Rene hurt . Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall , Team Arrow sets a trap . However , her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow . Quentin 's reluctance to harm `` Laurel '' further allows her to escape . Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter . Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T - sphere . Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son , advising him to choose between vigilantism and William . Oliver and William reconcile slightly , but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media . 117 `` Tribute '' Laura Belsey Story by : Adam Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13452 1.51 Oliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow , facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William 's concerns of losing him . Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates , demanding a ransom . Believing Anatoli leaked the photo , Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages , three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one . Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that he is no longer friends with Oliver and is not weak , injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon . Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote , Oliver injects it into the hostage , but Anatoli kills him anyway . He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo . The media acquires evidence from an `` anonymous source '' that it was faked , but Watson tells Oliver that she will continue her investigation . As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage , the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle , deciding to choose William over vigilantism . 118 `` Next of Kin '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13453 1.34 Team Arrow arrests Faust , with John refusing to shoot arrows . The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill . Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors , John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him . Rene asks Oliver to return to the team . The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence . Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them , defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon . With no way to stop the bill , Oliver converts it to a city - wide referendum . Watson begins suspecting John , who receives an arrow - firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis . Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors . 119 `` Reversal '' Gregory Smith Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13454 1.33 Black Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena , who tells her that Cayden James is planning to cause hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide . They meet black market dealer `` Amnesiac '' to buy a `` ghost drive . '' Feeling concerned , Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs , angering Felicity , who steals the drive . Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility and discovers she is working for James , who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena , who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow . Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims ' fingerprints , necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory ( IDND ) , a global internet infrastructure hub . Believing that James intends to destroy the internet , Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND , where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James ' apparent attack . She adds Alena to her startup , calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant . James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and covered tracks . He provides Black Siren with a device to stop Curtis ' trackers . Slade calls Oliver and asks for his help . 120 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' Joel Novoa Ben Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13455 1.29 Slade asks Oliver to help him find his son , who 's being held in jail . The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade 's , who provides them with the information they need . When they get to the prison , Slade instructs Oliver to find his son , Joe , then get him out of there , as he knows Joe will not want to see him , despite Oliver 's objections . Slade engages the security , known as the Jackals , in combat , where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of their team . When Slade demands they release Joe , he reveals it 's not that easy , as their boss is Joe himself . Dinah struggles to protect a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante , as the politician supports the anti-vigilante bill . Dinah later unleashes her Canary Cry on Vigilante , removing his mask and revealing he is actually Dinah 's old partner Vincent Sobel , thought long dead . He later attempts another assassination at a TV interview , but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer . Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive because he had lost faith in their police work . Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears . 121 6 `` Promises Kept '' Antonio Negret Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13456 1.28 Slade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them , but Joe refuses , claiming that he saw his father kill someone before he was influenced by Mirakuru . Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit , but Joe refuses to forgive him , stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path . Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in , after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant . Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons , but advises Oliver that he go back to his , not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made . Meanwhile , Team Arrow eventually finds out about John 's tremors , leading John to apologize to everyone . Curtis offers to help John the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured . John asks to have the night to think it over . 122 7 `` Thanksgiving '' Gordon Verheul Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T27. 13457 1.09 Oliver , Felicity , William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct . Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow . James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison , intent on causing chaos , since the Green Arrow is caught . Thankfully , Oliver 's trial is delayed . When John gets injured in the field , Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again , with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert . They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops , whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah , Curtis and Rene , but James and Black Siren escape . Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered , whereupon he can reclaim it . Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver , Felicity , John and William . 123 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' James Bamford Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T27. 13458 2.52 In S.T.A.R. Labs , a captured interdimensional villain from Earth - X , Prometheus - X , is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn . After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Earth - 1 's Tommy , Prometheus - X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth - X 's Nazi regime . Prometheus - X 's partners , Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's doppelgänger ) , Overgirl ( Kara Danvers ' doppelgänger ) , and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator , the Prism , from research company Dayton Optical Systems ; Oliver , Barry , Kara , and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth - 1 . After a series of battles , most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it , and Oliver , Barry and his allies are abducted to Earth - X 's concentration camp , but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs . Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture . The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism , charged by S.T.A.R. Labs ' particle accelerator , to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl 's respective invulnerability , allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 124 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' Laura Belsey Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13459 1.30 Oliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone . The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him , causing Oliver to have the team tracked . Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James . Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent , and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver . He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog , and if he did not testify , he would never be able to see his daughter again . Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team , but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin . Black Siren willingly allows Quentin to escape once they are outside . Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own , violating Oliver 's trust again . Rene is later reunited with his daughter , while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow , unable to trust Oliver , John and Felicity . Through a hidden camera , Oliver , John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James , his second in command Boots , Black Siren , Anatoli , Vincent and Ricardo Diaz . 125 10 `` Divided '' James Bamford Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T27. 13460 1.38 Oliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene , Dinah , and Curtis help him , while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors , in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James , discovering that he has a cabal at his command . Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered . After his fight with Cayden James 's Cabal , Oliver , Felicity , and John discover that in order to win , they need to bring the team back together . Oliver apologizes to Rene , Dinah and Curtis , but despite his apology , they refuse to return to the team . Instead , they decide to start their own team , with Oliver wishing them luck . Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout . 126 11 `` We Fall '' Wendey Stanzler Speed Weed & Spiro Skentzos January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13461 1.38 Cayden James attacks the city 's critical Internet infrastructure , causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike , before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening . James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver ; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago . However , Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time , therefore there is another suspect . Vincent claims that he is undercover with James ' cabal , and he gives Curtis , Rene , and Dinah some Intel . When one of James ' attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip , Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him . Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks , eventually James ' cabal targets them . Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James ' party 's attack on the safe zones ' occupants . Despite William being hurt by Oliver 's lies , Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father 's duty . Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline , Oliver gives into James ' demands to buy time to find it . 127 12 `` All for Nothing '' Mairzee Almas Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13462 1.24 Oliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James . Fearing he will detonate the bomb , Vince , who infiltrated James ' organization , agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located . Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty , he is identified as the traitor , caught , and tortured by Anatoli . The location of the bomb is revealed , but Dinah , Curtis , and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince . However , James anticipates this and used Vince as bait . Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince . Lacking the manpower , Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it 's moved to a new location . However , they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James ' son ; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow , implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes . 128 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' JJ Makaro Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13463 1.30 Cayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight . Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden 's son , proving it was someone else , and clearing Oliver . With help from Barry Allen , Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence . James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb . The team brings Laurel , Diaz and Anatoli to James , but Laurel says she was behind his son 's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape . Diaz approaches Cayden in custody , revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll , killing Cayden before he leaves . 129 14 `` Collision Course '' Ken Shane Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13464 1.11 Dinah , Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody . It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal , which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver . Oliver demands the return of the city 's money , which Laurel promises , if they get her out of the country . Curtis hacks the chip preventing John 's tremors , allowing them to track down Oliver , John and Felicity and hence find Laurel , though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel . The two teams fight , with Rene eventually getting injured , and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah 's scream , allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape . At the hospital , when John and Felicity come to see Rene , Curtis and Dinah turn them away , saying they want nothing to do with them anymore . At the edge of the city , Laurel begs a van driver to help her . 130 15 `` Doppelganger '' Kristin Windell Story by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage Teleplay by : Speed Weed March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T27. 13465 1.28 Laurel appears at City Hall , revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will . Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage , which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper , prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy . Dinah , upon hearing of the situation , says she is willing to help out this once , but Oliver refuses , saying if she does not trust him , he does not trust her . Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions , who escape , but they do manage to rescue Roy . Oliver goes to see Laurel , who claims she can not change who she is , but she will try to be good , if Oliver gives her the space to do so , which Oliver agrees to . But when he leaves , Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles , implying that she works with him . Roy and Thea spend an evening together , where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra 's al Ghul has been located . 131 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' Joel Novoa Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13466 1.12 Nyssa comes to Star City for Thea , claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins , The Thanatos Guild , lead by a woman called Athena , are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of . Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa , but claims she is leaving afterward . Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it , only for the map to be blank when opened , but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath and discovers that it contains locations to other Lazarus Pits . Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police , suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz 's drugs . Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John , but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment . Thea , Roy and Nyssa eventually depart to destroy the Lazarus Pits and Oliver says goodbye . 132 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' Mark Bunting Sarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T27. 13467 0.87 Dinah has Anatoly arrested but Captain Hill and DA Sam Armand force his release . Oliver confronts them with proof that they are working for Diaz and fires them when they affirm that they can not accept his protection when faced with the threat posed by Diaz . Oliver apologizes to John about not giving him the suit , but after John questions his leadership skills and motives for continuing as the Green Arrow while Oliver counters that he has accepted his past mistakes , the two engage in an argument that leads to a fight . With Diaz pushing Vertigo through the city , Oliver and John work to destroy the shipment , while Curtis reveals his alter - ego to his new boyfriend , Nick Anastas . John decides to leave the team following the fight , leaving Oliver and Felicity as the final two members . Hill fires Dinah and the rest of the clean cops , forcing Nick to realize that vigilantism is the only path forward . Armand claims that Oliver obstructed justice , which is grounds for impeachment . Laurel learns that Diaz has one more vial of Vertigo and kisses him . 133 18 `` Fundamentals '' Ben Bray Speed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T27. 13468 1.06 With Oliver 's impeachment hearing beginning , he lashes out at Felicity and William , causing the former to request a separation . Oliver realizes he has been dosed with Vertigo , and he begins hallucinating Adrian Chase , who torments him with reminders of his past failures . Oliver realizes that he never should have formed a Team Arrow , allowing his loved ones to make him forget about his original mission . Learning Diaz 's location , Oliver dons his original hood and attempts to take on the corrupt officers by himself . Felicity is able to bring Oliver back to his senses , revealing she never requested a separation . Oliver and Felicity escape before Diaz and his men can shoot them . Later , Oliver and William reconcile . Oliver is impeached , and Quentin becomes the new Mayor of Star City . Diaz tells Laurel that since Oliver has been impeached , it is time to inform crime families across the country that Star City is open for business . 134 19 `` The Dragon '' Gordon Verheul Spiro Skentzos & Elizabeth Kim April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T27. 13469 0.96 A younger Diaz is shown in an orphanage being harassed by a bully . In the present , Diaz starts the next phase of his plan which is to join a criminal organization called The Quadrant . But one of the four leaders of the group does n't think that Diaz is worthy enough , thinking of him as a street thug , and tries to have his son kill him . With Laurel 's help , he wages a small war on the group , killing both the man and his son , then taking his seat at the table . Later on , Diaz tracks down the man who bullied him as a child , and sets him on fire as Laurel watches uncomfortably . Meanwhile , Felicity & Curtis work together again on their Helix project , while Oliver works alone in Star City . An explosion happens as Oliver is fighting Diaz 's men , leaving no survivors . Felicity fearing for Oliver 's life returns home to find him safe and sound , who promises her that he will never leave her . 135 20 `` Shifting Allegiances '' Alexandra La Roche Wendy Mericle & Rebecca Bellotto April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13470 0.87 Oliver pays a debt to Anatoli 's rival in Russia , so that Anatoli will be able to go home . Oliver appeals to him , reminding him of his honor and their friendship . Anatoli betrays him , chains him , and later on takes him to see Diaz . Convinced to fight fairly by Anatoli , Diaz and Oliver square off one on one , with the loser to leave the city . Oliver bests Diaz , only for him to stab him with a knife . Later on , Diaz tells Oliver he 's having his trial moved up and has him arrested . Meanwhile , Rene returns home , but is still affected by when he was shot . Dinah and Curtis team up with John and ARGUS to stop a shipment of weapons by The Quadrant and are successful . As the new mayor , Quentin is approached by Diaz to sign a paper that will grant him some property in the city . Quentin refuses at first , but he eventually changes his mind out of fear for Laurel 's safety after she expresses concerns about how dangerous he is . 136 21 `` Docket No. 11 - 19 - 41 - 73 '' Andi Armaganian Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Ubah Mohamed & Tyron B. Carter May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13471 1.10 Several witnesses are called at Oliver 's trial to testify about the identity of the Green Arrow including John , Dinah , Dr. Schwartz , Rene , and Felicity . Diaz coerces Rene into saying Oliver is the Green Arrow at trial by threatening his daughter in front of him . After Oliver takes the stand , the Green Arrow crashes through the skylight , revealing himself to be Tommy Merlyn back from the dead . Tommy testifies that he is really the Arrow and is taken into custody . When being saved from Diaz 's men by John and Rene , he is revealed to be Christopher Chance , the Human Target . Laurel takes the stand and , despite being threatened by Diaz earlier , testifies that Tommy is the real Green Arrow . Oliver is found guilty , proving the assumption that both the judge and the jury were in Diaz 's pocket . Oliver 's lawyer moves for a judgment notwithstanding verdict and the judge surprisingly agrees . Oliver returns to the lair and discovers that Chance switched places with the judge during jury deliberation . Oliver and Rene reconcile . Diaz kills the real judge just before Laurel appears and attacks him and his men , momentarily downing Diaz , before he takes her captive , telling her that he plans to kill Oliver and everyone he cares about . 137 22 `` The Ties That Bind '' Tara Miele Ben Sokolowski & Oscar Balderrama May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13472 1.00 Diaz orchestrates attacks against Team Arrow and their loved ones ; most escape unscathed but Curtis 's boyfriend Nick is seriously injured . They reunite at the New Team Arrow 's bunker where they watch as Diaz ' men destroy Original Team Arrow 's bunker . With Anatoly 's help , Oliver ambushes Diaz , but he escapes , severely wounding Curtis . The team realizes Diaz was protecting a device containing potentially important data , and send Lyla into the SCPD headquarters to hack it . Felicity discovers it is an encrypted list of everyone on Diaz 's payroll and starts attempting to decode it . Diaz kills one of the Quadrant leaders , assuming she gave Team Arrow the intel about his convoy . He attacks the new bunker , fights with and nearly kills Oliver , who triggers explosives installed as a fail - safe against intruders . He and Felicity escape , but the still - encrypted data is lost . Diaz meets with the remaining two Quadrant leaders , kills one and makes the other accept him as the head of the organization . Oliver turns to Agent Watson for help ; she agrees provided he admits to her that he is the Green Arrow . 138 23 `` Life Sentence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13473 1.35 Team Arrow mount a final attack on Diaz and while Diaz manages to escape , Oliver obtains the list of everyone on his payroll , liberating Star City . During the attack , Quentin takes a bullet for Laurel and ends up in the hospital . The team comes to support him , including Laurel and a surprise visit from Sara . However , Quentin suffers a seizure during surgery and dies . Oliver manages to get the team immunity from the FBI and police in exchange for handing himself in . Agent Watson promises the team that the FBI will stay in Star City to deal with Diaz , before arresting Oliver . Oliver finally admits to the public that he is the Green Arrow , and urges his friends and allies to continue fighting to save the city . In prison , Oliver walks to his cell , with criminals acting violently towards him now that they know he is the Green Arrow . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 139 `` Inmate 4587 '' James Bamford Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama October 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 15 ) T27. 13651 TBD 140 `` The Longbow Hunters '' Laura Belsey Jill Blankenship & Rebecca Bellotto October 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 22 ) T27. 13652 TBD 141 `` Crossing Lines '' Gordon Verheul Onalee Hunter & Sarah Tarkoff TBA T27. 13653 TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Green Arrow '' October 7 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.67 N / A 1.43 N / A 4.10 `` The Candidate '' October 14 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.50 N / A 1.34 N / A 3.84 `` Restoration '' October 21 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.40 0.6 1.36 1.5 3.77 `` Beyond Redemption '' October 28 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Haunted '' November 4 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Lost Souls '' November 11 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.30 N / A 1.22 N / A 3.52 7 `` Brotherhood '' November 18 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.69 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' December 2 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.66 0.7 1.61 2.1 5.27 9 `` Dark Waters '' December 9 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.82 0.6 1.22 1.6 4.04 10 `` Blood Debts '' January 20 , 2016 1.1 / 3 2.83 0.7 1.47 1.8 4.30 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' January 27 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.78 0.6 1.24 1.7 4.01 12 `` Unchained '' February 3 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.26 1.5 3.74 13 `` Sins of the Father '' February 10 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.6 1.32 1.5 3.77 14 `` Code of Silence '' February 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.7 1.40 1.6 3.85 15 `` Taken '' February 24 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.70 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Broken Hearts '' March 23 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.6 1.33 1.3 3.41 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' March 30 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' April 6 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.24 0.6 1.16 1.4 3.39 19 `` Canary Cry '' April 27 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.27 N / A 1.18 N / A 3.45 20 `` Genesis '' May 4 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.07 0.6 1.19 1.3 3.26 21 `` Monument Point '' May 11 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.13 1.3 3.29 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' May 18 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.20 23 `` Schism '' May 25 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.19 0.6 1.12 1.4 3.31 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Legacy '' October 5 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.6 1.20 1.3 3.07 `` The Recruits '' October 12 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.17 `` A Matter of Trust '' October 19 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.79 0.6 1.15 1.2 2.94 `` Penance '' October 26 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.5 1.09 1.2 2.96 5 `` Human Target '' November 2 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.03 1.1 2.65 6 `` So It Begins '' November 9 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.95 0.4 1.01 1.1 2.95 7 `` Vigilante '' November 16 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.86 0.5 N / A 1.2 N / A 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 30 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.55 0.7 1.80 2.0 5.34 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' December 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.5 1.13 1.2 3.07 10 `` Who Are You ? '' January 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.68 0.5 1.13 1.1 2.82 11 `` Second Chances '' February 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.91 0.5 1.08 1.1 2.99 12 `` Bratva '' February 8 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.12 1.1 2.73 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' February 15 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.66 N / A 0.90 N / A 2.56 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' February 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.54 0.4 0.92 0.9 2.46 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' March 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Checkmate '' March 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.39 17 `` Kapiushon '' March 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.33 18 `` Disbanded '' March 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' April 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Underneath '' May 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.24 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' May 10 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.65 0.4 1.00 1.0 2.64 22 `` Missing '' May 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.4 0.94 0.9 2.38 23 `` Lian Yu '' May 24 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.72 0.5 0.96 1.1 2.67 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Fallout '' October 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.52 0.5 1.18 1.1 2.70 `` Tribute '' October 19 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.08 1.0 2.59 `` Next of Kin '' October 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.4 1.05 0.9 2.38 `` Reversal '' November 2 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.33 0.4 0.90 0.9 2.23 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' November 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.4 1.08 0.9 2.37 6 `` Promises Kept '' November 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.20 7 `` Thanksgiving '' November 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.09 0.5 1.07 0.8 2.16 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.8 1.89 1.7 4.41 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' December 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.86 0.8 2.12 10 `` Divided '' January 18 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.00 0.9 2.38 11 `` We Fall '' January 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.96 0.8 2.34 12 `` All for Nothing '' February 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.24 0.4 0.89 0.8 2.13 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' February 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.21 14 `` Collision Course '' March 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 0.4 1.02 0.8 2.13 15 `` Doppelganger '' March 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.86 N / A 2.15 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' March 29 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.12 0.4 0.95 0.8 2.07 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' April 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.84 0.6 1.74 18 `` Fundamentals '' April 12 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.06 0.3 0.82 0.7 1.89 19 `` The Dragon '' April 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.78 0.7 1.75 20 `` Shifting Allegiances '' April 26 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.74 21 `` Docket No. 11 - 19 - 41 - 73 '' May 3 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.10 0.3 0.80 0.7 1.90 22 `` The Ties That Bind '' May 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.00 0.4 0.85 0.7 1.91 23 `` Life Sentence '' May 17 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.35 0.4 0.76 0.8 2.11 Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 5 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 September 9 , 2017 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 6 August 14 , 2018 September 3 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 September 3 , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including New ' Super ' Sunday '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Swift '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - arrow on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , Back in the Game , Modern Family and The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , Toy Story of TERROR ! & Back in the Game Adjusted Up ; Nashville & Ironside Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Modern Family & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night & CSI Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : CSI Adjusted Up ; Criminal Minds Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The CMA Awards '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , The Middle & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The X Factor , Modern Family , Arrow , Survivor & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up ; Law and Order : SVU , The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Modern Family Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Law and Order : SVU & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol & Nashville Adjusted Up ; Survivor , The Middle , Mixology , Suburgatory & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Mixology & Nashville Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Modern Family & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Mixology Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory & Modern Family Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , American Idol & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Revolution & CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Arrow , American Idol , Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU & Suburgatory Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , Survivor , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; Chicago P.D. Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : The Flash Encore Adjusted Up ; The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Mysteries of Laura , Modern Family & Red Band Society Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; black - ish Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Stalker Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Nashville Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , The Mysteries of Laura & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The 100 , Red Band Society or Nashville '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for Arrow , Modern Family or The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Hell 's Kitchen & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker & The 100 Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for Empire '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up , Fresh Off the Boat & The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow & American Idol Adjusted Up ; The Goldbergs , The 100 , The Mentalist , The Mysteries of Laura , black - ish & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow , American Idol & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Stalker Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Survivor & Arrow Adjusted Up ; The 100 , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Supernatural Adjusted Down & Final Empire Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Mysteries of Laura Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; Arrow & Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Arrow , Criminal Minds & Survivor Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Survivor , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Nashville , & The Goldbergs Adjusted Up ; American Idol , Criminal Minds , Supernatural & black - ish Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , The Middle & American Idol Adjusted Up ; Supernatural , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Empire , Modern Family and Arrow adjusted up , Nashville adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Rosewood adjusted up , Empire and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Supernatural adjusts down , The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The next episode of Arrow , written by @ briforsul & @ ojbalderrama begins production today '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow adjusts up , Criminal Minds rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : black - ish and Code Black adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow , Rosewood , Survivor and The Middle adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago P.D. ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Survivor ' and ' Beyond Borders ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Middle ' and ' Empire ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' SVU ' adjust up ; ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Life in Pieces , ' ' Showtime at the Apollo ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Beth ( @ SchwartzApprovd ) ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` First day of prep on the premiere ! # ArrowSeason7 @ ojbalderrama @ JamesBamford 🏹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Beth ( @ SchwartzApprovd ) ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` 🏹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Beth ( @ SchwartzApprovd ) ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 703 written by @ sarahtarkoff @ onaleehunter @ lizmkim # ArrowSeason7 🏹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . 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Cape Fear (1962 film)

Cape Fear ( 1962 film ) - wikipedia Cape Fear ( 1962 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1962 film . For other uses , see Cape Fear ( disambiguation ) . Cape Fear Cape Fear movie poster Directed by J. Lee Thompson Produced by Sy Bartlett Screenplay by James R. Webb Based on The Executioners by John D. MacDonald Starring Robert Mitchum Gregory Peck Martin Balsam Polly Bergen Lori Martin Music by Bernard Herrmann Cinematography Sam Leavitt Edited by George Tomasini Production company Melville Productions Talbot Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 12 , 1962 ( 1962 - 04 - 12 ) ( United States ) April 18 , 1962 ( 1962 - 04 - 18 ) ( New York City ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Cape Fear is a 1962 American psychological thriller film starring Robert Mitchum , Gregory Peck , Martin Balsam , and Polly Bergen . It was adapted by James R. Webb from the novel The Executioners by John D. MacDonald . It was initially storyboarded by Alfred Hitchcock ( slated to direct but quit over a dispute ) , subsequently directed by J. Lee Thompson , and released on April 12 , 1962 . The movie concerns an attorney whose family is stalked by a criminal he helped to send to jail . Cape Fear was remade in 1991 by Martin Scorsese . Peck , Mitchum , and Balsam all appeared in the remake . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Distribution 4.1 Home media 5 Reaction 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) After spending eight years in prison for rape , Max Cady ( Robert Mitchum ) is released . He promptly tracks down Sam Bowden ( Gregory Peck ) , a lawyer whom he holds personally responsible for his conviction because Sam interrupted his attack and testified against him . Cady begins to stalk and subtly threaten Bowden 's family . He kills the Bowden family dog , though Sam can not prove Cady did it . A friend of Bowden 's , police chief Mark Dutton ( Martin Balsam ) , attempts to intervene on Bowden 's behalf , but he can not prove Cady guilty of any crime . Bowden hires private detective Charlie Sievers ( Telly Savalas ) . Cady brutally attacks a promiscuous young woman named Diane Taylor ( Barrie Chase ) when she brings him home , but neither the private eye nor Bowden can persuade her to testify . Bowden hires three thugs to beat up Cady and persuade him to leave town , but the plan backfires when Cady gets the better of all three . Cady 's lawyer vows to have Bowden disbarred . Afraid for his wife Peggy ( Polly Bergen ) and 14 - year - old daughter Nancy ( Lori Martin ) , Bowden takes them to their houseboat in Cape Fear . In an attempt to trick Cady , Bowden makes it seem as though he has gone to a completely different location . He fully expects Cady to follow his wife and daughter , and he plans on killing Cady to end the battle . Bowden and a local deputy hide nearby , but Cady realizes the deputy is there and kills him . Eluding Bowden , Cady first attacks Mrs. Bowden on the boat , causing Bowden to go to her rescue . Meanwhile , Cady swims back to shore to attack Nancy . Bowden realizes what has happened , and also swims ashore . The two men engage in a final violent fight on the riverbank . Bowden overpowers Cady , but decides not to kill him , preferring to let him spend the rest of his life in jail . The film ends with the Bowden family sitting together on a boat the next morning . Cast ( edit ) Gregory Peck as Sam Bowden Robert Mitchum as Max Cady Polly Bergen as Peggy Bowden Lori Martin as Nancy Bowden Martin Balsam as Mark Dutton Jack Kruschen as Dave Grafton Telly Savalas as Charlie Sievers Barrie Chase as Diane Taylor Paul Comi as George Garner Edward Platt as Judge Will Wright as Dr. Pearsall Joan Staley as Waitress Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Rod Steiger wanted to play Max Cady , but he backed off when he heard Mitchum was considering the role . Telly Savalas was screentested for the role , but later played private eye Charlie Sievers . Charles Bronson , James Coburn , Charlton Heston , Jack Palance , and John Wayne , were all considered for the role of the attorney , Sam Bowden . Peck was a last - minute replacement for Heston , who was originally cast . Jim Backus was set to play attorney Dave Grafton . Filming ( edit ) Thompson had always envisioned the film in black and white prior to production . As an Alfred Hitchcock fan , he wanted to have Hitchcockian elements in the film , such as unusual lighting angles , an eerie musical score , closeups , and subtle hints rather than graphic depictions of the violence Cady has in mind for the family . The outdoor scenes were filmed on location in Savannah , Georgia , Stockton , California , and the Universal Studios backlot at Universal City , California . The indoor scenes were done at Universal Studios Soundstage . Mitchum had a real - life aversion to Savannah , where as a teenager , he had been charged with vagrancy and put on a chain gang . This resulted in a number of the outdoor scenes ' being shot at Ladd 's Marina in Stockton , including the culminating conflict on the houseboat at the end of the movie . This scene where Mitchum attacks Polly Bergen 's character on the houseboat was almost completely improvised . Before the scene was filmed , Thompson suddenly told a crew member : `` Bring me a dish of eggs ! '' Mitchum 's rubbing the eggs on Bergen was not scripted and Bergen 's reactions were real . She also suffered back injuries from being knocked around so much . She felt the impact of the `` attack '' for days . While filming the scene , Mitchum cut open his hand , leading Bergen to recall : `` his hand was covered in blood , my back was covered in blood . We just kept going , caught up in the scene . They came over and physically stopped us . '' In the source novel The Executioners , by John D. MacDonald , Cady was a soldier court - martialed and convicted on then Lieutenant Bowden 's testimony for the brutal rape of a 14 - year - old girl . The censors stepped in , banned the use of the word `` rape '' , and stated that depicting Cady as a soldier reflected adversely on U.S. military personnel . Music ( edit ) Bernard Herrmann , as often in his scores , uses a reduced version of the symphony orchestra . Here , other than a 46 - piece string section ( slightly larger than usual for film scores ) , he adds four flutes ( doubling on two piccolos , two alto flutes in G , and two bass flutes in C ) and eight French horns . No use is made of further wind instruments or percussion . In his 2002 book A Heart at Fire 's Center : The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann , Stephen C. Smith writes : `` Yet Herrmann was perfect for Cape Fear ... Herrmann 's score reinforces Cape Fear 's savagery . Mainly a synthesis of past devices , its power comes from their imaginative application and another ingenious orchestration ... a rehearsal for his similar orchestration on Hitchcock 's Torn Curtain in 1966 . Like similar `` psychological '' Herrmann scores , dissonant string combinations suggest the workings of a killer 's mind ( most startlingly in a queasy device for cello and bass viols as Cadey prepares to attack the prostitute ) . Hermann 's prelude searingly establishes the dramatic conflict : descending and ascending chromatic voices move slowly towards each other from their opposite registers , finally crossing -- just as Bodens and Cadey 's game of cat - and - mouse will end in deadly confrontation . '' Distribution ( edit ) Although the word `` rape '' was entirely removed from the script before shooting , the film still enraged the censors , who worried that `` there was a continuous threat of sexual assault on a child . '' To accept the film , British censors required extensive editing and deleting of specific scenes . After making around 6 minutes of cuts , the film still nearly garnered a British X rating ( meaning at the time , `` Suitable for those aged 18 and older '' , not necessarily meaning there was sexually explicit or violent content ) . Home Media ( edit ) Cape Fear was first made available on VHS on March 1 , 1992 . It was later re-released on VHS , as well as DVD , on September 18 , 2001 . The film was released onto Blu - ray on January 8 , 2013 . It contains production photos and a `` making - of '' featurette . Reaction ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , the film received positive but cautious feedback from critics due to the film 's content . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95 % of 20 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 7.6 out of 10 . Bosley Crowther of the New York Times praised the `` tough , tight script '' , as well as the film 's `` steady and starkly sinister style . '' He went on to conclude his review by saying , `` this is really one of those shockers that provokes disgust and regret . '' The entertainment - trade magazine Variety reviewed the film as `` competent and visually polished '' , while commenting on Mitchum 's performance as a `` menacing omnipresence . '' Legacy ( edit ) Although it makes no acknowledgement of Cape Fear , the episode `` The Force of Evil '' from the 1977 NBC television series Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected uses virtually the same plot , merely introducing an additional supernatural element to the released prisoner . The film and its remake serve as the basis for the 1993 The Simpsons episode `` Cape Feare '' in which Sideshow Bob , recently released from prison , stalks the Simpson family in an attempt to kill Bart . In April 2007 , Newsweek selected Cady as one of the 10 best villains in cinema history . Specifically , the scene where Cady attacks Sam 's family was ranked number 36 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments in 2004 . A consumer poll on the Internet Movie Database rates Cape Fear as the 65th - best trial film , although the trial scenes are merely incidental to the plot . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2001 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 61 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Max Cady -- # 28 Villain See also ( edit ) List of films featuring home invasions List of films featuring surveillance Trial movies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ p. 283 Chibnall , Steve J. Lee Thompson Manchester University Press , 2000 Jump up ^ Robert Mitchum The Reluctant Star ( DVD ) . Harrington Park : Janson Media . 2009 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Jeff . `` Cape Fear '' . Starring Robert Mitchum . Turner Entertainment Networks . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bill Wrobel : Cape Fear , score rundown analysis Jump up ^ `` A Heart at Fire 's Center : The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann - Steven C. Smith - Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . May 31 , 2002 . p. 252 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22939 - 8 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seller , Ryan ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Cape Fear ( 1962 ) Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Fear -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 19 April 1962 ) . `` Screen : Pitiless Shocker : Mitchum Stalks Peck in ' Cape Fear ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Fear '' . Variety . 1962 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ John Kenneth Muir 's Reflections on Cult Movies and Classic TV : CULT TV FLASHBACK # 54 : Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Muir , John Kenneth , Terror Television : American Series 1970 - 1999 , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3884 - 6 . Not paginated . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . Bravo.tv.com . Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best trial movies '' at Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Bergman , Paul ; Asimow , Michael . ( 2006 ) Reel justice : the courtroom goes to the movies ( Kansas City : Andrews and McMeel ) . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 5460 - 2 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 5460 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1035 - 2 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8362 - 1035 - 4 . Machura , Stefan and Robson , Peter , eds . Law and Film : Representing Law in Movies ( Cambridge : Blackwell Publishing , 2001 ) . Thain , Gerald J. , `` Cape Fear , Two Versions and Two Visions Separated by Thirty Years . '' ISBN 0 - 631 - 22816 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22816 - 5 . 176 pages . External links ( edit ) Cape Fear on IMDb Cape Fear at the TCM Movie Database Cape Fear at AllMovie Cape Fear at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by J. Lee Thompson Murder Without Crime ( 1950 ) The Yellow Balloon ( 1953 ) For Better , for Worse ( 1954 ) The Weak and the Wicked ( 1954 ) As Long as They 're Happy ( 1955 ) An Alligator Named Daisy ( 1955 ) Yield to the Night ( 1956 ) The Good Companions ( 1957 ) Woman in a Dressing Gown ( 1957 ) Ice Cold in Alex ( 1958 ) North West Frontier ( 1959 ) No Trees in the Street ( 1959 ) Tiger Bay ( 1959 ) I Aim at the Stars ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Cape Fear ( 1962 ) Taras Bulba ( 1962 ) Kings of the Sun ( 1963 ) What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) John Goldfarb , Please Come Home ! ( 1965 ) Return from the Ashes ( 1965 ) Eye of the Devil ( 1966 ) Mackenna 's Gold ( 1969 ) Before Winter Comes ( 1969 ) The Chairman ( 1969 ) Country Dance ( 1970 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) The Reincarnation of Peter Proud ( 1975 ) St. Ives ( 1976 ) The White Buffalo ( 1977 ) The Greek Tycoon ( 1978 ) The Passage ( 1979 ) Caboblanco ( 1980 ) Happy Birthday to Me ( 1981 ) 10 to Midnight ( 1983 ) The Evil That Men Do ( 1984 ) The Ambassador ( 1984 ) King Solomon 's Mines ( 1985 ) Murphy 's Law ( 1986 ) Firewalker ( 1986 ) Death Wish 4 : The Crackdown ( 1987 ) Messenger of Death ( 1988 ) Kinjite : Forbidden Subjects ( 1989 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Fear_(1962_film)&oldid=792812672 '' Categories : 1962 films English - language films 1960s legal films 1960s psychological thriller films American black - and - white films American films American psychological thriller films Film scores by Bernard Herrmann Films about families Films about psychopaths Films about revenge Films about stalking Films based on American novels Films based on thriller novels Films based on works by John D. MacDonald Films directed by J. Lee Thompson Films set in North Carolina Films shot in California Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Home invasions in film Legal thriller films Southern Gothic films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 21 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who starred in the original movie cape fear

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Wynne Evans

Wynne Evans - wikipedia Wynne Evans Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Welsh tenor . For the similarly named Anglican Bishop of St David 's , see Wyn Evans . Wynne Evans Evans on the cover of his Number 1 Album Wynne Evans ( 1972 - 01 - 27 ) 27 January 1972 ( age 45 ) Carmarthen , West Wales Occupation Tenor Known for Go Compare advert Children Ismay Evans Taliesin Evans Wynne Evans ( born 27 January 1972 ) is a Welsh tenor . Known for his role as the tenor Gio Compario in the Gocompare.com insurance adverts on television in the United Kingdom , he sang the role of Ubaldo Piangi in the 25th anniversary production of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall . He also responded to the New Zealand All Blacks ' Haka in 2004 , singing ' Cwm Rhondda ' . He went on to sing at over 30 Welsh International rugby matches . Evans , a lifelong Spurs fan , also sang at Glory Glory Tottenham Hotspur at the last ever game at White Hart Lane http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/the-lane-the-finale-farewell-ceremony-may-14-140517/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Opera singer 2 Concert singer 3 Recording artist 4 Television and radio 5 Awards 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Opera singer ( edit ) Born in Carmarthen , West Wales , Evans studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the National Opera Studio . In late 2011 Evans was cast as the opera singer Ubaldo Piangi , in the 25th Anniversary celebratory production of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Evans enjoys a close association with Welsh National Opera where his roles include Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore , Cassio in Otello ( S4C Broadcast ) , The Duke in Rigoletto , Rodolfo in La bohème , Pedrillo in Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Tamino in Die Zauberflöte , Alfredo in La traviata , Jaquino in Leonore ( BBC Broadcast ) , the Schoolmaster in The Cunning Little Vixen , the Chevalier in Les Dialogues des Carmelites , the Italian Tenor in Der Rosenkavalier , the First Jew in Salome ( S4C and BBC Broadcast ) , Liberto in L'incoronazione di Poppea , Brighella in Ariadne auf Naxos and Alfred in Die Fledermaus . He made his debut at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden singing Vakula in the new production of Cherevichki . In 2011 Evans sang in Mark - Anthony Turnage 's opera Anna Nicole , based on the life of Anna Nicole Smith at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden . For Opera de Lyon he has sung Gianni Schicchi , Il Tabarro and The Cunning Little Vixen For English National Opera Evans has sung Alfredo in La Traviata , Spoletta and Cavaradossi in Tosca , and Second Jew in Salome . For Opera North he has appeared as Fenton in Falstaff , Prunier in La Rondine and Paulino in The Secret Marriage . For Scottish Opera his roles include Tamino in Die Zauberflöte and the Italian Tenor in Der Rosenkavalier . For Grange Park Opera he has performed the roles of Trufaldino The Love for Three Oranges the Italian Tenor Capriccio the Schoolmaster in ' The Cunning Little Vixen and Harry in La fanciulla del West . For the Classical Opera Company Evans sang the role of Fracasso in La finta semplice . Other credits include Orpheus in Orpheus in the Underworld for Opera Holland Park and The Peacock in Param Vir 's Broken Strings for the Almeida Theatre , which was recorded for the BBC . Concert singer ( edit ) As a concert singer Evans ' appearances include Vaughan Williams ' Serenade to Music at the televised opening night of the 2001 BBC Proms , Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony for RTÉ , Elgars 's The Dream of Gerontius at the Welsh Proms , the Verdi Requiem at the Royal Albert Hall and a recital at the Wigmore Hall , London . Evans sings as a soloist on three CD volumes entitled ' Here Come the Classics ' with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , has recorded Salome and Ariadne auf Naxos for Chandos Records and has appeared several times on the BBC 's Friday Night is Music Night . He also presents on BBC Radio Wales with his brother , Mark Evans , and was awarded the MstJ by Queen Elizabeth II in 2008 . Recording artist ( edit ) In 2010 , Evans signed a six - album deal with Warner Music ; his first album is called A Song in My Heart and was released on 21 March 2011 . The album went straight to number one in the UK Classical Charts in the following week . Television and Radio ( edit ) Since 2009 Evans has starred in an advertising campaign for UK insurance comparison website Gocompare.com , playing the flamboyant , operatic tenor Gio Compario . He also appeared in a special version which was part of the 2010 Channel 4 Comedy Gala raising money for Great Ormond Street Hospital , in which comedian Jimmy Carr grabbed him by the testicles , causing him to sing in an even higher note . In 2012 , GoCompare launched the ' Saving the Nation ' campaign starring Evans again as Gio Compario . Evans made adverts in the series with Sue Barker , Stuart Pearce , Ray Mears , Louis Spence , and most famously Professor Stephen Hawking with all of them trying to kill him and thus save the nation from his singing about GoCompare . In 2011 , Evans began presenting . He presented a programme about the Eisteddfod for the BBC and his own TV show on S4C . In 2012 , Evans became a regular presenter on BBC Radio Wales and from October 2013 Evans presented a weekly Friday afternoon show called ' Wynne Evans ' Big Welsh Weekend ' . Since February 2016 , he has presented an entertainment show on the station from 11am - 1pm every weekday . Evans was also one of eight celebrities chosen to participate in an intense week of learning Welsh at a campsite in Pembrokeshire for the series cariad@iaith : love4language shown on S4C in May 2012 . In 2012 , Evans presented The Guide to Opera on Classic FM . The show was subsequently nominated for an Arqiva award . In 2013 Evans became a regular presenter on Classic FM In August 2012 , Evans appeared on the football show Soccer AM . He went on the show again in August 2013 . In March 2015 , Evans appeared in the Sky 1 comedy drama Stella , as a candidate running for council / Mexican wrestler . The episode ended with Evans singing a couple of numbers . In July 2015 , Evans returned as Gio Compario once more , in a new GoCompare commercial . Now embraced by the British populace , he performs at an arena to huge cheers and the words `` He 's Back ... '' are seen at the end of the advertisement . Awards ( edit ) Evans was made a member of the Gorsedd of the Bards of Wales in 2012 and an Honorary Fellow of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David in 2013 . He was also made a Member of the Venerable Order of Saint John by HM The Queen in 2008 . Personal life ( edit ) Evans is a trustee of The Elizabeth Evans Trust . Evans ' mother was Elizabeth Evans MBE , who founded and ran both The Carmarthen Youth Opera and The Lyric Theatre in Carmarthen for 25 years . She died in 2004 and subsequently Evans and his two brothers founded the Trust . Evans has two children - Ismay Evans and Taliesin Evans . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wynne Evans '' . wynneevans.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Gocompare.com ' Gio Compario ' advert '' . utalkmarketing.com . Jump up ^ `` Advert tenor Wynne Evans to appear in Phantom gala '' . BBC News . 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans in Welwyn Hatfield Times Jump up ^ Evans on the Welsh National Opera website Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Evans on the Athole Still Opera website Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Grand Opera Gala / Hughes , Norman , Evans , Maxwell , Royal Po '' . arkivmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Peter Moores Foundation - Chandos Opera in English - R. Strauss 's Salome '' . pmf.org.uk . Jump up ^ BBC Concert Orchestra website 2006 Jump up ^ ' Beyond Compare : TV ad singer tops classical charts ' The Times 29 March 2011 pg 11 Jump up ^ `` Gio Compario '' . giocompario.com . Jump up ^ `` Physicist Stephen Hawking stars in new Go Compare advert '' , The Telegraph , 1 Jan 2013 . Accessed 11 Sept 2014 Jump up ^ Gio Returns TV AD - Gocompare - # GioReturns ( OFFICIAL ) ( HD ) . YouTube . 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Go Compare star Wynne Evans enters Gorsedd of the Bards '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Carmarthen Journal , 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Trustees of The Elizabeth Evans Trust External links ( edit ) Wynne Evans ' official website Wynne Evans at BBC Programmes Wynne Evans ' entry on the Welsh National Opera The Elizabeth Evans Trust Wynne Evans Interview VIAF : 22331473 LCCN : n2007056535 ISNI : 0000 0000 6309 1625 BNF : cb139354738 ( data ) MusicBrainz : bc8f1121 - f8bb - 4026 - a6de - 620a74a28547 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wynne_Evans&oldid=806580208 '' Categories : 1972 births Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Welsh opera singers Welsh tenors Welsh - language singers Living people Singers from Carmarthenshire Welsh male singers Bards of the Gorsedd Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hCards Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs BBC programme ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 22 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is the bloke in the go compare advert

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A Jury of Her Peers

A Jury of her Peers - wikipedia A Jury of her Peers Jump to : navigation , search `` A Jury of Her Peers '' Author Susan Glaspell Country United States Language English Published in Every Week Magazine Publication date March 5 , 1917 Preceded by `` Trifles '' `` A Jury of Her Peers '' , written in 1917 , is a short story by Susan Glaspell , loosely based on the 1900 murder of John Hossack ( not the famed abolitionist ) , which Glaspell covered while working as a journalist for the Des Moines Daily News . It is seen as an example of early feminist literature because two female characters are able to solve a mystery that the male characters can not . They are aided by their knowledge of women 's psychology . Glaspell originally wrote the story as a one - act play entitled Trifles for the Provincetown Players in 1916 . The story was adapted into an episode of the 1950s TV series Alfred Hitchcock Presents . The story was adapted into a 30 - minute film by Sally Heckel in 1980 . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film . Plot summary ( edit ) `` A Jury of Her Peers '' is about the discovery of and subsequent investigation of John Wright 's murder . The story begins on a cold , windy day in fictional Dickson County ( representing Dickinson County , Iowa ) with Martha Hale being abruptly called to ride to a crime scene . In the buggy is Lewis Hale , her husband , Sheriff Peters , the county sheriff , and Mrs. Peters , the sheriff 's wife . She rushes out to join them in the buggy , and the group sets off . They arrive at the crime scene : the Wrights ' lonesome - looking house . Immediately Mrs. Hale exhibits a feeling of guilt for not visiting her friend Minnie Foster since she married and became Mrs. Wright ( the dead man 's wife ) twenty years prior . Once the whole group is safely inside the house , Mr. Hale is asked to describe to the county attorney what he had seen and experienced the day prior . Despite the serious circumstances , he delivers his story in a long - winded and poorly thought - out manner , tendencies he struggles to avoid throughout . The story begins with Mr. Hale venturing to Mr. Wright 's house to convince Wright to get a telephone . Upon entering the house , he finds Mrs. Wright in a delirious state and comes to learn that Mr. Wright has allegedly been strangled . The women 's curious nature and very peculiar attention to minute details allows them to find evidence of Mrs. Wright 's guilt and of her provocations and motives . Meanwhile , the men are unable to procure any evidence . The women find the one usable piece of evidence : the dead bird in the box . It 's stated that Minnie used to love to sing and her husband took that away from her . But now finding her bird is dead , with a broken neck ( with the implication that the husband killed it ) it is evident Mrs. Wright killed her husband . Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters use their knowledge and experience as two `` midwestern rural women '' to understand Mrs. Wright 's suffering when the only living thing around her has died . The women find justification in Mrs. Wright 's actions and go about hiding what they find from the men . In the end , their obstruction of evidence will seemingly prevent a conviction . The story ends here , and does not move into the occurrences after they leave the house . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Patricia L. ( 1997 ) . `` Stories in Fiction and in Fact : Susan Glaspell 's A Jury of Her Peers and the 1901 Murder Trial of Margaret Hossack '' . Stanford law review . 49 : 71 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Harold . True Crime : An American Anthology ( PDF ) . The Library of America . pp. 179 -- 195 . ISBN 1598530313 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Jury of Her Peers '' Study Guide Archived January 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . at What So Proudly We Hail Curriculum . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080974/ Jump up ^ Hedges , Elaine ( 1986 ) . `` Small things reconsidered : Susan Glaspell 's ' ' A Jury of her Peers ' '' . Women 's Studies . 12 : 22 . External links ( edit ) A Jury of Her Peers public domain audiobook at LibriVox Audio dramatization EDSITEment lesson Jury of Her Peers `` A Jury of Her Peers '' Article in Every Week John Hossack Murder Case Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Jury_of_Her_Peers&oldid=816715459 '' Categories : 1927 short stories American short stories Works based on plays Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with LibriVox links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 05 : 33 . About Wikipedia

where does a jury of her peers take place

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Czech language

Czech language - wikipedia Czech language Jump to : navigation , search Czech Bohemian čeština , český jazyk Native to Czech Republic Ethnicity Czechs Native speakers 10.7 million ( 2015 ) Language family Indo - European Balto - Slavic Slavic West Slavic Czech -- Slovak Czech Writing system Latin script ( Czech alphabet ) Czech Braille Official status Official language in Czech Republic European Union Recognised minority language in Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Poland Romania Slovakia Regulated by Institute of the Czech Language Language codes ISO 639 - 1 cs ISO 639 - 2 cze ( B ) ces ( T ) ISO 639 - 3 ces Glottolog czec1258 Linguasphere 53 - AAA - da < 53 - AAA - b ... - d ( varieties : 53 - AAA - daa to 53 - AAA - dam ) regions where Czech is the language of the majority regions where Czech is the language of a significant minority This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Czech ( / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : ( ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna ) ) , historically also Bohemian ( / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin ) , is a West Slavic language of the Czech -- Slovak group , which is extensively influenced by Latin and German . Spoken by over 10 million people , it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic . Czech is closely related to Slovak , to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree . The Czecho - Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period , and the standardisation of Czech and Slovak within the Czech -- Slovak dialect continuum emerges in the early modern period . In the later 18th to mid-19th century , the modern written standard became codified in the context of the Czech National Revival . The main vernacular , known as Common Czech , is based on the vernacular of Prague , but is now spoken throughout most of the Czech Republic . The Moravian dialects spoken in the eastern part of the country are also classified as Czech , although some of their eastern variants are closer to Slovak . Czech has a moderately - sized phoneme inventory , comprising five vowels ( each short or long ) and twenty - five consonants ( divided into `` hard '' , `` neutral '' and `` soft '' categories ) . Words may contain uncommon ( or complicated ) consonant clusters , including one consonant represented by the grapheme ř , or lack vowels altogether . Czech uses a simple orthography which phonologists have used as a model . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 History 2.1 Medieval / Old Czech 2.2 Early Modern Czech 2.3 Modern Czech 3 Geographic distribution 3.1 United States 4 Varieties 4.1 Common Czech 4.2 Bohemian dialects 4.3 Moravian dialects 4.4 Sample 4.5 Mutual intelligibility 5 Vocabulary 6 Standard Czech 6.1 Phonology 6.2 Grammar 6.2. 1 Sentence and clause structure 6.2. 2 Declension 6.2. 3 Verb conjugation 6.3 Orthography 6.4 Sample text 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Classification ( edit ) Further information : Czech - Slovak languages and West Slavic Classification of Czech within the Balto - Slavic branch of the Indo - European language family . Czech and Slovak make up a `` Czech -- Slovak '' subgroup . Czech is a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo - European language family . This branch includes Polish , Kashubian , Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak . Slovak is the closest language genetic neighbor of Czech , followed by Polish and Silesian . The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe . Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more - restricted distinction between `` hard '' and `` soft '' consonants ( see Phonology below ) . History ( edit ) The Bible of Kralice was the first complete translation of the Bible into the Czech language from the original languages . Its six volumes were first published between 1579 and 1593 . Main article : History of the Czech language See also : History of the Czech lands Medieval / Old Czech ( edit ) The term `` Old Czech '' is applied to the period predating the 16th century , with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as `` early Old Czech '' , but it is also possible to speak simply about `` Medieval Czech '' . Around the 7th century , the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe , settling on the eastern fringes of the Frankish Empire . The West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century . The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries . The diversification of the Czech - Slovak group within West Slavic began around that time , marked among other things by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant ( / ɣ / ) and consistent stress on the first syllable . The Bohemian ( Czech ) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries . Literary works written in Czech appear in the early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century . The first complete Bible translation also dates to this period . Old Czech texts , including poetry and cookbooks , were produced outside the university as well . Literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the Bohemian Reformation . Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography , advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners ( particularly in religion ) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language . Early modern Czech ( edit ) There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century . In the 16th century , the division between Czech and Slovak becomes apparent , marking the confessional division between Lutheran Protestants in Slovakia using Czech orthography and Catholics , especially Slovak Jesuits , beginning to use a separate Slovak orthography based on the language of the Trnava region . The publication of the Kralice Bible between 1579 and 1593 ( the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages ) became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries . In 1615 , the Bohemian diet tried to declare Czech to be the only official language of the kingdom . After the Bohemian Revolt ( of predominantly Protestant aristocracy ) which was defeated by the Habsburgs in 1620 , the Protestant intellectuals had to leave the country . This emigration together with other consequences of the Thirty Years ' War had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language . In 1627 , Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia , especially among the upper classes . Modern Czech ( edit ) Josef Dobrovský , whose writing played a key role in reviving Czech as a written language See also : Czech National Revival The modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century . By then the language had developed a literary tradition , and since then it has changed little ; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech , and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty . Changes include the morphological shift of í to ej and é to í ( although é survives for some uses ) and the merging of í and the former ejí . Sometime before the 18th century , the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic / l / and / ʎ / which survives in Slovak . Prohibition signs written in Czech , by entry # 3 into the building of National Technical Library in Prague . With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century , Czech historians began to emphasize their people 's accomplishments from the 15th through the 17th centuries , rebelling against the Counter-Reformation ( the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages ) . Czech philologists studied sixteenth - century texts , advocating the return of the language to high culture . This period is known as the Czech National Revival ( or Renaissance ) . During the national revival , in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German - language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache ( Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language ) . Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive , and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language . However , Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský 's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival . Changes during this time included spelling reform ( notably , í in place of the former j and j in place of g ) , the use of t ( rather than ti ) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns ( which had been a late borrowing from German ) . These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak . Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal , widespread use . Adherence to historical patterns was later relaxed and standard Czech adopted a number of features from Common Czech ( a widespread , informal register ) , such as leaving some proper nouns undeclined . This has resulted in a relatively high level of homogeneity among all varieties of the language . Geographic distribution ( edit ) A map of the languages of Central and Eastern Europe . Within the Czech Republic , Standard Czech is represented by dark yellow ( C1 ) and Moravian dialects by medium yellow ( C2 ) and light green ( C3 ) . Official use of Czech in Vojvodina , Serbia In 2005 and 2007 , Czech was spoken by about 10 million residents of the Czech Republic . A Eurobarometer survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the first language of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech , the third - highest in the European Union ( behind Greece and Hungary ) . Czech , the official language of the Czech Republic ( a member of the European Union since 2004 ) , is one of the EU 's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia . Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages . The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic ( 98.77 percent ) , Slovakia ( 24.86 percent ) , Portugal ( 1.93 percent ) , Poland ( 0.98 percent ) and Germany ( 0.47 percent ) . Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities . Since it is a recognised minority language in Slovakia , Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language to the extent that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic may do so . United states ( edit ) See also : Czech American and Czech Texan Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914 . Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools , and is taught at Czech heritage centers . Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas , Nebraska and Wisconsin . In the 2000 United States Census , Czech was reported as the most - common language spoken at home ( besides English ) in Valley , Butler and Saunders Counties , Nebraska and Republic County , Kansas . With the exception of Spanish ( the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide ) , Czech was the most - common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , North Dakota and Minnesota . As of 2009 , 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language ( 49th place nationwide , behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish ) . Varieties ( edit ) Further information : Czech - Slovak languages The main vernacular is `` Common Czech '' , based on the dialect of the Prague region . Other Bohemian dialects have become marginalized , while Moravian dialects remain more widespread , with a political movement for Moravian linguistic revival active since the 1990s . Common Czech ( edit ) The main Czech vernacular , spoken primarily near Prague but also throughout the country , is known as Common Czech ( obecná čeština ) . This is an academic distinction ; most Czechs are unaware of the term or associate it with vernacular ( or incorrect ) Czech . Compared to standard Czech , Common Czech is characterized by simpler inflection patterns and differences in sound distribution . Common Czech has become ubiquitous in most parts of the Czech Republic since the later 20th century . It is usually defined as an interdialect used in common speech in Bohemia and western parts of Moravia ( by about two thirds of all inhabitants of the Czech Republic ) . Common Czech is not codified , but some of its elements have become adopted in the written standard . Since the second half of the 20th century , Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected , as a consequence of media influence . Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians , businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations , but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media . Common Czech is characterized by quite regular differences from the standard morphology and phonology . These variations are more or less common to all Common Czech dialects : é usually replaced by ý / í : malý město ( small town ) , plamínek ( little flame ) , lítat ( to fly ) ; ý ( sometimes also í ) replaced by ej : malej dům ( small house ) , mlejn ( mill ) , plejtvat ( to waste ) , bejt ( to be ) -- as a consequence of the loss of the difference in the pronunciation of y / ý and i / í in the 15th century ; unified plural endings of adjectives : malý lidi ( small people ) , malý ženy ( small women ) , malý města ( small towns ) -- stand. : malí lidé , malé ženy , malá města ; unified instrumental ending - ma in plural : s těma dobrejma lidma , ženama , chlapama , městama ( with the good people , women , guys , towns ) -- stand. : s těmi dobrými lidmi , ženami , chlapy , městy ( in essence , this form resembles the form of the dual , which was once a productive form , but now is almost extinct , except a few examples ; in Common Czech it can often be used indiscriminately , i.e. it can substitute a regular plural form , not just as it was once used ) ; prothetic v - added to most words beginning o - : votevřít vokno ( to open the window ) -- stand. : otevřít okno ; but ovoce not * vovoce ( fruit ) omitting of the syllabic - l in the masculine ending of past tense verbs : řek ( he said ) , moh ( he could ) , pích ( he pricked ) -- stand. : řekl , mohl , píchl . Example of declension ( with the comparison with the standard Czech ) : Masculine animate Masculine inanimate Feminine Neuter Sg . Nominative mladej člověk mladý člověk mladej stát mladý stát mladá žena mladá žena mladý zvíře mladé zvíře Genitive mladýho člověka mladého člověka mladýho státu mladého státu mladý ženy mladé ženy mladýho zvířete mladého zvířete Dative mladýmu člověkovi mladému člověku mladýmu státu mladému státu mladý ženě mladé ženě mladýmu zvířeti mladému zvířeti Accusative mladýho člověka mladého člověka mladej stát mladý stát mladou ženu mladou ženu mladý zvíře mladé zvíře Vocative mladej člověče ! mladý člověče ! mladej státe ! mladý státe ! mladá ženo ! mladá ženo ! mladý zvíře ! mladé zvíře ! Locative mladym člověkovi mladém člověkovi mladym státě mladém státě mladý ženě mladé ženě mladym zvířeti mladém zvířeti Instrumental mladym člověkem mladým člověkem mladym státem mladým státem mladou ženou mladou ženou mladym zvířetem mladým zvířetem Pl . Nominative mladý lidi mladí lidé mladý státy mladé státy mladý ženy mladé ženy mladý zvířata mladá zvířata Genitive mladejch lidí mladých lidí mladejch států mladých států mladejch žen mladých žen mladejch zvířat mladých zvířat Dative mladejm lidem mladým lidem mladejm státům mladým státům mladejm ženám mladým ženám mladejm zvířatům mladým zvířatům Accusative mladý lidi mladé lidi mladý státy mladé státy mladý ženy mladé ženy mladý zvířata mladá zvířata Vocative mladý lidi ! mladí lidé ! mladý státy ! mladé státy ! mladý ženy ! mladé ženy ! mladý zvířata ! mladá zvířata ! Locative mladejch lidech mladých lidech mladejch státech mladých státech mladejch ženách mladých ženách mladejch zvířatech mladých zvířatech Instrumental mladejma lidma mladými lidmi mladejma státama mladými státy mladejma ženama mladými ženami mladejma zvířatama mladými zvířaty mladý člověk -- young man / person , mladí lidé -- young people , mladý stát -- young state , mladá žena -- young woman , mladé zvíře -- young animal Bohemian dialects ( edit ) Further information : Chod dialect Apart from the Common Czech vernacular , there remain a variety of other Bohemian dialect , mostly in marginal rural areas . Dialect use began to weaken in the second half of the 20th century , and by the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized , associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect . Increased travel and media availability to dialect - speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to ( or add to their own dialect ) standard Czech . Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language , this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and historical texts rather than dialects . The Czech Statistical Office in 2003 recognized the following Bohemian dialects : Nářečí středočeská ( Central Bohemian dialects ) Nářečí jihozápadočeská ( Southwestern Bohemian dialects ) Podskupina chodská ( Chod subgroup ) Podskupina doudlebská ( Doudleby subgroup ) Nářečí severovýchodočeská ( Northeastern Bohemian dialects ) Podskupina podkrknošská ( Krkonoše subgroup ) Moravian dialects ( edit ) Main article : Moravian dialects Further information : Lach dialects The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian ( moravština ) . In the Austro - Hungarian Empire , `` Bohemian - Moravian - Slovak '' was a language citizens could register as speaking ( with German , Polish and several others ) . Of the Czech dialects , only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office . As of 2011 , 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal ( speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages ) . Beginning in the sixteenth century , some varieties of Czech resembled Slovak ; the southeastern Moravian dialects , in particular , are sometimes considered dialects of Slovak rather than Czech . These dialects form a continuum between the Czech and Slovak languages , using the same declension patterns for nouns and pronouns and the same verb conjugations as Slovak . The Czech Statistical Office in 2003 recognized the following Moravian dialects : Nářečí českomoravská ( Bohemian -- Moravian dialects ) Nářečí středomoravská ( Central Moravian dialects ) Podskupina tišnovská ( Tišnov subgroup ) Nářečí východomoravská ( Eastern Moravian dialects ) Podskupina slovácká ( Moravian Slovak subgroup ) Podskupina valašská ( Moravian Wallachian subgroup ) Nářečí slezská ( Silesian dialects ) Sample ( edit ) In a 1964 textbook on Czech dialectology , Břetislav Koudela used the following sentence to highlight phonetic differences between dialects : Standard Czech : Dej mouku ze mlýna na vozík . Common Czech : Dej mouku ze mlejna na vozejk . Central Moravian : Dé móku ze mléna na vozék . Eastern Moravian : Daj múku ze młýna na vozík . Silesian : Daj muku ze młyna na vozik . Slovak : Daj múku zm lyna na vozík . English : Put the flour from the mill into the cart . Mutual intelligibility ( edit ) Further information : Comparison of Slovak and Czech Czech and Slovak have been considered mutually intelligible ; speakers of either language can communicate with greater ease than those of any other pair of West Slavic languages . Since the 1993 dissolution of Czechoslovakia , mutual intelligibility has declined for younger speakers , probably because Czech speakers now experience less exposure to Slovak and vice versa . In phonetic differences , Czech is characterized by a glottal stop before initial vowels and Slovak by its less - frequent use of long vowels than Czech ; however , Slovak has long forms of the consonants r and l when they function as vowels . Phonemic differences between the two languages are generally consistent , typical of two dialects of a language . Grammatically , although Czech ( unlike Slovak ) has a vocative case , both languages share a common syntax . One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent , but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation ; Slovak morphology is more regular ( when changing from the nominative to the locative case , Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak ) . The two lexicons are generally considered similar , with most differences found in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology . Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech . The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th - century scholars who called themselves `` Czechoslavs '' ( Čechoslované ) , believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and ( to a lesser extent ) Hungarians and other Slavs . During the First Czechoslovak Republic ( 1918 -- 1938 ) , although `` Czechoslovak '' was designated as the republic 's official language , both Czech and Slovak written standards were used . Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech , and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic . Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars , and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State ( which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II ) , literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech . When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed , Slovak developed somewhat on its own ( with Czech influence ) ; during the Prague Spring of 1968 , Slovak gained independence from ( and equality with ) Czech , due to the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a unitary state to a federation . Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , `` Czechoslovak '' has referred to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility . Vocabulary ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Czech origin Czech vocabulary derives primarily from Slavic , Baltic and other Indo - European roots . Although most verbs have Balto - Slavic origins , pronouns , prepositions and some verbs have wider , Indo - European roots . Some loanwords have been restructured by folk etymology to resemble native Czech words ( hřbitov , `` graveyard '' and listina , `` list '' ) . Most Czech loanwords originated in one of two time periods . Earlier loanwords , primarily from German , Greek and Latin , arrived before the Czech National Revival . More recent loanwords derive primarily from English and French , and also from Hebrew , Arabic and Persian . Many Russian loanwords , principally animal names and naval terms , also exist in Czech . Although older German loanwords were colloquial , recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture . During the nineteenth century , words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots ; `` music '' is muzyka in Polish and музыка ( muzyka ) in Russian , but in Czech it is hudba . Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages -- for example , robot ( from robota , `` labor '' ) and polka ( from polka , `` Polish woman '' or from `` půlka '' `` half '' ) . Standard Czech ( edit ) The modern written standard is directly based on the standardisation during the Czech National Revival in the 1830s , significantly influenced by Josef Jungmann 's Czech - German dictionary published during 1834 -- 1839 . Jungmann used vocabulary of the Bible of Kralice ( 1579 -- 1613 ) period and of the language used by his contemporaries . He borrowed words not present in Czech from other Slavic languages or created neologisms . Phonology ( edit ) Main article : Czech phonology Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes , and three more found only in loanwords . They are / a / , / ɛ / , / ɪ / , / o / , and / u / , their long counterparts / aː / , / ɛː / , / iː / , / oː / and / uː / , and three diphthongs , / ou̯ / , / au̯ / and / ɛu̯ / . The latter two diphthongs and the long / oː / are exclusive to loanwords . Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed . Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable , except for enclitics ( minor , monosyllabic , unstressed syllables ) . In all words of more than two syllables , every odd - numbered syllable receives secondary stress . Stress is unrelated to vowel length , and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features ( such as English ) . Voiced consonants with unvoiced counterparts are unvoiced at the end of a word , or when they are followed by unvoiced consonants . Czech consonants are categorized as `` hard '' , `` neutral '' or `` soft '' : Hard : / d / , / ɡ / , / ɦ / , / k / , / n / , / r / , / t / , / x / Neutral : / b / , / f / , / l / , / m / , / p / , / s / , / v / , / z / Soft : / c / , / ɟ / , / j / , / ɲ / , / r̝ / , / ʃ / , / ts / , / tʃ / , / ʒ / This distinction describes the declension patterns of nouns , which is based on the category of a noun 's ending consonant . Hard consonants may not be followed by i or í in writing , or soft ones by y or ý ( except in loanwords such as kilogram ) . Neutral consonants may take either character . Hard consonants are sometimes known as `` strong '' , and soft ones as `` weak '' . The phoneme represented by the letter ř ( capital Ř ) is considered unique to Czech . It represents the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill ( IPA : ( r̝ ) ) , a sound somewhere between Czech 's r and ž ( example : `` řeka '' ( river ) ( help info ) ) , and is present in Dvořák . The consonants / r / and / l / can be syllabic , acting as syllable nuclei in place of a vowel . This can be difficult for non-native speakers to pronounce , and Strč prst skrz krk ( `` Stick ( your ) finger down ( your ) throat '' ) is a Czech tongue twister . Consonants Labial Alveolar Post - alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ Plosive voiceless p k voiced d ɟ ( ɡ ) Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ voiced ( d͡z ) ( d͡ʒ ) Fricative voiceless ( f ) s ʃ x voiced z ʒ ɦ Trill plain r fricative r̝ Approximant l j Vowels A Czech vowel chart Grammar ( edit ) Slavic grammar is fusional ; its nouns , verbs , and adjectives are inflected by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions , and the easily separable affixes characteristic of agglutinative languages are limited . Slavic - language inflection is complex and pervasive , inflecting for case , gender and number in nouns and tense , aspect , mood , person and subject number and gender in verbs . Parts of speech include adjectives , adverbs , numbers , interrogative words , prepositions , conjunctions and interjections . Adverbs are primarily formed by taking the final ý or í of an adjective and replacing it with e , ě , or o . Negative statements are formed by adding the affix ne - to the verb of a clause , with one exception : je ( he , she or it is ) becomes není . Sentence and clause structure ( edit ) See also : Czech word order Czech pronouns , nominative case Person Singular Plural 1 . já my 2 . ty vy ( formal ) vy 3 . on ( masculine ) ona ( feminine ) ono ( neuter ) oni ( masculine ) ony ( feminine ) ona ( neuter ) Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence ( instead of relying on word order , as English does ) , its word order is flexible . As a pro-drop language , in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb ; information about its subject is encoded in the verb . Enclitics ( primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns ) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence , after the first stressed unit . The first slot must contain a subject and object , a main form of a verb , an adverb or a conjunction ( except for the light conjunctions a , `` and '' , i , `` and even '' or ale , `` but '' ) . Czech syntax has a subject -- verb -- object sentence structure . In practice , however , word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus . Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction ( like English ) , colloquial word - order changes frequently produce the passive voice . For example , to change `` Peter killed Paul '' to `` Paul was killed by Peter '' the order of subject and object is inverted : Petr zabil Pavla ( `` Peter killed Paul '' ) becomes `` Paul , Peter killed '' ( Pavla zabil Petr ) . Pavla is in the accusative case , the grammatical object ( in this case , the victim ) of the verb . A word at the end of a clause is typically emphasized , unless an upward intonation indicates that the sentence is a question : Pes jí bagetu . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than eating something else ) . Bagetu jí pes . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than someone else doing so ) . Pes bagetu jí . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than doing something else to it ) . Jí pes bagetu ? -- Does the dog eat the baguette ? ( emphasis ambiguous ) In portions of Bohemia ( including Prague ) , questions such as Jí pes bagetu ? without an interrogative word ( such as co , `` what '' or kdo , `` who '' ) are intoned in a slow rise from low to high , quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase . In Czech syntax , adjectives precede nouns . Relative clauses are introduced by relativizers such as the adjective který , analogous to the English relative pronouns `` which '' , `` that '' , `` who '' and `` whom '' . As with other adjectives , it is declined into the appropriate case ( see Declension below ) to match its associated noun , person and number . Relative clauses follow the noun they modify , and the following is a glossed example : Czech : Chc - i navštív - it univerzit - u , na kter - ou chod - í Jan . Gloss : want-1.SG visit - INF university - SG. ACC , on which - SG. F. ACC attend-3.SG John. SG. NOM English : I want to visit the university that John attends . Declension ( edit ) Main article : Czech declension In Czech , nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases . Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence . A nominative -- accusative language , Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case . The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement . The remaining cases ( instrumental , locative , vocative and dative ) indicate semantic relationships , such as secondary objects , movement or position ( dative case ) and accompaniment ( instrumental case ) . An adjective 's case agrees with that of the noun it describes . When Czech children learn their language 's declension patterns , the cases are referred to by number : No . Ordinal name ( Czech ) Full name ( Czech ) Case Main usage 1 . první pád nominativ nominative Subjects 2 . druhý pád genitiv genitive Belonging , movement away from something ( or someone ) 3 . třetí pád dativ dative Indirect objects , movement toward something ( or someone ) 4 . čtvrtý pád akuzativ accusative Direct objects 5 . pátý pád vokativ vocative Addressing someone 6 . šestý pád lokál locative Location 7 . sedmý pád instrumentál instrumental Being used for a task ; acting with someone ( or something ) Some Czech grammatical texts order the cases differently , grouping the nominative and accusative ( and the dative and locative ) together because those declension patterns are often identical ; this order accommodates learners with experience in other inflected languages , such as Latin or Russian . This order is nominative , accusative , genitive , dative , locative , instrumental and vocative . Some prepositions require the nouns they modify to take a particular case . The cases assigned by each preposition are based on the physical ( or metaphorical ) direction , or location , conveyed by it . For example , od ( from , away from ) and z ( out of , off ) assign the genitive case . Other prepositions take one of several cases , with their meaning dependent on the case ; na means `` onto '' or `` for '' with the accusative case , but `` on '' with the locative . Examples of declension patterns ( using prepositions ) for a few nouns with adjectives follow . Only one plural example is given , since plural declension patterns are similar across genders . Case Noun / adjective Big dog ( m . ) Small cat ( f . ) Hard wood ( n . ) Young dragons ( pl . ) Nom . velký pes ( big dog ) malá kočka ( small cat ) tvrdé dřevo ( hard wood ) mladí draci ( young dragons ) Gen . z velkého psa ( from the big dog ) z malé kočky ( from the small cat ) z tvrdého dřeva ( from the hard wood ) z mladých draků ( from the young dragons ) Dat . k velkému psovi ( to the big dog ) k malé kočce ( to the small cat ) ke tvrdému dřevu ( to the hard wood ) ke mladým drakům ( to the young dragons ) Acc . na velkého psa ( for the big dog ) na malou kočku ( for the small cat ) na tvrdé dřevo ( for the hard wood ) na mladé draky ( for the young dragons ) Voc . velký pse ! ( big dog ! ) malá kočko ! ( small cat ! ) tvrdé dřevo ! ( hard wood ! ) mladí draci ! ( young dragons ! ) Loc . o velkém psovi ( about the big dog ) o malé kočce ( about the small cat ) o tvrdém dřevě ( about the hard wood ) o mladých dracích ( about the young dragons ) Ins . s velkým psem ( with the big dog ) s malou kočkou ( with the small cat ) s tvrdým dřevem ( with the hard wood ) s mladými draky ( with the young dragons ) This is a glossed example of a sentence using several cases : Czech : Nes - l js - em krabic - i do dom - u se sv - ým přítel - em . Gloss : carry - SG. M. PST be-1.SG box - SG. ACC into house - SG. GEN with own - SG. INS friend - SG. INS English : I carried the box into the house with my friend . Czech distinguishes three genders -- masculine , feminine , and neuter -- and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate . With few exceptions , feminine nouns in the nominative case end in - a , - e , or - ost ; neuter nouns in - o , - e , or - í , and masculine nouns in a consonant . Adjectives agree in gender and animacy ( for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural ) with the nouns they modify . The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension , but other effects include past - tense verb endings : for example , dělal ( he did , or made ) ; dělala ( she did , or made ) and dělalo ( it did , or made ) . Nouns are also inflected for number , distinguishing between singular and plural . Typical of a Slavic language , Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case , but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case . The Czech koruna is an example of this feature ; it is shown here as the subject of a hypothetical sentence , and declined as genitive for numbers five and up . English Czech one crown jedna koruna two crowns dvě koruny three crowns tři koruny four crowns čtyři koruny five crowns pět korun Numerical words decline for case and , for numbers one and two , for gender . Numbers one through five are shown below as examples , and have some of the most exceptions among Czech numbers . The number one has declension patterns identical to those of the demonstrative pronoun , to . 5 Nominative jeden ( male ) jedna ( female ) jedno ( neuter ) dva ( male ) dvě ( female , neuter ) tři čtyři pět Genitive jednoho ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednoho ( neuter ) dvou tří čtyř pěti Dative jednomu ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednomu ( neuter ) dvěma třem čtyřem pěti Accusative jednoho ( male an . ) jeden ( male in . ) jednu ( female ) jedno ( neuter ) dva ( male ) dvě ( female , neuter ) tři čtyři pět Locative jednom ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednom ( neuter ) dvou třech čtyřech pěti Instrumental jedním ( male ) jednou ( female ) jedním ( neuter ) dvěma třemi čtyřmi pěti Although Czech 's grammatical numbers are singular and plural , several residuals of dual forms remain . Some nouns for paired body parts use a historical dual form to express plural in some cases : ruka ( hand ) -- ruce ( nominative ) ; noha ( leg ) -- nohama ( instrumental ) , nohou ( genitive / locative ) ; oko ( eye ) -- oči , and ucho ( ear ) -- uši . While two of these nouns are neuter in their singular forms , all plural forms are considered feminine ; their gender is relevant to their associated adjectives and verbs . These forms are plural semantically , used for any non-singular count , as in mezi čtyřma očima ( face to face , lit . among four eyes ) . The plural number paradigms of these nouns are actually a mixture of historical dual and plural forms . For example , nohy ( legs ; nominative / accusative ) is a standard plural form of this type of noun . Verb conjugation ( edit ) Main articles : Czech conjugation and Morphological classification of Czech verbs Czech verb conjugation is less complex than noun and adjective declension because it codes for fewer categories . Verbs agree with their subjects in person ( first , second or third ) and number ( singular or plural ) , and are conjugated for tense ( past , present or future ) . For example , the conjugated verb mluvíme ( we speak ) is in the present tense and first - person plural ; it is distinguished from other conjugations of the infinitive mluvit by its ending , me . See also : Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages Typical of Slavic languages , Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects : perfective and imperfective . Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs -- for example , koupit ( perfective ) and kupovat ( imperfective ) . Although the verbs ' meaning is similar , in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing . This is distinct from past and present tense , and any Czech verb of either aspect can be conjugated into any of its three tenses . Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense . The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways : by prefix or by suffix . In prefix pairs , the perfective verb has an added prefix -- for example , the imperfective psát ( to write , to be writing ) compared with the perfective napsat ( to write down , to finish writing ) . The most common prefixes are na - , o - , po - , s - , u - , vy - , z - and za - . In suffix pairs , a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem ; for example , the perfective verbs koupit ( to buy ) and prodat ( to sell ) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat . Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs ( iterative and frequentative forms ) , denoting repeated or regular action . The verb jít ( to go ) has the iterative form chodit ( to go repeatedly ) and the frequentative form chodívat ( to go regularly ) . Many verbs have only one aspect , and verbs describing continual states of being -- být ( to be ) , chtít ( to want ) , moct ( to be able to ) , ležet ( to lie down , to be lying down ) -- have no perfective form . Conversely , verbs describing immediate states of change -- for example , otěhotnět ( to become pregnant ) and nadchnout se ( to become enthusiastic ) -- have no imperfective aspect . Although Czech 's use of present and future tense is largely similar to that of English , the language uses past tense to represent the English present perfect and past perfect ; ona běžela could mean she ran , she has run or she had run . Conjugation of být in future tense Person Singular Plural 1 . budu budeme 2 . budeš budete 3 . bude budou In some contexts , Czech 's perfective present ( which differs from the English present perfect ) implies future action ; in others , it connotes habitual action . As a result , the language has a proper future tense to minimize ambiguity . The future tense does not involve conjugating the verb describing an action to be undertaken in the future ; instead , the future form of být ( as shown in the table at left ) is placed before the infinitive ( for example , budu jíst -- `` I will eat '' ) . This conjugation is not followed by být itself , so future - oriented expressions involving nouns , adjectives , or prepositions ( rather than verbs ) omit být . `` I will be happy '' is translated as Budu šťastný ( not Budu být šťastný ) . Conditional form of koupit ( to buy ) Person Singular Plural 1 . koupil / a bych koupili / y bychom 2 . koupil / a bys koupili / y byste 3 . koupil / a / o by koupili / y / a by The infinitive form ends in t ( archaically , ti ) . It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs ( for example , můžu tě slyšet -- `` I can hear you '' ) . Czech verbs have three grammatical moods : indicative , imperative and conditional . The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person ( or number ) categories : - Ø / - i / - ej for second - person singular , - te / - ete / - ejte for second - person plural and - me / - eme / - ejme for first - person plural . The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past - tense verb . This mood indicates possible events , expressed in English as `` I would '' or `` I wish '' . Most Czech verbs fall into one of five classes , which determine their conjugation patterns . The future tense of být would be classified as a Class I verb because of its endings . Examples of the present tense of each class and some common irregular verbs follow in the tables below : Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Definition to carry to print to wander to suffer to do , to make Infinitive nést tisknout putovat trpět dělat 1st p. sg . nesu tisknu putuji trpím dělám 2nd p. sg . neseš tiskneš putuješ trpíš děláš 3rd p. sg . nese tiskne putuje trpí dělá 1st p. pl . neseme tiskneme putujeme trpíme děláme 2nd p. pl . nesete tisknete putujete trpíte děláte 3rd p. pl . nesou tisknou putují trpí dělají Irregular verbs Definition to be to want to eat to know Infinitive být chtít jíst vědět 1st p. sg . jsem chci jím vím 2nd p. sg . jsi chceš jíš víš 3rd p. sg . je chce jí ví 1st p. pl . jsme chceme jíme víme 2nd p. pl . jste chcete jíte víte 3rd p. pl . jsou chtějí jedí vědí Orthography ( edit ) The handwritten Czech alphabet Main article : Czech orthography See also : Czech Braille Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages . Its thirty - one graphemes represent thirty sounds ( in most dialects , i and y have the same sound ) , and it contains only one digraph : ch , which follows h in the alphabet . As a result , some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages . The characters q , w and x appear only in foreign words . The háček ( ˇ ) is used with certain letters to form new characters : š , ž , and č , as well as ň , ě , ř , ť , and ď ( the latter five uncommon outside Czech ) . The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above ( ʼ , an abbreviated háček ) because of their height . The character ó exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia . Unlike most European languages , Czech distinguishes vowel length ; long vowels are indicated by an acute accent or , occasionally with ů , a ring . Long u is usually written ú at the beginning of a word or morpheme ( úroda , neúrodný ) and ů elsewhere , except for loanwords ( skútr ) or onomatopoeia ( bú ) . Long vowels and ě are not considered separate letters . Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages , including English . Proper nouns , honorifics , and the first letters of quotations are capitalized , and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages . Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages . The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point . When writing a long number , spaces between every three numbers ( e.g. between hundreds and thousands ) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts , but not in decimal places , like in English . The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567 , 8910 or 1 234 567 , 8910 . Ordinal numbers ( 1st ) use a point as in German ( 1 . ) . In proper noun phrases ( except personal names ) , only the first word is capitalized ( Pražský hrad , Prague Castle ) . Sample text ( edit ) 1846 sample of printed Czech According to Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Czech : Všichni lidé se rodí svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv . Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství . English : `` All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood . '' See also ( edit ) Czech Republic portal Language portal Czech Centers Czech name Czech Sign Language Swadesh list of Slavic words Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ James Minahan . One Europe , many nations : a historical dictionary of European national groups . Greenwood Press , 2000 . Page 200 . Jump up ^ Czech at Ethnologue ( 18th ed. , 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN Jump up ^ Ministry of Interior of Poland : Act of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Czech '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . ^ Jump up to : `` Czech language '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ http://babel.mml.ox.ac.uk/naughton/lit_to_1918.html . University of Oxford Jump up ^ http://slavic.ucla.edu/czech/czech-republic/ . 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References ( edit ) Agnew , Hugh LeCaine ( 1994 ) . Origins of the Czech National Renascence . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 8549 - 5 . Dankovičová , Jana ( 1999 ) . `` Czech '' . Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ( 9th ed . ) . International Phonetic Association / Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63751 - 0 . Cerna , Iva ; Machalek , Jolana ( 2007 ) . Beginner 's Czech . Hippocrene Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7818 - 1156 - 9 . Chloupek , Jan ; Nekvapil , Jiří ( 1993 ) . Studies in Functional Stylistics . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 1545 - 1 . Eckert , Eva ( 1993 ) . Varieties of Czech : Studies in Czech Sociolinguistics . Editions Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5183 - 490 - 1 . Esposito , Anna ( 2011 ) . Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment : The Processing Issues . Springer Press . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 25774 - 2 . Hajičová , Eva ( 1986 ) . Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics ( 9th ed . ) . John Benjamins Publishing . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 1527 - 7 . Harkins , William Edward ( 1952 ) . A Modern Czech Grammar . King 's Crown Press ( Columbia University ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 09937 - 0 . Kortmann , Bernd ; van der Auwera , Johan ( 2011 ) . The Languages and Linguistics of Europe : A Comprehensive Guide ( World of Linguistics ) . Mouton De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 022025 - 4 . Koudela , Břetislav ( 1964 ) . Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie ( in Czech ) . Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství . Liberman , Anatoly ; Trubetskoi , Nikolai S. ( 2001 ) . N.S. Trubetzkoy : Studies in General Linguistics and Language Structure . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2299 - 3 . Mann , Stuart Edward ( 1957 ) . Czech Historical Grammar . Helmut Buske Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 87118 - 261 - 7 . Mathesius , Vilém ( 2013 ) . A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis . De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3077 - 4 . Maxwell , Alexander ( 2009 ) . Choosing Slovakia : Slavic Hungary , the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism . Tauris Academic Studies . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 074 - 3 . Naughton , James ( 2005 ) . Czech : An Essential Grammar . Routledge Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28785 - 2 . Pansofia ( 1993 ) . Pravidla českého pravopisu ( in Czech ) . Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR . ISBN 978 - 80 - 901373 - 6 - 3 . Piotrowski , Michael ( 2012 ) . Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts . Morgan & Claypool Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60845 - 946 - 9 . Qualls , Eduard J. ( 2012 ) . The Qualls Concise English Grammar . Danaan Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890000 - 09 - 7 . Rothstein , Björn ; Thieroff , Rolf ( 2010 ) . Mood in the Languages of Europe . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 0587 - 2 . Short , David ( 2009 ) . `` Czech and Slovak '' . In Bernard Comrie . The World 's Major Languages ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . pp. 305 -- 330 . Scheer , Tobias ( 2004 ) . A Lateral Theory of Phonology : What is CVCV , and why Should it Be ? , Part 1 . Walter De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017871 - 5 . Stankiewicz , Edward ( 1986 ) . The Slavic Languages : Unity in Diversity . Mouton De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 009904 - 1 . Sussex , Rolan ; Cubberley , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Slavic Languages . Cambridge Language Surveys . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29448 - 5 . Wilson , James ( 2009 ) . Moravians in Prague : A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech . Peter Lang International Academic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 58694 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Czech edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Czech . For a list of words relating to Czech language , see the Czech language category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Czech Wikimedia Commons has media related to Czech language . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Czech language . 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Amado Carrillo Fuentes

Amado Carrillo Fuentes - wikipedia Amado Carrillo Fuentes Amado Carrillo Amado Carrillo Fuentes Amado Carrillo Fuentes December 17 , 1956 Guamuchilito , Sinaloa , Mexico July 4 , 1997 ( 1997 - 07 - 04 ) ( aged 40 ) Mexico City , Mexico Other names El Señor de los Cielos Occupation Drug lord Employer Head of Juárez Cartel Known for Drug trafficking and weapons Net worth U.S $25 billion Predecessor Rafael Aguilar Guajardo Successor Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Spouse ( s ) Candaleria Leyva Cardenas Children Vicente Carrillo Leyva Relatives Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes Cipriano Carrillo Fuentes Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Rosa Carrillo Carrillo Jose Cruz Carrillo Fuentes Alberto Carrillo Fuentes Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes Aurora Fuentes López Amado Carrillo Fuentes ( / fuˈɛntəs / ; December 17 , 1956 -- July 4 , 1997 ) was a Mexican drug lord who seized control of the Juárez Cartel after assassinating his boss Rafael Aguilar Guajardo . Amado Carrillo became known as `` El Señor de Los Cielos '' ( `` The Lord of the Skies '' ) , because of the large fleet of jets he used to transport drugs . He was also known for laundering money via Colombia to finance his large fleet of airplanes . He died in July 1997 , in a Mexican hospital , after undergoing extensive plastic surgery to change his appearance . In his final days Carrillo was being tracked by Mexican and U.S. authorities . Contents 1 Family relations and alliances 2 Career 3 Death 4 Juárez Cartel after Carrillo 5 Funeral 6 Media portrayals 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Family relations and alliances ( edit ) Carrillo was born to Walter Vicente Carrillo Vega and Aurora Fuentes in Guamuchilito , Navolato , Sinaloa , Mexico . He was the first of seven sons ; the others were : Cipriano , Enrique B. , Vicente , José Cruz , Enrique C. , and Jorge . He also had five sisters : María Luisa , Berthila , Flor , Alicia , and Aurora . These children were the nieces and nephews of Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo , a / k / a `` Don Neto '' , the Guadalajara Cartel leader . Amado got his start in the drug business under the tutelage of his uncle Ernesto and later brought in his brothers , and eventually his son Vicente José Carrillo Leyva . Carrillo 's father died in April 1986 . Carillo 's brother , Cipriano Carrillo Fuentes , died in 1989 under mysterious circumstances . Career ( edit ) Initially , Carrillo was part of the Guadalajara Cartel , sent to Ojinaga , Chihuahua to oversee the cocaine shipments of his uncle , Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo ( `` Don Neto '' ) , and to learn about border operations from Pablo Acosta Villarreal ( `` El Zorro de Ojinaga '' ; `` The Ojinaga Fox '' ) and Rafael Aguilar Guajardo . Later Carrillo worked with Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel smuggling drugs from Colombia to Mexico and the United States . He worked with El Chapo Joaquin Guzman Loera , The Arellano Felix family and The Beltran Leyva Organization . During his tenure , Carrillo reportedly built a multibillion - dollar drug empire . It was estimated that he may have made over US $25 billion in revenue in his career . Death ( edit ) The pressure to capture Carrillo intensified among U.S. and Mexican authorities , and perhaps for this reason , Carrillo underwent facial plastic surgery and abdominal liposuction to change his appearance on July 4 , 1997 , at Santa Mónica Hospital in Mexico City . However , during the operation , he died of complications apparently caused either by a medication or a malfunctioning respirator . Two of Carrillo 's bodyguards were in the operating room during the procedure . On November 7 , 1997 , the two physicians who performed the surgery on Fuentes were found dead , encased in concrete inside steel drums , with their bodies showing signs of torture . Juárez Cartel after Carrillo ( edit ) On the night of August 3 , 1997 , at around 9 : 30 p.m. , four drug traffickers walked into a restaurant in Ciudad Juárez , pulled out their guns , and opened fire on five diners , killing them instantly . Police estimated that more than 100 bullet casings were found at the crime scene . According to a report issued by the Los Angeles Times , four men went to the restaurant carrying at least two AK - 47 assault rifles while others stood at the doorstep . On their way out , the gunmen claimed another victim : Armando Olague , a prison official and off - duty law enforcement officer , who was gunned down outside the restaurant after he had walked from a nearby bar to investigate the shooting . Reportedly , Olague had run into the restaurant from across the street with a gun in his hand to check out the commotion . It was later determined that Olague was also a known lieutenant of the Juarez cartel . Mexican authorities declined to comment on the motives behind the killing , stating the shootout was not linked to the death of Amado Carrillo Fuentes . Nonetheless , it was later stated that the perpetrators were gunmen of the Tijuana Cartel . Although confrontations between narcotraficantes were commonplace in Ciudad Juárez , they rarely occurred in public places . What happened in the restaurant threatened to usher in a new era of border crime in the city . In Ciudad Juárez , the PGR seized warehouses they believed the cartel used to store weapons and cocaine ; they also seized over 60 properties all over Mexico belonging to Carrillo , and began an investigation into his dealings with police and government officials . Officials also froze bank accounts amounting to $10 billion belonging to Carrillo . In April 2009 , Mexican authorities arrested Carillo 's son , Vicente Carrillo Leyva . Funeral ( edit ) Carrillo was given a large and expensive funeral in Guamuchilito , Sinaloa . In 2006 , Governor Eduardo Bours asked the federal government to tear down Carrillo 's mansion in Hermosillo , Sonora . The mansion , dubbed `` The Palace of a Thousand and One Nights '' , although still standing , remains unoccupied . Media portrayals ( edit ) In El Chapo , the 2017 Netflix and Univision TV series about the life of Joaquín `` El Chapo '' Guzmán , Fuentes is portrayed by Rodrigo Abed . El Señor de los Cielos ( 2013 ) , El Señor de los Cielos 2 ( 2014 ) , El Señor de los Cielos 3 ( 2015 ) , and El Señor de los Cielos 4 , aired as part of Telemundo 's nighttime programming , stars the Mexican actor Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas ( a fictionalized version of Amado Carrillo Fuentes ) . In the Netflix Original series Narcos , Fuentes is portrayed by José María Yazpik . See also ( edit ) Mexico portal Biography portal Criminal justice portal Mérida Initiative Mexican Drug War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Getty , Mark ( February 2004 ) . `` Mexico 's Forgotten Disappeared : The Victims of the Border Narco Bloodbath '' . Frontera NorteSur . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ González , Héctor A. ( February 21 , 2007 ) . `` Los prófugos del salinato '' . El Diario ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Sam ( November 7 , 1997 ) . `` Drug Barons and Plastic Surgeons : Who 's Dead , Who 's Hiding ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Poppas , Terrence E. `` Cast of Characters : Amado Carrillo Fuentes '' . Drug Lord . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DEA Map of Juarez Cartel operations '' . Frontline . PBS . February 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Poppa , Terrance ( 2009 ) . `` Amado Carrillo Fuentes '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ DEA Congressional Testimony , August 8 , 1995 Archived May 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Moore , Molly ( July 12 , 1997 ) . `` Drug lord goes home in coffin '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Moore , Molly ( 7 November 1997 ) . `` Top Mexican Surgeons Found Entombed in Concrete Drums '' . The Tech . The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Times Wire Services ( 5 August 1997 ) . `` Gunmen Kill 6 People at Ciudad Juarez Restaurant '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ 2 September 1997 . `` More gunfire in Ciudad Juarez leaves at least three dead in bar '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , John ( July 1998 ) . `` Crime : Line of Fire '' ( PDF ) . Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Serían los Arellano responsables de las seis ejecuciones en Ciudad Juárez '' . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . 6 August 1997 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Phil Gunson ( July 17 , 1997 ) . `` This is the face of Amado Carrillo Fuentes '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mexico catches drug baron as U.S. tightens border Reuters , April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marizc , Michel ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Narco - Power '' . Border Reporter . Jump up ^ Infante , Victoria ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` Rafael Amaya está listo para ser el ' Señor de los Cielos ' '' . The Huffington Post ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Novela El Senor de los Cielos 2 - Telemundo Novela El Senor de los Cielos - Telemundo Public Broadcasting , information from the Drug Enforcement Administration Drugwar.com - Commentary and Info https://web.archive.org/web/20100602114845/http://www.madcowprod.com/guardian.htm Mexican Drug War ( 2006 -- present ) Names in italics represent dead or arrested individuals . Timeline Federal forces Mexican Army Mexican Air Force Mexican Navy Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales ( formerly GAFE ) ( special forces ) Policía Federal Ministerial SEIDO ( organized crime investigation ) Federal Police Beltrán - Leyva Cartel disbanded 2010 Armed wings Los Mazatlecos South Pacific Cartel Founders Arturo Beltrán Leyva Alfredo Beltrán Leyva Carlos Beltrán Leyva Edgar Valdez Villarreal Sergio Villarreal Barragán Héctor Beltrán Leyva Leaders Héctor Beltrán Leyva Fausto Isidro Meza Flores La Familia Cartel Disbanded 2011 Founders Nazario Moreno González Carlos Rosales Mendoza Arnoldo Rueda Medina Dionisio Loya Plancarte Rafael Cedeño Hernández Alberto Espinoza Barrón Enrique Plancarte Solís José de Jesús Méndez Vargas Servando Gómez Martínez Gulf Cartel Factions Los Metros Los Rojos Founders Juan Nepomuceno Guerra Juan García Ábrego Leaders Óscar Malherbe de León Osiel Cárdenas Guillén Antonio Cárdenas Guillén Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez Mario Ramírez Treviño Homero Cárdenas Guillén Juárez Cartel Armed wings La Línea Founders Rafael Aguilar Guajardo Pablo Acosta Villarreal Amado Carrillo Fuentes Leaders Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Juan Pablo Ledezma Knights Templar Cartel Armed wings La Resistencia Founders Enrique Plancarte Solís Servando Gómez Martínez Leaders Enrique Plancarte Solís Servando Gómez Martínez Sinaloa Cartel Armed wings Gente Nueva Jalisco New Generation Cartel Los Ántrax Artistas Asesinos Founders Héctor Luis Palma Salazar Adrián Gómez González Joaquín Guzmán Loera Ismael Zambada García Leaders Joaquín Guzmán Loera Ismael Zambada García Juan José Esparragoza Moreno Ignacio Coronel Villarreal Tijuana Cartel Founders Ramón Arellano Félix Benjamín Arellano Félix Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix Carlos Arellano Félix Eduardo Arellano Félix Francisco Javier Arellano Félix Leaders Enedina Arellano Félix Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano Edgardo Leyva Escandón Los Zetas Founders Arturo Guzmán Decena Jaime González Durán Jesús Enrique Rejón Aguilar Heriberto Lazcano Galindo Mellado Cruz Leaders Heriberto Lazcano Miguel Treviño Morales Omar Treviño Morales Jalisco New Generation Cartel Founders Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes Érick Valencia Salazar Abigael González Valencia Martín Arzola Ortega Leaders Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes Jorge Luis Mendoza Cárdenas Érick Valencia Salazar Martín Arzola Ortega Rubén Oseguera González Abigael González Valencia Antonio Oseguera Cervantes Elvis González Valencia Julio Alberto Castillo Rodríguez Gerardo González Valencia José González Valencia Other cartels and drug lords Corrupt officials Other cartels Guadalajara Sonora Colima Oaxaca Milenio Los Negros Independent Acapulco Early drug lords Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo Rafael Caro Quintero Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Héctor Luis Palma Salazar Jesús Amezcua Contreras Pedro Avilés Pérez Juan Nepomuceno Guerra Juan García Ábrego Corrupt officials Miguel Nazar Haro José de Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo Arturo Durazo Moreno Noé Ramírez Mandujano Raúl Salinas de Gortari Julio César Godoy Toscano Tomás Yarrington Projects Operations Projects Coronado Delirium Gunrunner Shadowfire Southern Tempest Wildfire Operations Baja California Bishop Black Swan Blue Storm Chihuahua Community Shield Coyote Diablo Express Escorpión Fast and Furious Jump Start Kruz Control Lince Norte Michoacán Nuevo León - Tamaulipas Phalanx Quintana Roo Sinaloa Solare Terminus Wide Receiver Xcellerator Massacres Deaths Massacres San Fernando 2010 Villas de Salvárcar 2010 San Fernando 2011 Durango 2011 Monterrey casino attack 2011 Apodaca prison riot Nuevo Laredo 2012 Cadereyta Jiménez Iguala 2014 Deaths Politicians killed Journalists and media workers killed Enrique Camarena ( DEA agent ) Rodolfo Torre Cantú ( physician / politician ) Édgar Eusebio Millán Gómez ( police commander ) Jaime Jorge Zapata ( US agent ) Books Other topics Books Cartel : The Coming Invasion of Mexico 's Drug Wars El Narco : Inside Mexico 's Criminal Insurgency The Fight to Save Juárez Other topics Allegations of CIA drug trafficking Blog del Narco Juárez house of death Most - wanted Mexican drug lords Piracy on Falcon Lake War on Drugs Narco - submarine Narco tank Manhunt of Joaquín `` El Chapo '' Guzmán ( 2001 -- 2014 ) 2015 Amado checkpoint protest 2018 Chimney Canyon shootout Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amado_Carrillo_Fuentes&oldid=864248412 '' Categories : 1956 births 1997 deaths Juárez Cartel traffickers Mexican mob bosses Mexican money launderers People from Navolato Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - 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Rick Allen (drummer)

Rick Allen ( drummer ) - wikipedia Rick Allen ( drummer ) Jump to : navigation , search Rick Allen Allen live with Def Leppard on 13 August 2008 in Winnipeg Background information Birth name Richard John Cyril Allen Also known as The Thunder God ( 1963 - 11 - 01 ) 1 November 1963 ( age 53 ) Dronfield , Derbyshire , England Genres Hard rock , heavy metal , glam metal Occupation ( s ) Musician Instruments Drums , percussion , vocals Years active 1978 -- present Labels Island , Mercury , Polygram Associated acts Def Leppard Website rickallen.com Richard John Cyril `` Rick '' Allen ( born 1 November 1963 ) is an English drummer who has played for the hard rock band Def Leppard since 1978 . He overcame the amputation of his left arm in 1985 and continued to play with the band , which subsequently went on to its most commercially successful phase . He is known as `` The Thunder God '' by fans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Accident and recovery 3 Gear 4 Raven Drum Foundation 5 One Hand Drum Company 6 Side projects 7 Personal life 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Allen started playing drums at the age of 9 . He performed in bands called Grad , Smokey Blue , Rampant , and the Johnny Kalendar Band . When Allen was 14 , his mother replied on his behalf to an ad placed by a band called `` Def Leppard '' looking for a drummer to replace Tony Kenning ( `` Leppard loses skins '' was the ad 's headline ) . Later , on 1 November 1978 , his fifteenth birthday , Allen joined the band . In 1979 , he dropped out of school ( other band members left their jobs around the same time ) to concentrate on a career in music . In September 1979 , they opened for Sammy Hagar at London 's Hammersmith Odeon . Subsequently , Def Leppard played shows as a support act for AC / DC during October and November 1979 . Allen celebrated his 16th birthday with a performance at the Hammersmith Odeon . On 14 March 1980 , the band released their first album , On Through the Night . Since their first album , Allen still continues to record and tour with the band . Accident and recovery ( edit ) `` What I 've experienced through losing my arm , I would n't change . The human spirit is so strong . '' Rick Allen On the afternoon of 31 December 1984 , Allen was involved in a car accident with his girlfriend Miriam Barendsen in the English countryside a few miles west of Sheffield . While trying to pass another car at a high speed , he lost control of his Corvette C4 , which hit a dry stone wall and entered a field . He was thrown from the car because his seatbelt had been improperly fastened , causing his left arm to be severed , while his girlfriend suffered head injuries , resulting in grade 2 concussion and brain swelling ; she also suffered neck and spine injuries from severe whiplash . Doctors initially reattached Allen 's arm , but because of an infection , it had to be re-amputated . His right shoulder was also severely broken in the accident . Allen initially had doubts about continuing to play with the band , but was encouraged by the other members to continue . Allen , along with a few engineers , started to design a drum set to assist his drumming . At the time , he was still able to play some drum rhythms with one hand and use his left leg , typically for hi - hat pedals in common drum kits , to play the snare drum . Then - Status Quo drummer Jeff Rich helped and encouraged Allen during his convalescence , and designed an electronic kit Allen could play using only one arm . The Ludwig acoustic drum kit he used on earlier albums High ' n ' Dry and Pyromania was later given away by Def Leppard 's one - time management . Electronic drum manufacturer Simmons created a kit to their specifications , and Allen made his post-accident debut in 1986 at the Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington . Gear ( edit ) Allen has used custom - manufactured cable routing by Whirlwind . He uses four electronic pedals for his left foot to play the pieces he used to play with his left arm , which from left to right trigger sounds of a closing hi - hat , bass drum , snare drum , and a tom drum . He is ranked No. 7 on the UK website Gigwise in The Greatest Drummers of All Time list . On 16 October 2009 , Yamaha announced the addition of Rick Allen to their artist roster . Allen plays Yamaha Oak Custom drums with a matching subkick . Along with Yamaha Oak Custom drums , Allen also uses Remo drumheads ( usually he has coated ambassadors on his drums and a clear powerstroke 3 on his bass drum ) , Zildjian cymbals ( mostly K customs and A customs ) , and a LP rock cowbell for Rock of Ages . Rick Allen had used Vater drumsticks and Zildjian drumsticks from the 1980s until 1994 . In 1995 up to the present , he uses Easton Ahead drumsticks . Raven drum Foundation ( edit ) Allen and his wife Lauren Monroe are the co-founders of The Raven Drum Foundation , a charity located in Malibu , California , with a mission to serve , educate , and empower veterans and people in crisis . The Raven Drum Foundation commonly works to help individuals and communities in crisis through healing arts programs , drum circle events , and collaborative partnerships . Allen described the foundations involvement with Camp Kilpatrick in 2009 : Rhythm is such a big part of their culture and their own way of communicating , so we were able to go in there and design a program around them . It developed into drum council , which is an ongoing program that we provided for the camp . We had tremendous success . One Hand drum Company ( edit ) The One Hand Drum Company was created by Allen to assist in providing awareness and funding for his Raven Drum Foundation . Currently , the primary focus of the One Hand Drum Company is promoting StikRick , a drawing by Rick of a one - armed drummer that he sometimes uses with his autograph . The StikRick site sells T - shirts , hats , and other items with the StikRick drawing along with a `` Life Is Great ! ! Be A Rockstar ! ! '' slogan . Proceeds from the One Hand Drum Company go to support the Raven Drum Foundation charity . Side projects ( edit ) In May and June 2000 , Allen played two shows with the Mark Mason Project , featuring guitarist Mark Englert previously of Dramarama . Allen has written music with his wife Lauren as well as played on her albums . In November 2004 , Allen collaborated with Krishna Das in the recording of a CD entitled All One . Personal Life ( edit ) Allen was married to his first wife Stacy from 1991 to 2000 ; they had a daughter in 1997 . In 1995 , Allen was arrested for spousal abuse . He pleaded guilty to the charge and was sentenced on 6 August 1996 to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings , sought counselling , and served 30 days on a graffiti - removal work crew . They divorced in 2000 . Allen married again , on 10 October 2003 , to Lauren Monroe . On 1 December 2010 , Monroe gave birth to a daughter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gold , Adam ( 7 August 2009 ) . `` Def Leppard 's Rick Allen : The Cream Interview ( Updated ) '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Allen -- Bio -- About Rick Allen '' . MTV Artists . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Biography '' . Zildjian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Laura ( 2010 ) . Def Leppard : Arena Rock Band . Enslow . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 766 - 03234 - 7 . Jump up ^ page of a Def Leppard web site with details about Rick Allen 's car accident Jump up ^ Fricke , D. , and M. Selinger . `` To Hell & Back . ( Cover Story ) . '' Rolling Stone 629 ( 1992 ) : 38 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christine . `` Reclaiming the Rhythm : An Interview with Rick Allen . '' Percussive Notes 08 2002 : 54 , 56 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Les ( 2010 ) . The Day the Music Died . Xlibris . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 469 - 11356 - 2 . Jump up ^ Whirlwind / Def Leppard Archived 19 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Drummers Of All Time ! '' . gigwise.com . Gigwise . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamaha Welcomes Legendary Rick Allen to its Drum Roster Yamaha Artists . Yamaha.com ( 16 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Solid as Oak : Def Leppard Drummer Plays Yamaha -- Drums -- News & Events -- Yamaha United States . Usa.yamaha.com ( 9 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mission and Vision . Raven Drum Foundation . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ability Magazine : Def Leppard 's Rick Allen '' ( 2009 ) `` . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ One Hand Drum Company -- About Us . Noflash.stikrick.com . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lauren Monroe Music Store -- Freedom Sessions . Laurenmonroe.com . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Helligar , Jeremy ( 19 August 1996 ) . `` Passages '' . People . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . External links ( edit ) RickAllen.com The Raven Drum Foundation Rick Allen @ DefLeppard.com Preceded by Tony Kenning Def Leppard Drummer 1978 -- present Incumbent ( hide ) Def Leppard Joe Elliott Rick Savage Rick Allen Phil Collen Vivian Campbell Tony Kenning Pete Willis Steve Clark Studio albums On Through the Night High ' n ' Dry Pyromania Hysteria Adrenalize Slang Euphoria X Yeah ! Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Def Leppard Live albums Mirror Ball -- Live & More Viva ! Hysteria Compilations Retro Active Vault : Def Leppard Greatest Hits ( 1980 -- 1995 ) Best of Def Leppard Rock of Ages : The Definitive Collection EPs The Def Leppard E.P. Live : In the Clubs , in Your Face Videography Historia Live : In the Round , in Your Face Visualize Video Archive Historia / Live : In the Round , in Your Face Visualize / Video Archive Best of the Videos Rock of Ages : The DVD Collection CMT Crossroads -- Taylor Swift and Def Leppard Viva ! Hysteria And There Will Be A Next Time - Live From Detroit Concert tours Def Leppard Early Tours 1978 -- 1979 On Through the Night World Tour Pyromania World Tour Hysteria World Tour Slang World Tour Yeah ! Tour Downstage Thrust Tour Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Tour Mirror Ball Tour Viva ! Hysteria Heroes Tour World Tour 2015 Related Articles Discography Members Awards & Nominations Hysteria -- The Def Leppard Story Groups Cybernauts Man Raze Down ' n ' Outz Atomic Mass Gogmagog People Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Jeff Rich Ross Halfin Frank Noon VIAF : 226863730 MusicBrainz : fc555fbc - a441 - 47e5 - 8ee4 - 21af15c454dd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Allen_(drummer)&oldid=807399011 '' Categories : 1963 births Def Leppard members English amputees English rock drummers English heavy metal drummers Living people People from Dronfield Amputee musicians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2017 EngvarB from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 18 : 10 . 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Redding, California

Redding , California - Wikipedia Redding , California City in California in California , United States Redding , California City in California City of Redding Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` The Jewel of Northern California '' Location of Redding in Shasta County , California Redding Location in the United States Redding Redding ( the US ) Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 35 ′ N 122 ° 22 ′ W  /  40.583 ° N 122.367 ° W  / 40.583 ; - 122.367 Coordinates : 40 ° 35 ′ N 122 ° 22 ′ W  /  40.583 ° N 122.367 ° W  / 40.583 ; - 122.367 Country United States State California County Shasta Incorporated October 4 , 1887 Founded by Pierson B. Reading Government Type Council - manager City council Mayor Kristen Schreder Brent Weaver Francie Sullivan Julie Winter Adam McElvain City manager Barry Tippin Area Total 61.17 sq mi ( 158.44 km ) Land 59.65 sq mi ( 154.49 km ) Water 1.53 sq mi ( 3.96 km ) 2.50 % Elevation 344 ft ( 172 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 89,861 Estimate ( 2016 ) 91,808 Density 1,539.19 / sq mi ( 594.28 / km ) Demonym ( s ) Reddingite Time zone UTC − 8 ( Pacific Time Zone ) Summer ( DST ) UTC − 7 ( PDT ) ZIP codes 96001 -- 96003 , 96049 , 96099 Area code 530 FIPS code 06 - 59920 GNIS feature IDs 277582 , 2411531 Website Official website Redding , officially the City of Redding , is the county seat of Shasta County , California , in the northern part of the state . It lies along the Sacramento River , 162 miles ( 261 kilometers ) north of Sacramento , and 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of California 's northern border , shared with the state of Oregon . Interstate 5 bisects the entire city , from the south to north before it approaches Shasta Lake , which is located 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the north . The 2010 population was 89,861 . Redding is the largest city in the Shasta Cascade region , and it is the sixth - largest city in the Sacramento Valley , behind Sacramento , Elk Grove , Roseville , Vacaville and Chico . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous culture 2.2 First settlers 2.3 Founding of Redding 2.4 Early 20th century 2.5 Mid to late 20th century 2.6 21st century 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Location 3.2 Subdivisions / Areas 3.2. 1 Official 3.2. 2 Non-Official 3.2. 3 Mobile Home Communities 3.2. 4 Shopping Centers 3.3 Ecology 3.4 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 5 Economy 5.1 Top employers 6 Government 6.1 State and federal representation 6.2 Municipal government 7 Parks and recreation 7.1 Museums and public art 7.2 Architecture 7.3 Venues 7.4 Performing arts 8 Education 8.1 Higher education 8.1. 1 Public 8.1. 2 Private 8.2 High schools 8.2. 1 Public 8.2. 2 Secondary 8.3 Charter schools 8.4 Other schools 8.5 Trade schools 8.6 Non-academic learning 9 Media 9.1 Print 9.2 Broadcast 9.2. 1 Television 9.2. 2 Radio 9.2. 2.1 AM radio 9.2. 2.2 FM radio 10 Transportation 10.1 Major highways 10.2 Rail and bus transportation 10.3 Air transportation 11 Prominent persons 11.1 Actors and entertainment industry 11.2 Authors 11.3 Business leaders and entrepreneurs 11.4 Musicians and bands 11.5 Athletes 11.6 Politicians , civil servants and activists 11.7 Other people 12 See also 13 References 14 External links 15 Geographic Location Etymology ( edit ) Benjamin Bernard Redding , namesake of the city . During the gold rush , the area that is now composed of Redding was called Poverty Flats . In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad , a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding , bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad so that it could build a northern terminus there . In the process of building the terminus , the railroad also built a town in the same area , which they named Redding in honor of Benjamin Redding . In 1874 there was a dispute over the name by local legislators and it was changed for a time to Reading , in order to honor Pierson B. Reading , who founded the community of Shasta , but the name was officially changed back to Redding by 1880 . It has been called Redding ever since . History ( edit ) Indigenous culture ( edit ) Before European settlers came to the area , it was inhabited by a tribe of Native Americans called the Wintu . At their height , the Wintu had as many as 239 villages in the Shasta County area . First settlers ( edit ) Although Europeans had been to California as early as 1542 , when Juan Cabrillo sailed to what is now the San Diego Bay , the indigenous Indians were probably the only inhabitants of far Northern California region until Russian fur trappers came through the area in 1815 . The first European settlement in the area was established in 1844 by Pierson B. Reading , an early California pioneer who received a Rancho Buena Ventura Mexican land grant for 26,632 acres ( 10,778 ha ) that is now covered by Redding and Cottonwood , California . At the time , it was the northernmost nonnative settlement in California . Founding of Redding ( edit ) During the gold rush , the area that is now Redding was called Poverty Flats . In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad , a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding , bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad for a northern terminus . In the process of building the terminus , the railroad also built the town of Redding which was officially incorporated on October 4 , 1887 . Early 20th century ( edit ) In the early twentieth century the town 's economic growth was spurred by the significant copper and iron mineral extraction industry nearby . However , the mining industry eventually declined , causing the economy and population to falter by 1920 . It recovered in the thirties as the economy boomed due to the construction of Shasta Dam to the northwest . The building of the dam , which was completed in 1945 , caused Redding 's population to nearly double , also spurring the growth and development of other towns in the area . Mid to late 20th century ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Redding continued to grow steadily in the nineteen fifties due to the region 's growing lumber industry and tourism brought about by the newly completed dam . The constructions of Whiskeytown and Keswick dams also helped boost the economy by bringing new workers to the area . Highway Interstate 5 was built during the sixties and seventies , which added to development and tourism in the region . Growth in Redding during the 60s and 70s was also caused by annexation of an area east of the Sacramento River made up of the unincorporated community of Enterprise . Enterprise residents voted to support the annexation primarily to acquire less expensive electricity via Redding 's municipal utility , which receives power from the dam . During the 1970s , the lumber industry suffered from decline . Lumber mills in the area closed down and heavily impacted the Redding area . Things later picked up , due to a retail and housing boom in the late 1980s that continued until the mid-1990s . 21st century ( edit ) In 2017 , the city adopted a new flag after holding a redesign contest . In late July 2018 , the Carr Fire in Shasta county seriously impacted the Redding area with the destruction of at least 1100 buildings , with several thousand more threatened , and 38,000 people instructed to evacuate . Geography and Climate ( edit ) Location ( edit ) Redding is located at 40 ° 34 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 13 '' W  /  40.57667 ° N 122.37028 ° W  / 40.57667 ; - 122.37028 ( 40.576606 , − 122.370325 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 61.2 square miles ( 159 square kilometers ) . 59.6 square miles ( 154 km ) of it is land , and 1.5 square miles ( 3.9 km ) of it ( 2.50 % ) is beneath water . Redding is located at the very northwestern end of the Central Valley , which transitions into the Cascade foothills . The city is surrounded by mountains to the north , east , and west and fertile farm land to the south . Outermost parts of the city are part of the Cascade foothills , whereas southern and central areas are in the Sacramento Valley . The elevation in Redding is 495 feet ( 151 meters ) on average , whereas anywhere to the north , east , or west of downtown ranges between 550 feet ( 170 m ) and 800 feet ( 240 m ) feet . Southern portions range between 400 feet ( 120 m ) and 500 feet ( 150 m ) . The Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River provides a considerable level of flood protection for Redding . The dam is capable of controlling flows up to 79,000 cubic feet ( 7,300 cubic meters ) per second . The flow rate exceeded this threshold in both 1970 and 1974 . Soils in and around town are composed mostly of clay or gravelly loam texture , with red or brown mineral horizons . They are slightly or moderately acidic in their natural state . Subdivisions / Areas ( edit ) Official ( edit ) Bonnyview Boulder Creek College Highlands Garden Tract Gold Hills Hacienda Heights Hidden Hills Lake Redding Estates Layton Oaks Mary Lake Miracle Mile Parkview Plateau Circle Ridgewood Estates Shasta View Gardens Stanford Hills Sunset Terrace Sunset West The Bluffs Western Ranches ( Greenbelt ) Westwood Manor Non-Official ( edit ) Blossom Park Buckeye Buckeye Terrace Downtown Enterprise Girvan Greenwood Heights Kutras Tract Mt . Shasta Mall Oasis Powerline Quartz Hill Spring Hill West Ridge Mobile Home Communities ( edit ) Redwood Estates Los Robles Estates Mountain Shadows Mobile Home Estates Twin View Terrace Mobile Home Park Redding Lakeside Mobile Homes Estates Shopping Centers ( edit ) Cobblestone Shopping Center Cypress Square Shopping Center Mt . Shasta Mall Ecology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are several rare and endangered species in Redding and its immediate vicinity . The Redding Redevelopment Plan EIR notes the California State listed endangered species , slender Orcutt grass ( Orcuttia tenuis ) , occurs in eastern Redding near the municipal airport , where vernal pools are known to exist . This endemic grass is a Federal Candidate for listing and is endangered throughout its range , confined to several populations , and seriously threatened by agriculture , overgrazing , and residential development . Vernal pools provide the preferred habitat for this plant , which the California Native Plant Society considers a rare and endangered species . These same vernal pools also support federally protected species such as the federally threatened vernal pool fairy shrimp ( Branchinecta lynchi ) . Climate ( edit ) Redding has a hot - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) , with very hot , dry summers and cool , wet winters . Winter ( October -- April ) provides the most precipitation of any season in Redding -- the weather tends to be either rainy or foggy and at times , snow occurs . Summers are hot and dry , but rain is possible , usually with a thunderstorm . The average daily maximum temperature in July stays near 100 degrees Fahrenheit ( 38 degrees Celsius ) . The highest official recorded temperature in Redding was 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) on July 20 , 1988 . That was recorded at the nearby Redding airport . Some people in town recorded as high as 122 ° F ( 50 ° C ) that same day . Redding has an average possible sunshine of 88 % , the second - highest percentage ( after Yuma , Arizona ) of any US city . The city receives an average of 4.8 inches ( 12 centimeters ) of snow annually . It rarely gets sleet or freezing rain . Frost occurs commonly in December through February , less often in March or November . In spring , rain is common . The city is located near the southernmost point of the influence of the westerlies , and it therefore gets much more rain than most places in the Sacramento Valley ; temperature differentials between land and sea cause moist air from the latter to flow over the city , producing precipitation , cloud and fog in the winter . The direction of this wind reverses in the summer , as hot , high - pressure air flows from land to sea , making the area very dry . Tornadoes are extremely rare ; flooding occurs only around the area near the Sacramento River . The coldest temperature recorded in Redding was 17 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) . hide Climate data for Redding Municipal Airport ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 83 ( 28 ) 88 ( 31 ) 96 ( 36 ) 106 ( 41 ) 117 ( 47 ) 118 ( 48 ) 115 ( 46 ) 116 ( 47 ) 105 ( 41 ) 88 ( 31 ) 78 ( 26 ) 118 ( 48 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 98.4 ( 36.9 ) 96.6 ( 35.9 ) 90.4 ( 32.4 ) 77.8 ( 25.4 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 54.5 ( 12.5 ) 75.1 ( 23.9 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 45.7 ( 7.6 ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 75.9 ( 24.4 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) 62.3 ( 16.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 39.3 ( 4.1 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 46.1 ( 7.8 ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) 40.9 ( 4.9 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 16 ( − 9 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 34 ( 1 ) 42 ( 6 ) 53 ( 12 ) 50 ( 10 ) 40 ( 4 ) 33 ( 1 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 16 ( − 9 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 5.96 ( 151.4 ) 5.51 ( 140 ) 4.37 ( 111 ) 2.48 ( 63 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 0.69 ( 17.5 ) 0.09 ( 2.3 ) 0.18 ( 4.6 ) 0.64 ( 16.3 ) 2.10 ( 53.3 ) 4.48 ( 113.8 ) 6.27 ( 159.3 ) 34.62 ( 879.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.4 ( 3.6 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 3.2 ( 8.1 ) 5.5 ( 14 ) Average precipitation days 13.1 8.7 12.3 7.9 7.2 4.0 0.6 0.9 2.1 4.1 6.8 10.2 77.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 226 256 312 351 395 423 451 421 338 314 251 204 3,942 Source : Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 600 -- 1890 1,821 203.5 % 1900 2,946 61.8 % 1910 3,572 21.2 % 1920 2,962 − 17.1 % 1930 4,188 41.4 % 1940 8,109 93.6 % 1950 10,256 26.5 % 1960 12,773 24.5 % 1970 16,659 30.4 % 1980 42,103 152.7 % 66,462 57.9 % 2000 80,865 21.7 % 89,861 11.1 % Est. 2016 91,808 2.2 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Redding had a population of 89,861 . The population density was 1,468.9 people per square mile ( 567.2 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of Redding was 77,117 ( 85.8 % ) White , 1,092 ( 1.2 % ) African American , 2,034 ( 2.3 % ) Native American , 3,034 ( 3.4 % ) Asian , 156 ( 0.2 % ) Pacific Islander , 2,307 ( 2.6 % ) from other races , and 4,121 ( 4.6 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7,787 persons ( 8.7 % ) . The Census reported that 87,841 people ( 97.8 % of the population ) lived in households , 1,138 ( 1.3 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 882 ( 1.0 % ) were institutionalized . There were 36,130 households , out of which 11,012 ( 30.5 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 16,001 ( 44.3 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 4,806 ( 13.3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 1,984 ( 5.5 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 2,570 ( 99.0 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 204 ( 0.6 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 10,344 households ( 28.6 % ) were made up of individuals and 4,622 ( 12.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.43 . There were 22,791 families ( 63.1 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 2.94 . The population was spread out with 20,518 people ( 22.8 % ) under the age of 18 , 9,436 people ( 10.5 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 21,725 people ( 24.2 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 23,424 people ( 26.1 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 14,758 people ( 16.4 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 38.5 years . For every 100 females , there were 93.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 90.4 males . There were 38,679 housing units at an average density of 632.3 per square mile ( 244.1 / km2 ) , of which 19,968 ( 55.3 % ) were owner - occupied , and 16,162 ( 44.7 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 6.9 % . 48,179 people ( 53.6 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 39,662 people ( 44.1 % ) lived in rental housing units . Economy ( edit ) The economy in Redding is largely a service economy . Therefore , employment is spread across a wide range of service professions that include healthcare , retail , and tourism . Top employers ( edit ) According to the City 's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report ( CAFR ) , these are the top employers in the city : # Employer # of employees Mercy Medical Center 1,832 Shasta County 1,750 City of Redding 1,129 Shasta Regional Medical Center 856 5 CA Transportation Department 663 6 Redding Rancheria 523 7 Wal - Mart 450 8 Shasta Union High School District 406 9 Shasta College 352 10 Blue Shield of California 330 Government ( edit ) State and Federal representation ( edit ) In the California State Legislature , Redding is in the 1st Senate District , represented by Republican Ted Gaines , and the 1st Assembly District , represented by Republican Brian Dahle . In the United States House of Representatives , Redding is in California 's 1st congressional district , represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa . Municipal government ( edit ) The city council is composed of Mayor Brent Weaver , Vice Mayor Kristen Schreder , Adam McElvain , Francie Sullivan , and Julie Winter . The city manager is Barry Tippin . Redding is a general law city operating under the council - manager form of government . Parks and recreation ( edit ) Dancing Shiva by Bryan Tedrick at Old City Hall , Redding , Ca Museums and public art ( edit ) Calatrava Sculpture Sculpture park at City Hall Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay Architecture ( edit ) Carnegie Library Cascade Theatre Hotel Lorenz Pilgrim Congregational Church Sundial Bridge The Cascade Theater Venues ( edit ) Redding Civic Auditorium Cascade Theatre Riverfront Amphitheater Old City Hall Performing arts ( edit ) Riverfront Playhouse Redding Improv Players Education ( edit ) Higher education ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Shasta College Private ( edit ) Simpson University National University Shasta Bible College and Graduate School High schools ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Shasta High School Enterprise High School Foothill High School Pioneer High School University prep school Secondary ( edit ) Freedom High School University Preparatory School North State Independence High School Redding Christian High School Liberty Christian High School Charter schools ( edit ) Monarch Learning Center Stellar Charter School Academy of Personalized Learning Redding Collegiate Academy Redding School of the Arts Rocky Point Charter School Shasta Charter Academy Other schools ( edit ) Redding Adventist Academy Bethel Christian School Trade schools ( edit ) Redding Institute of Technology Shasta School of Cosmetology Non-academic learning ( edit ) Code IT Build It Shasta County Public Library Media ( edit ) Print ( edit ) Redding Record Searchlight After Five Broadcast ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Channel Call sign Network 7.1 KRCR - DT ABC 9.1 KIXE - DT PBS 9.2 KIXE - DT2 Create 9.3 KIXE - DT3 PBS World 12.1 KHSL - DT CBS 12.2 KHSL - DT2 The CW 17.1 KXVU - LD Telemundo 20.1 KCVU - DT Fox 20.2 KCVU - DT2 ThisTV 21.1 KRVU - LD MyNetworkTV 23.1 KRDT - LD Religious 23.2 KRDT - LD2 HSN 24.1 KNVN - DT NBC 26 KGEC - LD Religious 27.1 KUCO - LD Univision 33 K33HH 3ABN 35.1 KKTF - LD Telefutura 41.1 KRHT - LD Azteca America Radio ( edit ) AM radio ( edit ) Call letters kHz Format KVIP 540 Religious KLXR 1230 Nostalgia KQMS 1400 News / Talk KCNR 1460 Talk KNRO 1670 Sports FM radio ( edit ) Call letters MHz Format KNNN - LP 87.7 Indie & Alternative Rock KKRN 88.5 Community Radio KFPR 88.9 Public Radio K211CO ( KHRI translator ) 90.1 Air 1 Christian Contemporary K227AE ( KHRD translator ) 93.3 Classic Rock KEWB 94.7 Top 40 KALF 95.7 Hot Country KNCQ 97.3 Country K249EW ( KAWZ translator ) 97.7 Religious KWLZ 99.3 Rhythmic Contemporary KWCA 101.1 Hot AC / Mix ( licensed to suburb Palo Cedro ) K268AJ ( KHAP translator ) 101.5 Religious KSHA 104.3 Adult Contemporary KRDG 105.3 Classic Hits KRRX 106.1 Rock K298AF ( KAWZ translator ) 107.5 Religious ( licensed to nearby Shasta ) KKLC 107.9 Christian Contemporary Transportation ( edit ) Major highways ( edit ) Interstate 5 runs through the east central portion of this city . CA 299 , formerly U.S. 299 , runs through the western , central , and northeastern parts of the city . CA 44 runs through the middle and eastern part of town . Its western terminus is at Market Street ( California 273 ) in downtown Redding . CA 273 , was formerly the Interstate 5 Business Route , and also formerly the U.S. 99 , directly through the city . Rail and bus transportation ( edit ) Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , provides service to Redding , operating its Coast Starlight daily in both directions between Seattle , Washington , and Los Angeles , California VA Portland , Oregon ; Sacramento , California ; Oakland , California ; San Jose , California ; Santa Barbara , California and all Intermediate station stops . Amtrak California also provides Thruway Motorcoach service to Stockton or Sacramento for connections to the San Joaquins , which serve the San Francisco Bay Area , San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles area via bus connections . Redding provides a city bus transportation system called RABA ( Redding Area Bus Authority ) . RABA provides routes throughout the city of Redding and also provides transportation throughout Redding 's suburbs . Transportation is also available by Sage Stage to Alturas and Trinity Transit to Weaverville . Redding is also served by the intercity bus companies Greyhound and Fronteras del Norte . Air transportation ( edit ) Air transportation for the Redding area is provided by two general aviation airports . Redding Municipal Airport , located south of Redding , has scheduled flights from SkyWest ( United Express ) . The smaller Benton Airpark is located on the western side of Redding . Prominent persons ( edit ) This list includes persons who were born / raised / worked in , lived in , or whose identity was significantly influenced by Redding , as well as music groups that were founded in the area . Actors and entertainment industry ( edit ) Ashley Parker Angel -- recording artist and Broadway actor David de Berry -- theater composer and actor Kathleen Kennedy -- film producer Shane Drake -- music video director Rich Eisen -- sportscaster Francesca Eastwood -- actor Authors ( edit ) Bill Johnson , author and Senior Pastor of Bethel Church in Redding Matthew Kennedy -- author Business leaders and entrepreneurs ( edit ) Kevin Rose -- Internet entrepreneur Musicians and bands ( edit ) Duffy Bishop -- electric blues singer and songwriter Randy Miller -- drummer of the Myriad Roy Rogers -- guitarist Craig Padilla -- ambient electronic musician and film score composer Athletes ( edit ) Bill Plummer -- MLB player , coach and manager Greg Cadaret -- MLB player Mark Parent -- MLB player and coach Rick Bosetti -- professional baseball player Mel Hein -- football player , 1938 MVP , NFL Hall of Fame inductee Eddie Machen -- heavyweight boxer Buck Martinez -- professional MLB player , manager , broadcaster Matt Nichols -- player in Canadian Football League Ryan O'Callaghan -- NFL football player Megan Rapinoe -- professional soccer player , Olympic gold medalist Ricky Ray -- football player in the Canadian Football League Lynne Roberts -- college basketball coach D.J. Seeley -- basketball player in Israeli Premier League and Euroleague Jason Sehorn -- former NFL player Politicians , civil servants and activists ( edit ) Raymond Jacobs -- US Marine , said to be in photo of first flag raised on Iwo Jima Brian Sandoval -- 29th governor of Nevada Other people ( edit ) Ruggles brothers -- stagecoach robbers Sam Butcher -- Artist , Precious Moments See also ( edit ) 2018 Shasta County Wildfires : Carr Fire , Hirz Fire , Delta Fire California portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Redding , CA Real Estate and Living '' . Reddingshomebuyers.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redding '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA -- Redding city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Redding ( city ) QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Redding got its Name '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Papers On Wintu Ethnography : 239 Wintu Villages In Shasta County Circa 1850 . Redding , CA : Redding Museum and Art Center . 1980 . Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Redding California '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City of Redding Flag '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Incident Update 7 / 29 / 18 PM '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Terrifying ' tornadoes of flame leave 2 dead as inferno destroys Californian city of Redding '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . July 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Environmental Impact Report for the Redding Redevelopment Plan , Earth Metrics , City of Redding and California State Clearinghouse Report ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Web Soil Survey '' . Websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA '' . noaa.gov . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redding , CA Climate '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Annual Financial Report '' . cityofredding.org . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senators '' . State of California . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Members Assembly '' . State of California . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 1st Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Council Information '' . City of Redding . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Redding 's City Manager '' . City of Redding . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radio Stations in Redding , California '' . Radio-locator.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ United States . Congress ( 1969 ) . Congressional Record : Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Stations in Redding , California '' . Radio-locator.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Modoc County , California : Redding '' . Sage Stage. 2014 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` AIBRA -- Find a Station '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Redding , California . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Redding , California . Official website Images of Redding from the Eastman 's Originals Collection , Special Collections Dept. , University of California , Davis . `` Redding , California '' . C - SPAN Cities Tour . May 2017 . Geographic location ( edit ) Places adjacent to Redding , California Shasta Lake City Weaverville Redding Burney via 299E Palo Cedro via 44 Anderson California county seats Consolidated city - county San Francisco Municipalities Alturas Auburn Bakersfield Colusa Crescent City El Centro Eureka Fairfield Fresno Hanford Hollister Jackson Lakeport Los Angeles Madera Martinez Marysville Merced Modesto Napa Nevada City Oakland Oroville Placerville Red Bluff Redding Redwood City Riverside Sacramento Salinas San Bernardino San Diego San Jose San Luis Obispo San Rafael Santa Ana Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Santa Rosa Sonora Stockton Susanville Ukiah Ventura Visalia Willows Woodland Yreka Yuba City CDPs Bridgeport Downieville Independence Mariposa Markleeville Quincy San Andreas Weaverville Sacramento Valley Counties Butte Colusa Glenn Placer Sacramento Shasta Sutter Tehama Yolo Yuba Major cities Sacramento Cities and towns 100k - 250k Elk Grove Roseville Cities and towns 25k - 99k Antelope Arden - Arcade Carmichael Chico Citrus Heights Davis Fair Oaks Florin Folsom Foothill Farms Lincoln North Highlands Orangevale Paradise Rancho Cordova Redding Rocklin West Sacramento Woodland Yuba City Cities and towns 10k - 25k Auburn Galt Granite Bay La Riviera Linda Magalia Marysville North Auburn Olivehurst Oroville Parkway Red Bluff Rio Linda Rosemont Shasta Lake Vineyard Sub-regions Sacramento Metropolitan Area Yuba -- Sutter area Shasta Cascade Mountains Mount Shasta Lassen Peak Black Butte Castle Crags Chaos Crags Cinder Cone Hat Mountain Medicine Lake Volcano Schonchin Butte Shastina Mount Tehama Twin Buttes Bodies of Water Shasta Lake Trinity Lake Lake Almanor Eagle Lake Lake Oroville Lake Siskiyou Castle Lake Lake McCloud Manzanita Lake Lake Britton Whiskeytown Lake Rivers Sacramento River McCloud River Pit River Hat Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Big Chico Creek Klamath River Trinity River Shasta River Incorporated Cities Alturas Anderson Biggs Chico Corning Dorris Dunsmuir Etna Fort Jones Gridley Montague Mount Shasta City Oroville Paradise Portola Red Bluff Redding Shasta Lake City Susanville Tehama Weed Yreka Counties Butte Lassen Modoc Plumas Shasta Siskiyou Tehama Trinity Parks Lassen Volcanic NP Whiskeytown - Shasta - Trinity NRA Lava Beds NM Castle Crags Wilderness Mount Shasta Wilderness South Warner Wilderness Ahjumawi Lava Springs SP Bidwell - Sacramento River SP McArthur - Burney Falls Memorial SP Plumas - Eureka SP Bidwell Mansion SHP William B. Ide Adobe SHP Woodson Bridge SRA Municipalities and communities of Shasta County , California , United States County seat : Redding Cities Anderson Redding Shasta Lake CDPs Bella Vista Big Bend Burney Cassel Cottonwood Fall River Mills French Gulch Hat Creek Keswick Lakehead McArthur Millville Montgomery Creek Mountain Gate Old Station Palo Cedro Round Mountain Shasta Shingletown Unincorporated communities Beegum Castella Centerville Cloverdale Dana Enterprise Gas Point Happy Valley Igo Ingot Lakehead - Lakeshore Matheson Minnesota Motion Oak Run O'Brien Olinda Ono Platina Pollard Flat Tunnel Inn Viola Whitmore Indian reservations Big Bend Rancheria Redding Rancheria Ghost towns Buzzards Roost Delamar Kennett Whiskeytown Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties NARA : 10040620 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redding,_California&oldid=864008896 '' Categories : Redding , California 1887 establishments in California Cities in Shasta County , California County seats in California Geography of the Sacramento Valley Incorporated cities and towns in California Logging communities in the United States Populated places established in 1887 Populated places on the Sacramento River Shasta Cascade Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with short description Infobox settlement pages with bad settlement type Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Kapampangan Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 14 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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where is redding california located on a map

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Celebs Go Dating (series 3)

Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) - wikipedia Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) Promotional poster Starring Eden Blackman Nadia Essex Tom Read Wilson Dr Pam Spurr Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 20 ( 1 unaired ) Release Original network E4 Original release 4 September ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) -- 29 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 2 Next → Series 4 The third series of the British reality dating programme Celebs Go Dating began airing from 4 September 2017 on E4 and finished on 29 September 2017 . It was commissioned along with series 2 in late 2016 . The show sees celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love . The third series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts , and Tom Read Wilson as the agency 's receptionist . An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air , seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time . The show 's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening 's episode hours before airing . An E4 spokesman cited `` editorial reasons '' and said the show would return on 18 September . Scenes from the pulled episode were broadcast on 18 September . The series was also cut down from 20 episodes to 19 episodes . On 27 September 2017 , Blackman confirmed that the show had been renewed for a fourth series , set to air in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 3 Dating timeline 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) A third series was announced alongside the second series in November 2016 . It was filmed over three months . Nadia Essex and Eden Blackman returned as the dating experts , along with receptionist Tom Read Wilson . Psychologist Dr. Pam Spurr helped the celebrities get in touch with their feelings and analyse their body language . The series features same - sex relationships for the first time , as well as blind and silent dating . Celebs Go Dating began airing from 4 September 2017 for four weeks . Cast ( edit ) The Only Way Is Essex cast member Bobby Norris was confirmed to be appearing in the series in May 2017 . He previously made a brief appearance at the end of the second series . Norris became the first gay man to appear on the show . Norris 's co-star James Argent also joined the cast , making his first television appearance since quitting The Only Way Is Essex earlier in the year . They were joined by television presenter Sarah - Jane Crawford , The X Factor finalist and singer Frankie Cocozza , Made in Chelsea 's Georgia Toffolo , model and television personality Calum Best , and Charlotte Dawson from Ex on the Beach . American reality star Courtney Stodden joined the cast in July , and made her first appearance in the show during the third week . Celebrities Known for Notes Bobby Norris Television personality James Argent Television personality Sarah - Jane Crawford Television presenter Not in the first 5 episodes Frankie Cocozza Singer Not in the first 6 episodes Georgia Toffolo Television personality Calum Best Model and television personality Charlotte Dawson Television personality Courtney Stodden Television personality Not in the first 12 episodes Dating timeline ( edit ) Perfect plus one date Unsuccessful date Second or fourth date was a fail Went on more than one date Successful couple Unsuccessful couple Not on show Two celebs went to the final party together as a couple Celeb or date did not show up Celebrity Singles Mixer One Date One Date Two Date Three Singles Mixer Two ( Girls ) Singles Mixer Two ( Boys ) Date Four Date Five Date Six Speed Dating One Date Seven Date Eight Date Nine Date Ten Date Eleven Date Twelve Final Bobby Norris Paul Jack Not at mixer Jack Andrew N / A Sion Jack N / A Jack James Argent Yasemin Holly Not at mixer Victoria Chantel Sinitta Serena Yasemin Jessica Emily N / A Yasemin Sarah - Jane Crawford Not on show Will Not at mixer Will Adrian N / A Dean Neil Kieron N / A Kieron Frankie Cocozza Not on show Not at mixer Katrina N / A Katie Jourdan N / A Charlotte Georgia Toffolo Laurent Adam Benjie Angus Not at mixer Angus N / A Did n't find a date Rufus Jackson N / A Jackson Calum Best Naomi Louise N / A Not at mixer Did n't find a date Izzy Victoria N / A Victoria Celine Victoria N / A Victoria Charlotte Dawson Jordan Shaun James Travis Not at mixer Travis Harry Chris Kieran Joe N / A Frankie Courtney Stodden Not on show Liam Kirk Adrian Jeremy Adrian Episodes ( edit ) Total No . Title Original air date UK viewers ( million ) 36 Episode 1 4 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04TAutumn ) 0.819 Celebs Go Dating returns to E4 for a third series . 37 Episode 2 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05TAutumn ) 0.724 38 Episode 3 6 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06TAutumn ) 0.703 39 Episode 4 7 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07TAutumn ) TBA 40 5 Episode 5 8 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08TAutumn ) TBA 41 6 Episode 6 11 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11TAutumn ) 0.576 42 7 Episode 7 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12TAutumn ) 0.575 43 8 Episode 8 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13TAutumn ) 0.626 44 9 Episode 9 14 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14TAutumn ) TBA 45 10 Episode 10 18 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18TAutumn ) TBA Note : An episode was due to be aired on 15 September but was pulled from broadcast moments before it was about to air . An E4 spokesman cited `` editorial reasons '' and said the show will return on 18 September . The best moments from the scheduled episode were combined with the episode scheduled to be aired on 18 September so no footage was left unaired . 46 11 Episode 11 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19TAutumn ) TBA 47 12 Episode 12 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20TAutumn ) TBA 48 13 Episode 13 21 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21TAutumn ) TBA 49 14 Episode 14 22 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22TAutumn ) TBA 50 15 Episode 15 25 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25TAutumn ) TBA 51 16 Episode 16 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26TAutumn ) TBA 52 17 Episode 17 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27TAutumn ) TBA 53 18 Episode 18 28 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28TAutumn ) TBA 54 19 Celebs Go Dating : The Final 29 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29TAutumn ) TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saunders , Emmeline ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` Reason Celebs Go Dating was pulled from E4 schedule without warning revealed '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Series 3 '' . Channel4.com . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Westbrook , Caroline ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` 12 behind the scenes secrets from Celebs Go Dating -- as revealed by Eden Blackman '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Celebs Go Dating ( @ CelebsGoDating ) ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` We are pleased to announce that Celebs Go Dating will be back on @ E4Tweets in 2017 , with not just one series but 2 ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 1 October 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bhunjun , Avinash ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Celebs Go Dating : What 's new ? When is it on ? What channel ? And Line - up ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegarty , Tasha ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Celebs Go Dating was full of cringe group therapy and a gross date for Courtney Stodden '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Bobby Norris becomes first ever gay star to sign up to Celebs Go Dating '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Ellie ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Frankie Cocozza , Sarah - Jane Crawford and MIC 's Toff join new Celebs Go Dating line - up '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Courtney Stodden hoping to find love on Celebs Go Dating - report '' . Belfast Telegraph . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ellie ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Celebs Go Dating : Courtney Stodden reveals SHOCKING past as the 22 year old blonde admits to dating a 78 year old man '' . OK ! . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 30 programmes -- E4 Total '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Celebs Go Dating at Channel4.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebs_Go_Dating_(series_3)&oldid=803321468 '' Categories : 2017 British television seasons British dating and relationship reality television series British LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Use British English from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 20 : 05 . About Wikipedia

when does celebs go dating series 3 start

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Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Justice Smith Daniella Pineda James Cromwell Toby Jones Ted Levine B.D. Wong Isabella Sermon Geraldine Chaplin Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.295 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and the original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the billion dollar mark . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 12th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , while others suggested the series had run its course , criticizing the screenplay and lack of innovation . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot Shortly after the events of Jurassic World , a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . Three years later in 2018 , a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager Claire Dearing has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire Dearing to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last living Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue . On finding her , the encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury . Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . Back at the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who murders him . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their partnership . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and escapes , killing him , Eversol , and others . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals , Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning . Mills is killed and the Indominus bone is destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin get away safely , while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group in San Francisco to save Isla Nublar 's surviving dinosaurs . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum spoke of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar . Production Development During early conversations about the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and that he would direct the film if asked . He later told Spielberg he would only focus on directing one film in the series , but in May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' He felt different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow said that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , he did not deny the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' . He felt future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted the next film might not involve the Jurassic World theme park , and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several unnamed Spanish horror film directors . Pre-production On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they had for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' . He confirmed the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said the script was being written , and it was announced the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film . He chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project for which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film ; it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by his 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World . He declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before he was hired , Bayona had met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said of the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer . He spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow said that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half where dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings . Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but these locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was shot partly in England , Spielberg felt the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting for the second half . He and the producers did not want the film to spend too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back '' . Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return as composer for the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel . He retained final approval on the project . In June 2015 , about two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow so they could discuss a basic set of ideas Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , they began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow said that the story was heavily influenced by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate it into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' saying , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' for John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs . This made Trevorrow realize there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film . The producers felt it was important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world . He chose to remove them to keep the story focused . The script 's structure , Trevorrow said , was inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , saying , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow was familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes for the sequel that would allow for their use . For example , animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow said that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also said he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact . He added , `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism of the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow said for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow said the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona said that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' The `` gothic element '' of suspense was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films . He compared it to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in their script . Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . One of Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow said he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall said that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character '' . Trevorrow said of Malcolm , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the part , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed a role in the film with Bayona , but did not believe he would be available because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvise . Pineda auditioned seven times before being given the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley but did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had appeared in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role from the first two films as Dr. Ian Malcolm . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . Most of the filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , it was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 exclusively . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and offered Bayona his opinions . During filming , and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors , as he had done with his previous films . He also played sound effects from other films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving Owen 's character before it was shot . Many of Pratt 's ideas were used in the film . Discussing Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. President Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow where a news ticker says the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a comment that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . It was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , it was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surroundings , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes . He noted , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt said the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot there until the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes where Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes where characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . This specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck being driven over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar where Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . It was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England . Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene where the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to express genuine fear for the scene . The last part of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . This portion of the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single continuous shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor while he shot the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith being underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required a crew of 85 . It was shot primarily by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team asked `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' The lava was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene where Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had been built previously in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . It was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene removed from the film for runtime reasons revealed the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow . Creatures on screen See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created using a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke were visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures . Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were often brought up and said , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series . Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the earlier films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film featured only one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene where Howard rides atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona said that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan felt animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios working on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World . Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic , which had the ability to breathe and move its head , was controlled with joysticks . It was used for a scene where the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots of the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI . The middle portion of the scene used a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable Indoraptor stand - in was operated by two puppeteers on set , to be later replaced by a CGI version of the creature . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms . The creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 ft ( 3.0 m ) tall while standing on two legs . Bayona chose black for the Indoraptor 's color because he wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , saying `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created by coordinating with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors used for a scene with Pratt . The scene 's final , wider shots used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump . The feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . They chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , said the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team worked through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . He advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . He also advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements and worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 . This was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , before the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group . It included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world . This frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes before the film 's release . Universal had the benefit of a global marketing campaign by its partners valued at $185 million , more than double the value of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners -- Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles -- who aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion promotional items including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , more than any film trailer watched online following its Super Bowl television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt where a dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners Mattel , Lego , and Funko created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . Mattel released a mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts as a tie - in to its dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego released a number of Lego sets and characters based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue , created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in , featuring Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins created a website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' ( the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group ) , which was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The film 's international theatrical release began in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Home Media Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for digital release on September 4 , 2018 , and Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D and 4K Blu - ray on September 18 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of August 28 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $413.2 million in the United States and Canada and $881.5 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.295 billion . The production budget was in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film of all - time to reach this milestone , and the seventh film for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( after Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting at $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the second time two films opened to over $100 million on back - to - back weekends , following Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before , since May 2007 when Shrek the Third and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End opened to $121.6 million and $114.7 million , respectively . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 59 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend . In its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain . It was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million on its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . The film went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing its two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 50 % based on 331 reviews , and an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring . '' In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson said the film is `` a straight - ahead monster movie : it 's dumb , occasionally gory , and mostly plenty of fun ... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs , but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature . '' Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' , especially given the species ' role in the first movie . Sequel Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael . It is based on a story by Trevorrow and Connolly . Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer with Steven Spielberg ; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers . Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film . References Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . 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So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Photo Returns to Isla Nublar , Big News Coming Soon '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has a Handful of E.T. Easter Eggs You May Have Missed '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . 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The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . 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Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World Facts '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO ® Jurassic World TM - Products and Sets '' . lego.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Blu - ray Release Date & Features Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Delivers $150 M Debut ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Reaches $350 M Domestic '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . 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what is the newest jurassic park movie called

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Sparkle: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Sparkle : Original Motion Picture soundtrack - wikipedia Sparkle : Original Motion Picture soundtrack This article is about the soundtrack album for the 2012 film . For the soundtrack album for the 1976 film , see Sparkle ( Aretha Franklin album ) . Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released July 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 31 ) Recorded 2011 -- 12 Genre Soul R&B disco Length 36 : 45 Label RCA Records Producer R. Kelly Jameel Roberts The Underdogs Chuck Harmony Claude Kelly Bigg Makk Andrew `` Pop '' Wansel Singles from Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Celebrate '' Released : June 5 , 2012 `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Released : June 8 , 2012 Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2012 Sony / TriStar Pictures film Sparkle , a remake of the 1976 film of the same name . The album was released through Sony Music Entertainment 's RCA Records on July 31 , 2012 . The film 's soundtrack includes new recordings of four songs from the original film 's soundtrack as well as new original music by Jordin Sparks , Whitney Houston and Cee Lo Green . The soundtrack 's first official lead single is the last song recorded by Whitney Houston before she died on February 11 , 2012 , a duet with R&B / pop singer and American Idol winner Jordin Sparks on a song called `` Celebrate '' . The song premiered on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on May 21 , 2012 and was made available for digital download on iTunes on June 5 . Whitney Houston 's other track , `` His Eye is On the Sparrow '' , debuted only one day after the premiere of `` Celebrate '' . The official music video for `` Celebrate '' was filmed on May 30 , 2012 . It made its world premiere on BET 's 106 & Park on June 27 , 2012 . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 2.1 Music and themes 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Chart performance 5 Singles 6 Track listing 7 Charts 8 Credits and personnel 9 Release history 10 References Background ( edit ) The songs on the soundtrack are performed by the actors in the film , including Jordin Sparks , Whitney Houston , Cee Lo Green , Carmen Ejogo , Tika Sumpter , and others . Sparkle features songs from the original film written by soul musician Curtis Mayfield as well as new compositions by R&B artist R. Kelly and others . The soundtrack includes new songs not present in the 1976 version of Sparkle : `` Celebrate '' , `` His Eye is On the Sparrow '' , among others . `` Celebrate '' was sent to radio the week of May 21 , 2012 as the first official from the Sparkle soundtrack . The song premiered on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on May 21 . and was made available for digital download on iTunes on June 5 . Houston 's other track , `` His Eye is On the Sparrow '' , debuted only one day after the premiere of `` Celebrate '' . Composition ( edit ) Music and themes ( edit ) Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack takes on matters of the celebration , heartache , heartbreak and seduction with a mixture of ballads , mid - and up - tempos . Release ( edit ) The Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on July 31 , 2012 ; though announced with 13 tracks , it was released with only 11 tracks . Five days before the soundtrack 's official release the entire soundtrack was made available to stream exclusively through Sparks ' Official store and Essence.com . Jordin Sparks , who worked closely with Houston throughout the making of Sparkle , finds the release of the soundtrack to be `` bittersweet . '' Sparks states , `` I worked with my idol and that was a dream come true . I used to watch the Cinderella adaptation with her and Brandy every day after school . But she should really be here promoting it with me and ( it 's ) really hard for me to be doing it alone . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Entertainment Weekly ( B ) Rolling Stone Allmusic writer Andy Kellman gave it three and a half out of five stars and called the soundtrack `` an enjoyable if muddled affair '' and commended the four songs covered on the new soundtrack stating `` the 2012 soundtrack features faithful and decent covers of four songs from the original . When it comes to `` Something He Can Feel , '' it would be an understatement to say that the deck is stacked against Sparks and her vocal partners , Carmen Ejogo and Tika Sumpter . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Melissa Maerz gave Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack a B rating and praised Sparks version of `` Look Into Your Heart '' stating `` Sparks bellows Mayfield 's power ballad Look Into Your Heart with absolute conviction . Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone gave the soundtrack 31⁄2 of 5 stars , commenting that `` Sparkle revives four soul chestnuts and includes three originals written and produced by R. Kelly . It 's the second-most - satisfying retro - soul album of the year -- after Kelly 's Write Me Back '' ; however , he was ambivalent towards Houston 's last two recordings before her passing , saying that , `` Celebrate is forgettable disco - pop , and on the gospel standard `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Houston sings -- and croaks -- in a voice octaves lower than in her prime . At times the song has a ravaged magnificence , but mostly it 's painful . '' Chart performance ( edit ) For the week ending August 18 , 2012 the soundtrack debuted on the Billboard 200 at # 26 , # 7 on the Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and # 1 on the Billboard Top Soundtracks Albums , selling 12,000 copies in its first week . To date , the soundtrack has sold 86,000 copies . Singles ( edit ) `` Celebrate '' is the first official single from the soundtrack . It is the last song recorded by Whitney Houston before she died on February 11 , 2012 , a duet featuring her and R&B / pop singer Jordin Sparks . It was officially released on June 5 , 2012 for digital download and it was written by R. Kelly who also produced the track . For the week June 16 , 2012 , `` Celebrate '' debuted at number 34 on the US Adult R&B Airplay chart , having amassed 45 spins for that week ending . During that same week , `` Celebrate '' also debuted at number 84 on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , and has since peaked at number 54 . The music video for `` Celebrate '' was filmed on May 30 , 2012 . A preview of the video premiered on Entertainment Tonight on June 4 , 2012 . The music video made its world premiere on BET 's 106 & Park on June 27 , 2012 . `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' is the second official single from the soundtrack . The song is a gospel hymn performed by Whitney Houston . Houston is seen performing the song in a church scene in the film trailer . The song was officially released on June 8 , 2012 for digital download from Amazon and iTunes . The song was originally written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel . The song is most associated with actress - singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography . Track listing ( edit ) See `` Performers '' section below for credited singers on each track . Credits adapted from Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack liner notes . No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I 'm a Man '' ( Cee Lo Green ) Thomas DeCarlo Callaway , Kevin Risto , Waynne Nugent , Charlie Gambetta The MIDI Mafia 3 : 09 2 . `` Yes I Do '' ( Carmen Ejogo ) Guordan Banks , Warren Felder , Andrew Wansel Oak 3 : 14 3 . `` Running '' ( Goapele ) Charles Harmon , Claude Kelly Chuck Harmony , Claude Kelly 3 : 16 4 . `` Jump '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield Pop Wansel , Oak , Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson * 2 : 28 5 . `` Hooked on Your Love '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield Pop Wansel , Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson * , Jameel Roberts * 4 : 09 6 . `` Something He Can Feel '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield R. Kelly , Bigg Makk 3 : 28 7 . `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( Whitney Houston ) Civilla D. Martin , Charles H. Gabriel R. Kelly , The Underdogs 3 : 32 8 . `` Look into Your Heart '' ( Jordin Sparks ) Curtis Mayfield Oak 2 : 26 9 . `` One Wing '' ( Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly , Bigg Makk 4 : 15 10 . `` Love Will '' ( Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly 3 : 12 11 . `` Celebrate '' ( Whitney Houston and Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly 3 : 36 Total length : 36 : 45 Notes ( * ) donates as co-producer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard 200 21 U.S. Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Albums U.S. Billboard Soundtracks Credits and personnel ( edit ) Adapted from allmusic.com . Creativity and management Debra Martin Chase -- Executive Producer T.D. Jakes -- Executive Producer Erwin Gorostiza -- Art Direction , Design Donnie Meadows -- Production Coordination Carlos Taylor -- Production Coordination Mara Brock Akil -- Executive Producer Salim Akil -- Executive Producer Trina Bowman -- Production Coordination Tanisha Broadwater -- P Production Coordination Performances Jordin Sparks -- Primary Artist Whitney Houston -- Primary Artist Cee Lo Green -- Primary Artist Olga Konospelsky -- Background Vocals Emma Kummrow -- Background Vocals Charles Parker -- Background Vocals Tika Sumpter -- Primary Artist Carmen Ejogo -- Primary Artist Goapele -- Primary Artist R. Kelly - Additional Vocals The Rumor -- Background Vocals Voices of Praise -- Background Vocals Eliza Cho -- Background Vocals Technical Bigg Makk -- Arranger , Bass , Keyboards , Producer R. Kelly -- Arranger , Composer , Keyboards , Mixing , Producer David Boyd -- Assistant Michael Daley -- Assistant Trehy Harris -- Assistant Dabling Harward -- Assistant James Jones III -- Bass Ray Nesmith -- Bass Matt Taylor -- Bass Maria C. Ward -- Cello Joan Collaso -- Choir / Chorus Yvonne Gage -- Choir / Chorus Pastor Chris Harris -- Choir / Chorus Mike Harvey -- Choir / Chorus Jeff Morrow -- Choir / Chorus Lauren Pilot Morrow -- Choir / Chorus Robin Robinson -- Choir / Chorus Claude Kelly -- Composer , Producer , Vocal Producer Guordan Banks -- Composer , Vocals Thomas DeCarlo Callaway -- Composer Warren Felder -- Composer Charles Gabriel -- Composer Charlie Gambetta -- Composer Charles Harmon -- Composer Curtis Mayfield -- Composer Waynne Nugent -- Composer Kevin Risto -- Composer Andrew Wansel -- Composer Autoro `` Toro '' Whitfield -- Drums , Engineer , Piano Margis Miles -- Drums Abel Garibaldi -- Engineer , Programming Andrew Hey -- Engineer , Vocal Engineer The MIDI Mafia -- Engineer , Producer Ian Mereness -- Engineer , Programming Benjamin Adamson -- Engineer Mike `` TrakGuru '' Johnson -- Engineer Craig White -- Engineer Joel Geddis -- Guitar Donnie Lyle -- Guitar Andrew Meixner -- Guitar Ben Oniel -- Guitar Mark Strowbridge -- Guitar Harry Wilson -- Guitar Dexter Wansel -- Horn Arrangements , String Arrangements The Regiment -- Horn Kenneth Crouch -- Keyboards , Organ Rodney East -- Keyboards Herb Powers , Jr . -- Mastering Phil Seaford -- Mixing Assistant Dirty Swift -- Mixing , Programming Harvey Mason , Jr . -- Mixing , Vocal Producer Kevin `` KD '' Davis -- Mixing Serban Ghenea -- Mixing John Hanes -- Mixing Jaycen Joshua -- Mixing Spring Aspers -- Music Supervisor Kier Lehman -- Music Supervisor Chuck Harmony -- Musician , Producer , Vocal Producer The Underdogs -- Musician , Producer Jameel Roberts -- Organ , Producer Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson @ Flippa123 -- Producer Pop Wansel -- Producer Bruce Waynne -- Programming Ron Kerber -- Saxophone Hitomi Oba -- Saxophone Paul Arbogast -- Trombone Michael Jorosz -- Trumpet Tom Terrell -- Trumpet Nina Cottman -- Viola Ruth S. Fraizier -- Viola Release history ( edit ) List of radio and release dates with formats and record labels Region Release date Format Label Australia July 27 , 2012 CD , digital download RCA Records Belgium Denmark Finland France Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Sweden United States July 31 , 2012 Canada Mexico References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.allmusic.com/album/sparkle-mw0002390300/credits Jump up ^ http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/21554641 ^ Jump up to : Ballhorn , Kelly ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` WORLD PREMIERE : Whitney Houston & Jordin Sparks Duet ' Celebrate ' From ' Sparkle ' ( AUDIO ) '' . ryanseacrest.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/sparklemovie/status/204684417338322945 ^ Jump up to : http://www.classichitsandoldies.com/v2/2012/05/24/whitney-houstons-his-eye-is-on-the-sparrow-released/ ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/iamtikasumpter/status/208056583874293760 ^ Jump up to : http://www.sparkle-movie.com/site/ Jump up ^ http://www.eurweb.com/2011/11/sparkles-brely-evans-says-give-the-remake-a-chance/ Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's Sparkling Big - Screen Comeback '' . ETonline.com. 2011 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.allmusic.com/album/sparkle-mw0002390300 Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sparkle-soundtrack-whitney-houston-july-release-337957 Jump up ^ http://www.essence.com/2012/07/24/sparkle-movie-soundtrack-exclusive-first-listen/ Jump up ^ http://www.jordinsparks.com/us/news/stream-entire-sparkle-soundtrack-jordin-spark%E2%80%99s-official-store ^ Jump up to : http://www.mstarz.com/articles/3449/20120724/sparkle-soundtrack-whitney-houston-jordan-sparks-remake-music.htm#FlOIChGDSRkFbIQB.99 Jump up ^ http://music-mix.ew.com/2012/07/24/sparkle-soundtrack-jordin-sparks-whitney-houston/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20614877,00.html Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sparkle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-20120731 Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sparkle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-20120731#ixzz23kvvItpY Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/whitney-houston-greatest-hits-album-songs-360507 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/radio/whitney-houston-jordin-sparks-celebrate-1007229752.story Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/2012-06-16/r-b-hip-hop-songs?order=gainer Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Album & Song Chart History : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2012 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/deavanebersole/status/209727259861463042 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/His-Eye-Is-The-Sparrow/dp/B00880IT98/ Jump up ^ Waters , Ethel , with Charles Samuels , His Eye Is On The Sparrow : An Autobiography , New York , 1951 , reprinted by Da Capo Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( liner notes ) . RCA Records . 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/nl/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/fi/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/jp/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/be/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/no/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/se/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ http://www.jordinsparks.com/us/news/celebrate-sparkle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-july-31st Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/mx/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Sparkle 1976 film 1976 soundtrack 2012 film 2012 soundtrack `` Something He Can Feel '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sparkle:_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack&oldid=843089188 '' Categories : Film soundtracks Pop soundtracks Rhythm and blues soundtracks Soul soundtracks 2012 soundtracks Albums produced by R. Kelly Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who wrote the song one wing from sparkle

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Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd song)

Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd song ) - wikipedia Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd song ) For other uses , see Wish You Were Here ( disambiguation ) . `` Wish You Were Here '' Song by Pink Floyd from the album Wish You Were Here Released 12 September 1975 ( album ) Recorded January -- July 1975 Length 5 : 41 ( Wish You Were Here version ) 5 : 21 ( Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd version ) Label Harvest ( UK ) Columbia / CBS ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) David Gilmour Roger Waters Producer ( s ) Pink Floyd `` Wish You Were Here '' is the title track on Pink Floyd 's 1975 album Wish You Were Here . David Gilmour and Roger Waters collaborated to write the music , and Gilmour sang the lead vocal . In 2011 , the song was ranked No. 324 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Live performances 4 Other recorded versions by Pink Floyd 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Wish You Were Here ( Live ) 7.1 Track listing 7.2 Charts 7.3 Release history 8 Covers 8.1 Wyclef Jean version 8.2 Other covers 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) In the original album version , the song segues from `` Have a Cigar '' as if a radio had been tuned away from one station , through several others ( including a radio play and one playing the opening of the finale movement of Tchaikovsky 's Fourth Symphony ) , and finally to a new station where `` Wish You Were Here '' is beginning . The radio was recorded from Gilmour 's car radio . He performed the intro on a twelve - string guitar , processed to sound like it was playing through an AM radio , and then overdubbed a fuller - sounding acoustic guitar solo . This passage was mixed to sound as though a guitarist were listening to the radio and playing along . As the acoustic part becomes more complex , the ' radio broadcast ' fades away and Gilmour 's voice enters , becoming joined by the full band . The intro riff is repeated several times , before Gilmour plays further solos with scat singing accompaniment . A third verse follows , featuring an increasingly expressive vocal from Gilmour and audible backing vocals . At the end of the recorded song , the final solo crossfades with wind sound effects , and finally segues into the second section of the multi-part suite `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond '' . Lyrically , the song is often considered to be a direct tribute to Syd Barrett . However , on the documentary The Story of Wish You Were Here , Gilmour and Waters separately describe the original concept that differs from this interpretation . Waters , who mainly wrote the lyrics complementing Gilmour 's initial riff idea and subsequent joint composition , describes the lyrics as being directed at himself , as his lyrics often are . Being present in one 's own life and freeing one 's self in order to truly experience life is a main topic in this song . Gilmour , on the other hand , recognizes that he does not ever perform the song without remembering Syd Barrett . Waters later adds that the song is nevertheless open to interpretation . Both David Gilmour and Roger Waters have praised the song as one of Pink Floyd 's finest . Roger Waters has noted that the collaboration between himself and David Gilmour on the song was `` ... really good . All bits of it are really , really good . I 'm very happy about it . '' David Gilmour has playfully called `` Wish You Were Here '' `` a very simple country song '' and stated that `` because of its resonance and the emotional weight it carries , it is one of our best songs . '' Recording ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' was recorded at Abbey Road Studios , as part of the sessions for the entire album . A noted part of the song was a planned contribution by Stéphane Grappelli . A jazz violinist popular at the time and well known for his collaborations with Yehudi Menuhin , both violinists were recording in a downstairs studio at Abbey Road at the time . Gilmour had suggested that there be a little `` country fiddle '' at the end of the song and invited them to participate . Grappelli duly obliged ( Menuhin declined ) on arranging a session fee of £ 300 , equivalent to £ 2,300 in 2018 . Ultimately during mixing it was decided to almost remove his contribution , although it can just be heard around 5 : 21 . According to Waters it was decided that it would be insulting to credit Grappelli in the sleeve notes for something so inaudible , although he did receive the agreed - upon fee . As part of the Why Pink Floyd ... ? campaign , the Experience and Immersion versions of the Wish You Were Here album include an alternative version of the song where Grappelli 's part is heard in the instrumental break after the second verse and throughout the third verse before a considerably extended outro . Other less obvious differences are audible , for example at the section leading into the second verse . The master tape of the original recording includes an entire performance of pedal steel guitar and electric guitar solos , played by Gilmour , that were not used in the final mix . Live performances ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' made its stage debut on the band 's 1977 tour , which featured a performance of the entire album at every show . It was not played live by the band for nearly ten years after this , yet became a concert staple after its reappearance in 1987 , and was performed at nearly all subsequent Pink Floyd concerts . In the original 1977 concert performances , Gilmour would play his Fender Stratocaster instead of acoustic guitar , while Snowy White played a twelve - string Ovation acoustic guitar . At these shows , Nick Mason tuned an actual transistor radio on stage to a local radio station , seguing into the pre-recorded part from the album to start the song and Richard Wright would perform an extended piano coda as the wind effects played . A live version is included on Pulse . When Pink Floyd were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , Gilmour and Wright ( Mason was in the audience ) performed the song with the assistance of their presenter Billy Corgan on rhythm guitar . Gilmour has made the song a part of most of his tours , and included a live version on his Live in Gdansk album . On 13 December 2014 David Gilmour was a guest performer at a concert by the Bombay Bicycle Club at Earls Court Arena , their concert being the final event ever to take place there before its demolition . Band member Jamie MacColl introduced Gilmour , saying ; `` This man gave me my first guitar and was one of the first people to play this venue and by my count has played here more than 27 times . '' Gilmour then played with the band on their song `` Rinse Me Down '' before a performance of `` Wish You Were Here '' . In 2005 , Waters and Eric Clapton performed the song at the Tsunami Aid concert , and in 2005 's Live 8 , Waters rejoined his former bandmates in London to perform it , along with four other classic Pink Floyd songs . Waters sung half the verses during Live 8 , while in the original version Gilmour did all the vocals . Other recorded versions by Pink Floyd ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' appeared as the fifth track on A Collection of Great Dance Songs in 1981 ( with the radio intro following the end of a heavily edited `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond '' ) and as the 23rd track on the Echoes compilation in 2001 ( with the radio intro following `` Arnold Layne '' , and at the end crossfading with `` Jugband Blues '' ) . A live recording included on the 1995 live album P U L S E was issued as a single / EP . Its intro replicates the sound of the original , semi-ambient intro . The cover of the EP features two men whose faces are distorted by fish bowls , referring to the line `` We 're just two lost souls swimming in a fish bowl , year after year '' . Personnel ( edit ) David Gilmour -- six and twelve - string acoustic guitars , pedal steel guitar , tape effects , lead and backing vocals , scat singing Nick Mason -- drums , tape effects Roger Waters -- bass , tape effects Richard Wright -- Steinway piano , Minimoog Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Norway ( VG - lista ) 18 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 48 France ( SNEP ) 192 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 67 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 68 Wish You Were Here ( live ) ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' Single by Pink Floyd from the album Pulse B - side `` Coming Back to Life ( Live ) '' `` Keep Talking ( Live ) '' Released 20 July 1995 Format CD CD ( maxi ) CD - R Recorded 20 September ( Cinecittà , Rome ) , 1994 Genre Progressive rock acoustic rock Label Columbia ( US ) EMI ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) David Gilmour Roger Waters Producer ( s ) James Guthrie David Gilmour Pink Floyd singles chronology `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' ( 1994 ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' ( 1995 ) `` Louder than Words '' ( 2014 ) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' ( 1994 ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' ( 1995 ) `` Louder than Words '' ( 2014 ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' is a live recording of Pink Floyd 's title track off their ninth studio album Wish You Were Here , recorded by the band for their third live album , Pulse . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' was released as a single on 20 July 1995 in the United Kingdom and Europe , notably the very last single released by the band until October 2014 . Track listing ( edit ) CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' 5 : 40 2 . `` Coming Back to Life ( Live ) '' 6 : 40 CD Maxi No . Title Length 1 . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' 5 : 40 2 . `` Coming Back to Life ( Live ) '' 6 : 40 3 . `` Keep Talking ( Live ) '' 6 : 54 Netherlands promotional single No . Title Length 1 . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' 5 : 40 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 13 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Catalog no . Netherlands 20 July 1995 CD - R ( Contemporary hit radio ) CD CD ( maxi ) EMI PFSING1 ( CD - R ) 724388220828 ( CD ) 7243 8 82207 2 9 ( CD maxi ) United Kingdom CD CD maxi 724388220828 ( CD ) 7243 8 82207 2 9 ( CD maxi ) Covers ( edit ) Wyclef Jean version ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' Single by Wyclef Jean from the album The Ecleftic : 2 Sides II a Book B - side `` No Woman , No Cry '' Released 3 December 2001 Format CD single cassette Recorded 2000 Genre Progressive rock rap rock acoustic Length 4 : 06 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) David Gilmour Roger Waters Jerry ' Wonder ' Duplessis Wyclef Jean Producer ( s ) Jerry ' Wonder ' Duplessis Wyclef Jean Wyclef Jean singles chronology `` Perfect Gentleman '' ( 2001 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( 2001 ) `` Two Wrongs '' ( 2002 ) `` Perfect Gentleman '' ( 2001 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( 2001 ) `` Two Wrongs '' ( 2002 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' served as the fourth and final single from Wyclef Jean 's second studio album , The Ecleftic : 2 Sides II a Book . It was released in December 2001 , peaking at # 28 on the UK Singles Chart . UK CD single ( 672156 2 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( Radio edit ) -- 4 : 04 `` No Woman , No Cry '' ( Live version ) -- 4 : 33 `` 911 '' ( Live version ) -- 4 : 23 `` Wish You Were Here '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 25 UK cassette ( 672156 5 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( LP version ) -- 4 : 25 `` Perfect Gentleman '' ( Remix radio edit ) -- 3 : 59 Other covers ( edit ) British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran performed a cover at the Closing Ceremonies of the London Summer Olympic Games in 2012 with Mike Rutherford of Genesis on guitar , Richard Jones of The Feeling on bass , David Arnold and Nick Mason on drums . A performer , dressed in a suit , tightrope - walked across the stadium and shook hands with a mannequin at the end , which then burst into flames , referencing the album 's cover . American band Sparklehorse recorded a 2005 version featuring Thom Yorke of Radiohead . American metal band Avenged Sevenfold covered this song on the deluxe version of their 2016 album , The Stage , along with five other covers . They perform the song live with the lead vocalist of the band Halestorm , Lzzy Hale . American comedy rock duo Ninja Sex Party covered this song on their 2016 cover album Under the Covers , and also produced a music video . The song can also be heard in the movie War Dogs ( 2016 film ) . Although it has been cut from its instrumental introduction and starts directly at the first verse . Ivorian singer Alpha Blondy included a reggae cover of Wish You Were Here on his 2007 album Jah Victory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strong , Martin C. ( 2004 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 7th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Canongate Books . p. 1177 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 551 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : Pink Floyd , ' Wish You Were Here ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Absolute sound , Volume 18 , Issues 87 - 90 p. 113 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pink Floyd : Wish You Were Here ( Songbook. 1975 Pink Floyd Music Publishers Ltd. , London , England . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 1029 - 4 ( USA ISBN 0 - 8256 - 1079 - 6 ) . Jump up ^ Edginton , John ( Director ) ( June 26 , 2012 ) . The Story of Wish You Were Here ( Documentary ) . UK : Eagle Rock Entertainment . 48 minutes in minutes in . YouTube title : Pink Floyd - The Story of Wish You Were Here ( 720p with subtitles ) Jump up ^ Edginton , John ( Director ) ( June 26 , 2012 ) . The Story of Wish You Were Here ( Documentary ) . UK : Eagle Rock Entertainment . YouTube title : Pink Floyd - The Story of Wish You Were Here ( 720p with subtitles ) 49 : 58 Jump up ^ Edginton , John ( Director ) ( June 26 , 2012 ) . The Story of Wish You Were Here ( Documentary ) . UK : Eagle Rock Entertainment. YouTube title : Pink Floyd - The Story of Wish You Were Here ( 720p with subtitles ) 52 : 38 Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard , Metzger ( 26 April 2013 ) , `` Wish You Were Here : Pink Floyd Jam with Stéphane Grappelli , 1975 '' , Dangerous Minds , retrieved 27 April 2013 Jump up ^ Shea , Stuart ; Floyd , Pink ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . Pink Floyd FAQ : Everything Left to Know ... and More ! . Backbeat Books . ISBN 9781617133947 . Jump up ^ Blake , Mark ( 2008 ) . `` Riding the Gravy Train '' . Comfortably Numb : The Inside Story of Pink Floyd . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Thunder 's Mouth Press . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 383 - 9 . Roy Harper was n't the only special guest , or old friend to drop by the sessions . When it was discovered that classical violinists Yehudi Menuhin and Stéphane Grappelli were recording a duet at Abbey Road , ( David ) Gilmour suggested Grappelli come in and play a final violin coda to the song ' Wish You Were Here ' . Grappelli haggled over his fee but finally settled at £ 300 . In the end , his playing is virtually inaudible on the final mix . Jump up ^ Pink Floyd , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1996 . Jump up ^ Povey , Glenn . ( 2007 ) Echoes : the complete history of Pink Floyd Mind Head Publishing , Retrieved 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pink Floyd Visionary Syd Barrett Dies At 60 Billboard 22 Jul 2006 . p. 46 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Echoes : the album credits '' . Pink Floyd . Archived from the original on 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- Wish You Were Here '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pink Floyd -- Wish You Were Here '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- Wish You Were Here '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet '' . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) ( CD , Single ) '' . Pink Floyd . Discogs . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) ( CD , Maxi - Single ) '' . Pink Floyd . Discogs . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) ( CD , Single , Promo ) '' . Pink Floyd . Discogs . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History ( Singles ) -- Pink Floyd '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 26 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands CD Singles '' . Pink Floyd Discography Archive . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` polyhex - UK singles chartruns '' . Jump up ^ `` Olympics Closing Ceremony : Ed Sheeran Performs With Pink Floyd And Genesis Musicians '' . Jump up ^ `` Lzzy Hale Joins Avenged Sevenfold Onstage for Pink Floyd Cover '' . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here - Ninja Sex Party music video '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd album ) Pink Floyd 's version on Last.fm Wyclef Jean 's version on Last.fm Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Wish You Were Here on IMDb Wish You Were Here Songs Side one `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- V ) '' `` Welcome to the Machine '' Side two `` Have a Cigar '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts VI -- IX ) '' Related articles Wish You Were Here Tour The Story of Wish You Were Here The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Pink Floyd Nick Mason Roger Waters Richard Wright Syd Barrett David Gilmour Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Is There Anybody Out There ? The Wall Live 1980 -- 81 Singles `` Arnold Layne '' / `` Candy and a Currant Bun '' `` See Emily Play '' / `` The Scarecrow '' `` Flaming '' / `` The Gnome '' ( US ) `` Apples and Oranges '' / `` Paint Box '' ( UK ) `` It Would Be So Nice '' / `` Julia Dream '' `` Let There Be More Light '' / `` Remember a Day '' ( US ) `` Point Me at the Sky '' / `` Careful with That Axe , Eugene '' ( UK ) `` One of These Days '' / `` Fearless '' ( US ) `` Free Four '' `` Money '' / `` Any Colour You Like '' ( US ) `` Time '' / `` Us and Them '' ( US ) `` Have a Cigar '' / `` Welcome to the Machine '' ( US ) or `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I '' ( Europe ) `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part II ) '' / `` One of My Turns '' `` Run Like Hell '' / `` Do n't Leave Me Now '' ( Europe / some US ) or `` Comfortably Numb '' ( later US ) `` Comfortably Numb '' / `` Hey You '' ( US ) `` Pink Floyd The Wall - Music From The Film '' ( `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' / `` Bring the Boys Back Home '' ) `` Not Now John '' / `` The Hero 's Return ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' `` Learning to Fly '' / `` Terminal Frost '' and / or `` One Slip '' `` On the Turning Away '' / `` Run Like Hell ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` One Slip '' / `` Terminal Frost '' / `` The Dogs of War '' ( UK ) `` Take It Back '' / `` Astronomy Domine ( live ) '' ( US ) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' / `` Marooned '' `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' / `` Coming Back to Life ( live ) / `` Keep Talking ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` Louder than Words '' Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd / Masters of Rock Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works 1967 : The First Three Singles Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd : A Foot in the Door 1965 : Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh , by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965 -- 1972 Films Concerts London ' 66 -- ' 67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall The Final Cut Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London ' 66 -- ' 67 The Story of Wish You Were Here Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point Obscured by Clouds Pink Floyd -- The Wall La Carrera Panamericana Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Atom Heart Mother World Tour Meddle Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour The Division Bell Tour Related media and tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Barn Jams Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo `` Grantchester Meadows '' `` Embryo '' Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Nick Mason 's Saucerful of Secrets Pinkfloydia `` Proper Education '' Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Other topics Discography Videography Song list Unreleased material Members Bootleg recordings Pink Floyd live performances The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios Dark Side of the Rainbow EMS Synthi A Games for May Midsummer High Weekend Pink Floyd pigs Publius Enigma Why Pink Floyd ... ? Book Portal Wyclef Jean Discography Studio albums The Carnival The Ecleftic : 2 Sides II a Book Masquerade The Preacher 's Son Welcome to Haiti : Creole 101 Carnival Vol. II : Memoirs of an Immigrant From the Hut , To the Projects , To the Mansion Carnival III : The Fall and Rise of a Refugee Compilations Greatest Hits EPs If I Were President : My Haitian Experience J'ouvert Singles `` We Trying to Stay Alive '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Gone till November '' `` Cheated ( To All the Girls ) '' `` Gunpowder '' `` Another One Bites the Dust '' `` New Day '' `` It Does n't Matter '' `` 911 '' `` Perfect Gentleman '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Two Wrongs '' `` Pussycat '' `` Party to Damascus '' `` Sweetest Girl ( Dollar Bill ) '' `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' `` Divine Sorrow '' Featured singles `` No , No , No '' `` In the Zone '' `` Maria Maria '' `` Loving You ( Ole Ole Ole ) '' `` One Nite Stand '' `` Shape of You ( Reshaped ) '' `` Learn Chinese '' `` Hips Do n't Lie '' `` Nuestro Himno '' `` Dangerous '' `` You Know What It Is '' `` Five - O '' `` Dimelo '' Tours The Carnival Tour See also Barikad Crew Jimmy O The Fugees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_song)&oldid=856997375 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1995 singles 2001 singles Pink Floyd songs Wyclef Jean songs Songs written by David Gilmour Songs written by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by David Gilmour Song recordings produced by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Nick Mason Song recordings produced by Jerry Duplessis Live singles Capitol Records singles EMI Records singles Columbia Records singles Songs in memory of Syd Barrett Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 21 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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who sang wish you were here pink floyd

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400 metres at the Olympics

400 metres at the Olympics - wikipedia 400 metres at the Olympics 400 metres at the Olympic Games The 2012 Olympic men 's 400 m final Overview Sport Athletics Gender Men and women Years held Men : 1896 -- 2016 Women : 1964 -- 2016 Olympic record Men 43.03 Wayde van Niekerk ( 2016 ) Women 48.25 Marie - José Pérec ( 1996 ) Reigning champion Men Wayde van Niekerk ( RSA ) Women Shaunae Miller ( BAH ) The 400 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event . The men 's 400 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896 but nearly seventy years passed before the introduction of the women 's 400 m , which has been held continuously since the 1964 Games . It is the most prestigious 400 m race at elite level . The competition format typically has two qualifying rounds leading to a final race between eight athletes . The Olympic record for the men 's race was set in 2016 , and the record for the women 's race was set in 1996 . Wayde van Niekerk holds the men 's record of 43.03 seconds , breaking world and Olympic records that had been held by Michael Johnson since 1999 and 1996 respectively . Marie - José Pérec is the women 's record holder at 48.25 seconds . The men 's world record has been broken several times at the Olympics : in 1912 , 1932 , 1960 , 1968 , and 2016 . Irena Szewińska is the only person to break the women 's world record at the competition , doing so in 1976 . Only two athletes have won the event twice : Marie - José Pérec became the first to defend the title in 1996 , then Michael Johnson followed with victories in 1996 and 2000 . No athlete has won more than three medals . Several medalists in the event have also had success in the 200 metres at the Olympics : Johnson , Perec , Szewińska and Valerie Brisco - Hooks have all won titles at both distances . Athletes chosen for the event almost always form part of their nation 's team for the 4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics . The United States is by far the most successful nation in the event , with 21 gold medals and 44 medals in total . The next most successful nation is Great Britain with three gold among its 13 medals . The 1908 men 's 400 metres saw the only walkover in Olympic history , as the American finalists refused to compete in a re-run due to British rules . Contents 1 Medal summary 1.1 Men 1.1. 1 Multiple medalists 1.1. 2 Medals by country 1.2 Women 1.2. 1 Multiple medalists 1.2. 2 Medalists by country 2 Olympic record progression 2.1 Men 2.2 Women 3 Intercalated Games 4 Non-canonical Olympic events 5 References 6 External links Medal summary ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1896 Athens details Thomas Burke United States Herbert Jamison United States Charles Gmelin Great Britain 1900 Paris details Maxie Long United States William Holland United States Ernst Schultz Denmark 1904 St. Louis details Harry Hillman United States Frank Waller United States Herman Groman United States 1908 London details Wyndham Halswelle Great Britain None awarded None awarded 1912 Stockholm details Charles Reidpath United States Hanns Braun Germany Edward Lindberg United States 1920 Antwerp details Bevil Rudd South Africa Guy Butler Great Britain Nils Engdahl Sweden 1924 Paris details Eric Liddell Great Britain Horatio Fitch United States Guy Butler Great Britain 1928 Amsterdam details Ray Barbuti United States James Ball Canada Joachim Büchner Germany 1932 Los Angeles details Bill Carr United States Ben Eastman United States Alex Wilson Canada 1936 Berlin details Archie Williams United States Godfrey Brown Great Britain James LuValle United States 1948 London details Arthur Wint Jamaica Herb McKenley Jamaica Mal Whitfield United States 1952 Helsinki details George Rhoden Jamaica Herb McKenley Jamaica Ollie Matson United States 1956 Melbourne details Charles Jenkins United States Karl - Friedrich Haas United Team of Germany Voitto Hellstén Finland Ardalion Ignatyev Soviet Union 1960 Rome details Otis Davis United States Carl Kaufmann United Team of Germany Malcolm Spence South Africa 1964 Tokyo details Mike Larrabee United States Wendell Mottley Trinidad and Tobago Andrzej Badeński Poland 1968 Mexico City details Lee Evans United States Larry James United States Ron Freeman United States 1972 Munich details Vincent Matthews United States Wayne Collett United States Julius Sang Kenya 1976 Montreal details Alberto Juantorena Cuba Fred Newhouse United States Herman Frazier United States 1980 Moscow details Viktor Markin Soviet Union Rick Mitchell Australia Frank Schaffer East Germany 1984 Los Angeles details Alonzo Babers United States Gabriel Tiacoh Ivory Coast Antonio McKay United States 1988 Seoul details Steve Lewis United States Butch Reynolds United States Danny Everett United States 1992 Barcelona details Quincy Watts United States Steve Lewis United States Samson Kitur Kenya 1996 Atlanta details Michael Johnson United States Roger Black Great Britain Davis Kamoga Uganda 2000 Sydney details Michael Johnson United States Alvin Harrison United States Greg Haughton Jamaica 2004 Athens details Jeremy Wariner United States Otis Harris United States Derrick Brew United States 2008 Beijing details LaShawn Merritt United States Jeremy Wariner United States David Neville United States 2012 London details Kirani James Grenada Luguelín Santos Dominican Republic Lalonde Gordon Trinidad and Tobago 2016 Rio details Wayde van Niekerk South Africa Kirani James Grenada LaShawn Merritt United States Multiple medalists ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Michael Johnson United States ( USA ) 1996 -- 2000 0 0 Steve Lewis United States ( USA ) 1988 -- 1992 0 Jeremy Wariner United States ( USA ) 2004 -- 2008 0 Kirani James Grenada ( GRN ) 2012 -- 2016 0 5 LaShawn Merritt United States ( USA ) 2008 -- 2016 0 6 Herb McKenley Jamaica ( JAM ) 1948 -- 1952 0 0 7 Guy Butler Great Britain ( GBR ) 1920 -- 1924 0 Medals by country ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 19 13 11 38 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Jamaica ( JAM ) 5 4 = South Africa ( RSA ) 0 4 = Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 6 = Cuba ( CUB ) 0 0 6 = Grenada ( GRN ) 0 8 Germany ( GER ) 0 9 = Canada ( CAN ) 0 9 = Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 0 11 = Australia ( AUS ) 0 0 11 = Ivory Coast ( CIV ) 0 0 11 = Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 0 0 14 Kenya ( KEN ) 0 0 15 = Denmark ( DEN ) 0 0 15 = East Germany ( GDR ) 0 0 15 = Finland ( FIN ) 0 0 15 = Poland ( POL ) 0 0 15 = Sweden ( SWE ) 0 0 15 = Uganda ( UGA ) 0 0 The German total includes teams both competing as Germany and the United Team of Germany , but not East or West Germany . Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1964 Tokyo details Betty Cuthbert Australia Ann Packer Great Britain Judy Amoore Australia 1968 Mexico City details Colette Besson France Lillian Board Great Britain Natalya Pechonkina Soviet Union 1972 Munich details Monika Zehrt East Germany Rita Wilden West Germany Kathy Hammond United States 1976 Montreal details Irena Szewińska Poland Christina Brehmer East Germany Ellen Streidt East Germany 1980 Moscow details Marita Koch East Germany Jarmila Kratochvílová Czechoslovakia Christina Lathan East Germany 1984 Los Angeles details Valerie Brisco - Hooks United States Chandra Cheeseborough United States Kathy Smallwood - Cook Great Britain 1988 Seoul details Olga Bryzgina Soviet Union Petra Müller East Germany Olga Nazarova Soviet Union 1992 Barcelona details Marie - José Pérec France Olga Bryzgina Unified Team Ximena Restrepo Colombia 1996 Atlanta details Marie - José Pérec France Cathy Freeman Australia Falilat Ogunkoya Nigeria 2000 Sydney details Cathy Freeman Australia Lorraine Graham Jamaica Katharine Merry Great Britain 2004 Athens details Tonique Williams - Darling Bahamas Ana Guevara Mexico Natalya Antyukh Russia 2008 Beijing details Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain Shericka Williams Jamaica Sanya Richards United States 2012 London details Sanya Richards - Ross United States Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain DeeDee Trotter United States 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Shaunae Miller Bahamas Allyson Felix United States Shericka Jackson Jamaica Multiple medalists ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Marie - José Pérec France ( FRA ) 1992 -- 1996 0 0 2 = Olga Bryzgina Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1988 -- 1992 0 2 = Cathy Freeman Australia ( AUS ) 1996 -- 2000 0 2 = Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain ( GBR ) 2008 -- 2012 0 5 Sanya Richards - Ross United States ( USA ) 2008 -- 2012 0 6 Christina Lathan East Germany ( GDR ) 1976 -- 1980 0 Medalists by country ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total France ( FRA ) 0 0 East Germany ( GDR ) 6 United States ( USA ) 6 Australia ( AUS ) 6 Great Britain ( GBR ) 6 7 Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 8 = South Africa ( RSA ) 0 0 8 = Poland ( POL ) 0 0 5 Bahamas ( BAH ) 0 0 9 Jamaica ( JAM ) 0 0 10 = Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 0 0 10 = Mexico ( MEX ) 0 0 10 = Unified Team ( EUN ) 0 0 10 = West Germany ( FRG ) 0 0 14 = Colombia ( COL ) 0 0 14 = Nigeria ( NGR ) 0 0 14 = Russia ( RUS ) 0 0 Olympic record progression ( edit ) Men ( edit ) See also : Men 's 400 metres world record progression Time Athlete Nation Games Round Date 56.8 Herbert Jamison United States ( USA ) 1896 Heat 1 54.2 Tom Burke United States ( USA ) 1896 Final 50.4 Maxie Long United States ( USA ) 1900 Heat 1 49.4 Maxie Long United States ( USA ) 1900 Final 49.2 Harry Hillman United States ( USA ) 1904 Finl 48.4 Wyndham Halswelle Great Britain ( GBR ) 1904 Quarterfinal 2 48.2 Charles Reidpath United States ( USA ) 1912 Final 48.0 Joseph Imbach Switzerland ( SUI ) 1924 Quarterfinal 6 47.8 Horatio Fitch United States ( USA ) 1924 Semifinal 1 47.6 WR Eric Liddell Great Britain ( GBR ) 1924 Final 47.2 Bill Carr United States ( USA ) 1932 Semifinal 1 46.2 WR Bill Carr United States ( USA ) 1932 Final 46.2 Arthur Wint Jamaica ( JAM ) 1948 Final 45.9 George Rhoden Jamaica ( JAM ) 1952 Final 45.9 Otis Davis United States ( USA ) 1960 Quarterfinal 4 45.5 Otis Davis United States ( USA ) 1960 Semifinal 1 44.9 WR Otis Davis United States ( USA ) 1960 Final 44.83 Lee Evans United States ( USA ) 1968 Semifinal 2 43.86 WR Lee Evans United States ( USA ) 1968 Final 43.71 Quincy Watts United States ( USA ) 1992 Semifinal 1 43.50 Quincy Watts United States ( USA ) 1992 Final 43.49 Michael Johnson United States ( USA ) Final 43.03 WR Wayde van Niekerk South Africa ( RSA ) 2016 Final Women ( edit ) See also : Women 's 400 metres world record progression Time Athlete Nation Games Round Date 54.4 Antónia Munkácsi Hungary ( HUN ) 1964 Heat 1 53.1 Ann Packer Great Britain ( GBR ) 1964 Heat 3 52.7 Ann Packer Great Britain ( GBR ) 1964 Semifinal 1 52.0 Betty Cuthbert Australia ( AUS ) 1964 Final 52.03 Colette Besson France ( FRA ) 1968 Final 51.94 Charlene Rendina Australia ( AUS ) 1972 Heat 1 51.71 Györgyi Balogh - Szomo Hungary ( HUN ) 1972 Quarterfinal 3 51.68 Helga Seidler East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 Semifinal 1 51.47 Monika Zehrt East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 Semifinal 2 51.08 Monika Zehrt East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 Final 50.48 Irena Szewińska Poland ( POL ) 1976 Semifinal 1 49.28 WR Irena Szewińska Poland ( POL ) 1976 Final 48.88 Marita Koch East Germany ( GDR ) 1980 Final 48.83 Valerie Brisco - Hooks United States ( USA ) 1984 Final 48.65 Olha Bryzhina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1988 Final 48.25 Marie - José Pérec France ( FRA ) Final Intercalated Games ( edit ) The 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series , with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two - year intervals between the internationally - held Olympics . However , this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series . Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon . At this event a men 's 400 m was held and Paul Pilgrim , a 1904 Olympic gold medalist in the 4 - mile team race , won the competition . Wyndham Halswelle , later the 1908 Olympic champion in the 800 metres , was the runner - up while Australia 's Nigel Barker was the bronze medalist . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1906 Athens details Paul Pilgrim ( USA ) Wyndham Halswelle ( GBR ) Nigel Barker ( AUS ) Non-canonical Olympic events ( edit ) In addition to the main 1900 Olympic men 's 400 metres , a handicap competition was contested seven days after the final . Twenty men entered , with Hungary 's Pál Koppán , Germany 's Albert Werkmüller and Dave Hall of the United States being the only non-French entrants . Koppán was the victor with a handicap of 35 m , Werkmüller was second with a handicap of 35 m , and Frenchman André Lemonnier took third with a 26 m handicap . Two professionals - only events were also held in 1900 . The 400 metres world record holder Edgar Bredin won with a time of 53.2 seconds , ahead of Legrain of France ( possibly Paul Legrain ) and his compatriot Jules Bouchoux . A handicap professional race was also held but the results have not been located . A handicap 440 - yard dash ( 402.3 m ) competition was held at 1904 Summer Olympics after the 1904 Olympic men 's 400 m race . An American , F. Darcy , won the race with a time of 50.8 ( 12 - yard start ) . George Underwood , also of the United States , came second with no handicap and John Peck of Canada came third off a six - yard headstart . These events are no longer considered part of the official Olympic history of the 400 metres or the athletics programme in general . Consequently , medals from these competitions have not been assigned to nations on the all - time medal tables . References ( edit ) Participation and athlete data Athletics Men 's 400 metres Medalists . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Athletics Women 's 400 metres Medalists . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Olympic record progressions Mallon , Bill ( 2012 ) . TRACK & FIELD ATHLETICS - OLYMPIC RECORD PROGRESSIONS . Track and Field News . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Specific Jump up ^ London 1908 Olympic Games . Britannica . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ 1906 Athina Summer Games . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Athletics at the 1906 Athina Summer Games : Men 's 400 metres . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's 400 metres , Handicap . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Handicap Olympic Athletics Events . GBR Athletics . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's 400 metres , Professionals . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 28 . External links ( edit ) IAAF 400 metres homepage Official Olympics website Olympic athletics records from Track & Field News 400 metres at the Olympic Games Summary Men 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Women 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Athletics at the Summer Olympics Editions 1896 1900 1904 1906 ( Intercalated ) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Events Track 100 m 200 m 400 m 800 m 1500 m 5000 m 10,000 m 4 × 100 m relay 4 × 400 m relay Sprint hurdles 400 m hurdles Steeplechase Field Shot put Discus throw Hammer throw Javelin throw Pole vault High jump Long jump Triple jump Others Combined events Marathon Race walking Defunct Cross country Team races 60 metres Weight throw Wheelchair racing Professional events List of medalists men women Records Venues Medal sweeps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=400_metres_at_the_Olympics&oldid=861162432 '' Categories : 400 metres at the Olympics 400 metres Athletics events at the Olympics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 14 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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who won the women's 400 meter dash in the olympics

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List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders

List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search This article provides two lists : a list of National Basketball Association players by total career playoff points scored . a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . ) Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2006 -- 2010 , 2015 -- 2017 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 6,163 217 28.4 2,182 331 1,468 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) 5,987 179 33.4 2,188 148 1,463 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1989 ) 5,762 237 24.3 2,356 0 1,050 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2012 ) 5,640 220 25.6 2,014 292 1,320 5 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2011 ) 5,250 216 24.3 2,041 0 1,168 6 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1998 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2016 ) 5,172 251 20.6 1,975 5 1,217 7 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1986 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2004 ) 4,761 193 24.7 1,743 6 1,269 8 West , Jerry Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1961 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 ) 4,457 153 29.1 1,622 0 1,213 9 Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ PG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- 2017 ) 4,012 221 18.2 1,599 119 695 10 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1988 , 1990 -- 1992 ) 3,897 164 23.8 1,458 80 901 11 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2014 , 2016 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2017 ) 3,871 172 22.5 1,419 103 930 12 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1963 -- 1969 , 1972 -- 1977 ) 3,776 172 22.0 1,451 0 874 13 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1985 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1999 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2002 ) 3,755 145 25.9 1,504 743 14 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 -- 1991 , 1996 ) 3,701 190 19.5 1,291 51 1,068 15 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 ) 3,663 145 25.3 1,220 149 1,074 16 Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * SF Chicago Bulls ( 1988 -- 1998 ) Houston Rockets ( 1999 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 3,642 208 17.5 1,335 200 772 17 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1959 -- 1970 ) 3,623 134 27.0 1,388 0 847 18 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1960 -- 1962 , 1964 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1969 -- 1973 ) 3,607 160 22.5 1,425 0 757 19 McHale , Kevin Kevin McHale * PF Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 1993 ) 3,182 169 18.8 1,204 8 766 20 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2008 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 3,180 170 18.7 1,022 276 860 21 Johnson , Dennis Dennis Johnson * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 1990 ) 3,116 180 17.3 1,167 26 756 22 Erving , Julius Julius Erving * SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1977 -- 1987 ) 3,088 141 21.9 1,187 7 707 23 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2010 -- 2014 , 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2017 ) 3,048 106 28.8 1,026 222 774 24 Worthy , James James Worthy * SF Los Angeles Lakers ( 1984 -- 1991 , 1993 ) 3,022 143 21.1 1,267 14 474 25 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2017 ) 3,009 213 14.1 941 318 809 Contents ( hide ) 1 Progressive list of playoff scoring leaders 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Progressive list of playoff scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . BAL Baltimore Bullets HOU Houston Rockets OKC Oklahoma City Thunder SFW San Francisco Warriors BOS Boston Celtics IND Indiana Pacers PHI Philadelphia 76ers SEA Seattle SuperSonics CHI Chicago Bulls LAL Los Angeles Lakers PHO Phoenix Suns STL St. Louis Hawks CLE Cleveland Cavaliers MIA Miami Heat PHW Philadelphia Warriors SYR Syracuse Nationals DAL Dallas Mavericks MNL Minneapolis Lakers ROC Rochester Royals UTA Utah Jazz GSW Golden State Warriors NYK New York Knicks SAS San Antonio Spurs WAS Washington Wizards Playoff scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - Year Leader Pts Active Player Scoring Leader Pts Career Scoring Record Pts Single Season Scoring Record Pts Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 282 504 504 282 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 303 George Mikan * 000MNL 303 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 376 George Mikan * 000MNL 679 George Mikan * 000MNL 679 376 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 Arnie Risen * 000ROC 273 847 847 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 George Mikan * 000MNL 307 1,154 1,154 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 238 1,392 1,392 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 252 1,644 1,644 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 209 Jim Pollard * 000MNL 977 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 289 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,680 1,680 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Bob Pettit * 000STL 298 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 1,192 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 Cliff Hagan * 000STL 305 1,272 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Elgin Baylor * 000MNL 331 1,526 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Bob Pettit * 000STL 365 1,614 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 457 1,779 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 1,779 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 457 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 502 1,836 1,836 502 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 424 Bob Cousy * 000BOS 2,018 Bob Cousy * 000BOS 2,018 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 Wilt Chamberlain * 000SFW 416 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,194 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,194 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 Jerry West * 000LAL 447 2,240 2,240 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 479 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 2,511 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 2,511 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 521 2,582 2,582 Rick Barry * 000SFW 521 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 John Havlicek * 000BOS 493 3,010 3,010 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Jerry West * 000LAL 556 3,287 3,287 Jerry West * 000LAL 556 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 562 Jerry West * 000LAL 3,708 Jerry West * 000LAL 3,708 562 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 Earl Monroe * 000BAL 397 3,708 3,708 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 Walt Frazier * 000NYK 388 4,052 4,052 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Jerry West * 000LAL 401 4,453 4,453 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 515 4,457 4,457 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 Rick Barry * 000GSW 479 John Havlicek * 000BOS 3,413 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 Jo Jo White * 000BOS 408 3,611 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Julius Erving * 000PHI 518 3,776 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 Elvin Hayes * 000WSB 457 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 Gus Williams 000SEA 454 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 2,382 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 479 2,861 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Moses Malone * 000HOU 562 2,941 Jerry West * & Moses Malone * 000HOU 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 Julius Erving * 000PHI 461 3,226 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 406 3,632 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Larry Bird * 000BOS 632 4,134 Larry Bird * 000BOS 632 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 520 4,550 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 4,550 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Hakeem Olajuwon * 000HOU 537 4,912 4,912 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Larry Bird * 000BOS 622 5,257 5,257 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 James Worthy * 000LAL 506 5,595 5,595 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 591 5,762 5,762 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 587 Larry Bird * 000BOS 3,681 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 529 3,852 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 759 3,897 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 759 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 666 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,850 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Hakeem Olajuwon * 000HOU 664 James Worthy * 000LAL 3,022 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 725 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 4,165 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 552 4,717 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 590 5,307 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 680 5,987 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 5,987 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Latrell Sprewell 000NYK 407 Karl Malone * 000UTA 3,931 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 707 4,203 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 723 4,341 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 541 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 5,987 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Tim Duncan 000SAS 593 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 539 Karl Malone * 000LAL 4,761 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Tim Duncan 000SAS 542 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2004 -- 07 000PHO 2007 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 4,546 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 654 4,970 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 501 5,045 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 633 5,121 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 695 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 671 5,248 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 582 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 5,280 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 LeBron James ^ 000MIA 697 5,640 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 596 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 563 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 601 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 Klay Thompson ^ 000GSW 582 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 591 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 6,163 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 6,163 2016 -- 17 Season Year - by - Year Leader Pts Active Player Scoring Leader Pts Career Scoring Record Pts Single Season Scoring Record Pts Season See also ( edit ) Basketball statistics NBA post-season records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years ( reduced from five in 2015 ) . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . The years listed are only ones in which the player played in a playoff game . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Playoff Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference ineligible was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career playoff leaders in points scored ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_playoff_scoring_leaders&oldid=801107793 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 21 . 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who has the most points in nba history career

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Paige Larson

Paige Larson - Wikipedia Paige Larson Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2015 ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for films . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Paige Larson '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paige Larson Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by True O'Brien Duration 2014 -- 15 , 2017 First appearance March 3 , 2014 Last appearance October 31 , 2017 Created by Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell Introduced by Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Eduardo Hernandez Mother Eve Donovan Half - brothers Rafe Hernandez Dario Hernadez Half - sisters Arianna Hernandez Gabi Hernandez Aunts and uncles Andrew Donovan Theresa Donovan Nieces Arianna Horton First cousins Tate Black Paige Larson is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . Introduced by executive producers Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng , the character is portrayed by True O'Brien , who first appeared in March 2014 and departed in September 2015 after her character was killed off . O'Brien would later make brief appearances via flashbacks and visions on until October 2015 . O'Brien once again returned to the role for a one - off appearance in October 2017 . Paige is introduced as a good samaritan who returns JJ Deveraux ( Casey Moss ) his wallet which he dropped and is in a relationship with him for majority of her time on the show . She is the daughter of Eve Donovan ( Kassie DePaiva ) and niece of Theresa Donovan ( Jen Lilley ) . Following her death , it is revealed she is the daughter of Eduardo Hernandez making her the sister of Rafe Hernandez and Gabi Hernandez , and an aunt of Arianna Horton . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Storylines 2.1 Background 2.2 2014 - 15 3 References 4 External links Casting ( edit ) In February 2014 , Soap Opera Digest announced that model True O'Brien had been cast as Paige Larson on the series . O'Brien made her first on - screen debut on March 3 , 2014 . About her audition , O'Brien said `` It was an intense process . It was the first time I had really tested for anything . I did n't know what was going on , so I just let it happen. When I walked out of there , I felt good . I was very thankful to have had that opportunity to even experience something like that . '' In June 2015 , it was confirmed that O'Brien was let go from the series , she exited on September 9 , 2015 when her character was the second to be killed off as part of the Necktie Killer storyline to commemorate with the show 's 50th anniversary . O'Brien returned in flashbacks on September 28 , when Paige 's death scene was shown and in her mother 's visions on October 2 , 2015 . In October 2017 , O'Brien reprises the role of Paige as part of special dream - sequence episode on October 31 , 2017 . Storylines ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2015 ) Background ( edit ) Paige was born on May 29 , 1995 and would grew up with her single mother Eve Donovan . Her father would later be revealed to be Eduardo Hernandez , aka Eddie Larson ; which makes Rafe , Arianna , Dario and Gabi her half - siblings . 2014 - 15 ( edit ) In early 2014 , Paige Larson arrives in Salem without her mother , Eve Donovan ( Kassie DePaiva ) , and quickly develops a connection to JJ Deveraux ( Casey Moss ) . Upon Eve 's arrival back to Salem , Paige 's relationship with J.J. begins to hit a hard spot , ultimately ending with them parting ways multiples times . She becomes close to another guy , Cole Hines ( Riley Bodenstab ) , and asks him out on a date , which he accepts . After their date , Paige meets up with J.J. at the park , where he apologizes profusely and asks for a second chance . She forgives him , leading them to reconcile . Cole finds her at the park watching Parker play and tells her that J.J. will hurt her and that she deserves better , but when he sees that she 's not listening to him , he leaves . He then works with her mother Eve to break J.J. and Paige up . Cole plants drugs in J.J. 's backpack to frame him . When Paige realizes what Cole has done , she angrily confronts him . At first he denies the accusations , but then Cole tells her how amazing she is and that she deserves better . Paige tells him to stay away from her and J.J. before leaving . Paige would find out that her mother and J.J. had an affair and Jennifer Horton knew about it and she confronts him at her surprise nineteenth birthday party , on May 21 . She becomes very cynical and wants nothing to do with them . Paige begins a relationship with Kyle to make J.J. jealous , not knowing that he is a drug dealer and that J.J. works for him ; however the relationship would later end . Paige and J.J. begin to reconnect the following month . She becomes a witness to the Chad and Serena fight and would reveal what she saw , since Serena would later be found murdered . Since they become close again , Paige is the first person J.J. tells about the Clyde / drug ring and was sworn not to involve the police . In early September , she would retell what she saw to Rafe and exchanges words with Chad , who does n't remember what happened after the fight , and calls J.J. afterward ; Paige had something to tell him , however when J.J. arrives at her dorm , he finds her in the shower with a tie loosely around her neck . Paige is pronounced dead , much to the horror of J.J. and Eve who apologizes to Paige over her body . Chad DiMera is seen as the prime suspect , due to the fact that a flower found near the crime scene can only be found at the DiMera mansion ; following the arrest of Chad , he was released after Aiden Jennings was believed to be the Neck Tie Killer . In December 2015 , Ben Rogers was arrested for the string of murders , following a statement by Abigail Deveraux . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SOD ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` DAYS CASTS NEW ROLE '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Actress Headed to ' Days ' '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell ( Head writers ) ; Herb Stein ( Director ) ; Jeanne Marie Ford ( Script writer ) ( March 3 , 2014 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 49 . Episode 12286 . NBC . Jump up ^ Reichardt , Nancy M. ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' DOOL ' : O'Brien Finds Her ' True ' Calling '' . U Express . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edwards Wilows , Mark ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Days of Our Lives True o'Brien loves playing Paige and talks about working with Justin Bieber '' . Soapdom.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy Jr. , Kevin ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` True O'Brien Leaving Days of our Lives '' . We Love Soaps . United States . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc. 40 ( 37 ) : 11 . September 21 , 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Josh Griffith and Dena Higley ( Head writers ) ; Grant A. Johnson ( Director ) ; Jeanne Marie Ford ( Script writer ) ( September 9 , 2015 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 50 . Episode 12671 . NBC . Jump up ^ Josh Griffith and Dena Higley ( Head writers ) ; Grant A. Johnson ( Director ) ; David Cherrill ( Script writer ) ( September 28 , 2015 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 50 . Episode 12684 . NBC . Jump up ^ Josh Griffith and Dena Higley ( Head writers ) ; Scott McKinsey ( Director ) ; Jeanne Marie Ford ( Script writer ) ( October 2 , 2015 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 50 . Episode 12688 . NBC . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` John Enos , True O'Brien , Melissa Archer to Days of Our Lives on Halloween '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paige had a surprised nineteenth birthday party on - screen on May 21 , 2015 . Although , she states that her birthday was the next day . However , her birthdate was revealed on her tombstone on November 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Soapcentral.com Who 's Who in Salem Paige Larson Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paige_Larson&oldid=813280174 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2014 Days of Our Lives characters Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from February 2015 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from February 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 21 : 33 . 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who is paige on days of our lives

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Matthew 5:30

Matthew 5 : 30 - wikipedia Matthew 5 : 30 Jump to : navigation , search Matthew 5 : 30 is the thirtieth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . Part of the section on adultery , it is very similar to the previous verse , but with the hand mentioned instead of the eye . For a discussion of the radicalism of these verses see Matthew 5 : 29 . Jesus had stated that looking at a woman in lust is equal to the act of adultery itself and in this verse he recommends cutting off one 's hand to prevent sinning . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : And if thy right hand offend thee , cut it off , and cast it from thee : for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish , and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell . The World English Bible translates the passage as : If your right hand causes you to stumble , cut it off , and throw it away from you . For it is more profitable for you that one of your members should perish , than for your whole body to be cast into Gehenna . For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 5 : 30 The link between the right hand and the discussion of adultery is somewhat unclear . In Jewish writings of the time it was common to have a foot , hand , eye triple structure . This full triple structure is seen in the similar discussions at Mark 9 : 43 - 47 , and a version much closer to that in Mark appears at Matthew 18 : 8 - 9 . Jesus here uses two thirds of the structure , the first reference to the eye is clearly linked to his previous statement that looking at a woman lustfully is sinful , but it is uncertain why he continues to the hand when he specifically stated that action and touching is not required for sin . Hill feels that this might be related to theft . At the time the law saw adultery as a form of theft , as it was taking another man 's wife . The right hand , the more active of the two among most of the population , had long been metaphorically associated with theft . An alternate view , that has been adopted by some in recent years , is that the mention of a hand linked to lust is a reference to masturbation . In the New Testament this is the verse most often cited to condemn that practice . A third view is to see this verse connected less to the previous verses , and more as part of the discussion of divorce that takes up the next two verses . This argument states that the cutting off of the sinful hand is a metaphor for separation from a sinful spouse , even if it causes great pain . References ( edit ) France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Gundry , Robert H. Matthew a Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art . Grand Rapids : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company , 1982 . Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 Preceded by Matthew 5 : 29 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5 Succeeded by Matthew 5 : 31 Gospel of Matthew chapter 5 Verse Matthew 5 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Terms Beatitudes Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 4 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_5:30&oldid=714923172 '' Categories : Matthew 5 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2016 , at 17 : 02 . About Wikipedia

bible verse if your hand causes you sin cut off

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Slender Man

Slender Man - wikipedia Slender Man For the upcoming film , see Slender Man ( film ) . Slender Man An artistic depiction of the Slender Man First appearance June 10 , 2009 on a Something Awful post Created by Eric Knudsen Portrayed by Javier Botet ( In the film Slender Man ) Information Gender Male The Slender Man ( also known as Slenderman ) is a fictional supernatural character that originated as a creepypasta Internet meme created by Something Awful forums user Eric Knudsen ( also known as `` Victor Surge '' ) in 2009 . It is depicted as a thin , unnaturally tall humanoid with a featureless head and face and wearing a black suit . Stories of the Slender Man commonly feature him stalking , abducting or traumatizing people , particularly children . The Slender Man is not confined to a single narrative but appears in many disparate works of fiction , typically composed online . Fiction relating to the Slender Man encompasses many media , including literature , art and video series such as Marble Hornets , wherein he is known as The Operator . Outside of online fiction , the Slender Man has become an internet icon and has influenced popular culture , having been referenced in the video game Minecraft with the Enderman character and generated video games of his own , such as Slender : The Eight Pages and Slender : The Arrival . He has also appeared in Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story , the film adaptation of the Marble Hornets YouTube series , where he was portrayed by Doug Jones , and will appear in an upcoming eponymous film , where he will be portrayed by Javier Botet . Beginning in 2014 , a moral panic occurred over the Slender Man after readers of his fiction were connected to several violent acts , particularly a near - fatal stabbing of a 12 - year - old girl in Waukesha , Wisconsin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 Development 2 Description 2.1 As folklore 3 Reasons for success 4 Copyright 5 Related incidents 5.1 Waukesha stabbing 5.2 Other incidents 6 References in media 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Origin The writings of H.P. Lovecraft influenced the creation of the Slender Man . The Slender Man was created on June 10 , 2009 , on a thread in the Something Awful Internet forum . The thread was a Photoshop contest in which users were challenged to `` create paranormal images . '' Forum poster Eric Knudsen , under the pseudonym `` Victor Surge '' , contributed two black - and - white images of groups of children to which he added a tall , thin , spectral figure wearing a black suit . Although previous entries had consisted solely of photographs , Surge supplemented his submission with snatches of text -- supposedly from witnesses -- describing the abductions of the groups of children and giving the character the name `` The Slender Man '' : The quote under the first photograph read : We did n't want to go , we did n't want to kill them , but its persistent silence and outstretched arms horrified and comforted us at the same time ... -- 1983 , photographer unknown , presumed dead . The quote under the second photograph read : One of two recovered photographs from the Stirling City Library blaze . Notable for being taken the day which fourteen children vanished and for what is referred to as `` The Slender Man '' . Deformities cited as film defects by officials . Fire at library occurred one week later . Actual photograph confiscated as evidence . -- 1986 , photographer : Mary Thomas , missing since June 13th , 1986 . These additions effectively transformed the photographs into a work of fiction . Subsequent posters expanded upon the character , adding their own visual or textual contributions . Knudsen was inspired to create the Slender Man primarily by Zack Parsons ' `` That Insidious Beast '' , Stephen King 's The Mist , reports of shadow people , Mothman and the Mad Gasser of Mattoon . Other inspirations for the character were the Tall Man from the 1979 film Phantasm , H.P. Lovecraft , the surrealist work of William S. Burroughs , and the survival horror video games Silent Hill and Resident Evil . Knudsen 's intention was `` to formulate something whose motivations can barely be comprehended , and ( which caused ) unease and terror in a general population . '' Other pre-existing fictional or legendary creatures which are similar to the Slender Man include : the Gentlemen , black - suited , pale , bald demons from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode `` Hush '' ; Men in black , many accounts of which grant them an uncanny appearance with an unnatural walk and `` oriental '' features ; and The Question , a DC Comics superhero with a blank face , whose secret identity is `` Victor Sage '' , a name similar to Knudsen 's alias `` Victor Surge '' . In her book , Folklore , Horror Stories , and the Slender Man : The Development of an Internet Mythology , Professor Shira Chess of the University of Georgia connected the Slender Man to ancient folklore about fairies . Like fairies , Slender Man is otherworldly , with motives that are often difficult to grasp ; like fairies , his appearance is vague and often shifts to reflect what the viewer wants or fears to see , and , like fairies , the Slender Man calls the woods and wild places his home and kidnaps children . Development The Slender Man soon went viral , spawning numerous works of fanart , cosplay , and online fiction known as `` creepypasta '' -- scary stories told in short snatches of easily copyable text that spread from site to site . Divorced from its original creator , the Slender Man became the subject of myriad stories by multiple authors within an overarching mythos . Many aspects of the Slender Man mythos first appeared on the original Something Awful thread . One of the earliest additions was added by a forum user named `` Thoreau - Up '' , who created a folklore story set in 16th - century Germany involving a character called Der Groẞman , which was implied to be an early reference to the Slender Man . The first video series involving the Slender Man evolved from a post on the Something Awful thread by user `` ce gars '' . It tells of a fictional film school friend named Alex Kralie , who had stumbled upon something troubling while shooting his first feature - length project , Marble Hornets . The video series , published in found footage style on YouTube , forms an alternate reality game describing the filmers ' fictional experiences with the Slender Man . The ARG also incorporates a Twitter feed and an alternate YouTube channel created by a user named `` totheark '' . As of 2013 , Marble Hornets had over 250,000 subscribers around the world and had received 55 million views . Other Slender Man - themed YouTube serials followed , including EverymanHYBRID and TribeTwelve . In 2012 , the Slender Man was adapted into a video game titled Slender : The Eight Pages ; within its first month of release , the game was downloaded over 2 million times . Several popular variants of the game followed , including Slenderman 's Shadow and Slender Man for iOS , which became the second most - popular app download . The sequel to Slender : The Eight Pages , Slender : The Arrival , was released in 2013 . Several independent films about the Slender Man have been released or are in development , including Entity and The Slender Man , released free online after a $10,000 Kickstarter campaign . In 2013 , it was announced that Marble Hornets would become a feature film . In 2015 , the film adaptation , Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story , was released on VOD , where the character was portrayed by Doug Jones . In 2016 , Sony Pictures subsidiary Screen Gems partnered with Mythology Entertainment to bring a Slender Man film into theatres , with the title character portrayed by Javier Botet . Description The `` Slender Man symbol '' introduced by Marble Hornets Because the Slender Man 's fictional `` mythology '' has evolved without an official `` canon '' for reference , his appearance , motives , habits , and abilities are not fixed but change depending on the storyteller . He is most commonly described as very tall and thin with unnaturally long , tentacle - like arms ( or merely tentacles ) , which he can extend to intimidate or capture prey . In most stories his face is white and featureless , but occasionally his face appears differently to anyone who sees it . He appears to be wearing a dark suit and tie . The Slender Man is often associated with the forest and / or abandoned locations and has the ability to teleport . Proximity to the Slender Man is often said to trigger a `` Slender sickness '' ; a rapid onset of paranoia , nightmares and delusions accompanied by nosebleeds . Early stories featured him targeting children or young adults . Some featured young adults driven insane or to act on his behalf , while others did not , and others claim that investigating the Slender Man will draw his attention . The web series Marble Hornets established the idea of proxies ( humans who fall under the Slender Man 's influence ) though initially they were simply violently insane , rather than puppets of the Slender Man . Marble Hornets also introduced the idea that the Slender Man could interfere with video and audio recordings , as well as the `` Slender Man symbol '' , which became a common trope of Slender fiction . Graphic violence and body horror are uncommon in the Slender Man mythos , with many narratives choosing to leave the fate of his victims obscure . Shira Chess notes that `` It is important to note that few of the retellings identify exactly what kind of monster the Slender Man might be , and what his specific intentions are - these points all remain mysteriously and usefully vague . '' As folklore Several scholars have argued that , despite being a fictional work with an identifiable origin point , the Slender Man represents a form of digital folklore . Shira Chess argues that the Slender Man exemplifies the similarities between traditional folklore and the open source ethos of the Internet , and that , unlike those of traditional monsters such as vampires and werewolves , the fact that the Slender Man 's mythos can be tracked and signposted offers a powerful insight into how myth and folklore form . Chess identifies three aspects of the Slender Man mythos that tie it to folklore : collectivity ( meaning that it is created by a collective , rather than a single individual ) , variability ( meaning that the story changes depending on the teller ) , and performance ( meaning that the storyteller 's narrative changes to reflect the responses of his / her audience ) . Andrew Peck also considers the Slender Man to be an authentic form of folklore and notes its similarity to emergent forms of offline legend performance . Peck suggests that digital folklore performance extends the dynamics of face - to - face performance in several notable ways , such as by occurring asynchronously , encouraging imitation and personalization while also allowing perfect replication , combining elements of oral , written , and visual communication , and generating shared expectations for performance that enact group identity despite the lack of a physically present group . He concludes that the Slender Man represents a digital legend cycle that combines the generic conventions and emergent qualities of oral and visual performance with the collaborative potential of networked communication . Jeff Tolbert also accepts the Slender Man as folkloric and suggests it represents a process he calls `` reverse ostension . '' Ostension in folkloristics is the process of acting out a folk narrative . According to Tolbert , the Slender Man does the opposite by creating a set of folklore - like narratives where none existed before . It is an iconic figure produced through a collective effort and deliberately modeled after an existing and familiar folklore genre . According to Tolbert , this represents two processes in one : it involves the creation of new objects and new disconnected examples of experience , and it involves the combination of these elements into a body of `` traditional '' narratives , modeled on existing folklore ( but not wholly indebted to any specific tradition ) . Professor Thomas Pettitt of the University of Southern Denmark has described the Slender Man as being an exemplar of the modern age 's closing of the `` Gutenberg Parenthesis '' ; the time period from the invention of the printing press to the spread of the web in which stories and information were codified in discrete media , to a return to the older , more primal forms of storytelling , exemplified by oral tradition and campfire tales , in which the same story can be retold , reinterpreted and recast by different tellers , expanding and evolving with time . Reasons for success Anonymous graffito of the Slender Man drawn on pavement in Raleigh , North Carolina Media scholar and folklorist Andrew Peck attributes the success of the Slender Man to its highly collaborative nature . Because the character and its motives are shrouded in mystery , users can easily adapt existing Slender Man tropes and imagery to create new stories . This ability for users to tap into the ideas of others while also supplying their own helped inspire the collaborative culture that arose surrounding the Slender Man . Instead of privileging the choices of certain creators as canonical , this collaborative culture informally locates ownership of the creature across the community . In these respects , the Slender Man is similar to campfire stories or urban legends , and the character 's success comes from enabling both social interaction and personal acts of creative expression . Although nearly all users understand that the Slender Man is not real , they suspend that disbelief in order to become more engrossed when telling or listening to stories . This adds a sense of authenticity to Slender Man legend performances and blurs the lines between legend and reality , keeping the creature as an object of legend dialectic . This ambiguity has led some to some confusion over the character 's origin and purpose . Only five months after his creation , George Noory 's Coast to Coast AM , a radio call - in show devoted to the paranormal and conspiracy theories , began receiving callers asking about the Slender Man . Two years later , an article in the Minneapolis Star Tribune described his origins as `` difficult to pinpoint . '' Eric Knudsen has commented that many people , despite understanding that the Slender Man was created on the Something Awful forums , still entertain the possibility that he might be real . Shira Chess describes the Slender Man as a metaphor for `` helplessness , power differentials , and anonymous forces . '' Peck sees parallels between the Slender Man and common anxieties about the digital age , such as feelings of constant connectedness and unknown third - party observation . Similarly , Tye Van Horn , a writer for The Elm , has suggested that the Slender Man represents modern fear of the unknown ; in an age flooded with information , people have become so unaccustomed to ignorance that they now fear what they can not understand . Troy Wagner , the creator of Marble Hornets , ascribes the terror of the Slender Man to its malleability ; people can shape it into whatever frightens them most . Tina Marie Boyer noted that `` The Slender man is a prohibitive monster , but the cultural boundaries he guards are not clear . Victims do not know when they have violated or crossed them . '' Copyright Despite his folkloric qualities , the Slender Man is not in the public domain . Several for - profit ventures involving the Slender Man have unequivocally acknowledged Knudsen as the creator of this fictional character , while others were civilly blocked from distribution ( including the Kickstarter - funded film ) after legal complaints from Knudsen and other sources . Though Knudsen himself has given his personal blessing to a number of Slender Man - related projects , the issue is complicated by the fact that , while he is the character 's creator , a third party holds the options to any adaptations into other media , including film and television . The identity of this option holder has not been made public . Knudsen himself has argued that his enforcement of copyright has less to do with money than with artistic integrity : `` I just want something amazing to come off it ... something that 's scary and disturbing and kinda different . I would hate for something to come out and just be kinda conventional . '' As of May 2016 , the media rights to Slender Man have been sold to production company Mythology Entertainment . Related incidents Waukesha stabbing Main article : Slender Man stabbing On May 31 , 2014 , two 12 - year - old girls in Waukesha , Wisconsin allegedly held down and stabbed a 12 - year - old classmate 19 times . When questioned later by authorities , they reportedly claimed that they wished to commit a murder as a first step to becoming proxies for the Slender Man , having read about it online . They also state that they were afraid that Slender Man would kill their families if they did not commit the murder . The victim was able to crawl from the woods , where she had been left , to reach a roadside . A passing cyclist intervened , and the victim survived the attack . Both attackers have been diagnosed with mental illnesses but have also been charged as adults and are each facing up to 65 years in prison . One of the girls reportedly said Slender Man watches her , can read minds , and could teleport . Experts testified in court she also said she conversed with Lord Voldemort and one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . On August 1 , 2014 , she was found incompetent to stand trial and her prosecution was suspended until her condition improved . On November 12 , 2014 , a doctor judged that her condition had improved enough for her to stand trial , and on December 19 , 2014 , the judge ruled that both girls were competent to stand trial . In August 2015 , the presiding judge ruled that the girls would be tried as adults . They were tried separately . On August 21 , 2017 , one of the girls , now 15 , pleaded guilty to being a party to attempted second - degree homicide , but claimed she was not responsible for her actions on grounds of insanity . Although prosecutors alleged that she knew what she was doing was wrong , the jury determined that she was mentally ill during the attack . She will spend at least three years in a mental hospital . On December 21 , Waukesha County Circuit Judge Michael Bohren sentenced Weier , then 16 years - old , to be hospitalized for 25 years from the date of the crime , which would keep her institutionalized until age 37 . In a statement to the media , Eric Knudsen said , `` I am deeply saddened by the tragedy in Wisconsin and my heart goes out to the families of those affected by this terrible act . '' He stated he would not be giving interviews on the matter . On 25 September 2017 , it was reported that Morgan Geyser , then 15 , had agreed to plead guilty to attempting to commit first - degree homicide in an arrangement that would allow her avoid jail time . In terms of the arrangement Geyser would remain at the mental hospital where she had been staying for the past two years for at least a further three years . On February 1 , 2018 , the Associated Press reported that Geyser had been sentenced to 40 years in the Wisconsin mental hospital , the maximum sentence allowed . A documentary film on the incident called Beware the Slenderman was released by HBO Films in March 2016 , and was broadcast on HBO on January 23 , 2017 . Other incidents After hearing the story , an unidentified woman from Cincinnati , Ohio , told a WLWT TV reporter in June 2014 that her 13 - year - old daughter had attacked her with a knife , and had written macabre fiction , some involving the Slender Man , who the mother said motivated the attack . On September 4 , 2014 , a 14 - year - old girl in Port Richey , Florida , allegedly set her family 's house on fire while her mother and nine - year - old brother were inside . Police reported that the teenager had been reading online stories about Slender Man as well as Atsushi Ōkubo 's manga Soul Eater . Eddie Daniels of the Pasco County Sheriff 's Office said the girl `` had visited the website that contains a lot of the Slender Man information and stories ( ... ) It would be safe to say there is a connection to that . '' During an early 2015 epidemic of suicide attempts by young people ages 12 to 24 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , Slender Man was cited as an influence ; the Oglala Sioux tribe president noted that many Native Americans traditionally believe in a `` suicide spirit '' similar to the Slender Man . References in media This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2011 , Markus `` Notch '' Persson , creator of the sandbox indie game Minecraft , added a new hostile mob to the game , which he named the `` Enderman '' when multiple users on Reddit and Google+ commented on the similarity to the Slender Man . The Slender Man was the antagonist of the 2013 Lost Girl episode `` SubterrFaenean '' , in which the Slender Man was said to be the basis for the Pied Piper legend . In the 2014 episode `` Pinkie Apple Pie '' of My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic , a pony version of the character appears in a brief cameo . The TV series Supernatural parodied Slender Man as `` Thinman '' in the 2014 episode of the same name . In 2016 , American horror punk band Haunted Garage released an EP entitled Slenderman and Other Strange Tales , featuring a song and accompanying music video based on both the character and the 2014 stabbing case . The sixteenth season of the crime drama TV series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit featured an episode , `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' , inspired by the Slender Man stabbings . The board game Kingdom Death : Monster features a Slender Man - based expansion pack . See also Bogeyman Kunekune ( urban legend ) Urban legend References Jump up ^ Dewey , Caitlin ; Dewey , Caitlin ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) . `` The complete history of ' Slender Man , ' the meme that compelled two girls to stab a friend '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : De Vos , Gail Arlene ( 2012 ) . What Happens Next ? . ABC - CLIO . p. 162 . ISBN 9781598846348 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Aja ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` The definitive guide to creepypasta -- the Internet 's urban legends '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man : Birth of an Urban Legend '' . The Escapist . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man : How a myth was born '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What is Slenderman , and what does it have to do with the Wisc . stabbing ? '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Smith , Cathay ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Beware the Slender Man : Intellectual Property and Internet Folklore '' . Florida Law Review . 70 ( 1 ) : 10 . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 3005668 . Jump up ^ User : Gerogerigegege ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Create Paranormal Images - The Something Awful Forums '' . forums.somethingawful.com . ^ Jump up to : Klee , Miles ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` How the Internet 's creepiest meme mutated from thought experiment to Hollywood blockbuster '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Chess , Shira ( 2012 ) . `` Open - Sourcing Horror : The Slender Man , Marble Hornets , and genre negotiations '' . Information , Communication & Society . 15 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 393 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369118X. 2011.642889 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Why Slenderman Works : The Internet Meme That Proves Our Need To Believe '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Shannon ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Victor Surge , Slender Man Creator : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Chess , Shira ; Newsom , Eric ( 27 November 2014 ) . Folklore , Horror Stories , and the Slender Man : The Development of an Internet Mythology . Palgrave Macmillan US . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 49113 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lovitt , Bryn ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Slender Man : From Horror Meme to Inspiration for Murder '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story and Slender Man : The 5 Most Spine - Tingling Inspirations for Next Season 's Potential Monster '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ There is some dispute over whether the Slender Man qualifies as a viral phenomenon , since under some definitions , viral phenomena must spread quickly , while the Slender Man initially spread rather slowly . Some therefore prefer the term `` spreadable '' to viral . See Chess , Shira ; Newsom , Eric ( 2015 ) . Folklore , Horror Stories , and the Slender Man : The Development of an Internet Mythology . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Peters , Lucia ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Creepy Things That Seem Real But Are n't : The Marble Hornets Project '' . Crushable . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Marble Hornets ' flying to bigscreen '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Marston , Gary ( 2012 ) . `` Slender review '' . explosion.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Polansky , Lana ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Slenderman 's Shadow `` Sanatorium '' Map Released `` . Gameranx . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Slender Man Source mod will let you scare the hell out of yourself for free , with friends '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Pre-orders for Slender : The Arrival are half - off , come with instant beta access '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Standal , Jeanne ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` First Trailer & Poster For The Jadallah Brothers ' Horror Movie ENTITY ! '' . FilmoFilia . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Danny ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Slender Man Movie Producer Steven Belcher Wants to Create True Terror with the Faceless Figure '' . GameTrailers . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Clow , Mitchel . `` ' Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story ' movie review : Tell , do n't show '' . Hypable . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Katie ( 2016 ) . `` ' Slender Man , ' a Horror Meme , Gets Ready to Step Out of the Shadows '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Dewey , Caitlin ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Who is Slender Man ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital Human : Tales '' . BBC . 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tillotson , Kristin ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tall , skinny , scary -- and all in your head '' . startribune.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Origins of Slender Man , the Meme That Allegedly Drove 12 - Year - Olds to Kill '' . Time . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Peck , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Tall , Dark , and Loathsome : The Emergence of a Legend Cycle in the Digital Age '' . Journal of American Folklore. 128 ( 509 ) : 333 -- 348 . doi : 10.5406 / jamerfolk. 128.509. 0333 . ^ Jump up to : Tolbert , Jeffrey A. ( 2013 ) . `` The sort of story that has you covering your mirrors '' : The Case of Slender Man '' ( PDF ) . Semiotic Review ( 2 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Bill ( 2001 ) . Aliens , Ghosts , and Cults : Legends We Live . Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . ^ Jump up to : Vogt , PJ ; Goldman , Alex ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` # 13 - Managing a Monster - On The Media '' . TLDR . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Van Horn , Tye ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Behind You : The Cultural Relevance of Slender Man '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Gabler , Ellen ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Charges detail Waukesha pre-teens ' attempt to kill classmate '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` If These Girls Knew That Slender Man Was a Fantasy , Why Did They Want to Kill Their Friend for Him ? '' . 2015 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Bridgette ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Slender Man Trial '' . RollingStone.com . Jump up ^ Terry , Jermont ; Kust , James ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` Girls charged in Waukesha stabbing motivated by ' Slenderman ' character '' . WTMJ . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Vielmetti , Bruce ; Luthern , Ashley ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Judge rules 12 - year - old incompetent , for now , in Slender Man trial '' . Journal Sentinel . Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor claims girl , 12 , ' who repeatedly stabbed classmate to impress Slender Man ' has improved enough to stand trial '' . Mail Online . London . 2014 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Varandani , Suman ( 2014 ) . `` Slender Man Stabbing Case : Wisconsin Girls Accused Of Attempted Homicide Are Mentally Fit To Stand Trial '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man case : Young suspects to be tried as adults '' . BBC News . 2015 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Separate trials ordered in Slender Man case '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man stabbing suspect pleads guilty to lesser charge '' . cbsnews.com . CBS . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man stabbing : Anissa Weier found mentally ill '' . BBC News . September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jury in Slender Man case finds Anissa Weier was mentally ill , will not go to prison '' . WISN - TV 12 ABC News . Milwaukee . September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man case : girl who stabbed classmate gets 25 - year hospital sentence '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wagstaff , Keith ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Slender Man ' Creator Speaks on Stabbing : ' I Am Deeply Saddened ' '' . nbc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man suspect will plead guilty in stabbing '' . nbcnews.com . Jump up ^ @ ap ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` BREAKING : Judge sentences Wisconsin girl to maximum 40 years in mental hospital in Slender Man stabbing case '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ DePaol , Tommy . `` Slenderman Is Coming to HBO In A True - Crime Documentary '' . MoviePilot.com . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Brad ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Hamilton Co. mom : Daughter 's knife attack influenced by Slender Man '' . WLWT.com . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin . `` Teen claims ' Soul Eater , ' Slender Man led her to set home on fire '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( 2014 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Teen Inspired by ' Slender Man ' Set House on Fire : Police '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Struggles With Suicides Among Its Young '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notch reveals new mob , dubs them Endermen in reference to Slender Man '' . igx.com. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lost Girl : SubterrFaenean Syfy. 2014 . Accessed 2015 - 18 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scotellaro , Shaun ( 2014 ) . `` Top 20 Pop Culture and Movie References from Season 4 '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Supernatural : `` Thinman '' The A.V. Club . 2014 . Accessed 2016 - 28 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Haunted Garage : ' Slenderman and Other Strange Tales ' '' . Zombie Hamster . January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerson Uffalussy , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU bends the conventions of the cop show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Further reading Curlew , Kyle ( 2017 ) . `` The legend of the Slender Man : The boogieman of surveillance culture '' . First Monday . 22 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.5210 / fm. v22i6. 6901 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slender Man . Forum thread in which Slender Man was created , somethingawful.com Eric Knudsen 's gallery that contains all of his Slender Man images , deviantart.com Slender Man Video games Slender : The Eight Pages Slender : The Arrival Slender Rising Slender Rising 2 In film Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story Beware the Slenderman Slender Man Related Marble Hornets Slender Man stabbing `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slender_Man&oldid=842742993 '' Categories : Slender Man 2010s fads and trends American folklore Supernatural legends Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional child abusers Fictional demons and devils Fictional kidnappers Fictional stalkers Fictional torturers Internet memes Horror film characters Media - related controversies in the United States Fictional monsters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 11 : 22 . 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Sweet Caroline

Sweet Caroline - wikipedia Sweet Caroline Jump to : navigation , search For the Prison Break episode , see Sweet Caroline ( Prison Break episode ) . For the Status Quo song , see Caroline ( Status Quo song ) . `` Sweet Caroline '' Single by Neil Diamond B - side `` Dig In '' Released June 1969 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 21 Label Uni / MCA Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Tommy Cogbill Neil Diamond Chips Moman Neil Diamond singles chronology `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' is a song written and performed by American recording artist Neil Diamond and released in June 1969 as a single with the title `` Sweet Caroline ( Good Times Never Seemed So Good ) '' . It was arranged by Charles Calello , and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis , Tennessee . The song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart the week ending August 16 , 1969 , and was certified gold by the RIAA on August 18 , 1969 , for sales of one million singles . `` Sweet Caroline '' was also the first of fifty - eight entries on the US Easy Listening chart , peaking at # 3 . In the autumn of 1969 , Diamond performed `` Sweet Caroline '' on several television shows . It later reached No. 8 on the UK singles chart in 1971 . In a 2007 interview , Diamond stated the inspiration for his song was John F. Kennedy 's daughter , Caroline , who was eleven years old at the time it was released . Diamond sang the song to her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007 . On December 21 , 2011 , in an interview on CBS 's The Early Show , Diamond said that a magazine cover photo of Caroline Kennedy as a young child on a horse with her parents in the background created an image in his mind , and the rest of the song came together about five years after seeing the picture . However , in 2014 Diamond said the song was about his then - wife Marsha , but he needed a three - syllable name to fit the melody . The song has proven to be enduringly popular and , as of November 2014 , has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Versions 3 Use at sporting events 4 Personnel 5 Cover versions 6 References 7 External links Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Germany 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 16 UK ( OCC ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 37 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Cash Box 26 Versions ( edit ) There are three distinct mixes of this song . The original mono 45 mix had a louder orchestra and glockenspiel compared to the stereo version on the Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show LP . The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamond 's His 12 Greatest Hits . This version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up . It has a longer fade as well . A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP . Use at sporting events ( edit ) The playing of `` Sweet Caroline '' has become a fixture at many sporting events in the United States . In this version , the horn figure after Diamond sings `` Sweet Caroline '' in the chorus is replaced by the crowd singing `` Bap Bap Bah '' , and after he sings `` Good times never seemed so good , '' the crowd sings `` So good , so good , so good . '' This pattern is repeated whenever the chorus is played . The song has been played at Fenway Park , home of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox , since at least 1997 , and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002 . On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park , the song was performed by Diamond himself . `` Sweet Caroline '' was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012 , halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal . Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013 , however . The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field . In response , West Virginia University students and fans will yell `` eat shit , Pitt '' during the refrain if heard played . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies . On April 16 , 2013 , the day after the Boston Marathon bombing , the New York Yankees -- longtime rivals of the Red Sox -- announced they would play the song during their home game , preceded by a moment of silence , as a tribute to the victims . On Saturday , April 20 , 2013 , during the 8th inning of the Red Sox - Kansas City game in Fenway Park , Neil Diamond led the crowd in a rendition of the song . The song was sung at sporting events across the country after the Boston Marathon bombings , in efforts to show solidarity with those affected by the tragedy . It was also played right before the start of the Hamburg Marathon in Hamburg , Germany , on Sunday , April 21 , 2013 , subsequent to a minute of silence . The song was also played before the start of the Stockholm Marathon in Stockholm , Sweden , on Saturday , June 1 , 2013 , as a tribute to those affected by the Boston Marathon bombings . On April 25 , 2013 , `` Sweet Caroline '' was played following a tribute to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing during the NFL Draft . Diamond has announced that he will donate all royalties from sales of the song since the marathon bombings to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people most affected by the bombings . Diamond said that sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings , to 19,000 copies , up from 2,800 the week before . The song is played after every Carolina Panthers home win . The song is used by the Northern Ireland national football team fans at major tournaments . It is also used by the Castleford Tigers rugby league club after a win at the Mend a hose stadium . It is also used by Northern Irish darts player Daryl Gurney in his walk - on prior to matches which he plays in . The song is also played during the quarter time break of Sydney Swans AFL home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The song has also been adopted by Oxford United . The song 's introduction , first verse and chorus are one of the regular songs played at English T20 cricket matches , getting particular coverage on televised matches , especially when David `` Bumble '' Lloyd is part of the commentary team . It is also played at the Olympia Horse Show . At the 2018 Australian Open Women 's Final , Sweet Caroline was played when Caroline Wozniacki won her maiden Grand Slam Title . Personnel ( edit ) Neil Diamond - vocals , guitar Cover versions ( edit ) Roy Orbison covered the song on his 1973 album Milestones , primarily a covers album . Claude Gray in 1986 released a cover version . It peaked at # 77 on the Billboard country charts , making it his last charted single to date . In November 2001 , Dustin the Turkey took the song to number one on the Irish Singles Chart . DJ Ötzi , an Austrian entertainer and singer released it in 2009 finding great success in German - speaking charts peaking at number 19 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Austrian charts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calello , Charles . `` Calello 's Billboard Magazine Top 100 '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard , Hot 100 , August 16 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . www.riaa.com . RIAA . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals secret of Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beggy , Carol ; Shanahan , Mark ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` ' Sweet Caroline ' revealed '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Diamond Reveals ` Caroline ' Inspiration '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Respers , Lisa ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals story behind ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appel , Rich ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Revisionist History , Part 5 : Bon Jovi 's ' Prayer ' Answered , ' Caroline ' Is Sweeter Than ' Sugar ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 8 / 30 / 69 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Sweet Caroline '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6104&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1969 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond Album Overview Part 4 : 1981 - 2003 The Compilation - Mania Years '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Fenway Park 's anthem started innocuously '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vosk , Stephanie ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Another mystery of the Diamond , explained at last '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Clark , Lauren ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Penn State Kills ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Sweet Caroline ' at Penn State games , no public allowed in most athletic facilities -- This Just In - CNN.com Blogs '' . News.blogs.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Horne , Kevin ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Sweet Caroline Returns to Beaver Stadium '' . Onward State . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WVU College Gameday ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . YouTube . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summer Ratcliff ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) , WVU College GameDay `` Sweet Caroline '' , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Yankees Twitter '' . New York Yankees. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 15,000 expected at Hamburg Marathon '' . TheLocal. April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Bombing Charity '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Charity '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andy ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Set of Six : Why Castleford Tigers fans are singing Neil Diamond 's Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Song for Wembley '' . Jump up ^ Austriancharts.at : DJ ÖTZI - `` Sweet Caroline '' External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am ... I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. 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Black Knight (Monty Python)

Black Knight ( Monty Python ) - wikipedia Black Knight ( Monty Python ) Jump to : navigation , search The Black Knight 's arm is cut off . The Black Knight is a fictional character who appears in a scene of the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail . As his name suggests , he is a black knight who guards a `` bridge '' ( in reality a short plank of wood ) over a small stream - which could have been easily stepped over by King Arthur but , for unknown reasons , he does not . Although supremely skilled in swordplay , the Black Knight suffers from unchecked overconfidence and a staunch refusal ever to give up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Behind the scenes 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Overview ( edit ) In the film , King Arthur ( Graham Chapman ) , accompanied by his trusty squire Patsy ( Terry Gilliam ) , is travelling through a forest when he enters a clearing and observes a fight taking place between a Black Knight ( John Cleese ) and a Green one ( also played by Gilliam ) by a bridge over a small stream . As he watches , the Black Knight defeats the Green one by throwing his sword straight through the eye slot of the Green Knight 's great helm ( during Arthur 's battle with the Black Knight , the Green Knight 's body can be seen in a ditch beside the area ) . Arthur then congratulates the Black Knight and offers him a place at Arthur 's court at the Round Table , but the Black Knight only stands still , holding his sword vertically , and makes no response until Arthur moves to cross the bridge . The Black Knight moves slightly to block Arthur and declares `` None shall pass '' . King Arthur , in a conciliatory manner , asserts his right to cross , but the Black Knight says Arthur will die . Arthur orders the Black Knight to move but he says , `` I move , for no man '' . Reluctantly , King Arthur fights the Black Knight and , after a short battle , the Knight 's left arm is severed , which squirts out copious amounts of blood . Even at this the Knight refuses to stand aside , insisting `` Tis but a scratch '' , insisting that he has `` had worse '' , and fights on while holding his sword with his remaining arm . Next his right arm is cut off , but the knight still does not concede . As the Knight is literally disarmed , Arthur assumes the fight is over and kneels to offer a prayer to God . The Black Knight interrupts Arthur 's prayer of thanks by kicking him in the side of the head and accusing him of cowardice . When Arthur points out the Black Knight 's injuries , the Knight insists `` ' It 's just a flesh wound ! '' . In response to the continued kicks and insults , Arthur chops off the Black Knight 's right leg . At this point , the Knight still wo n't admit to defeat , instead he replies by saying , `` Right , I 'll do you for that '' , and attempts to ram his body into Arthur 's , by hopping on his left leg . Arthur is annoyed at the Black Knight 's persistence , and sarcastically asks the Black Knight if he is going to bleed on him to win . The Black Knight replies by saying , `` I 'm invincible ! '' to which Arthur replies `` You 're a loony . '' . With an air of resignation , Arthur finally cuts off the left leg as well and sheathes his sword . With the Black Knight now reduced to a mere stump of a man , he says , `` All right , we 'll call it a draw . '' . Arthur then summons Patsy and `` rides '' away , using coconuts to simulate the sound of a horse galloping , leaving the Black Knight 's limbless torso screaming threats at him ( `` Running away , eh ? You yellow bastards ! Come back here and take what 's coming to ya ! I 'll bite your legs off ! '' ) . Behind the scenes ( edit ) According to the DVD audio commentary by Cleese , Palin , and Idle , the sequence originated in a story told to Cleese when he was attending an English class during his school days . Two Roman wrestlers were engaged in a particularly intense match and had been fighting for such a substantial length of time that the match had degraded to the two combatants doing little more than leaning into one another with their body weight . When one wrestler finally tapped - out and pulled away from his opponent , it was only then that he and the crowd realised the other man was , in fact , dead and had effectively won the match posthumously . The moral of the tale , according to Cleese 's teacher , was `` if you never give up , you ca n't possibly lose '' -- a statement that , Cleese reflected , always struck him as being `` philosophically unsound '' . The story would have been a deformed ( or misremembered ) description of the death of Arrichion of Phigalia . Cleese said that the scene would seem heartless and sadistic except for the fact that the Black Knight shows no pain and just keeps on fighting , or trying to , however badly he is wounded . Also , as the scene progresses and Arthur becomes increasingly annoyed , his dialogue lapses from medieval ( `` You are indeed brave , Sir Knight , but the fight is mine . '' ) to modern ( `` Look , you stupid bastard , you 've got no arms left ! '' ) , and finally to just plain sarcastic ( `` What are you gon na do , bleed on me ? '' ) while the Black Knight remains just as defiant ( `` I 'm invincible ! '' he yells with only one leg left , to which Arthur simply replies `` You 're a loony . '' ) . This scene is one of the best - known of the entire film . A famous line of the scene , `` ' Tis but a scratch . '' , is similar to a line the character Mercutio speaks in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , wherein he demurs , saying `` Ay , ay , a scratch , a scratch , '' referring to his mortal wound , and the former has since become an expression used to comment on someone who ignores a fatal flaw or problem . The phrase `` ' Tis but a flesh wound '' , following a character entering `` with coconut shells tied to his feet '' notably appeared in an early episode of The Goon Show titled `` The Giant Bombardon '' , broadcast in 1954 ; the Monty Python group has acknowledged being influenced by the Goons . The Knight was , in fact , played by two actors : John Cleese is in the Knight 's armour until he is down to one leg . The Knight is then played by a real one - legged man , a local by the name of Richard Burton , a blacksmith who lived near the film shoot ( not to be confused with Richard Burton , the Welsh actor of the same name ) , because , according to the DVD commentary , Cleese could not balance well on one leg . After the Knight 's remaining leg is cut off , the quadruple - amputee that remains is again Cleese . Cleese still boasts that he had Richard Burton as his stunt double . In the musical Spamalot , the scene with the Black Knight was the most difficult to play on stage , according to Eric Idle . Penn & Teller created the illusion for the musical . See also ( edit ) Pas d'armes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goon Show # Monty Python Jump up ^ http://www.thegoonshow.net/scripts_show.asp?title=svge04_the_giant_bombardon Jump up ^ Richard Burton ( IX ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Interview with Eric Idle in HUMO 3691 , May 2011 External links ( edit ) The original scene on YouTube , via the official Monty Python channel ( hide ) Monty Python and the Holy Grail Characters King Arthur Sir Lancelot Sir Galahad Sir Bedevere Knights who say Ni Black Knight Rabbit of Caerbannog Patsy Locations Castle Stalker Doune Castle Miscellaneous The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( Book ) Spamalot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(Monty_Python)&oldid=796924912 '' Categories : Arthurian characters Fictional amputees Fictional characters introduced in 1975 Fictional knights Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python characters Comedy film characters Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 21 : 47 . 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Atrial natriuretic peptide

Atrial natriuretic peptide - Wikipedia Atrial natriuretic peptide Jump to : navigation , search NPPA Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB ( show ) List of PDB id codes 1ANP , 1YK0 , 3N57 Identifiers Aliases NPPA , ANF , ANP , ATFB6 , ATRST2 , CDD , CDD - ANF , CDP , PND , Atrial natriuretic peptide , natriuretic peptide A External IDs OMIM : 108780 MGI : 97367 HomoloGene : 4498 GeneCards : NPPA ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 1 ( human ) Band 1p36. 22 Start 11,845,709 bp End 11,848,345 bp ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr . Chromosome 4 ( mouse ) Band 4 E2 4 78.66 cM Start 148,000,722 bp End 148,002,079 bp ( show ) Gene ontology Molecular function neuropeptide receptor binding hormone activity peptide hormone receptor binding neuropeptide hormone activity protein binding receptor binding hormone receptor binding Cellular component cytoplasm mast cell granule cell nucleus perinuclear region of cytoplasm extracellular region extracellular space extracellular matrix macromolecular complex Biological process response to muscle stretch positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction response to hypoxia regulation of high voltage - gated calcium channel activity neuropeptide signaling pathway female pregnancy regulation of cardiac conduction negative regulation of collecting lymphatic vessel constriction positive regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane cellular protein metabolic process regulation of blood vessel size positive regulation of heart rate positive regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity cGMP biosynthetic process regulation of blood pressure negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage - gated calcium channel transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization response to insulin cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development negative regulation of cell growth cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress cellular response to mechanical stimulus receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway protein folding regulation of receptor activity positive regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4878 230899 Ensembl ENSG00000175206 ENSMUSG00000041616 UniProt P01160 P05125 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_006172 NM_008725 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_006163 NP_032751 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 1 : 11.85 -- 11.85 Mb Chr 4 : 148 -- 148 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) or Atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) is a peptide hormone which reduces an expanded extracellular fluid ( ECF ) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion . ANP is synthesized , and secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria in the heart . These cells contain volume receptors which respond to increased stretching of the atrial wall due to increased atrial blood volume . ANP is one of a family of nine natriuretic peptides : seven are atrial in origin . ANP acts on the kidney to increase sodium and water excretion ( natriuresis ) in the following ways : 1 ) it dilates the glomerular afferent and constricts efferent arterioles , and relaxes the mesangial cells . This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries , increasing the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) , resulting in an increased amount of sodium and water being filtered and excreted. 2 ) It increases blood flow through the vasa recta , which washes the solutes sodium chloride ( NaCl ) and urea out of the medullary interstitium -- the lower osmolarity here leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion. 3 ) It decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct. 4 ) It inhibits renin secretion , thereby inhibiting the production of angiotensin and aldosterone. 5 ) It inhibits the renal sympathetic nervous system . ANP has the opposite effect of aldosterone on the kidney : aldosterone increases renal sodium retention and ANP increases renal sodium loss . Reduction of blood volume by ANP can result in secondary effects such as reduction of extracellular fluid ( ECF ) volume ( edema ) , improved cardiac ejection fraction with resultant improved organ perfusion , decreased blood pressure , and increased serum potassium . These effects may be blunted or negated by various counter-regulatory mechanisms operating concurrently on each of these secondary effects . Brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) -- a misnomer ; it is secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the heart ventricles -- is similar to ANP in its effect . It acts via the same receptors as ANP does , but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP . The biological half - life of BNP , however , is twice as long as that of ANP , and that of NT - proBNP is even longer , making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Structure 3 Production 4 Receptors 5 Physiological effects 5.1 Renal 5.2 Adrenal 5.3 Vascular 5.4 Cardiac 5.5 Adipose tissue 6 Degradation 7 Biomarker 8 Therapeutic use and drug development 9 Other natriuretic peptides 10 Pharmacological modulation 11 Synonyms 12 Outside reading 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Discovery ( edit ) The discovery of ANP was reported in 1981 , when rat atrial extracts were found to contain a substance that increased salt and urine output in the kidney . Later , the substance was purified from heart tissue by several groups and named atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) or ANP . Structure ( edit ) ANP is a 28 - amino acid peptide with a 17 - amino acid ring in the middle of the molecule . The ring is formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues at positions 7 and 23 . ANP is closely related to BNP ( brain natriuretic peptide ) and CNP ( C - type natriuretic peptide ) , which all share a similar amino acid ring structure . ANP is one of a family of nine structurally similar natriuretic hormones : seven are atrial in origen . Production ( edit ) Human ANP is encoded by the NPPA gene on the short arm of chromosome 1 , which has 3 exons and 2 introns . The gene is expressed primarily in atrial myocytes . Lower levels of NPPA expression are found in other tissues such as the brain , kidney , lung , uterus and placenta . In atrial myocytes , ANP is made as a precursor form , i.e. prepro - ANP , a polypeptide of 151 amino acids . After the signal peptide is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum , the 126 - amino - acid pro-ANP is stored in the intracellular granules . When the cells are stimulated , pro-ANP is released and converted to the 28 - amino - acid C - terminal mature ANP on the cell surface by the cardiac transmembrane serine protease corin . ANP is secreted in response to : Stretching of the atrial wall , via Atrial volume receptors Increased Sympathetic stimulation of β - adrenoceptors Increased sodium concentration ( hypernatremia ) , though sodium concentration is not the direct stimulus for increased ANP secretion Endothelin , a potent vasoconstrictor Receptors ( edit ) Three types of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors have been identified on which natriuretic peptides act . They are all cell surface receptors and designated : guanylyl cyclase - A ( GC - A ) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor - A ( NPRA / ANP ) or NPR1 guanylyl cyclase - B ( GC - B ) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor - B ( NPRB / ANP ) or NPR2 natriuretic peptide clearance receptor ( NPRC / ANP ) or NPR3 NPR - A and NPR - B have a single membrane - spanning segment with an extracellular domain that binds the ligand . The intracellular domain maintains two consensus catalytic domains for guanylyl cyclase activity . Binding of a natriuretic peptide induces a conformational change in the receptor that causes receptor dimerization and activation . The binding of ANP to its receptor causes the conversion of GTP to cGMP and raises intracellular cGMP . As a consequence , cGMP activates a cGMP - dependent kinase ( PKG or cGK ) that phosphorylates proteins at specific serine and threonine residues . In the medullary collecting duct , the cGMP generated in response to ANP may act not only through PKG but also via direct modulation of ion channels . NPR - C functions mainly as a clearance receptor by binding and sequestering ANP from the circulation . All natriuretic peptides are bound by the NPR - C . Physiological effects ( edit ) Maintenance of the ECF volume ( space ) , and its subcompartment the vascular space , is crucial for survival . These compartments are maintained within a narrow range , despite wide variations in dietary sodium intake . There are three volume regulating systems : two salt saving systems , the renin angiotensin aldosterone system ( RAAS ) and the renal sympathetic system ( RSS ) ; and the salt excreting natriuretic peptide ( NP ) hormone system . When the vascular space contracts , the RAAS and RSS are `` turned on '' ; when the atria expand , NP 's are `` turned on '' . Each system also suppresses its counteracting system ( s ) . NP 's are made in cardiac , intestinal , renal , and adrenal tissue : ANP in one of a family of cardiac NP 's : others at BNP , CNP , and DNP . ANP binds to a specific set of receptors -- ANP receptors . Receptor - agonist binding causes the increase in renal sodium excretion , which results in a decreased ECF and blood volume . Secondary effects may be an improvement in cardiac ejection fraction and reduction of systemic blood pressure . Renal ( edit ) Dilates the afferent glomerular arteriole , constricts the efferent glomerular arteriole , and relaxes the mesangial cells . This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries , thus increasing the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) , resulting in greater filter load of sodium and water . Increases blood flow through the vasa recta , which will wash the solutes ( sodium chloride ( NaCl ) , and urea ) out of the medullary interstitium . The lower osmolarity of the medullary interstitium leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion . Decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule ( interaction with NCC ) and cortical collecting duct of the nephron via guanosine 3 ' , 5 ' - cyclic monophosphate ( cGMP ) dependent phosphorylation of ENaC . Its natriuretic effect is affected by dopamine and dopamine receptor D activity in vivo Inhibits renin secretion , thereby inhibiting the renin -- angiotensin -- aldosterone system . Adrenal ( edit ) Reduces aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex . Vascular ( edit ) Relaxes vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and venules by : Membrane Receptor - mediated elevation of vascular smooth muscle cGMP Inhibition of the effects of catecholamines Promotes uterine spiral artery remodeling , which is important for preventing pregnancy - induced hypertension . Cardiac ( edit ) Inhibits maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy Re-expression of NPRA rescues the phenotype . Adipose tissue ( edit ) Increases the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue . Plasma concentrations of glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids are increased by i.v. infusion of ANP in humans . Activates adipocyte plasma membrane type A guanylyl cyclase receptors NPR - A Increases intracellular cGMP levels that induce the phosphorylation of a hormone - sensitive lipase and perilipin A via the activation of a cGMP - dependent protein kinase - I ( cGK - I ) Does not modulate cAMP production or PKA activity Degradation ( edit ) Modulation of the effects of ANP is achieved through gradual degradation of the peptide by the enzyme neutral endopeptidase ( NEP ) . Recently , NEP inhibitors have been developed ; however they have not yet been licensed . They may be clinically useful in treating congestive heart disease . Biomarker ( edit ) Fragments derived from the ANP precursor , including the signal peptide , N - terminal pro-ANP and ANP , have been detected in human blood . ANP and related peptides are used as biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke , coronary artery disease , myocardial infarction and heart failure . Large amounts of ANP secretion has been noted to cause electrolyte disturbances ( hyponatremia ) and polyuria . These indications can be a marker of a large atrial myxoma . Therapeutic use and drug development ( edit ) Recombinant human ANP has been approved in Japan to treat patients with heart failure . As of 2017 a truncated form of ANP called ularitide was under development in Phase III trials for heart failure . Other natriuretic peptides ( edit ) Brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) -- a misnomer ; it is secreted by ventricular myocytes -- is similar to ANP in its effect . It acts via atrial natriuretic peptide receptors but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP . The biological half - life of BNP , however , is twice as long as that of ANP , and that of NT - proBNP is even longer , making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing . In addition to the mammalian natriuretic peptides ( ANP , BNP , CNP ) , other natriuretic peptides with similar structure and properties have been isolated elsewhere in the animal kingdom . A salmon natriuretic peptide known as salmon cardiac peptide has been described , and dendroaspis natriuretic peptide ( DNP ) has been found in the venom of the green mamba , as well as an NP in a species of African snake . Beside these four , five additional natriuretic peptides have been identified : long - acting natriuretic peptide ( LANP ) , vessel dilator , kaliuretic peptide , urodilatin , and adrenomedullin . Pharmacological modulation ( edit ) Neutral endopeptidase ( NEP ) also known as neprilysin is the enzyme that metabolizes natriuretic peptides . Several inhibitors of NEP are currently being developed to treat disorders ranging from hypertension to heart failure . Most of them are dual inhibitors ( NEP and ACE ) . In 2014 , PARADIGM - HF study was published in NEJM . This study considered as a landmark study in treatment of heart failure . The study was double blinded ; compared LCZ696 versus enalapril in patients with heart failure . The study showed lower all cause mortality , cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in LCZ696 arm . Omapatrilat ( dual inhibitor of NEP and angiotensin - converting enzyme ) developed by BMS did not receive FDA approval due to angioedema safety concerns . Other dual inhibitors of NEP with ACE / angiotensin receptor are ( in 2003 ) being developed by pharmaceutical companies . Synonyms ( edit ) ANP is also called atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) , atrial natriuretic hormone ( ANH ) , cardionatrine , cardiodilatin ( CDD ) , and atriopeptin . Outside reading ( edit ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855512/ Vesely Chapter 39 , Antinatriureic peptides , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney , Fifth Edition . DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9. 2013 Elsevier Inc . Notes ( edit ) A version of this article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model . Under this model , external experts are required to update corresponding Wikipedia articles while publishing a peer - reviewed , invited review article for the journal Gene . The corresponding academic review article can be found here . Published version Jump up ^ Wei Song , Hao Wang , Qingyu Wu ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular biology and disease ( NPPA ) '' . Gene . 569 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / J. GENE. 2015.06. 029 . PMC 4496260 . PMID 26074089 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000175206 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000041616 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ Goetz KL ( Jan 1988 ) . `` Physiology and pathophysiology of atrial peptides '' ( PDF ) . The American Journal of Physiology. 254 ( 1 Pt 1 ) : E1 -- 15 . PMID 2962513 . Jump up ^ Hoehn K , Marieb EN ( 2013 ) . `` 16 '' . Human anatomy & physiology ( 9th ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . p. 629 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 74326 - 8 . question number 14 Jump up ^ de Bold AJ , Borenstein HB , Veress AT , Sonnenberg H ( Jan 1981 ) . `` A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats '' . Life Sciences . 28 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / 0024 - 3205 ( 81 ) 90370 - 2 . PMID 7219045 . Jump up ^ de Bold AJ ( Nov 1985 ) . `` Atrial natriuretic factor : a hormone produced by the heart '' . Science . 230 ( 4727 ) : 767 -- 70 . Bibcode : 1985Sci ... 230 ... 767D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2932797 . PMID 2932797 . Jump up ^ Vesely Chapter 39 , Antinatriureic peptides , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney , Fifth Edition . Page 1242 . DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9. 2013 Elsevier Inc. ( c ) All rights reserved Jump up ^ Yan W , Sheng N , Seto M , Morser J , Wu Q ( May 1999 ) . `` Corin , a mosaic transmembrane serine protease encoded by a novel cDNA from human heart '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 274 ( 21 ) : 14926 -- 35 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 274.21. 14926 . PMID 10329693 . Jump up ^ Yan W , Wu F , Morser J , Wu Q ( Jul 2000 ) . `` Corin , a transmembrane cardiac serine protease , acts as a pro-atrial natriuretic peptide - converting enzyme '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 97 ( 15 ) : 8525 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2000PNAS ... 97.8525 Y . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 150149097 . PMC 26981 . PMID 10880574 . Jump up ^ name = `` Widmaier '' > Widmaier EP , Raff H , Strang KT ( 2008 ) . Vander 's Human Physiology , 11th Ed . McGraw - Hill . pp. 291 , 509 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 304962 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mohler ER , Finkbeiner WE ( 2011 ) . Medical Physiology ( Boron ) ( 2 ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 1753 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chapter 37 -- Natriuretic Hormones , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney ( Fifth Edition ) , 2013 , Page 1241 , David L. Vesely Jump up ^ Kiberd BA , Larson TS , Robertson CR , Jamison RL ( Jun 1987 ) . `` Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on vasa recta blood flow in the rat '' . The American Journal of Physiology. 252 ( 6 Pt 2 ) : F1112 -- 7 . PMID 2954471 . Jump up ^ Reeves WB , Andreoli TE ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 31 -- Sodium Chloride Transport in the Loop of Henle , Distal Convoluted Tubule , and Collecting Duct '' . In Giebisch GH , Alpern RA , Herbert SC , Seldin DW . Seldin and Giebisch 's the kidney : physiology and pathophysiology . Amsterdam : Elsevier / Academic Press . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 012088488 - 9.50034 - 6 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 088488 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fernandes - Cerqueira C , Sampaio - Maia B , Quelhas - Santos J , Moreira - Rodrigues M , Simões - Silva L , Blazquez - Medela AM , Martinez - Salgado C , Lopez - Novoa JM , Pestana M ( 2013 ) . `` Concerted action of ANP and dopamine D1 - receptor to regulate sodium homeostasis in nephrotic syndrome '' . BioMed Research International . 2013 : 397391 . doi : 10.1155 / 2013 / 397391 . PMC 3727124 . PMID 23956981 . Jump up ^ Cui Y , Wang W , Dong N , Lou J , Srinivasan DK , Cheng W , Huang X , Liu M , Fang C , Peng J , Chen S , Wu S , Liu Z , Dong L , Zhou Y , Wu Q ( Apr 2012 ) . `` Role of corin in trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodelling in pregnancy '' . Nature . 484 ( 7393 ) : 246 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 484 ... 246C . doi : 10.1038 / nature10897 . PMC 3578422 . PMID 22437503 . Jump up ^ Goetze JP , Hansen LH , Terzic D , Zois NE , Albrethsen J , Timm A , Smith J , Soltysinska E , Lippert SK , Hunter I ( Mar 2015 ) . `` Atrial natriuretic peptides in plasma '' . Clinica Chimica Acta ; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry . 443 : 25 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cca. 2014.08. 017 . PMID 25158019 . Jump up ^ Wang TJ , Larson MG , Levy D , Benjamin EJ , Leip EP , Omland T , Wolf PA , Vasan RS ( Feb 2004 ) . `` Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 350 ( 7 ) : 655 -- 63 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa031994 . PMID 14960742 . Jump up ^ Sabatine MS , Morrow DA , de Lemos JA , Omland T , Sloan S , Jarolim P , Solomon SD , Pfeffer MA , Braunwald E ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Evaluation of multiple biomarkers of cardiovascular stress for risk prediction and guiding medical therapy in patients with stable coronary disease '' . Circulation. 125 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 40 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 111.063842 . PMC 3277287 . PMID 22179538 . Jump up ^ Mäkikallio AM , Mäkikallio TH , Korpelainen JT , Vuolteenaho O , Tapanainen JM , Ylitalo K , Sotaniemi KA , Huikuri HV , Myllylä VV ( May 2005 ) . `` Natriuretic peptides and mortality after stroke '' . Stroke : A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 36 ( 5 ) : 1016 -- 20 . doi : 10.1161 / 01.STR.0000162751.54349.ae . PMID 15802631 . Jump up ^ Barbato E , Bartunek J , Marchitti S , Mangiacapra F , Stanzione R , Delrue L , Cotugno M , Di Castro S , De Bruyne B , Wijns W , Volpe M , Rubattu S ( Mar 2012 ) . `` NT - proANP circulating level is a prognostic marker in stable ischemic heart disease '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 155 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2011.11. 057 . PMID 22177588 . Jump up ^ Ramnarain , D ; Mehra , N ( 2011 ) . `` Natriuretic peptide - induced hyponatremia in a patient with left atrial myxoma '' . Critical Care . 15 ( Suppl 1 ) : P368 . doi : 10.1186 / cc9788 . PMC 3067042 . Jump up ^ Saito Y ( Nov 2010 ) . `` Roles of atrial natriuretic peptide and its therapeutic use '' . Journal of Cardiology. 56 ( 3 ) : 262 -- 70 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jjcc. 2010.08. 001 . PMID 20884176 . Jump up ^ `` Ularitide '' . AdisInsight . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tervonen V , Arjamaa O , Kokkonen K , Ruskoaho H , Vuolteenaho O ( Sep 1998 ) . `` A novel cardiac hormone related to A - , B - and C - type natriuretic peptides '' . Endocrinology. 139 ( 9 ) : 4021 -- 5 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 139.9. 4021 . PMID 9724061 . Jump up ^ Schweitz H , Vigne P , Moinier D , Frelin C , Lazdunski M ( Jul 1992 ) . `` A new member of the natriuretic peptide family is present in the venom of the green mamba ( Dendroaspis angusticeps ) '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 267 ( 20 ) : 13928 -- 32 . PMID 1352773 . Jump up ^ Vesely Chapter 39 , Antinatriureic peptides , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney , Fifth Edition . DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9 . ( c ) 2013 Elsevier Inc . Jump up ^ McMurray JJ , Packer M , Desai AS , Gong J , Lefkowitz MP , Rizkala AR , Rouleau JL , Shi VC , Solomon SD , Swedberg K , Zile MR ( Sep 2014 ) . `` Angiotensin - neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 371 ( 11 ) : 993 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1409077 . PMID 25176015 . Jump up ^ Venugopal J ( 2003 ) . `` Pharmacological modulation of the natriuretic peptide system '' . Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 13 ( 9 ) : 1389 -- 1409 . doi : 10.1517 / 13543776.13. 9.1389 . External links ( edit ) Atrial Natriuretic Factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Human NPPA genome location and NPPA gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser . Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Amyloidosis ( E85 , 277.3 ) Common amyloid forming proteins AA ATTR Aβ2M AL Aβ / APP AIAPP ACal APro AANF ACys ABri Systemic amyloidosis AL amyloidosis AA amyloidosis Aβ2M / Haemodialysis - associated AGel / Finnish type AA / Familial Mediterranean fever ATTR / Transthyretin - related hereditary Organ - limited amyloidosis Heart AANF / Isolated atrial Brain Familial amyloid neuropathy ACys + ABri / Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Aβ / Alzheimer 's disease Kidney AApoA1 + AFib + ALys / Familial renal Skin Primary cutaneous amyloidosis Amyloid purpura Endocrine Thyroid ACal / Medullary thyroid cancer Pituitary APro / Prolactinoma Pancreas AIAPP / Insulinoma AIAPP / Diabetes mellitus type 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrial_natriuretic_peptide&oldid=840815190 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 1 Wikipedia articles with corresponding academic peer reviewed articles Wikipedia articles with corresponding articles published in Gene Peptide hormones Hormones of the heart Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 10 : 02 . 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List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders

List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents 1 Scoring leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of October 29 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,231 1,150 27.2 11,350 1,626 6,905 7 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 25,488 1,059 24.1 9,114 1,353 5,907 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,915 1,411 17.7 9,005 2,117 4,788 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,155 988 22.4 8,066 472 5,551 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 21,139 779 27.1 7,178 1,445 5,338 36 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,815 1,202 17.3 7,951 176 4,737 39 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=866403138 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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which nba player has scored the most points

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Sino-Soviet relations

Sino - Soviet relations - wikipedia Sino - Soviet relations Jump to : navigation , search China -- USSR relations China Soviet Union Inside the Memorial Hall of the Chinese People 's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression , Beijing For post-1991 relations , see Sino - Russian relations since 1991 . See also History of Sino - Russian relations and History of foreign relations of the People 's Republic of China . For modern Taiwan - Soviet / Russia relations after 1949 , see Russia -- Taiwan relations . Sino - Soviet relations ( simplified Chinese : 中 苏 关 系 ; traditional Chinese : 中 蘇 關 係 ; pinyin : Zhōng Sū Guānxì ; Russian : Советско - китайские отношения , Sovetsko - kitayskiye otnosheniya ) refers to the diplomatic relationship between the Chinese Republic and the various forms of Soviet Power which emerged from the Russian Revolution of 1917 to 1991 , when the Soviet Union ceased to exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country comparison 2 Russian Civil War and Mongolia 3 The KMT , the CCP , the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of diplomatic relations 4 Sino - Soviet conflict , 1929 5 Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 6 Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) 7 Second Sino - Japanese War and World War II 8 Joint victory over Imperial Japan 9 Ili Rebellion 10 Pei - ta - shan Incident 11 Chinese Civil War and the People 's Republic of China 12 Sino - Soviet split 13 Post-Mao era and stabilizing relations 14 Dissolution of the Soviet Union 15 See also 16 Notes 17 Further reading 18 External links Country comparison ( edit ) Republic of China ( China ) People 's Republic of China ( China ) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Soviet Union ) Coat of Arms Flag Area 11,077,380 km2 ( 4,277,000 sq mi ) ( 1912 ) 9,676,204 km2 ( 3,736,003 sq mi ) ( 1949 ) 9,640,011 km2 ( 3,717,813 sq mi ) 22,402,200 km2 ( 8,649,538 sq mi ) Population 472,000,000 ( 1920 ) 541,670,000 ( 1949 ) 1,172,327,000 ( 1991 ) 148,656,000 ( 1926 ) 293,047,571 ( 1991 ) Population Density 55.3 / km2 ( 143.3 / sq mi ) ( 1949 ) 140 / km2 ( 363 / sq mi ) ( 1991 ) 13.1 / km2 ( 33.9 / sq mi ) ( 1991 ) Capital Beijing ( Beiyang ) Nanjing ( Nationalist ) Taipei ( Nationalist - in exile ) Beijing Moscow Largest City Shanghai ( before 1949 ) New Taipei ( 1991 ) Shanghai ( 1991 ) Moscow ( 1991 ) Government Unitary semi-presidential one - party republic under authoritarian military dictatorship Unitary Marxist -- Leninist - Maoist one - party socialist state Federal Marxist -- Leninist one - party socialist state Ruling political party Beiyang government Kuomintang Communist Party of China Communist Party of the Soviet Union Legislature Legislative Yuan National People 's Congress Supreme Soviet Official languages Mandarin Mandarin Russian Other languages Mongolian Tibetan Uyghur Zhuang ( see Languages of China ) Mongolian Tibetan Uyghur Zhuang Ukrainian Byelorussian Uzbek Kazakh Georgian Azerbaydzhani Lithuanian Moldavian Latvian Kirghiz Tadzhik Armenian Turkmen Estonian Currency Chinese yuan Old Taiwan dollar ( before 1949 ) Chinese yuan Soviet ruble Russian Civil War and mongolia ( edit ) The Beiyang government in north China joined the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War , sending forces to Siberia and North Russia beginning in 1918 . Mongolia and Tuva became contested territories . After being occupied by the Chinese General Xu Shuzheng in 1919 , they came under the sway of the Russian White Guard General turned independent warlord , Ungern von Sternberg in 1920 . Soviet troops , with support from Mongolian guerrillas led by Damdin Sükhbaatar , defeated the White warlord and established a new pro-Soviet Mongolian client state , which by 1924 became the Mongolian People 's Republic . The KMT , the CCP , the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of diplomatic relations ( edit ) In 1921 the Soviet Union began supporting the Kuomintang ( KMT ) , and in 1923 the Comintern instructed the Chinese Communist Party ( commonly abbreviated as CCP ) to sign a military treaty with the KMT . On May 31 , 1924 , the two governments signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations , while the Soviet government renounced in that agreement all privileges granted to the Tsarist government in China . But in 1926 KMT leader Chiang Kai - shek abruptly dismissed his Soviet advisers and imposed restrictions on CCP participation in the government . By 1927 , after the conclusion of the Northern Expedition , Chiang purged the CCP from the KMT - CCP alliance , resulting in the Chinese Civil War which would last until 1949 , a few months after the proclamation of the People 's Republic of China , led by Mao Zedong . During the war the Soviets gave some support to the CCP , which in 1934 suffered a crushing blow when the KMT brought an end to the Chinese Soviet Republic , thus causing the CCP 's Long March from Shaanxi . The Soviet Union tried and failed in an attempt to make the Hui hostile to China . Sino - Soviet conflict , 1929 ( edit ) Main article : Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) The Sino - Soviet conflict of 1929 was a minor armed conflict between the Soviet Union and the Republic of China over the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway . The Chinese seized the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway in 1929 , swift Soviet military intervention quickly put an end to the crisis and forced the Chinese to accept restoration of joint Soviet - Chinese administration of the railway . Soviet invasion of Xinjiang ( edit ) Main article : Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang In 1934 the Republic of China 36th Division ( National Revolutionary Army ) , which was composed of Muslims , severely mauled the Soviet Union Red Army and their White Russian allies when the Soviets attempted to seize Xinjiang . Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) ( edit ) Main article : Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) The Soviet Union intervened again in Xinjiang in 1937 . Second Sino - Japanese War and World War II ( edit ) Monument to the Soviet Volunteer Airmen who died in defense of China from Japanese invaders . The unit was based in Wuhan in 1938 In 1931 , Japan invaded Manchuria and created the puppet state of Manchukuo ( 1932 ) , which signaled the beginning of the Second Sino - Japanese War . In 1937 , a month after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , the Soviet Union established a non-aggression pact with the Republic of China . During the World War II period , the two countries suffered more losses than any other country , with China ( in the Second Sino - Japanese war ) losing about 30 million people and the Soviet Union 26 million . Joint victory over imperial Japan ( edit ) On August 8 , 1945 , three months after Nazi Germany surrendered , and on the week of the American Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the Soviet Union launched the invasion of Manchuria , a massive military operation mobilizing 1.5 million soldiers against one million Kwantung Army troops , the last remaining Japanese military presence . Soviet forces won a decisive victory while the Kwantung suffered massive casualties , with 700,000 having surrendered . The Soviet Union distributed some of the weapons of the captured Kwantung Army to the CCP , who were still battling the KMT in the Chinese Civil War . Ili rebellion ( edit ) Main article : Ili Rebellion While the Republic of China was concentrating on the Second Sino - Japanese War , the USSR supported Uyghur nationalists in their uprise in Xinjiang and set up Second East Turkestan Republic against Kuomintang . After the Chinese Communist Party defeated Kuomintang in 1949 , USSR terminated support for the Second East Turkestan Republic . The Soviets tried to spread anti-Chinese propaganda among minorities in Xinjiang , but this backfired when Uyghur mobs attacked White Russians and called for them to be expelled from Xinjiang . Pei - ta - shan incident ( edit ) Main article : Pei - ta - shan Incident Chinese Muslim forces fought against Soviet and Mongol troops in this incident . Chinese Civil War and the People 's Republic of China ( edit ) After 1946 , the CCP was increasingly successful in the Civil War . On October 1 , 1949 , the People 's Republic of China was proclaimed by Mao Zedong , and by May 1950 the KMT had been expelled from Mainland China , remaining in control of Taiwan . With the creation of the People 's Republic of China , the supreme political authority in the two countries became centred in two communist parties , both espousing revolutionary , Marxist -- Leninist ideology : the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . After the establishment of the People 's Republic of China , a sensitive issue which influenced the Sino - Soviet relationship emerged . As a condition of fighting the Kwantung Army at the end of the Second World War , the Soviet Union received usage rights of the China Far East Railway , the South Manchuria Railway , Lushun ( also known as Port Arthur ) and Dalian . These privileges were significant in the Asian strategies of the Soviet Union because Port Arthur and Dalian were ice - free ports for the Soviet Navy , and the China Far East Railway and the South Manchuria Railway were the essential arterial communications which connected Siberia to Port Arthur and Dalian . As Mao Zedong thought that the usage rights of the Chinese Eastern Railway , the South Manchuria Railway , the Port Arthur and Dalian were part of Chinese state sovereignty , he required the Soviet Union to return these interests to China , and this was a crucial part of the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship . Joseph Stalin initially refused this treaty , but finally made a great concession , and agreed with this treaty under the various stresses of the period . Since the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship resulted in the Soviet Union losing its naval bases in Port Arthur and Dalian , the issue that Stalin had to face was to find a new ice - free port as a Soviet naval base . This issue motivated Stalin 's support for allowing Kim Il - Sung to launch the Korean War . However , both Kim Il - Sung and Stalin did not consider that the United States would intervene into that war immediately , if at all . Kim Il - Sung could not sustain the attack against the US Army . When Kim Il - Sung required military assistance from the Soviet Union and China , Mao agreed to send Chinese troops , but asked the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover . As the two leaders distrusted each other , Stalin agreed with sending Chinese troops to Korea , but refused to provide air cover . Since without the air cover from the Soviet Union , Mao once considered that China did not send troops into Korea , and Stalin at one time decided to give up the Korea Peninsula . After much cogitation , Mao solely sent Chinese troops into Korea on 19 October 1950 under an extremely hard Chinese economic and military situation . This activity ultimately changed the Sino - Soviet relationship . After 12 days of Chinese troops entering the war , Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover , and supported more aid to China . Mao sending Chinese troops to take part in the Korean War was followed by large - scale economic and military cooperation between China and the Soviet Union , and the friendly relationship of the two countries changed from titular to virtual . In one less known example of the Sino - Soviet military cooperation , in April -- June 1952 a group of Soviet Tupolev Tu - 4 aircraft were based in Beijing to perform reconnaissance missions on American fusion bomb tests in the Pacific . Sino - Soviet split ( edit ) Main article : Sino - Soviet split Further information : Sino - Soviet relations during the Brezhnev Era Thus , in the immediate years after the PRC was proclaimed , the Soviet Union became its closest ally . Soviet design , equipment and skilled labour was set out to help industrialize and modernize the PRC . But the extent of actual support , while not insignificant , fell well below Chinese expectations . In the 1960s , relations became deeply strained following the Sino - Soviet Split , culminating in the Sino - Soviet border conflict in 1969 . Increasingly , the PRC began to consider the Soviet Union , which it viewed as Social imperialist , as the greatest threat it faced . In turn , overtures were made between the PRC and the US , such as in the Ping Pong Diplomacy and the 1972 Nixon visit to China . The Soviet Union had encouraged Uyghurs to rebel against China . Post-mao era and stabilizing relations ( edit ) In 1976 , Mao died , and in 1978 , the Gang of Four were overthrown by Deng Xiaoping , who was to soon implement pro-market economic reform . With the PRC no longer espousing the anti-revisionist notion of the antagonistic contradiction between classes , relations between the two countries became gradually normalized . In 1979 , however , the PRC launched the Sino - Vietnamese War , a failed invasion of Vietnam ( which had , after a period of ambivalence , sided with the Soviet Union ) in response to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia which overthrew the China - backed Khmer Rouge from power . During the Sino - Soviet split , strained relations between China and the Soviet Union resulted in strained relations between China and the pro-Soviet Afghan communist regime . China and Afghanistan had neutral relations with each other during the rule of King Zahir Shah . When the pro-Soviet Afghan communists seized power in Afghanistan in 1978 , relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile . The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported the Vietnamese during the Sino - Vietnamese War and blamed China for supporting Afghan anti-communist militants . China responded to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by supporting the Afghan Mujahideen and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang . China acquired military equipment from the United States to defend itself from Soviet attack . China moved its training camps for the Mujahideen from Pakistan into China itself . Hundreds of millions worth of anti-aircraft missiles , rocket launchers and machine guns were given to the Mujahideen by the Chinese . Chinese military advisors and army troops were present with the Mujahideen during training . Even though Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev went on to criticize the post-Maoist CCP when it allowed for PRC millionaires as having lost the socialist path , with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Soviet Union itself turned to privatization . Dissolution of the Soviet Union ( edit ) Unlike that of the PRC , this was a much more extreme , highly unregulated form of privatization which resulted in massive losses to foreign speculators , near - anarchical conditions and economic collapse . Thus , in the post-Cold War period , while the Soviet Union remained vastly more developed ( economically and militarily ) , in a systemic and deep way ( i.e. , the PRC in 1949 was less industrialized than Russia in 1914 ) , the PRC emerged in a far more favourable and stable financial position . While the severe Soviet shortage of capital was new , Chinese economic and military underdevelopment was not . Nor was the PRC 's desperate and ever - growing need for mineral resources , especially petroleum fuel , which the Soviet Union held in abundance in such Asiatic regions as western Siberia . See also : Sino - Russian relations since 1991 and Russia -- Taiwan relations See also ( edit ) China , Soviet Union : Treaty of Friendship and Alliance Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series , vol. 37 , pp. 176 - 191 . Jump up ^ Frederick Roelker Wulsin , Joseph Fletcher , Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology , National Geographic Society ( U.S. ) , Peabody Museum of Salem ( 1979 ) . Mary Ellen Alonso , ed . China 's inner Asian frontier : photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 : from the archives of the Peabody Museum , Harvard University , and the National Geographic Society ( illustrated ed . ) . The Museum : distributed by Harvard University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 11968 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO RESEOLVE POLITICAL PROBLEMS IN SINKIANG ; EXTENT OF SOVIET AID AND ENCOURAGEMENT TO REBEL GROUPS IN SINKIANG ; BORDER INCIDENT AT PEITASHAN ^ Jump up to : Text in Shen Zhihua , 中 苏 关系 史 纲 , 新华 出版 社 , 2007 年 , 北京 ^ Jump up to : Text in Shen Zhihua , China and the Dispatch of the Soviet Air Force : The Formation of the Chinese - Soviet - Korean Alliance in the Early Stage of the Korean War , in : The Journal of Strategic Studies , Vol. 33 , No. 2 , pp. 211 - 230 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from the diary of the retired Colonel Peter Vladimirovich Strunov '' ( in Russian ) . Airforce.ru . Jump up ^ Muthiah Alagappa ( 1998 ) . Muthiah Alagappa , ed . Asian security practice : material and ideational influences ( illustrated ed . ) . Stanford University Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3348 - 1 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ S. Frederick Starr ( 2004 ) . S. Frederick Starr , ed . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland ( illustrated ed . ) . M.E. Sharpe . p. 157 . ISBN 0765613182 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ S. Frederick Starr ( 2004 ) . S. Frederick Starr , ed . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland ( illustrated ed . ) . M.E. Sharpe . p. 158 . ISBN 0765613182 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Friedman , Jeremy . Shadow Cold War : The Sino - Soviet Competition for the Third World ( 2015 ) . online Garver , John W. Chinese - Soviet Relations , 1937 - 1945 : The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism ( 1988 ) . Mehnert , Klaus . `` Soviet - Chinese Relations . '' International Affairs 35.4 ( 1959 ) : 417 - 426 . online Ross , Robert S. China , the United States , and the Soviet Union : tripolarity and policy making in the Cold War ( 1993 ) . Wilson , Jeanne . Strategic partners : Russian - Chinese relations in the post-Soviet era ( Routledge , 2015 ) . 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List of solar eclipses in the 21st century

List of Solar Eclipses in the 21st century - wikipedia List of Solar Eclipses in the 21st century Jump to : navigation , search Lists of solar eclipses Geometry of a total solar eclipse ( not to scale ) Centuries BC ( show ) 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Eclipses seen from Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States See also Lists of lunar eclipses Total solar eclipse of July 22 , 2009 , from Bangladesh . During the 21st century , there will be 224 solar eclipses of which 77 will be partial , 72 will be annular , 68 will be total and 7 will be hybrids between total and annular eclipses . Of these , two annular and one total eclipse will be non-central , in the sense that the very center ( axis ) of the moon 's shadow will miss the earth ( for more information see gamma ) . In the 21st century the greatest number of eclipses in one year is four , in 2011 , 2029 , 2047 , 2065 , 2076 , and 2094 . The predictions given here are by Fred Espenak of NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center . At this point , the longest duration in which the moon completely covered the sun , known as totality , was during the solar eclipse of July 22 , 2009 . This total solar eclipse had a maximum duration of 6 minutes and 39 seconds . The longest possible duration of a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 32 seconds . The longest annular solar eclipse of the 21st century took place on January 15 , 2010 , with a duration of 11 minutes and 8 seconds . The maximum possible duration is 12 minutes and 29 seconds . The eclipse of May 20 , 2050 , will be the second hybrid eclipse in the span of less than one year , the first one being on November 25 , 2049 . The next solar eclipse ( Partial ) will occur on February 15 , 2018 ; the last solar eclipse ( Total ) occurred on August 21 , 2017 . The table contains the date and time of the greatest eclipse ( in dynamical time , which in this case is the time when the axis of the Moon 's shadow cone passes closest to the centre of Earth ; this is in Universal Time ) . The number of the saros series that the eclipse belongs to is given , followed by the magnitude of the eclipse ( the fraction of the Sun 's diameter obscured by the Moon ) and the type of the eclipse ( either total , annular , partial or hybrid ) . For total and annular eclipses , the duration of the eclipse is given , as well as the location of the greatest eclipse ( the point of maximum eclipse ) and the path width of the total or annular eclipse . The geographical areas from which the eclipse can be seen are listed . Date Time of greatest eclipse ( UTC ) Saros Type Magnitude Central duration ( min : s ) Location Path width Geographical area Ref ( s ) km mi 2001 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2001 12 : 04 : 46 127 Total 1.050 4 : 57 - 11.3 11 ° 18 ′ S 2 ° 42 ′ E  /  11.3 ° S 2.7 ° E  / - 11.3 ; 2.7 200 120 Total : Angola , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Mozambique and Madagascar Partial : South America , Africa 2001 - 12 - 14 December 14 , 2001 20 : 53 : 01 132 Annular 0.968 3 : 53 00.6 0 ° 36 ′ N 130 ° 42 ′ W  /  0.6 ° N 130.7 ° W  / 0.6 ; - 130.7 126 78 Annular : Nicaragua and Costa Rica Partial : North and Central America , northwestern South America , Hawaii 2002 - 06 - 10 June 10 , 2002 23 : 45 : 22 137 Annular 0.996 0 : 23 34.5 34 ° 30 ′ N 178 ° 36 ′ W  /  34.5 ° N 178.6 ° W  / 34.5 ; - 178.6 13 8.1 Annular : Manado , Indonesia , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and Puerto Vallarta , Mexico Partial : eastern Asia , northeastern Australia , North America , Hawaii 2002 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2002 07 : 32 : 16 142 Total 1.024 2 : 04 - 39.5 39 ° 30 ′ S 59 ° 36 ′ E  /  39.5 ° S 59.6 ° E  / - 39.5 ; 59.6 87 54 Total : Angola , Botswana , Zimbabwe , South Africa , Mozambique and South Australia Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Indonesia , Australia 2003 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2003 04 : 09 : 22 147 Annular 0.938 3 : 37 66.6 66 ° 36 ′ N 24 ° 30 ′ W  /  66.6 ° N 24.5 ° W  / 66.6 ; - 24.5 -- Annular : Greenland , Iceland , northeastern Scotland , Faroe Islands , Shetland Islands Partial : Eastern Europe , northern and western Asia , Middle East , Alaska , Greenland and northwestern Canada 2003 - 11 - 23 November 23 , 2003 22 : 50 : 22 152 Total 1.038 1 : 57 - 72.7 72 ° 42 ′ S 88 ° 24 ′ E  /  72.7 ° S 88.4 ° E  / - 72.7 ; 88.4 495 308 Total : East Antarctica Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica , southern Chile and Argentina 2004 - 04 - 19 April 19 , 2004 13 : 35 : 05 119 Partial 0.737 -- - 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ S 44 ° 18 ′ E  /  61.6 ° S 44.3 ° E  / - 61.6 ; 44.3 -- Partial : Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica , southern Africa 2004 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2004 03 : 00 : 23 124 Partial 0.928 -- 61.2 61 ° 12 ′ N 153 ° 42 ′ W  /  61.2 ° N 153.7 ° W  / 61.2 ; - 153.7 -- Partial : eastern Russia , Mongolia , Northeastern China , Korea , Japan , Hawaii , western Alaska 2005 - 04 - 08 April 8 , 2005 20 : 36 : 51 129 Hybrid 1.007 0 : 42 - 10.6 10 ° 36 ′ S 119 ° 00 ′ W  /  10.6 ° S 119.0 ° W  / - 10.6 ; - 119.0 27 17 Hybrid : Venezuela , Colombia , Panama , southeastern French Polynesia , Bounty Islands Partial : Pacific , Mexico , Central America , Caribbean , western South America , New Zealand , West Antarctica 2005 - 10 - 03 October 3 , 2005 10 : 32 : 47 134 Annular 0.958 4 : 32 12.9 12 ° 54 ′ N 28 ° 42 ′ E  /  12.9 ° N 28.7 ° E  / 12.9 ; 28.7 162 101 Annular : Portugal , Spain , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Chad , Sudan , Kenya and Somalia Partial : Africa , Europe , Western Asia , Middle East and India Pakistan 2006 - 03 - 29 March 29 , 2006 10 : 12 : 23 139 Total 1.052 4 : 07 23.2 23 ° 12 ′ N 16 ° 42 ′ E  /  23.2 ° N 16.7 ° E  / 23.2 ; 16.7 104 65 Total : Brazil , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Niger , Libya , northwest Egypt , Turkey , Georgia , southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan Partial : North Africa , Central Africa , eastern Brazil , Central Asia , Middle East , India Pakistan and Europe 2006 - 09 - 22 September 22 , 2006 11 : 41 : 16 144 Annular 0.935 7 : 09 - 20.6 20 ° 36 ′ S 9 ° 06 ′ W  /  20.6 ° S 9.1 ° W  / - 20.6 ; - 9.1 261 162 Annular : Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana Partial : South America , West Africa , Southern Africa , Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica 2007 - 03 - 19 March 19 , 2007 02 : 32 : 57 149 Partial 0.876 -- 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ N 55 ° 30 ′ E  /  61.0 ° N 55.5 ° E  / 61.0 ; 55.5 -- Partial : Asia , western Alaska 2007 - 09 - 11 September 11 , 2007 12 : 32 : 24 154 Partial 0.751 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 90 ° 12 ′ W  /  61.0 ° S 90.2 ° W  / - 61.0 ; - 90.2 -- Partial : Central and Southern South America , Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica , south Atlantic 2008 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2008 03 : 56 : 10 121 Annular 0.965 2 : 12 - 67.6 67 ° 36 ′ S 150 ° 30 ′ W  /  67.6 ° S 150.5 ° W  / - 67.6 ; - 150.5 444 276 Annular : West Antarctica Partial : Antarctica , southeastern Australia , New Zealand , southeastern Melanesia , southeastern Micronesia , southeastern Polynesia 2008 - 08 - 01 August 1 , 2008 10 : 22 : 12 126 Total 1.039 2 : 27 65.7 65 ° 42 ′ N 72 ° 18 ′ E  /  65.7 ° N 72.3 ° E  / 65.7 ; 72.3 237 147 Total : Nunavut , northern Greenland , central Russia , western Mongolia , western China Partial : Nova Scotia , PEI , New Brunswick , Quebec , Nunavut , Greenland , northern Europe , Asia 2009 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2009 07 : 59 : 45 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 54 - 34.1 34 ° 06 ′ S 70 ° 12 ′ E  /  34.1 ° S 70.2 ° E  / - 34.1 ; 70.2 280 170 Annular : southeast Sumatra , Jakarta and Borneo Partial : Southern Africa , east Antarctica , South East Asia , Philippines , Australia 2009 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2009 02 : 36 : 25 136 Total 1.080 6 : 39 24.2 24 ° 12 ′ N 144 ° 06 ′ E  /  24.2 ° N 144.1 ° E  / 24.2 ; 144.1 258 160 Total : central and northeastern Pakistan India , Bhutan , Bangladesh , Myanmar , China , northern part of the Ryukyu Islands ( Satsunan ) Partial : Southeast Asia , Japan , South Korea , the Philippines , Indonesia , Central Pacific Ocean area and its islands 2010 - 01 - 15 January 15 , 2010 07 : 07 : 39 141 Annular 0.919 11 : 08 01.6 1 ° 36 ′ N 69 ° 18 ′ E  /  1.6 ° N 69.3 ° E  / 1.6 ; 69.3 333 207 Annular : Central African Republic , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Maldives , southeastern India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Myanmar , central China Partial : Africa , Southeastern Europe , Middle East , Asia 2010 - 07 - 11 July 11 , 2010 19 : 34 : 38 146 Total 1.058 5 : 20 - 19.7 19 ° 42 ′ S 121 ° 54 ′ W  /  19.7 ° S 121.9 ° W  / - 19.7 ; - 121.9 259 161 Total : Southern Chile and Argentina , Southeastern Polynesia Partial : southwestern South America , French Polynesia , Hawaii 2011 - 01 - 04 January 4 , 2011 08 : 51 : 42 151 Partial 0.858 -- 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ N 20 ° 48 ′ E  /  64.7 ° N 20.8 ° E  / 64.7 ; 20.8 -- Partial : Europe , Northern Africa , Central Asia , Middle East 2011 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2011 21 : 17 : 18 118 Partial 0.601 -- 67.8 67 ° 48 ′ N 46 ° 48 ′ E  /  67.8 ° N 46.8 ° E  / 67.8 ; 46.8 -- Partial : Iceland , northern Canada , Alaska , northeastern Asia , Greenland , northern Scandinavia 2011 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2011 08 : 39 : 30 156 Partial 0.097 -- - 65.2 65 ° 12 ′ S 28 ° 36 ′ E  /  65.2 ° S 28.6 ° E  / - 65.2 ; 28.6 -- Partial : Southern Indian Ocean near Antarctica 2011 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2011 06 : 21 : 24 123 Partial 0.905 -- - 68.6 68 ° 36 ′ S 82 ° 24 ′ W  /  68.6 ° S 82.4 ° W  / - 68.6 ; - 82.4 -- Partial : Southwestern South Africa , Antarctica , Tasmania , New Zealand 2012 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2012 23 : 53 : 54 128 Annular 0.944 5 : 46 49.1 49 ° 06 ′ N 176 ° 18 ′ E  /  49.1 ° N 176.3 ° E  / 49.1 ; 176.3 237 147 Annular : Southern China , Hong Kong , Macau , Kyushu , Shikoku , southern Honshu , Tokyo , Oregon , California , Nevada , Utah , Arizona , New Mexico , Texas Partial : Pacific , eastern Asia , North America , Hawaii 2012 - 11 - 13 November 13 , 2012 22 : 12 : 55 133 Total 1.050 4 : 02 - 40.0 40 ° 00 ′ S 161 ° 18 ′ W  /  40.0 ° S 161.3 ° W  / - 40.0 ; - 161.3 179 111 Total : Arnhem Land and central Cape York Peninsula , Australia , Kermadec Islands , New Zealand Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Melanesia , Southeastern South America , Southern Pacific , Polynesia , Antarctic Peninsula , West Antarctica , Talos Dome 2013 - 05 - 10 May 10 , 2013 00 : 26 : 20 138 Annular 0.954 6 : 03 02.2 2 ° 12 ′ N 175 ° 30 ′ E  /  2.2 ° N 175.5 ° E  / 2.2 ; 175.5 173 107 Annular : Western Australia , Northern Territory and Queensland , Australia , Louisiade Archipelago , Solomon Islands , Kiribati Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Central Pacific , Hawaii , Indonesia 2013 - 11 - 03 November 3 , 2013 12 : 47 : 36 143 Hybrid 1.016 1 : 40 03.5 3 ° 30 ′ N 11 ° 42 ′ W  /  3.5 ° N 11.7 ° W  / 3.5 ; - 11.7 58 36 Hybrid : Gabon , Republic of the Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Ethiopia Partial : Eastern America , Eastern Canada , Caribbean , Eastern South America , South Europe , Africa 2014 - 04 - 29 April 29 , 2014 06 : 04 : 33 148 Annular ( non-central ) 0.987 -- - 70.6 70 ° 36 ′ S 131 ° 18 ′ E  /  70.6 ° S 131.3 ° E  / - 70.6 ; 131.3 -- Annular : western Wilkes Land Partial : South Indian Ocean , Australia , east Antarctica 2014 - 10 - 23 October 23 , 2014 21 : 45 : 39 153 Partial 0.811 -- 71.2 71 ° 12 ′ N 97 ° 12 ′ W  /  71.2 ° N 97.2 ° W  / 71.2 ; - 97.2 -- Partial : Northern Pacific , North America , Mexico , Eastern Russia 2015 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2015 09 : 46 : 47 120 Total 1.045 2 : 47 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ N 6 ° 36 ′ W  /  64.4 ° N 6.6 ° W  / 64.4 ; - 6.6 463 288 Total : Faroe Islands , Svalbard , North Atlantic , North Pole Partial : Greenland , Europe , Central Asia , Western Russia 2015 - 09 - 13 September 13 , 2015 06 : 55 : 19 125 Partial 0.788 -- - 72.1 72 ° 06 ′ S 2 ° 18 ′ W  /  72.1 ° S 2.3 ° W  / - 72.1 ; - 2.3 -- Partial : Southern Africa , South Indian Ocean , east Antarctica 2016 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2016 01 : 58 : 19 130 Total 1.045 4 : 09 10.1 10 ° 06 ′ N 148 ° 48 ′ E  /  10.1 ° N 148.8 ° E  / 10.1 ; 148.8 155 96 Total : Indonesia , Micronesia , Marshall Islands Partial : Southeastern Asia , Korea , Japan , Eastern Russia , Alaska , northwestern Australia , Hawaii , Pacific 2016 - 09 - 01 September 1 , 2016 09 : 08 : 02 135 Annular 0.974 3 : 06 - 10.7 10 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 48 ′ E  /  10.7 ° S 37.8 ° E  / - 10.7 ; 37.8 100 62 Annular : Atlantic , Central Africa , Madagascar , Indian Partial : Africa , Indian Ocean 2017 - 02 - 26 February 26 , 2017 14 : 54 : 33 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 44 - 34.7 34 ° 42 ′ S 31 ° 12 ′ W  /  34.7 ° S 31.2 ° W  / - 34.7 ; - 31.2 31 19 Annular : southern Chile and Argentina , Angola , southwestern Katanga Partial : Southern and Western Africa , Southern South America , Antarctica 2017 - 08 - 21 August 21 , 2017 18 : 26 : 40 145 Total 1.031 2 : 40 37.0 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W  /  37.0 ° N 87.7 ° W  / 37.0 ; - 87.7 115 71 Total : Oregon , Idaho , Wyoming , Nebraska , northeastern Kansas , Missouri , Southern Illinois , Western Kentucky , Tennessee , Southwestern North Carolina , northeastern Georgia , South Carolina Partial : North America , Hawaii , Greenland , Iceland , British Isles , Portugal , Central America , Caribbean , northern South America , Chukchi Peninsula 2018 - 02 - 15 February 15 , 2018 20 : 52 : 33 150 Partial 0.599 -- - 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ S 0 ° 36 ′ E  /  71.0 ° S 0.6 ° E  / - 71.0 ; 0.6 -- Partial : Antarctica , Southern South America 2018 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2018 03 : 02 : 16 117 Partial 0.336 -- - 67.9 67 ° 54 ′ S 127 ° 24 ′ E  /  67.9 ° S 127.4 ° E  / - 67.9 ; 127.4 -- Partial : South Australia , Victoria , Tasmania , Indian Ocean , Budd Coast 2018 - 08 - 11 August 11 , 2018 09 : 47 : 28 155 Partial 0.737 -- 70.4 70 ° 24 ′ N 174 ° 30 ′ E  /  70.4 ° N 174.5 ° E  / 70.4 ; 174.5 -- Partial : Northeastern Canada , Greenland , Iceland , Arctic Ocean , Scandinavia , northern British Isles , Russia , northern Asia 2019 - 01 - 06 January 6 , 2019 01 : 42 : 38 122 Partial 0.715 -- 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 153 ° 36 ′ E  /  67.4 ° N 153.6 ° E  / 67.4 ; 153.6 -- Partial : Northeastern Asia , Southwestern Alaska , Aleutian Islands 2019 - 07 - 02 July 2 , 2019 19 : 24 : 08 127 Total 1.046 4 : 33 - 17.4 17 ° 24 ′ S 109 ° 00 ′ W  /  17.4 ° S 109.0 ° W  / - 17.4 ; - 109.0 201 125 Total : Pitcairn Islands , central Argentina and Chile , Tuamotu Archipelago Partial : South America , Easter Island , Galapagos Islands , Southern Central America , Polynesia 2019 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2019 05 : 18 : 53 132 Annular 0.970 3 : 40 01.0 1 ° 00 ′ N 102 ° 18 ′ E  /  1.0 ° N 102.3 ° E  / 1.0 ; 102.3 118 73 Annular : northeastern Pakistan Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Qatar , United Arab Emirates , Oman , Lakshadweep , Southern India , Sri Lanka , northern Sumatra , southern Malaysia , Singapore , Borneo , central Indonesia , Palau , Micronesia , Guam Partial : Asia , Western Melanesia , northwestern Australia , Middle East , East Africa 2020 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2020 06 : 41 : 15 137 Annular 0.994 0 : 38 30.5 30 ° 30 ′ N 79 ° 42 ′ E  /  30.5 ° N 79.7 ° E  / 30.5 ; 79.7 21 13 Annular : Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Yemen , Empty Quarter , Oman , southern Pakistan , northern India , New Delhi , Tibet , southern China , Chongqing , Taiwan Partial : Asia , Southeastern Europe , Africa , Middle East , West Melanesia , Western Australia , Northern Territory , Cape York Peninsula 2020 - 12 - 14 December 14 , 2020 16 : 14 : 39 142 Total 1.025 2 : 10 - 40.3 40 ° 18 ′ S 67 ° 54 ′ W  /  40.3 ° S 67.9 ° W  / - 40.3 ; - 67.9 90 56 Total : Southern Chile and Argentina , Kiribati , Polynesia Partial : Central and Southern South America , Southwest Africa , Antarctic Peninsula , Ellsworth Land , Western Queen Maud Land 2021 - 06 - 10 June 10 , 2021 10 : 43 : 07 147 Annular 0.943 3 : 51 80.8 80 ° 48 ′ N 66 ° 48 ′ W  /  80.8 ° N 66.8 ° W  / 80.8 ; - 66.8 527 327 Annular : Northern Canada , Greenland , Russia Partial : Northern North America , Europe , Asia 2021 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2021 07 : 34 : 38 152 Total 1.037 1 : 54 - 76.8 76 ° 48 ′ S 46 ° 12 ′ W  /  76.8 ° S 46.2 ° W  / - 76.8 ; - 46.2 419 260 Total : Antarctica Partial : South Africa , South Atlantic 2022 - 04 - 30 April 30 , 2022 20 : 42 : 36 119 Partial 0.640 -- - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 71 ° 30 ′ W  /  62.1 ° S 71.5 ° W  / - 62.1 ; - 71.5 -- Partial : Southeast Pacific , Southern South America 2022 - 10 - 25 October 25 , 2022 11 : 01 : 20 124 Partial 0.862 -- 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ N 77 ° 24 ′ E  /  61.6 ° N 77.4 ° E  / 61.6 ; 77.4 -- Partial : Europe , northeast Africa , Mid East , West Asia 2023 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2023 04 : 17 : 56 129 Hybrid 1.013 1 : 16 - 09.6 9 ° 36 ′ S 125 ° 48 ′ E  /  9.6 ° S 125.8 ° E  / - 9.6 ; 125.8 49 30 Hybrid : Indonesia , Australia , Papua New Guinea Partial : Southeast Asia , East Indies , Philippines , New Zealand 2023 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2023 18 : 00 : 41 134 Annular 0.952 5 : 17 11.4 11 ° 24 ′ N 83 ° 06 ′ W  /  11.4 ° N 83.1 ° W  / 11.4 ; - 83.1 187 116 Annular : Western United States , Central America , Colombia , Brazil Partial : North America , Central America , South America 2024 - 04 - 08 April 8 , 2024 18 : 18 : 29 139 Total 1.057 4 : 28 25.3 25 ° 18 ′ N 104 ° 06 ′ W  /  25.3 ° N 104.1 ° W  / 25.3 ; - 104.1 198 123 Total : Mexico , central and northeastern United States , East Canada Partial : North America , Central America 2024 - 10 - 02 October 2 , 2024 18 : 46 : 13 144 Annular 0.933 7 : 25 - 22.0 22 ° 00 ′ S 114 ° 30 ′ W  /  22.0 ° S 114.5 ° W  / - 22.0 ; - 114.5 266 165 Annular : Southern Chile , Southern Argentina Partial : Pacific , Southern South America 2025 - 03 - 29 March 29 , 2025 10 : 48 : 36 149 Partial 0.938 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 77 ° 06 ′ W  /  61.1 ° N 77.1 ° W  / 61.1 ; - 77.1 -- Partial : Northwest Africa , Europe , northern Russia 2025 - 09 - 21 September 21 , 2025 19 : 43 : 04 154 Partial 0.855 -- - 60.9 60 ° 54 ′ S 153 ° 30 ′ E  /  60.9 ° S 153.5 ° E  / - 60.9 ; 153.5 -- Partial : South Pacific , New Zealand , Antarctica 2026 - 02 - 17 February 17 , 2026 12 : 13 : 06 121 Annular 0.963 2 : 20 - 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ S 86 ° 48 ′ E  /  64.7 ° S 86.8 ° E  / - 64.7 ; 86.8 616 383 Annular : Antarctica Partial : South Argentina , Chile , South Africa , Antarctica 2026 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2026 17 : 47 : 06 126 Total 1.039 2 : 18 65.2 65 ° 12 ′ N 25 ° 12 ′ W  /  65.2 ° N 25.2 ° W  / 65.2 ; - 25.2 294 183 Total : Arctic , Greenland , Iceland , Spain , Northeastern Portugal Partial : Northern North America , Western Africa , Europe 2027 - 02 - 06 February 6 , 2027 16 : 00 : 48 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 51 - 31.3 31 ° 18 ′ S 48 ° 30 ′ W  /  31.3 ° S 48.5 ° W  / - 31.3 ; - 48.5 282 175 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Atlantic Partial : South America , Antarctica , West and South Africa 2027 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2027 10 : 07 : 50 136 Total 1.079 6 : 23 25.5 25 ° 30 ′ N 33 ° 12 ′ E  /  25.5 ° N 33.2 ° E  / 25.5 ; 33.2 258 160 Total : Morocco , Spain , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Somalia Partial : Africa , Europe , Mid East , West and South Asia 2028 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2028 15 : 08 : 59 141 Annular 0.921 10 : 27 03.0 3 ° 00 ′ N 51 ° 30 ′ W  /  3.0 ° N 51.5 ° W  / 3.0 ; - 51.5 323 201 Annular : Ecuador , Peru , Brazil , Suriname , Spain , Portugal Partial : Eastern North America , Central and South America , Western Europe , northwest Africa 2028 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2028 02 : 56 : 40 146 Total 1.056 5 : 10 - 15.6 15 ° 36 ′ S 126 ° 42 ′ E  /  15.6 ° S 126.7 ° E  / - 15.6 ; 126.7 230 140 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : Southeast Asia , East Indies 2029 - 01 - 14 January 14 , 2029 17 : 13 : 48 151 Partial 0.871 -- 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 114 ° 12 ′ W  /  63.7 ° N 114.2 ° W  / 63.7 ; - 114.2 -- Partial : North America , Central America 2029 - 06 - 12 June 12 , 2029 04 : 06 : 13 118 Partial 0.458 -- 66.8 66 ° 48 ′ N 66 ° 12 ′ W  /  66.8 ° N 66.2 ° W  / 66.8 ; - 66.2 -- Partial : Arctic , Scandinavia , Alaska , northern Asia , northern Canada 2029 - 07 - 11 July 11 , 2029 15 : 37 : 19 156 Partial 0.230 -- - 64.3 64 ° 18 ′ S 85 ° 36 ′ W  /  64.3 ° S 85.6 ° W  / - 64.3 ; - 85.6 -- Partial : Southern Chile , Southern Argentina 2029 - 12 - 05 December 5 , 2029 15 : 03 : 58 123 Partial 0.891 -- - 67.5 67 ° 30 ′ S 135 ° 42 ′ E  /  67.5 ° S 135.7 ° E  / - 67.5 ; 135.7 -- Partial : Southern Argentina , Southern Chile , Antarctica 2030 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2030 06 : 29 : 13 128 Annular 0.944 5 : 21 56.5 56 ° 30 ′ N 80 ° 06 ′ E  /  56.5 ° N 80.1 ° E  / 56.5 ; 80.1 250 160 Annular : Algeria , Tunisia , Greece , Turkey , Russia , northern China , Japan Partial : Europe , Northern Africa , Mid East , Asia , Arctic , Alaska 2030 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2030 06 : 51 : 37 133 Total 1.047 3 : 44 - 43.6 43 ° 36 ′ S 71 ° 12 ′ E  /  43.6 ° S 71.2 ° E  / - 43.6 ; 71.2 169 105 Total : Botswana , South Africa , Australia Partial : South Africa , Southern Indian Ocean , East Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2031 - 05 - 21 May 21 , 2031 07 : 16 : 04 138 Annular 0.959 5 : 26 08.9 8 ° 54 ′ N 71 ° 42 ′ E  /  8.9 ° N 71.7 ° E  / 8.9 ; 71.7 152 94 Annular : Angola , Republic of the Congo , Zambia , Tanzania , south Indian Ocean , Malaysia , Indonesia Partial : Africa , south Asia , East Indies , Australia 2031 - 11 - 14 November 14 , 2031 21 : 07 : 31 143 Hybrid 1.011 1 : 08 - 00.6 0 ° 36 ′ S 137 ° 36 ′ W  /  0.6 ° S 137.6 ° W  / - 0.6 ; - 137.6 38 24 Hybrid : Pacific , Panama Partial : south United States , Central America , northwest South America 2032 - 05 - 09 May 9 , 2032 13 : 26 : 42 148 Annular 0.996 0 : 22 - 51.3 51 ° 18 ′ S 7 ° 06 ′ W  /  51.3 ° S 7.1 ° W  / - 51.3 ; - 7.1 44 27 Annular : south Atlantic Partial : south South America , South Africa 2032 - 11 - 03 November 3 , 2032 05 : 34 : 13 153 Partial 0.855 -- 70.4 70 ° 24 ′ N 132 ° 36 ′ E  /  70.4 ° N 132.6 ° E  / 70.4 ; 132.6 -- Partial : Asia 2033 - 03 - 30 March 30 , 2033 18 : 02 : 36 120 Total 1.046 2 : 37 71.3 71 ° 18 ′ N 155 ° 48 ′ W  /  71.3 ° N 155.8 ° W  / 71.3 ; - 155.8 781 485 Total : east Russia , Alaska Partial : North America 2033 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2033 13 : 54 : 31 125 Partial 0.689 -- - 72.2 72 ° 12 ′ S 121 ° 12 ′ W  /  72.2 ° S 121.2 ° W  / - 72.2 ; - 121.2 -- Partial : south South America , Antarctica 2034 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2034 10 : 18 : 45 130 Total 1.046 4 : 09 16 ° 06 ′ N 22 ° 12 ′ E  /  16.1 ° N 22.2 ° E  / 16.1 ; 22.2 159 99 Total : Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Sudan , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , China Partial : Africa , Europe , west Asia 2034 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2034 16 : 19 : 28 135 Annular 0.974 2 : 58 - 18.2 18 ° 12 ′ S 72 ° 36 ′ W  /  18.2 ° S 72.6 ° W  / - 18.2 ; - 72.6 102 63 Annular : Chile , Bolivia , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil Partial : Central America , South America 2035 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2035 23 : 05 : 54 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 48 - 29.0 29 ° 00 ′ S 154 ° 54 ′ W  /  29.0 ° S 154.9 ° W  / - 29.0 ; - 154.9 31 19 Annular : New Zealand , Pacific Partial : Australia , Mexico , Antarctica 2035 - 09 - 02 September 2 , 2035 01 : 56 : 46 145 Total 1.032 2 : 54 29.1 29 ° 06 ′ N 158 ° 00 ′ E  /  29.1 ° N 158.0 ° E  / 29.1 ; 158.0 116 72 Total : China , Korea , Japan , Pacific Partial : east Asia , Pacific 2036 - 02 - 27 February 27 , 2036 04 : 46 : 49 150 Partial 0.629 -- - 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ S 131 ° 24 ′ W  /  71.6 ° S 131.4 ° W  / - 71.6 ; - 131.4 -- Partial : Antarctica , south Australia , New Zealand 2036 - 07 - 23 July 23 , 2036 10 : 32 : 06 117 Partial 0.199 -- - 68.9 68 ° 54 ′ S 3 ° 36 ′ E  /  68.9 ° S 3.6 ° E  / - 68.9 ; 3.6 -- Partial : south Atlantic 2036 - 08 - 21 August 21 , 2036 17 : 25 : 45 155 Partial 0.862 -- 71.1 71 ° 06 ′ N 47 ° 00 ′ E  /  71.1 ° N 47.0 ° E  / 71.1 ; 47.0 -- Partial : Alaska , Canada , Arctic , west Europe , northwest Africa 2037 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2037 09 : 48 : 55 122 Partial 0.705 -- 68.5 68 ° 30 ′ N 20 ° 48 ′ E  /  68.5 ° N 20.8 ° E  / 68.5 ; 20.8 -- Partial : north Africa , Europe , Mid East , west Asia 2037 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2037 02 : 40 : 36 127 Total 1.041 3 : 58 - 24.8 24 ° 48 ′ S 139 ° 06 ′ E  /  24.8 ° S 139.1 ° E  / - 24.8 ; 139.1 201 125 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : East Indies , Australia , Pacific 2038 - 01 - 05 January 5 , 2038 13 : 47 : 11 132 Annular 0.973 3 : 18 02.1 2 ° 06 ′ N 25 ° 24 ′ W  /  2.1 ° N 25.4 ° W  / 2.1 ; - 25.4 107 66 Annular : Cuba , Dominican Republic , Cote d'Ivoire , Ghana , Niger , Chad , Egypt Partial : east North America , north South America , Atlantic , Africa , Europe 2038 - 07 - 02 July 2 , 2038 13 : 32 : 55 137 Annular 0.991 1 : 00 25.4 25 ° 24 ′ N 21 ° 54 ′ W  /  25.4 ° N 21.9 ° W  / 25.4 ; - 21.9 31 19 Annular : Colombia , Venezuela , Mauritania , Morocco , Mali , Niger , Chad , Sudan , Ethiopia , Kenya Partial : North and Central America , South America , Africa , Europe , Mid East 2038 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2038 01 : 00 : 10 142 Total 1.027 2 : 18 - 40.3 40 ° 18 ′ S 164 ° 00 ′ E  /  40.3 ° S 164.0 ° E  / - 40.3 ; 164.0 95 59 Total : Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific Partial : southeast Asia , East Indies , Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific , Antarctica 2039 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2039 17 : 12 : 54 147 Annular 0.945 4 : 05 78.9 78 ° 54 ′ N 102 ° 06 ′ W  /  78.9 ° N 102.1 ° W  / 78.9 ; - 102.1 365 227 Annular : Alaska , north Canada , Norway , Sweden , Finland , Estonia , Russia Partial : North America , west Europe 2039 - 12 - 15 December 15 , 2039 16 : 23 : 46 152 Total 1.036 1 : 51 - 80.9 80 ° 54 ′ S 172 ° 48 ′ E  /  80.9 ° S 172.8 ° E  / - 80.9 ; 172.8 380 240 Total : Antarctica Partial : south South America 2040 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2040 03 : 43 : 02 119 Partial 0.531 -- - 62.8 62 ° 48 ′ S 174 ° 24 ′ E  /  62.8 ° S 174.4 ° E  / - 62.8 ; 174.4 -- Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica 2040 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2040 19 : 09 : 02 124 Partial 0.807 -- 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ N 53 ° 24 ′ W  /  62.2 ° N 53.4 ° W  / 62.2 ; - 53.4 -- Partial : North and Central America 2041 - 04 - 30 April 30 , 2041 11 : 52 : 21 129 Total 1.019 1 : 51 - 09.6 9 ° 36 ′ S 12 ° 12 ′ E  /  9.6 ° S 12.2 ° E  / - 9.6 ; 12.2 72 45 Total : Angola , Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Somalia Partial : Brazil , Africa , Mid East 2041 - 10 - 25 October 25 , 2041 01 : 36 : 22 134 Annular 0.947 6 : 07 09.9 9 ° 54 ′ N 162 ° 54 ′ E  /  9.9 ° N 162.9 ° E  / 9.9 ; 162.9 213 132 Annular : Mongolia , China , Korea , Japan , Pacific Partial : east Asia , Pacific 2042 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2042 02 : 17 : 30 139 Total 1.061 4 : 51 27.0 27 ° 00 ′ N 137 ° 18 ′ E  /  27.0 ° N 137.3 ° E  / 27.0 ; 137.3 210 130 Total : Malaysia , Indonesia , Philippines , north Pacific Partial : east and southeast Asia , Australia , Pacific 2042 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2042 02 : 00 : 42 144 Annular 0.930 7 : 44 - 23.7 23 ° 42 ′ S 137 ° 48 ′ E  /  23.7 ° S 137.8 ° E  / - 23.7 ; 137.8 273 170 Annular : Thailand , Malaysia , Indonesia , Australia , New Zealand Partial : south - east Asia , East Indies , south Pacific , Antarctica 2043 - 04 - 09 April 9 , 2043 18 : 57 : 49 149 Total ( non-central ) 1.010 -- 61.3 61 ° 18 ′ N 152 ° 00 ′ E  /  61.3 ° N 152.0 ° E  / 61.3 ; 152.0 -- Total : northeast Russia Partial : north North America , northeast Asia 2043 - 10 - 03 October 3 , 2043 03 : 01 : 49 154 Annular ( non-central ) 0.950 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 35 ° 18 ′ E  /  61.0 ° S 35.3 ° E  / - 61.0 ; 35.3 -- Annular : south Indian Ocean Partial : Antarctica , southwest Australia , Indian Ocean 2044 - 02 - 28 February 28 , 2044 20 : 24 : 40 121 Annular 0.960 2 : 27 - 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ S 25 ° 36 ′ W  /  62.2 ° S 25.6 ° W  / - 62.2 ; - 25.6 -- Annular : south Atlantic Partial : Antarctica , South America 2044 - 08 - 23 August 23 , 2044 01 : 17 : 02 126 Total 1.036 2 : 04 64.3 64 ° 18 ′ N 120 ° 24 ′ W  /  64.3 ° N 120.4 ° W  / 64.3 ; - 120.4 453 281 Total : Greenland ; Canada 's Northwest Territories and Nunavut , Alberta , southwestern Saskatchewan ; Montana , North Dakota Partial : north Asia , western North America , Greenland 2045 - 02 - 16 February 16 , 2045 23 : 56 : 07 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 47 - 28.3 28 ° 18 ′ S 166 ° 12 ′ W  /  28.3 ° S 166.2 ° W  / - 28.3 ; - 166.2 281 175 Annular : New Zealand , Pacific Partial : Australia , Hawaii 2045 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2045 17 : 42 : 39 136 Total 1.077 6 : 06 25.9 25 ° 54 ′ N 78 ° 30 ′ W  /  25.9 ° N 78.5 ° W  / 25.9 ; - 78.5 256 159 Total : south United States , Haiti , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Guyana , French Guyana , Suriname , Brazil Partial : North , Central and South America , western Africa 2046 - 02 - 05 February 5 , 2046 23 : 06 : 26 141 Annular 0.923 9 : 42 04.8 4 ° 48 ′ N 171 ° 24 ′ W  /  4.8 ° N 171.4 ° W  / 4.8 ; - 171.4 310 190 Annular : Papua New Guinea , Hawaii , California , Oregon , Idaho Partial : Australia , western United States 2046 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2046 10 : 21 : 13 146 Total 1.053 4 : 51 - 12.7 12 ° 42 ′ S 15 ° 12 ′ E  /  12.7 ° S 15.2 ° E  / - 12.7 ; 15.2 206 128 Total : Brazil , Angola , east Namibia , Botswana , South Africa , Swaziland , south Mozambique Partial : Africa 2047 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2047 01 : 33 : 18 151 Partial 0.891 -- 62.9 62 ° 54 ′ N 111 ° 42 ′ E  /  62.9 ° N 111.7 ° E  / 62.9 ; 111.7 -- Partial : east Asia , Alaska 2047 - 06 - 23 June 23 , 2047 10 : 52 : 31 118 Partial 0.313 -- 65.8 65 ° 48 ′ N 178 ° 00 ′ W  /  65.8 ° N 178.0 ° W  / 65.8 ; - 178.0 -- Partial : north Canada , Greenland , northeast Asia 2047 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2047 22 : 36 : 17 156 Partial 0.361 -- - 63.4 63 ° 24 ′ S 160 ° 12 ′ E  /  63.4 ° S 160.2 ° E  / - 63.4 ; 160.2 -- Partial : southeast Australia , New Zealand 2047 - 12 - 16 December 16 , 2047 23 : 50 : 12 123 Partial 0.882 -- - 66.4 66 ° 24 ′ S 6 ° 36 ′ W  /  66.4 ° S 6.6 ° W  / - 66.4 ; - 6.6 -- Partial : Antarctica , south Chile , south Argentina 2048 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2048 12 : 58 : 53 128 Annular 0.944 4 : 58 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 11 ° 30 ′ W  /  63.7 ° N 11.5 ° W  / 63.7 ; - 11.5 272 169 Annular : midwest United States , Quebec , Ontario , Greenland , Iceland , Norway , Sweden , Russia , Afghanistan Partial : North America , Caribbean , north Africa , Europe , west Asia 2048 - 12 - 05 December 5 , 2048 15 : 35 : 27 133 Total 1.044 3 : 28 - 46.1 46 ° 06 ′ S 56 ° 24 ′ W  /  46.1 ° S 56.4 ° W  / - 46.1 ; - 56.4 160 99 Total : Chile , Argentina , Namibia , Botswana Partial : south South America , southwest Africa 2049 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2049 13 : 59 : 59 138 Annular 0.963 4 : 45 15.3 15 ° 18 ′ N 29 ° 54 ′ W  /  15.3 ° N 29.9 ° W  / 15.3 ; - 29.9 134 83 Annular : Peru , Ecuador , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Senegal , Mali , Burkina Faso , Ghana , Nigeria Partial : southeast United States , Central America , South America , Africa , south Europe 2049 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2049 05 : 33 : 48 143 Hybrid 1.006 0 : 38 - 03.8 3 ° 48 ′ S 95 ° 12 ′ E  /  3.8 ° S 95.2 ° E  / - 3.8 ; 95.2 21 13 Hybrid : Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Malaysia , Indonesia Partial : east Africa , south Asia , East Indies , Australia 2050 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2050 20 : 42 : 50 148 Hybrid 1.004 0 : 21 - 40.1 40 ° 06 ′ S 123 ° 42 ′ W  /  40.1 ° S 123.7 ° W  / - 40.1 ; - 123.7 27 17 Hybrid : south Pacific Partial : New Zealand , southwest South America 2050 - 11 - 14 November 14 , 2050 13 : 30 : 53 153 Partial 0.887 -- 69.5 69 ° 30 ′ N 1 ° 00 ′ E  /  69.5 ° N 1.0 ° E  / 69.5 ; 1.0 -- Partial : northeast United States , east Canada , north Africa , Europe 2051 - 04 - 11 April 11 , 2051 02 : 10 : 39 120 Partial 0.985 -- 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ N 32 ° 12 ′ E  /  71.6 ° N 32.2 ° E  / 71.6 ; 32.2 -- Partial : Asia , Alaska , Canada , Greenland 2051 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2051 21 : 02 : 14 125 Partial 0.602 -- - 72.0 72 ° 00 ′ S 117 ° 42 ′ E  /  72.0 ° S 117.7 ° E  / - 72.0 ; 117.7 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2052 - 03 - 30 March 30 , 2052 18 : 31 : 53 130 Total 1.047 4 : 08 22.4 22 ° 24 ′ N 102 ° 30 ′ W  /  22.4 ° N 102.5 ° W  / 22.4 ; - 102.5 164 102 Total : central Pacific , Mexico , United States , central Atlantic Partial : Central and North America , north South America 2052 - 09 - 22 September 22 , 2052 23 : 39 : 10 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 51 - 25.7 25 ° 42 ′ S 175 ° 00 ′ E  /  25.7 ° S 175.0 ° E  / - 25.7 ; 175.0 106 66 Annular : Australia , south Pacific Partial : New Zealand , Antarctica , West Indies 2053 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2053 07 : 08 : 19 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 50 - 23.0 23 ° 00 ′ S 83 ° 00 ′ E  /  23.0 ° S 83.0 ° E  / - 23.0 ; 83.0 31 19 Annular : central Indian Ocean , Indonesia Partial : Africa , Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2053 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2053 09 : 34 : 09 145 Total 1.033 3 : 04 21.5 21 ° 30 ′ N 41 ° 42 ′ E  /  21.5 ° N 41.7 ° E  / 21.5 ; 41.7 116 72 Total : Spain , Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Maldives , Indonesia Partial : Greenland , Africa , Europe , Asia 2054 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2054 12 : 33 : 40 150 Partial 0.668 -- - 72.0 72 ° 00 ′ S 97 ° 54 ′ E  /  72.0 ° S 97.9 ° E  / - 72.0 ; 97.9 -- Partial : Antarctica , South Africa , Madagascar , Chile 2054 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2054 18 : 04 : 02 117 Partial 0.066 -- - 69.8 69 ° 48 ′ S 121 ° 18 ′ W  /  69.8 ° S 121.3 ° W  / - 69.8 ; - 121.3 -- Partial : Antarctica 2054 - 09 - 02 September 2 , 2054 01 : 09 : 34 155 Partial 0.979 -- 71.7 71 ° 42 ′ N 82 ° 18 ′ W  /  71.7 ° N 82.3 ° W  / 71.7 ; - 82.3 -- Partial : Asia , United States , Canada , Greenland 2055 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2055 17 : 54 : 05 122 Partial 0.693 -- 69.5 69 ° 30 ′ N 112 ° 12 ′ W  /  69.5 ° N 112.2 ° W  / 69.5 ; - 112.2 -- Partial : Canada , United States , Mexico , Cuba 2055 - 07 - 24 July 24 , 2055 09 : 57 : 50 127 Total 1.036 3 : 17 - 33.3 33 ° 18 ′ S 25 ° 48 ′ E  /  33.3 ° S 25.8 ° E  / - 33.3 ; 25.8 202 126 Total : South Africa Partial : Africa , Antarctica 2056 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2056 22 : 16 : 45 132 Annular 0.976 2 : 52 03.9 3 ° 54 ′ N 153 ° 30 ′ W  /  3.9 ° N 153.5 ° W  / 3.9 ; - 153.5 95 59 Annular : central Pacific , Mexico Partial : New Zealand , western North America 2056 - 07 - 12 July 12 , 2056 20 : 21 : 59 137 Annular 0.988 1 : 26 19.4 19 ° 24 ′ N 123 ° 42 ′ W  /  19.4 ° N 123.7 ° W  / 19.4 ; - 123.7 43 27 Annular : central Pacific , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Brazil Partial : south North America , Central America , north South America 2057 - 01 - 05 January 5 , 2057 09 : 47 : 52 142 Total 1.029 2 : 29 - 39.2 39 ° 12 ′ S 35 ° 12 ′ E  /  39.2 ° S 35.2 ° E  / - 39.2 ; 35.2 102 63 Total : southern Atlantic , southern Indian Ocean Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2057 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2057 23 : 40 : 15 147 Annular 0.946 4 : 23 71.5 71 ° 30 ′ N 176 ° 12 ′ W  /  71.5 ° N 176.2 ° W  / 71.5 ; - 176.2 298 185 Annular : China , Mongolia , Russia , Canada , United States Partial : Asia , North America 2057 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2057 01 : 14 : 35 152 Total 1.035 1 : 50 - 84.9 84 ° 54 ′ S 21 ° 48 ′ E  /  84.9 ° S 21.8 ° E  / - 84.9 ; 21.8 355 221 Total : Antarctica Partial : Australia 2058 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2058 10 : 39 : 25 119 Partial 0.414 -- - 63.5 63 ° 30 ′ S 61 ° 06 ′ E  /  63.5 ° S 61.1 ° E  / - 63.5 ; 61.1 -- Partial : South Africa , Madagascar 2058 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2058 00 : 19 : 35 157 Partial 0.126 -- 65.9 65 ° 54 ′ N 9 ° 54 ′ E  /  65.9 ° N 9.9 ° E  / 65.9 ; 9.9 -- Partial : Russia , Greenland , Norway , Sweden , Finland 2058 - 11 - 16 November 16 , 2058 03 : 23 : 07 124 Partial 0.764 -- 62.9 62 ° 54 ′ N 174 ° 12 ′ E  /  62.9 ° N 174.2 ° E  / 62.9 ; 174.2 -- Partial : Russia , China , Mongolia , Japan 2059 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2059 19 : 22 : 16 129 Total 1.024 2 : 23 - 10.7 10 ° 42 ′ S 100 ° 24 ′ W  /  10.7 ° S 100.4 ° W  / - 10.7 ; - 100.4 95 59 Total : central Pacific , Ecuador , Peru , Brazil Partial : North , Central and South America 2059 - 11 - 05 November 5 , 2059 09 : 18 : 15 134 Annular 0.942 7 : 00 08.7 8 ° 42 ′ N 47 ° 06 ′ E  /  8.7 ° N 47.1 ° E  / 8.7 ; 47.1 238 148 Annular : France , Libya , Egypt , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Somalia , Indonesia Partial : Africa , Europe , Asia 2060 - 03 - 30 April 30 , 2060 10 : 10 : 00 139 Total 1.066 5 : 15 28.0 28 ° 00 ′ N 20 ° 54 ′ E  /  28.0 ° N 20.9 ° E  / 28.0 ; 20.9 222 138 Total : Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Niger , Chad , Libya , Egypt , Turkey , Kazakhstan , Russia Partial : Africa , Asia 2060 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2060 09 : 24 : 10 144 Annular 0.928 8 : 06 - 25.8 25 ° 48 ′ S 28 ° 06 ′ E  /  25.8 ° S 28.1 ° E  / - 25.8 ; 28.1 281 175 Annular : Guinea , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Ivory Coast , Angola , Namibia , Botswana , South Africa Partial : Africa , Antarctica , South America 2061 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2061 02 : 56 : 49 149 Total 1.048 2 : 37 64.5 64 ° 30 ′ N 59 ° 12 ′ E  /  64.5 ° N 59.2 ° E  / 64.5 ; 59.2 559 347 Total : Kazakhstan , Russia Partial : Asia , Middle East , North America 2061 - 10 - 13 October 13 , 2061 10 : 32 : 10 154 Annular 0.947 3 : 41 - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 54 ° 24 ′ W  /  62.1 ° S 54.4 ° W  / - 62.1 ; - 54.4 743 462 Annular : Antarctica , Argentina , Chile Partial : South America 2062 - 03 - 11 March 11 , 2062 04 : 26 : 16 121 Partial 0.933 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 147 ° 06 ′ W  /  61.0 ° S 147.1 ° W  / - 61.0 ; - 147.1 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2062 - 09 - 03 September 3 , 2062 08 : 54 : 27 126 Partial 0.975 -- 61.3 61 ° 18 ′ N 150 ° 18 ′ E  /  61.3 ° N 150.3 ° E  / 61.3 ; 150.3 -- Partial : Greenland , Europe , Asia 2063 - 02 - 28 February 28 , 2063 07 : 43 : 30 131 Annular 0.929 7 : 41 - 25.2 25 ° 12 ′ S 77 ° 42 ′ E  /  25.2 ° S 77.7 ° E  / - 25.2 ; 77.7 280 170 Annular : Indian Ocean , Indonesia , Malaysia , Mindanao , Philippines Partial : Africa , Indies , southeast Asia , the rest of Philippines , Antarctica , Australia 2063 - 08 - 24 August 24 , 2063 01 : 22 : 11 136 Total 1.075 5 : 49 25.6 25 ° 36 ′ N 168 ° 24 ′ E  /  25.6 ° N 168.4 ° E  / 25.6 ; 168.4 252 157 Total : China , Mongolia , Japan , central Pacific Partial : Asia , central Pacific 2064 - 02 - 17 February 17 , 2064 07 : 00 : 23 141 Annular 0.926 8 : 56 07.0 7 ° 00 ′ N 69 ° 42 ′ E  /  7.0 ° N 69.7 ° E  / 7.0 ; 69.7 295 183 Annular : Zaire , Zambia , Tanzania , India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , China Partial : Africa , Asia 2064 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2064 17 : 46 : 06 146 Total 1.049 4 : 28 - 10.9 10 ° 54 ′ S 96 ° 00 ′ W  /  10.9 ° S 96.0 ° W  / - 10.9 ; - 96.0 184 114 Total : Central Pacific , Chile , Argentina Partial : Americas , Antarctica 2065 - 02 - 05 February 5 , 2065 09 : 52 : 26 151 Partial 0.912 -- 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ N 21 ° 54 ′ W  /  62.2 ° N 21.9 ° W  / 62.2 ; - 21.9 -- Partial : North America , Europe , West Asia 2065 - 07 - 03 July 3 , 2065 17 : 33 : 52 118 Partial 0.164 -- 64.8 64 ° 48 ′ N 71 ° 54 ′ E  /  64.8 ° N 71.9 ° E  / 64.8 ; 71.9 -- Partial : northern Europe , Russia 2065 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2065 05 : 34 : 17 156 Partial 0.490 -- - 62.7 62 ° 42 ′ S 46 ° 30 ′ E  /  62.7 ° S 46.5 ° E  / - 62.7 ; 46.5 -- Partial : Antarctica , South Africa , Madagascar 2065 - 12 - 27 December 27 , 2065 08 : 39 : 56 123 Partial 0.877 -- - 65.4 65 ° 24 ′ S 149 ° 12 ′ W  /  65.4 ° S 149.2 ° W  / - 65.4 ; - 149.2 -- Partial : Chile , Argentina , Antarctica , Australia 2066 - 06 - 22 June 22 , 2066 19 : 25 : 48 128 Annular 0.943 4 : 40 70.1 70 ° 06 ′ N 96 ° 24 ′ W  /  70.1 ° N 96.4 ° W  / 70.1 ; - 96.4 309 192 Annular : Russia , Alaska , Canada Partial : North America , northern Europe , north Asia 2066 - 12 - 17 December 17 , 2066 00 : 23 : 40 133 Total 1.042 3 : 14 - 47.4 47 ° 24 ′ S 175 ° 48 ′ E  /  47.4 ° S 175.8 ° E  / - 47.4 ; 175.8 152 94 Total : Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific Partial : Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2067 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2067 20 : 42 : 26 138 Annular 0.967 4 : 05 21.0 21 ° 00 ′ N 130 ° 12 ′ W  /  21.0 ° N 130.2 ° W  / 21.0 ; - 130.2 119 74 Annular : central Pacific , Ecuador , Peru Partial : Americas 2067 - 12 - 06 December 6 , 2067 14 : 03 : 43 143 Hybrid 1.001 0 : 08 - 06.0 6 ° 00 ′ S 32 ° 24 ′ W  /  6.0 ° S 32.4 ° W  / - 6.0 ; - 32.4 2.5 Hybrid : Honduras , Nicaragua , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Brazil , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Sudan Partial : Americas , Africa , south Europe 2068 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2068 03 : 56 : 39 148 Total 1.011 1 : 06 - 31.0 31 ° 00 ′ S 123 ° 12 ′ E  /  31.0 ° S 123.2 ° E  / - 31.0 ; 123.2 63 39 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2068 - 11 - 24 November 24 , 2068 21 : 32 : 30 153 Partial 0.911 -- 68.5 68 ° 30 ′ N 131 ° 06 ′ W  /  68.5 ° N 131.1 ° W  / 68.5 ; - 131.1 -- Partial : North America , Russia 2069 - 04 - 21 April 21 , 2069 10 : 11 : 09 120 Partial 0.899 -- 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ N 101 ° 18 ′ W  /  71.0 ° N 101.3 ° W  / 71.0 ; - 101.3 -- Partial : Europe , Asia , north Africa , North America 2069 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2069 17 : 53 : 18 158 Partial 0.088 -- - 68.8 68 ° 48 ′ S 69 ° 54 ′ W  /  68.8 ° S 69.9 ° W  / - 68.8 ; - 69.9 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2069 - 10 - 15 October 15 , 2069 04 : 19 : 56 125 Partial 0.530 -- - 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ S 5 ° 30 ′ W  /  71.6 ° S 5.5 ° W  / - 71.6 ; - 5.5 -- Partial : Antarctica 2070 - 04 - 11 April 11 , 2070 02 : 36 : 09 130 Total 1.047 4 : 04 29.1 29 ° 06 ′ N 135 ° 06 ′ E  /  29.1 ° N 135.1 ° E  / 29.1 ; 135.1 168 104 Total : Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Alaska , Canada 2070 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2070 07 : 08 : 57 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 44 - 32.8 32 ° 48 ′ S 60 ° 24 ′ E  /  32.8 ° S 60.4 ° E  / - 32.8 ; 60.4 110 68 Annular : Angola , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Mozambique , Madagascar Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2071 - 03 - 31 March 31 , 2071 15 : 01 : 06 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 52 - 16.7 16 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 00 ′ W  /  16.7 ° S 37.0 ° W  / - 16.7 ; - 37.0 31 19 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil , Republic of the Congo , Zaire Partial : South America , Africa , Antarctica 2071 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2071 17 : 20 : 28 145 Total 1.033 3 : 11 14.2 14 ° 12 ′ N 76 ° 42 ′ W  /  14.2 ° N 76.7 ° W  / 14.2 ; - 76.7 116 72 Total : Mexico , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil Partial : Americas , Africa 2072 - 03 - 19 March 19 , 2072 20 : 10 : 31 150 Partial 0.720 -- - 72.2 72 ° 12 ′ S 30 ° 24 ′ W  /  72.2 ° S 30.4 ° W  / - 72.2 ; - 30.4 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2072 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2072 08 : 59 : 20 155 Total 1.056 3 : 13 69.8 69 ° 48 ′ N 102 ° 00 ′ E  /  69.8 ° N 102.0 ° E  / 69.8 ; 102.0 732 455 Total : Russia Partial : Greenland , Europe , Asia 2073 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2073 01 : 55 : 59 122 Partial 0.677 -- 70.5 70 ° 30 ′ N 114 ° 54 ′ E  /  70.5 ° N 114.9 ° E  / 70.5 ; 114.9 -- Partial : Asia , Alaska 2073 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2073 17 : 15 : 23 127 Total 1.029 2 : 29 - 43.2 43 ° 12 ′ S 89 ° 24 ′ W  /  43.2 ° S 89.4 ° W  / - 43.2 ; - 89.4 206 128 Total : Chile , Argentina Partial : South America , Antarctica 2074 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2074 06 : 44 : 15 132 Annular 0.980 2 : 21 06.6 6 ° 36 ′ N 78 ° 48 ′ E  /  6.6 ° N 78.8 ° E  / 6.6 ; 78.8 79 49 Annular : Sudan , Ethiopia , Somalia , Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , China , Japan Partial : Africa , Asia , Indies 2074 - 07 - 24 July 24 , 2074 03 : 10 : 32 137 Annular 0.984 1 : 57 12.8 12 ° 48 ′ N 133 ° 42 ′ E  /  12.8 ° N 133.7 ° E  / 12.8 ; 133.7 58 36 Annular : Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia , New Zealand 2075 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2075 18 : 36 : 04 142 Total 1.031 2 : 42 - 37.2 37 ° 12 ′ S 94 ° 06 ′ W  /  37.2 ° S 94.1 ° W  / - 37.2 ; - 94.1 110 68 Total : Chile , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil Partial : New Zealand , South America , Antarctica 2075 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2075 06 : 05 : 44 147 Annular 0.947 4 : 45 63.1 63 ° 06 ′ N 95 ° 12 ′ E  /  63.1 ° N 95.2 ° E  / 63.1 ; 95.2 262 163 Annular : south Europe , Russia Partial : Europe , Asia , Africa , north North America 2076 - 01 - 06 January 6 , 2076 10 : 07 : 27 152 Total 1.034 1 : 49 - 87.2 87 ° 12 ′ S 173 ° 42 ′ W  /  87.2 ° S 173.7 ° W  / - 87.2 ; - 173.7 340 210 Total : Antarctica Partial : Australia , South America 2076 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2076 17 : 31 : 22 119 Partial 0.290 -- - 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ S 51 ° 12 ′ W  /  64.4 ° S 51.2 ° W  / - 64.4 ; - 51.2 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2076 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2076 06 : 50 : 43 157 Partial 0.275 -- 67.0 67 ° 00 ′ N 98 ° 06 ′ W  /  67.0 ° N 98.1 ° W  / 67.0 ; - 98.1 -- Partial : Russia , North America 2076 - 11 - 26 November 26 , 2076 11 : 43 : 01 124 Partial 0.731 -- 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 40 ° 06 ′ E  /  63.7 ° N 40.1 ° E  / 63.7 ; 40.1 -- Partial : Africa , Europe , west Asia 2077 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2077 02 : 46 : 05 129 Total 1.029 2 : 54 - 13.1 13 ° 06 ′ S 148 ° 18 ′ E  /  13.1 ° S 148.3 ° E  / - 13.1 ; 148.3 119 74 Total : Australia Partial : Indies , Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica 2077 - 11 - 15 November 15 , 2077 17 : 07 : 56 134 Annular 0.937 7 : 54 07.8 7 ° 48 ′ N 70 ° 48 ′ W  /  7.8 ° N 70.8 ° W  / 7.8 ; - 70.8 262 163 Annular : United States , Caribbean , Colombia , Venezuela , Brazil , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana Partial : Americas 2078 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2078 17 : 56 : 55 139 Total 1.070 5 : 40 28.1 28 ° 06 ′ N 93 ° 42 ′ W  /  28.1 ° N 93.7 ° W  / 28.1 ; - 93.7 232 144 Total : Mexico , United States Partial : Americas 2078 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2078 16 : 55 : 44 144 Annular 0.926 8 : 29 - 27.8 27 ° 48 ′ S 83 ° 18 ′ W  /  27.8 ° S 83.3 ° W  / - 27.8 ; - 83.3 287 178 Annular : Chile , Argentina Partial : Americas , Antarctica 2079 - 05 - 01 May 1 , 2079 10 : 50 : 13 149 Total 1.051 2 : 55 66.2 66 ° 12 ′ N 46 ° 18 ′ W  /  66.2 ° N 46.3 ° W  / 66.2 ; - 46.3 406 252 Total : United States , Canada , Greenland Partial : west Americas , Europe , Africa , Asia 2079 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2079 18 : 11 : 21 154 Annular 0.948 3 : 39 - 63.4 63 ° 24 ′ S 160 ° 36 ′ W  /  63.4 ° S 160.6 ° W  / - 63.4 ; - 160.6 495 308 Annular : Antarctica , New Zealand Partial : South America 2080 - 03 - 21 March 21 , 2080 12 : 20 : 15 121 Partial 0.873 -- - 60.9 60 ° 54 ′ S 85 ° 54 ′ E  /  60.9 ° S 85.9 ° E  / - 60.9 ; 85.9 -- Partial : Antarctica , Africa 2080 - 09 - 13 September 13 , 2080 16 : 38 : 09 126 Partial 0.874 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 25 ° 48 ′ E  /  61.1 ° N 25.8 ° E  / 61.1 ; 25.8 -- Partial : North America , Europe , Africa 2081 - 03 - 10 March 10 , 2081 15 : 23 : 31 131 Annular 0.930 7 : 36 - 22.4 22 ° 24 ′ S 36 ° 42 ′ W  /  22.4 ° S 36.7 ° W  / - 22.4 ; - 36.7 277 172 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Cameroon Partial : South America , Africa , Antarctica 2081 - 09 - 03 September 3 , 2081 09 : 07 : 31 136 Total 1.072 5 : 33 24.6 24 ° 36 ′ N 53 ° 36 ′ E  /  24.6 ° N 53.6 ° E  / 24.6 ; 53.6 247 153 Total : Central Europe , France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , Hungary , Croatia , Serbia , Romania , Greece , Bulgaria , Turkey , Syria , Iraq , Kuwait , Qatar , UAE , Saudi Arabia , Oman Partial : Africa , Europe , Asia 2082 - 02 - 27 February 27 , 2082 14 : 47 : 00 141 Annular 0.930 8 : 12 09.4 9 ° 24 ′ N 47 ° 06 ′ W  /  9.4 ° N 47.1 ° W  / 9.4 ; - 47.1 277 172 Annular : Peru , Brazil , Suriname , French Guiana , Portugal , Spain , France , Italy , Germany , Austria Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa 2082 - 08 - 24 August 24 , 2082 01 : 16 : 21 146 Total 1.045 4 : 01 - 10.3 10 ° 18 ′ S 151 ° 48 ′ E  /  10.3 ° S 151.8 ° E  / - 10.3 ; 151.8 163 101 Total : Indonesia , New Guinea , South Pacific Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2083 - 02 - 16 February 16 , 2083 18 : 06 : 36 151 Partial 0.943 -- 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ N 154 ° 06 ′ W  /  61.6 ° N 154.1 ° W  / 61.6 ; - 154.1 -- Partial : Mexico , United States , Canada 2083 - 07 - 15 July 15 , 2083 00 : 14 : 23 118 Partial 0.017 -- 64.0 64 ° 00 ′ N 37 ° 42 ′ W  /  64.0 ° N 37.7 ° W  / 64.0 ; - 37.7 -- Partial : Greenland 2083 - 08 - 13 August 13 , 2083 12 : 34 : 41 156 Partial 0.615 -- - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 67 ° 30 ′ W  /  62.1 ° S 67.5 ° W  / - 62.1 ; - 67.5 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2084 - 01 - 07 January 7 , 2084 17 : 30 : 23 123 Partial 0.872 -- - 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ S 68 ° 30 ′ E  /  64.4 ° S 68.5 ° E  / - 64.4 ; 68.5 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2084 - 07 - 03 July 3 , 2084 01 : 50 : 26 128 Annular 0.942 4 : 25 75.0 75 ° 00 ′ N 169 ° 06 ′ W  /  75.0 ° N 169.1 ° W  / 75.0 ; - 169.1 377 234 Annular : Russia , United States , Canada Partial : northern Europe , Asia , North America 2084 - 12 - 27 December 27 , 2084 09 : 13 : 48 133 Total 1.040 3 : 04 - 47.3 47 ° 18 ′ S 47 ° 42 ′ E  /  47.3 ° S 47.7 ° E  / - 47.3 ; 47.7 146 91 Total : South Atlantic , Indian Ocean Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2085 - 06 - 22 June 22 , 2085 03 : 21 : 16 138 Annular 0.970 3 : 29 26.2 26 ° 12 ′ N 131 ° 18 ′ E  /  26.2 ° N 131.3 ° E  / 26.2 ; 131.3 106 66 Annular : India , Myanmar , China , central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2085 - 12 - 16 December 16 , 2085 22 : 37 : 48 143 Annular 0.997 0 : 19 - 07.3 7 ° 18 ′ S 160 ° 48 ′ W  /  7.3 ° S 160.8 ° W  / - 7.3 ; - 160.8 10 6.2 Annular : central Pacific Partial : Australia , North America 2086 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2086 11 : 07 : 14 148 Total 1.017 1 : 48 - 23.2 23 ° 12 ′ S 12 ° 30 ′ E  /  23.2 ° S 12.5 ° E  / - 23.2 ; 12.5 86 53 Total : Namibia , Botswana , South Africa Partial : South America , Africa 2086 - 12 - 06 December 6 , 2086 05 : 38 : 55 153 Partial 0.927 -- 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 96 ° 12 ′ E  /  67.4 ° N 96.2 ° E  / 67.4 ; 96.2 -- Partial : Asia 2087 - 05 - 02 May 2 , 2087 18 : 04 : 42 120 Partial 0.801 -- 70.3 70 ° 18 ′ N 127 ° 36 ′ E  /  70.3 ° N 127.6 ° E  / 70.3 ; 127.6 -- Partial : north Europe , north Asia , North America 2087 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2087 01 : 27 : 14 158 Partial 0.215 -- - 67.8 67 ° 48 ′ S 165 ° 24 ′ E  /  67.8 ° S 165.4 ° E  / - 67.8 ; 165.4 -- Partial : New Zealand 2087 - 10 - 26 October 26 , 2087 11 : 46 : 57 125 Partial 0.470 -- - 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ S 130 ° 30 ′ W  /  71.0 ° S 130.5 ° W  / - 71.0 ; - 130.5 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2088 - 04 - 21 April 21 , 2088 10 : 31 : 49 130 Total 1.047 3 : 58 36.0 36 ° 00 ′ N 15 ° 06 ′ E  /  36.0 ° N 15.1 ° E  / 36.0 ; 15.1 173 107 Total : Mauritania , western Sahara , Mali , Algeria , Tunisia , Greece , Turkey , Russia , Kazakhstan , China Partial : North America , Africa , Europe , Asia 2088 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2088 14 : 48 : 05 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 38 - 39.7 39 ° 42 ′ S 56 ° 00 ′ W  /  39.7 ° S 56.0 ° W  / - 39.7 ; - 56.0 115 71 Annular : Chile , Argentina Partial : South America , Antarctica , Africa 2089 - 04 - 10 April 10 , 2089 22 : 44 : 42 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 53 - 10.2 10 ° 12 ′ S 154 ° 48 ′ W  /  10.2 ° S 154.8 ° W  / - 10.2 ; - 154.8 30 19 Annular : Australia , central Pacific Partial : Antarctica , North America 2089 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2089 01 : 15 : 23 145 Total 1.033 3 : 14 07.4 7 ° 24 ′ N 162 ° 48 ′ E  /  7.4 ° N 162.8 ° E  / 7.4 ; 162.8 115 71 Total : China , Central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2090 - 03 - 31 March 31 , 2090 03 : 38 : 08 150 Partial 0.784 -- - 72.1 72 ° 06 ′ S 156 ° 18 ′ W  /  72.1 ° S 156.3 ° W  / - 72.1 ; - 156.3 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2090 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2090 16 : 56 : 36 155 Total 1.056 3 : 36 60.7 60 ° 42 ′ N 40 ° 30 ′ W  /  60.7 ° N 40.5 ° W  / 60.7 ; - 40.5 463 288 Total : Canada , Greenland , United Kingdom , France Partial : North America , Europe , Africa , north Asia 2091 - 02 - 18 February 18 , 2091 09 : 54 : 40 122 Partial 0.656 -- 71.2 71 ° 12 ′ N 17 ° 48 ′ W  /  71.2 ° N 17.8 ° W  / 71.2 ; - 17.8 -- Partial : North Africa , Europe , Asia 2091 - 08 - 15 August 15 , 2091 00 : 34 : 43 127 Total 1.022 1 : 38 - 55.6 55 ° 36 ′ S 150 ° 30 ′ E  /  55.6 ° S 150.5 ° E  / - 55.6 ; 150.5 236 147 Total : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica Partial : Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2092 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2092 15 : 10 : 20 132 Annular 0.984 1 : 48 09.9 9 ° 54 ′ N 48 ° 42 ′ W  /  9.9 ° N 48.7 ° W  / 9.9 ; - 48.7 62 39 Annular : Panama , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Morocco , Algeria Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa 2092 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2092 09 : 59 : 33 137 Annular 0.979 2 : 31 05.6 5 ° 36 ′ N 30 ° 18 ′ E  /  5.6 ° N 30.3 ° E  / 5.6 ; 30.3 75 47 Annular : Liberia , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Central African Republic , Sudan , Kenya , Somalia Partial : Africa 2093 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2093 03 : 22 : 16 142 Total 1.034 2 : 58 - 34.1 34 ° 06 ′ S 136 ° 24 ′ E  /  34.1 ° S 136.4 ° E  / - 34.1 ; 136.4 119 74 Total : Australia Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2093 - 07 - 23 July 23 , 2093 12 : 32 : 04 147 Annular 0.946 5 : 11 54.6 54 ° 36 ′ N 1 ° 18 ′ E  /  54.6 ° N 1.3 ° E  / 54.6 ; 1.3 241 150 Annular : United States , Canada , Central Europe , Turkey , Iraq , Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa , Asia 2094 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2094 18 : 59 : 03 152 Total 1.034 1 : 51 - 84.8 84 ° 48 ′ S 10 ° 36 ′ W  /  84.8 ° S 10.6 ° W  / - 84.8 ; - 10.6 329 204 Total : Antarctica Partial : South America , Antarctica , New Zealand 2094 - 06 - 13 June 13 , 2094 00 : 22 : 11 119 Partial 0.162 -- - 65.3 65 ° 18 ′ S 163 ° 36 ′ W  /  65.3 ° S 163.6 ° W  / - 65.3 ; - 163.6 -- Partial : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica 2094 - 07 - 12 July 12 , 2094 13 : 24 : 35 157 Partial 0.422 -- 68.0 68 ° 00 ′ N 152 ° 48 ′ E  /  68.0 ° N 152.8 ° E  / 68.0 ; 152.8 -- Partial : North America , Asia 2094 - 12 - 07 December 7 , 2094 20 : 05 : 56 124 Partial 0.705 -- 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ N 95 ° 00 ′ W  /  64.7 ° N 95.0 ° W  / 64.7 ; - 95.0 -- Partial : North America 2095 - 06 - 02 June 2 , 2095 10 : 07 : 40 129 Total 1.033 3 : 18 - 16.7 16 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 12 ′ E  /  16.7 ° S 37.2 ° E  / - 16.7 ; 37.2 145 90 Total : Namibia , South Africa , Botswana , Zambia , Mozambique , Madagascar Partial : Africa 2095 - 11 - 27 November 27 , 2095 01 : 02 : 57 134 Annular 0.933 8 : 47 07.2 7 ° 12 ′ N 169 ° 48 ′ E  /  7.2 ° N 169.8 ° E  / 7.2 ; 169.8 285 177 Annular : China , Korea , Japan , central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2096 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2096 01 : 37 : 14 139 Total 1.074 6 : 07 27.3 27 ° 18 ′ N 153 ° 24 ′ E  /  27.3 ° N 153.4 ° E  / 27.3 ; 153.4 241 150 Total : Indonesia , Central Pacific , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia , North America 2096 - 11 - 15 November 15 , 2096 00 : 36 : 15 144 Annular 0.924 8 : 53 - 29.7 29 ° 42 ′ S 163 ° 18 ′ E  /  29.7 ° S 163.3 ° E  / - 29.7 ; 163.3 294 183 Annular : Malaysia , Indonesia , New Guinea , Australia , New Zealand Partial : Indies , Antarctica 2097 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2097 18 : 34 : 31 149 Total 1.054 3 : 10 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 149 ° 30 ′ W  /  67.4 ° N 149.5 ° W  / 67.4 ; - 149.5 339 211 Total : Alaska , Russia Partial : Asia , North America , northern Europe 2097 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2097 02 : 01 : 25 154 Annular 0.949 3 : 36 - 65.8 65 ° 48 ′ S 86 ° 48 ′ E  /  65.8 ° S 86.8 ° E  / - 65.8 ; 86.8 411 255 Annular : Antarctica Partial : Australia 2098 - 04 - 01 April 1 , 2098 20 : 02 : 31 121 Partial 0.798 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 38 ° 06 ′ W  /  61.0 ° S 38.1 ° W  / - 61.0 ; - 38.1 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2098 - 09 - 25 September 25 , 2098 00 : 31 : 16 126 Partial 0.787 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 101 ° 00 ′ W  /  61.1 ° N 101.0 ° W  / 61.1 ; - 101.0 -- Partial : Asia , North America 2098 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2098 10 : 36 : 11 164 Partial 0.006 -- - 61.8 61 ° 48 ′ S 95 ° 30 ′ W  /  61.8 ° S 95.5 ° W  / - 61.8 ; - 95.5 -- Partial : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica 2099 - 03 - 21 March 21 , 2099 22 : 54 : 32 131 Annular 0.932 7 : 32 - 20.0 20 ° 00 ′ S 149 ° 00 ′ W  /  20.0 ° S 149.0 ° W  / - 20.0 ; - 149.0 275 171 Annular : central Pacific Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica , North America 2099 - 09 - 14 September 14 , 2099 16 : 57 : 53 136 Total 1.068 5 : 18 23.4 23 ° 24 ′ N 62 ° 48 ′ W  /  23.4 ° N 62.8 ° W  / 23.4 ; - 62.8 241 150 Total : Canada , United States , central Atlantic Partial : Americas , Africa 2100 - 03 - 10 March 10 , 2100 22 : 28 : 11 141 Annular 0.934 7 : 29 12.0 12 ° 00 ′ N 162 ° 24 ′ W  /  12.0 ° N 162.4 ° W  / 12.0 ; - 162.4 257 160 Annular : central Pacific , Hawaii , Northwestern United States Partial : Australia , North America 2100 - 09 - 04 September 4 , 2100 08 : 49 : 20 146 Total 1.040 3 : 32 - 10.5 10 ° 30 ′ S 39 ° 00 ′ E  /  10.5 ° S 39.0 ° E  / - 10.5 ; 39.0 142 88 Total : central Africa , Madagascar Partial : Africa , Antarctica References ( edit ) Acknowledgement : Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak , NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center ^ Jump up to : `` Five Million Catalog of Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms '' . NASA . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Mark ; Willcox , Ken ; Espenak , Fred . Totality : Eclipses of the Sun ( Second ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513179 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Solar eclipses : 2011 -- 2020 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The day the sun disappears is coming '' . CNN . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2021 -- 2030 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2031 -- 2040 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2041 -- 2050 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2051 -- 2060 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2061 -- 2070 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2071 -- 2080 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2081 -- 2090 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2091 -- 2100 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF `` Catalog of Solar Eclipses : 2001 to 2100 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 2007 Mar 19 2011 Jan 4 2011 Jun 1 2011 Jul 1 2011 Nov 25 2014 Oct 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Ray Bolger

Ray Bolger - wikipedia Ray Bolger Jump to : navigation , search Ray Bolger Bolger , c. 1942 Raymond Wallace Bolger ( 1904 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1904 Dorchester , Massachusetts , U.S. January 15 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 15 ) ( aged 83 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Bladder cancer Resting place Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City Occupation Actor , singer , dancer Years active 1922 -- 1985 Known for Scarecrow in The Wizard of Oz Spouse ( s ) Gwendolyn Rickard ( m . 1929 ) Raymond Wallace Bolger ( January 10 , 1904 -- January 15 , 1987 ) was an American actor , singer , and dancer ( particularly of tap ) of vaudeville , stage ( particularly musical theatre ) and screen , who started in the silent film era . He is best known for his portrayal of the Scarecrow in MGM 's classic The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . He was also the host of his own television show , The Ray Bolger Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early career 3 The Wizard of Oz 4 Post-Oz film career 5 Broadway and television 6 Death and legacy 7 Filmography 8 Stage work 9 References 10 External links Early Life ( edit ) Bolger was born into a Roman Catholic family of Irish descent in Dorchester , Boston , the son of James Edward and Anne C. ( née Wallace ) Bolger . His entertainment aspirations evolved from the vaudeville shows of his youth . He began his career in a vaudeville tap show , creating the act `` Sanford & Bolger '' with his dance partner . In 1926 , he danced at New York City 's legendary Palace Theatre , the premier vaudeville theatre in the United States . His limber body and improvisational dance movement won him many leading roles on Broadway in the 1930s . Eventually , his career would also encompass film , television and nightclub work . In 1932 he was elected to the theater club , The Lambs . Early career ( edit ) Bolger signed his first cinema contract with MGM in 1936 , and although The Wizard of Oz was early in his film career , he appeared in other movies of note . His best known pre-Oz appearance was The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) , in which he portrayed himself . He also appeared in Sweethearts ( 1938 ) , the first MGM film in Technicolor , starring Nelson Eddy , Jeanette MacDonald , and Frank Morgan . He also appeared in the Eleanor Powell vehicle Rosalie ( 1937 ) , which also starred Eddy and Morgan . The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Bolger as the Scarecrow Bolger 's MGM contract stipulated that he would play any part the studio chose . However , he was unhappy when he was originally cast as the Tin Woodman in the studio 's 1939 feature film adaptation of The Wizard of Oz . The role of the Scarecrow had already been assigned to another dancing studio contract player , Buddy Ebsen . In time , the roles were switched . Bolger 's face was permanently lined by wearing the Scarecrow 's makeup . Post-oz film career ( edit ) Following Oz , Bolger moved to RKO Pictures . In 1941 , he was a featured act at the Paramount Theatre in New York , working with the Harry James Band . He would do tap dance routines , sometimes in a mock - challenge dance with the band 's pianist , Al Lerner . One day during this period , the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor , and Bolger 's performance was interrupted by President Roosevelt 's announcement of the news of the attack . Bolger toured in USO shows with Joe E. Lewis in the Pacific Theater during World War II , and was featured in the United Artists wartime film Stage Door Canteen . In 1946 , he returned to MGM for a featured role in The Harvey Girls . Also that year , he recorded a children 's album , The Churkendoose , featuring the story of a misfit fowl ( `` part chicken , turkey , duck , and goose '' ) which teaches children that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and it `` all depends on how you look at things '' . Broadway and television ( edit ) Bolger in a publicity photo for The Bell Telephone Hour , 1963 Bolger 's Broadway credits included Life Begins at 8 : 40 ( 1934 ) , On Your Toes ( 1936 ) , By Jupiter ( 1942 ) , All American ( 1962 ) and Where 's Charley ? ( 1948 ) , for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical and in which he introduced `` Once in Love with Amy '' , the song often connected with him . He repeated his stage role in the 1952 film version of the musical . He also made April in Paris ( 1952 ) with Doris Day . Bolger appeared in his own ABC television sitcom with a variety show theme , Where 's Raymond ? ( 1953 -- 1954 ) , renamed the second year as The Ray Bolger Show ( 1954 -- 55 ) . He continued to star in several films , including Walt Disney 's remake of Babes in Toyland ( 1961 ) . Bolger made frequent guest appearances on television , including the episode `` Rich Man , Poor Man '' of the short - lived The Jean Arthur Show in 1966 . In the 1970s , he had a recurring role as the father of Shirley Partridge ( Shirley Jones ) on The Partridge Family , and appeared in Little House on the Prairie as Toby Noe and also guest starred on other television series such as Battlestar Galactica and Fantasy Island . In the late 1970 's , reaching back to his Irish roots , Bolger played in a commercial for Safeway Supermarket 's `` Scotch Buy '' brand . It covered many products ranging from canned food to paper towels to beer and cigarettes . Bolger popularized the jingle , `` Scotch Buy - taint fancy but it shore is good . '' His last television appearance was on Diff'rent Strokes in 1984 , three years before his death . In his later years , he danced in a Dr Pepper television commercial , and in 1985 , he and Liza Minnelli , the daughter of his Oz co-star Judy Garland , starred in That 's Dancing ! , a film also written by Jack Haley , Jr. , the son of Jack Haley , who portrayed the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz . In 1998 , a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs , California , Walk of Stars was dedicated to him . He was a Roman Catholic , and a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills , California . Bolger was a staunch Republican who campaigned for Richard Nixon in 1968 . Death and legacy ( edit ) Ray and Gwendolyn Bolger 's grave at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City Bolger died of bladder cancer on January 15 , 1987 , in Los Angeles , five days after his 83rd birthday . He was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City in the Mausoleum , Crypt F2 , Block 35 . He was survived by his wife of over 57 years , Gwendolyn Rickard . They had no children . At the time of his death , he was the last surviving main credited cast member of The Wizard of Oz . At Judy Garland 's funeral , Bolger was the only one of her Oz co-stars to be present . He joined Harold Arlen , the composer of `` Over the Rainbow '' , and his wife Anya Taranda . They were reported as among the last remaining guests at the conclusion of the service . Whenever asked whether he received any residuals from telecasts of the 1939 classic , Bolger would reply : `` No , just immortality . I 'll settle for that . '' Bolger 's Scarecrow is ranked among the `` most beloved movie characters of all time '' by AMC and the American Film Institute . For his contributions to the film industry , Bolger received a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 . The star is located at 6788 Hollywood Boulevard . Filmography ( edit ) Theatrical films Year Title Role Notes 1936 The Great Ziegfeld Ray Bolger 1937 Rosalie Bill Delroy 1938 The Girl of the Golden West Happy Moore ( scenes deleted ) 1938 Sweethearts Hans 1939 The Wizard of Oz Hunk / Scarecrow 1941 Sunny Bunny Billings 1942 Four Jacks and a Jill Nifty Sullivan 1943 Forever and a Day Sentry ( scenes deleted ) 1943 Stage Door Canteen Ray Bolger 1946 The Harvey Girls Chris Maule 1949 Look for the Silver Lining Jack Donahue 1952 Where 's Charley ? Charley Wykeham 1952 April in Paris S. Winthrop Putnam 1961 Babes in Toyland Barnaby 1966 The Daydreamer The Pieman 1979 Just You and Me , Kid Tom 1979 The Runner Stumbles Monsignor Nicholson 1982 Annie Sound Effects Man Uncredited 1985 That 's Dancing ! Himself - Host Documentary film Television Year Title Role Notes 1953 -- 55 Where 's Raymond ? Raymond ' Ray ' Wallace Lead role ( 61 episodes ) 1958 -- 59 General Electric Theater Stan Maylor / Alfred Boggs 2 episodes 1962 The Red Skelton Show Mayor Threadbare III Episode : `` The Mayor of Central Park '' 1962 The Little Sweep Storyteller Television film 1966 The Jean Arthur Show Wealthy Man Episode : `` Rich Man , Poor Man '' 1970 -- 72 The Partridge Family Grandpa Renfrew Recurring role ( 3 episodes ) 1971 Nanny and the Professor Uncle Horace Episode : `` South Sea Island Sweetheart '' 1976 The Entertainer Billy Rice Television film 1976 Captains and the Kings R.J. Squibbs Television miniseries ( Chapter I ) 1977 -- 79 The Love Boat Andy Hopkins / Horace McDonald 2 episodes 1978 Baretta Episode : `` Just for Laughs '' 1978 Three on a Date Andrew Television film 1978 -- 82 Fantasy Island Gaylord Nelson / Spencer Randolph 2 episodes 1978 -- 79 Little House on the Prairie Toby Noe 2 episodes 1979 Heaven Only Knows Simon Television pilot 1979 Battlestar Galactica Vector Episode : `` Greetings from Earth '' 1981 Aloha Paradise Harry Carr Episode : `` Best of Friends / Success / Nine Karats '' Peter and the Magic Egg Uncle Amos ( voice ) Television special 1984 Diff'rent Strokes Clarence Markwell Episode : `` A Haunting We Will Go '' , ( final television appearance ) Stage work ( edit ) Broadway productions Year Title Role Theatre 1926 The Merry World Performer Imperial Theatre 1926 A Night in Paris Performer 44th Street Theatre 1929 Heads Up Georgie Alvin Theatre 1931 George White 's Scandals of 1931 Performer Apollo Theatre 1934 Life Begins at 8 : 40 Performer Winter Garden Theatre 1936 On Your Toes Phil Dolan III , Hoofer Imperial Theatre 1940 Keep Off the Grass Performer Broadhurst Theatre 1942 By Jupiter Sapiens Shubert Theatre 1946 Three to Make Ready Performer Adelphi Theatre 1948 Where 's Charley ? Charley Wykeham St. James Theatre 1951 Where 's Charley ? ( revival ) Charley Wykeham Broadway Theatre 1962 All - American Professor Fodorski Winter Garden Theatre 1969 Come Summer Phineas Sharp Lunt - Fontanne Theatre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Family Search '' . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Glenn ( January 16 , 1987 ) . `` Ray Bolger , Scarecrow in ' Oz ' Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Family Search '' . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Family Search '' . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Ray Bolger Biography '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About The Lambs '' . The Lambs , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( October 1 , 2013 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz . Chicago Review Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 1613748350 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Bolger on IMDb Jump up ^ Lerner , Al ( 2007 ) . Vamp ' Til Ready . BearManor Media . ISBN 978 - 1593930806 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ray Bolger at the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ `` Where 's Raymond ? , The Ray Bolger Show '' . ctva.biz . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 6 : 06 JUDY GARLAND ON `` WHAT 'S MY LINE '' tagcbs 17K views 5 : 04 Groucho Marx Roasts Johnny Carson Chantay Hyder 222K views 2 : 09 The Wizard Of Oz : Ray Bolger ( Scarecrow ) TheManThatGetsAway 69K views 2 : 14 Ray Bolger amazing elastic legs dance routine ( 1941 ) vintage video clips 47K views 3 : 00 JUDY GARLAND : DELETED SCARECROW DANCE WITH RAY BOLGER , THE WIZARD OF OZ 1939 Michele Bell 172K views 6 : 39 Stage Door Canteen - Ray Bolger sequence Dwight Mannsburden 19K views Safeway Supermarket Commercial feat . Bob Weir of the Greatful Dead - 1980s CoolOldVideos 24K views Entire Donny & Marie Osmond Show With Lucille Ball , Ray Bolger , Paul Lynde DavEvans066 28K views JOHNNY CARSON INTERVIEW ROBERT MITCHUM Jun 16 1978 Missy Logo 122K views Jack Benny Show with Groucho Marx VOA Television 7.3 K views WORTH IT S4 E8 $8 Toast Vs. $20 Toast BuzzFeedVideo 2.8 M views New JOHNNY CARSON INTERVIEW ANTHONY QUINN May 18 1983 Missy Logo 28K views Judy Garland & Ray Bolger : Tea for two ( The Judy Garland Show ) TheManThatGetsAway 18K views Lee Grant on her career 's brightest and darkest moments CBS Sunday Morning 26K views George Burns , Lucille Ball , Bea Arthur ◊ CBS On The Air ◊ 1978 fabtv 6.6 K views Ray Bolger 1978 Safeway Scotch Buy Commercial `` . YouTube . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lucy E. Cross . `` About Ray Bolger '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated Archived October 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , palmspringswalkofstars.com ; accessed September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Church of the Good Shepherd . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' 1968 Presidential Race '' Republicans `` . The Pop History Dig . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray Bolger at Find a Grave Jump up ^ Adelman , Gary ( 2008 ) . `` Ray Bolger in The Wizard of Oz as the Scarecrow '' . Kansas Wizard of Oz ' N More . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Bolger '' . The Official Masterworks Broadway Site . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( June 28 , 1969 ) . `` Judy Garland 's Funeral Draws Her Colleagues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Albright , Jane ( 2008 ) . `` Return to Oz & 50th Anniversary of MGM Film '' . The Oz Reference Library . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Movie Characters '' . www.filmsite.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` AFI : 10 Top 10 '' . www.afi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Walk of Fame - Ray Bolger '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ray Bolger . Ray Bolger on IMDb Ray Bolger at the TCM Movie Database Ray Bolger at AllMovie Churkendoose album ( mp3 ) `` Did these stories Really Happen '' by Michelle Bernier . Createspace Pub. 2010 ; ISBN 1 - 4505 - 8536 - 1 Awards for Ray Bolger New York Drama Critics Award for Best Male Performance in a Musical Alfred Drake ( 1943 ) Bobby Clark ( 1944 ) John Raitt ( 1945 ) Ray Bolger ( 1946 ) Bobby Clark ( 1947 ) Bobby Clark ( 1948 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Paul Hartman ( 1948 ) Ray Bolger ( 1949 ) Ezio Pinza ( 1950 ) Robert Alda ( 1951 ) Phil Silvers ( 1952 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1953 ) Alfred Drake ( 1954 ) Walter Slezak ( 1955 ) Ray Walston ( 1956 ) Rex Harrison ( 1957 ) Robert Preston ( 1958 ) Richard Kiley ( 1959 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1960 ) Richard Burton ( 1961 ) Robert Morse ( 1962 ) Zero Mostel ( 1963 ) Bert Lahr ( 1964 ) Zero Mostel ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Robert Goulet ( 1968 ) Jerry Orbach ( 1969 ) Cleavon Little ( 1970 ) Hal Linden ( 1971 ) Phil Silvers ( 1972 ) Ben Vereen ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Cullum ( 1975 ) George Rose ( 1976 ) Barry Bostwick ( 1977 ) John Cullum ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) Ben Harney ( 1982 ) Tommy Tune ( 1983 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) No Award ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Matthew Broderick ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) James Naughton ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Martin Short ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) David Alvarez , Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Steve Kazee ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Michael Cerveris ( 2015 ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) BIBSYS : 5074815 BNE : XX1648202 BNF : cb139301706 ( data ) GND : 134608011 ISNI : 0000 0000 6310 123X LCCN : n82036007 MusicBrainz : 987cdd3c - 65f2 - 4645 - bf1e - ed93197101e8 SNAC : w6th9tfm SUDOC : 067133002 VIAF : 46949136 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Bolger&oldid=843541868 '' Categories : 1904 births 1987 deaths Catholics from Massachusetts American tap dancers American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male television actors Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery , Culver City Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from bladder cancer Donaldson Award winners American people of Irish descent Male actors from Boston Tony Award winners Vaudeville performers 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers California Republicans Eccentric dancers Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2018 Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Webarchive template wayback links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Use mdy dates from July 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 20 : 27 . 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who played the scare crow in wizard of oz

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Femur

Femur - wikipedia Femur Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Fima ( disambiguation ) or FEMA ( disambiguation ) . Femur Position of femur ( shown in red ) Left femur seen from behind . Details Origins Gastrocnemius , vastus lateralis , vastus medialis and vastus intermedius Insertions Gluteus maximus , gluteus medius , gluteus minimus , iliopsoas , lateral rotator group , adductors of the hip Articulations hip : acetabulum of pelvis superiorly knee : with the tibia and patella inferiorly Identifiers Latin Os femoris , os longissimum MeSH D005269 TA A02. 5.04. 001 FMA 9611 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The femur ( / ˈfiːmər / , pl . femurs or femora / ˈfɛmərə / ) or thigh bone , is the most proximal ( closest to the hip joint ) bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping , such as most land mammals , birds , many reptiles including lizards , and amphibians such as frogs . In vertebrates with four legs such as dogs and horses , the femur is found only in the hindlimbs . The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint , while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee joint . By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body . The femur is also the longest bone in the human body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Upper part 1.2 Body 1.3 Lower part 1.4 Development 2 Function 2.1 Muscle attachments 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Fractures 4 Other animals 4.1 Invertebrates 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The femur is the only bone in the upper leg . The two femurs converge medially toward the knees , where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae . The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral - tibial angle . Human females have wider pelvic bones , causing their femora to converge more than in males . In the condition genu valgum ( knock knee ) the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another . The opposite extreme is genu varum ( bow - leggedness ) . In the general population of people without either genu valgum or genu varum , the femoral - tibial angle is about 175 degrees . The femur is the longest and , by most measures , the strongest bone in the human body . Its length on average is 26.74 % of a person 's height , a ratio found in both men and women and most ethnic groups with only restricted variation , and is useful in anthropology because it offers a basis for a reasonable estimate of a subject 's height from an incomplete skeleton . The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis ( shaft or body ) and two epiphyses ( extremities ) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee . Upper part ( edit ) Main article : Upper extremity of femur The upper extremity of right femur viewed from behind and above , showing head , neck , and the greater and lesser trochanter The upper or proximal extremity ( close to the torso ) contains the head , neck , the two trochanters and adjacent structures . The head of the femur , which articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone , comprises two - thirds of a sphere . It has a small groove , or fovea , connected through the round ligament to the sides of the acetabular notch . The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum . The neck is 4 -- 5 cm . long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle . The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees . This angle is highly variant . In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average . An abnormal increase in the angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara . Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated . In skinny people with the thigh laterally rotated , the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound ( deep ) for the femoral artery . The transition area between the head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the hip joint capsule . Here the two trochanters , greater and lesser trochanter , are found . The greater trochanter is almost box - shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur . The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint . The greater trochanter can easily be felt . The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on medial surface of the greater trochanter . The lesser trochanter is a cone - shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck . The two trochanters are joined by the intertrochanteric crest on the back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the front . A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest , and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm . along the back part of the body : it is called the linea quadrata ( or quadrate line ) . About the junction of the upper one - third and lower two - thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the quadrate tubercle located . The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the quadrate tubercel , such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur . In a small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphysial line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle . Body ( edit ) Main article : Body of femur The body of the femur ( or shaft ) is long , slender and almost cylindrical in form . It is a little broader above than in the center , broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below . It is slightly arched , so as to be convex in front , and concave behind , where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge , the linea aspera which diverges proximal and distal as the medial and lateral ridge . Proximal the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the gluteal tuberosity while the medial ridge continues as the pectineal line . Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes ; a lateral and medial border . These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces : One anterior , one medial and one lateral . Due to the vast musculature of the thigh the shaft can not be palpated . The third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity . When present , it is oblong , rounded , or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the gluteal ridge . A structure of minor importance in humans , the incidence of the third trochanter varies from 17 -- 72 % between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males . Lower part ( edit ) Main article : Lower extremity of femur Lower extremity of right femur viewed from below . Left knee joint from behind , showing interior ligaments . The lower extremity of the femur ( or distal extremity ) is larger than the upper extremity . It is somewhat cuboid in form , but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero - posterior ( front to back ) . It consists of two oblong eminences known as the condyles . Anteriorly , the condyles are slightly prominent and are separated by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface . Posteriorly , they project considerably and a deep notch , the Intercondylar fossa of femur , is present between them . The lateral condyle is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero - posterior and transverse diameters . The medial condyle is the longer and , when the femur is held with its body perpendicular , projects to a lower level . When , however , the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane . The condyles are not quite parallel with one another ; the long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero - posterior , but that of the medial runs backward and medialward . Their opposed surfaces are small , rough , and concave , and form the walls of the intercondyloid fossa . This fossa is limited above by a ridge , the intercondyloid line , and below by the central part of the posterior margin of the patellar surface . The posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint is attached to the lower and front part of the medial wall of the fossa and the anterior cruciate ligament to an impression on the upper and back part of its lateral wall . The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior , inferior , and posterior surfaces of the condyles . Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the patella ; it presents a median groove which extends downward to the intercondyloid fossa and two convexities , the lateral of which is broader , more prominent , and extends farther upward than the medial . Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation , the epicondyle . The medial epicondyle is a large convex eminence to which the tibial collateral ligament of the knee - joint is attached . At its upper part is the adductor tubercle and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to the medial head of the gastrocnemius . The lateral epicondyle which is smaller and less prominent than the medial , gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee - joint . Development ( edit ) Main article : Limb development The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm , formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development . By the sixth week of development , the first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes . Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs , including the femur , by the 12th week of development . The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1 -- 2 days . Function ( edit ) As the femur is the only bone in the thigh , it serves as an attachment point for all the muscles that exert their force over the hip and knee joints . Some biarticular muscles -- which cross two joints , like the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles -- also originate from the femur . In all , 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur . In cross-section , the thigh is divided up into three separate fascial compartments divided by fascia , each containing muscles . These compartments use the femur as an axis , and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes ( or septa ) . Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply , and contains a different group of muscles . These compartments are named the anterior , medial and posterior fascial compartments . Muscle attachments ( edit ) Muscle attachments ( seen from the front ) Muscle attachments ( seen from the back ) Muscle Direction Attachment Iliacus muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter Psoas major muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter Gluteus maximus muscle Insertion Gluteal tuberosity Gluteus medius muscle Insertion Lateral surface of greater trochanter Gluteus minimus muscle Insertion Forefront of greater trochanter Piriformis muscle Insertion Superior boundary of greater trochanter Gemellus superior muscle Insertion Upper edge of Obturator internus 's tendon ( indirectly greater trochanter ) Obturator internus muscle Insertion Medial surface of greater trochanter Gemellus inferior muscle Insertion Lower edge of Obturator internus 's tendon ( indirectly greater trochanter ) Quadratus femoris muscle Insertion Intertrochanteric crest Obturator externus muscle Insertion Trochanteric fossa Pectineus muscle Insertion Pectineal line Adductor longus muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera Adductor brevis muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera Adductor magnus muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera and the adductor tubercle Vastus lateralis muscle Origin Greater trochanter and lateral ridge of linea aspera Vastus intermedius muscle Origin Front and lateral surface of femur Vastus medialis muscle Origin Distal part of intertrochanteric line and medial ridge of linea aspera Short head of biceps femoris Origin Lateral ridge of linea aspera Popliteus muscle Origin Under the lateral epicondyle Articularis genu muscle Origin Lower 1 / 4 of anterior femur deep to vastus intermedius Gastrocnemius muscle Origin Behind the adductor tubercle , over the lateral epicondyle and the popliteal facies Plantaris muscle Origin Over the lateral condyle Clinical significance ( edit ) Fractures ( edit ) Main articles : Hip fracture and femoral fracture A femoral fracture that involves the femoral head , femoral neck or the shaft of the femur immediately below the lesser trochanter may be classified as a hip fracture , especially when associated with osteoporosis . Femur fractures can be managed in a pre-hospital setting with the use of a traction splint . Other animals ( edit ) Femora of Moa chicks . See also : Arthropod leg In primitive tetrapods , the main points of muscle attachment along the femur are the internal trochanter and third trochanter , and a ridge along the ventral surface of the femoral shaft referred to as the adductor crest . The neck of the femur is generally minimal or absent in the most primitive forms , reflecting a simple attachment to the acetabulum . The greater trochanter was present in the extinct archosaurs , as well as in modern birds and mammals , being associated with the loss of the primitive sprawling gait . The lesser trochanter is a unique development of mammals , which lack both the internal and fourth trochanters . The adductor crest is also often absent in mammals or alternatively reduced to a series of creases along the surface of the bone . Some species of whales , snakes , and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs . One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the eusthenopteron , a prehistoric lobe - finned fish from the Late Devonian period . Structures analogous to the third trochanter are present in mammals , including some primates . Invertebrates ( edit ) In invertebrate zoology the name femur appears in arthropodology . The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy ; the term `` femur '' simply has been adopted by analogy and refers , where applicable , to the most proximal of ( usually ) the two longest jointed segments of the legs of the arthropoda . The two basal segments preceding the femur are the coxa and trochanter . This convention is not followed in carcinology but it applies in arachnology and entomology . In myriapodology another segment , the prefemur , connects the trochanter and femur . Additional images ( edit ) Position of femur ( shown in red ) . Pelvis and patella are shown as semi-transparent . View from behind . View from the front . Long Bone ( Femur ) Muscles of thigh . Lateral view . Muscles of thigh . Cross section . Distribution forces of the femur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Femora '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Femora '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . ^ Jump up to : Bojsen - Møller , Finn ; Simonsen , Erik B. ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ( 2001 ) . Bevægeapparatets anatomi ( Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus ) ( in Danish ) ( 12th ed . ) . pp. 239 -- 241 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0307 - 7 . Jump up ^ Feldesman , M.R. , J.G. Kleckner , and J.K. Lundy . ( November 1990 ) . `` The femur / stature ratio and estimates of stature in mid-and late - pleistocene fossil hominids '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 83 ( 3 ) : 359 -- 372 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330830309 . PMID 2252082 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sunderland S ( January 1938 ) . `` The Quadrate Tubercle of the Femur '' . J. Anat. 72 ( Pt 2 ) : 309 -- 12 . PMC 1252427 . PMID 17104699 . Jump up ^ Lozanoff , Scott ; Sciulli , Paul W ; Schneider , Kim N ( December 1985 ) . `` Third trochanter incidence and metric trait covariation in the human femur '' . J Anat. 143 : 149 -- 159 . PMC 1166433 . PMID 3870721 . ^ Jump up to : Bolanowski , Wojciech ; Śmiszkiewicz - Skwarska , Alicja ; Polguj , Michał ; Jędrzejewski , Kazimierz S ( 2005 ) . `` The occurrence of the third trochanter and its correlation to certain anthropometric parameters of the human femur '' ( PDF ) . Folia Morphol. 64 ( 3 ) : 168 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F. `` Developmental Biology '' . 9th ed. , 2010 Jump up ^ Bojsen - Møller , Finn ; Simonsen , Erik B. ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ( 2001 ) . Bevægeapparatets anatomi ( Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus ) ( in Danish ) ( 12th ed . ) . pp. 364 -- 367 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0307 - 7 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 204 -- 205 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Struthers , John ( January 1881 ) . `` The Bones , Articulations , and Muscles of the Rudimentary Hind - Limb of the Greenland Right - Whale ( Balaena mysticetus ) '' . Journal of Anatomy and Physiology . Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland . 15 ( Pt 2 ) : i1 -- 176 . PMC 1310010 . PMID 17231384 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Femur at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Femur at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of thighbone at Wiktionary ( hide ) Bones of the human leg Femur upper extremity head fovea neck greater trochanter fossa lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle shaft linea aspera upper medial : merges with intertrochanteric line upper intermediate : pectineal line upper lateral : gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter lower extremity adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles lateral medial condyles lateral medial intercondylar fossa Tibia upper extremity Gerdy 's tubercle condyles lateral medial intercondylar area posterior anterior intercondylar eminence lateral tubercle medial tubercle shaft tuberosity soleal line lower extremity medial malleolus Anterior colliculus Posterior colliculus fibular notch Fibula lateral malleolus Other patella apex Foot Tarsus calcaneus sustentaculum tali calcaneal tubercle talus navicular cuboid cuneiform medial intermediate lateral Metatarsals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Phalanges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Femur&oldid=843590089 '' Categories : Bones of the lower limb Long bones Femur Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Walon 文言 粵語 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 09 . 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where is the femur located on the human body

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Truth, Justice, and the American Way

Truth , Justice , and the American Way - wikipedia Truth , Justice , and the American Way Jump to : navigation , search Truth , Justice , and the American Way may refer to : Truth , Justice , and the American Way , the catch - phrase of the comic - book character Superman . Truth , Justice , and the American Way , the original title of the 2006 film Hollywoodland What 's So Funny About Truth , Justice & the American Way ? , published by DC Comics in March 2001 `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' ( Supergirl ) , an episode of the CBS television series Supergirl Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Truth , Justice , and the American Way . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truth,_Justice,_and_the_American_Way&oldid=706440822 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 February 2016 , at 09 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who said truth justice and the american way

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2018 Tour de France

2018 Tour de France - wikipedia 2018 Tour de France 2018 Tour de France 2018 UCI World Tour , race 25 of 37 Route of the 2018 Tour de France Race details Dates 7 -- 29 July Stages 21 Distance 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Winning time 83h 17 ' 13 '' Results Winner Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) Second Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) ( Team Sunweb ) Third Chris Froome ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) Mountains Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) ( Quick - Step Floors ) Youth Pierre Latour ( FRA ) ( AG2R La Mondiale ) Combativity Dan Martin ( IRL ) ( UAE Team Emirates ) Team Movistar Team ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Tour de France was the 105th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's three Grand Tours . The 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) race started from Noirmoutier - en - l'Île , in the Vendée department , on 7 July and concluded with the Champs - Élysées stage in Paris , on 29 July . A total of 176 riders across 22 teams were participating in the 21 - stage race . The Tour was the shortest of the millennium and was the fifth time a tour had set out from Vendée . The race was won for the first time by Geraint Thomas of Team Sky . Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) placed second , with Thomas ' teammate and four - time Tour champion Chris Froome coming third . The opening stage was won by Fernando Gaviria of Quick - Step Floors , who became the Tour 's first rider to wear the general classification leader 's yellow jersey . Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) then took the race lead the following stage . BMC Racing Team won stage three 's team time trial , putting their rider Greg Van Avermaet in yellow . He held the jersey for eight days until the second high mountain stage , where stage winner Thomas took the lead . He held it for the rest of the race to become the first Welshman to win the overall race . As a result , Team Sky -- and additionally British riders -- won six of the previous seven Tours dating back to 2012 . Sagan won the points classification for the sixth time , Julian Alaphilippe ( Quick - Step Floors ) won the mountains classification , and Pierre Latour of AG2R La Mondiale won the young rider classification . Movistar Team won the team classification , and UAE Team Emirates rider Dan Martin was named the most combative for the entire race . Contents 1 Teams 2 Pre-race favourites 2.1 Froome 2.2 Others 3 Route and stages 4 Race overview 5 Classification leadership 6 Final standings 6.1 General classification 6.2 Points classification 6.3 Mountains classification 6.4 Young rider classification 6.5 Team classification 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 References 8.3 Sources 9 External links Teams ( edit ) Main article : List of teams and cyclists in the 2018 Tour de France The Place Napoléon ( fr ) square in La Roche - sur - Yon , hosted the team presentation ceremony on 5 July . The 18 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited to the race . On 6 January 2018 , organisers of the Tour , the Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) , announced the four second - tier UCI Professional Continental teams that received a wildcard invitation to participate in the event . The four teams were Cofidis , Direct Énergie , Fortuneo -- Samsic , from France and Belgium 's Wanty -- Groupe Gobert , all of which have participated in the race before . This meant that new French team Vital Concept , with their team leader , sprinter Bryan Coquard , missed out on the race . Christian Prudhomme wished the team the best in their inaugural season . The presentation of the teams -- where the members of each team 's roster are introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries -- took place on Place Napoleon ( fr ) in the town of La Roche - sur - Yon on 5 July , two days before the opening stage . New rules by the cycling 's governing body , the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) reduced the number of riders per team for Grand Tours from 9 to 8 , resulting in a start list total of 176 , instead of the usual 198 . Of these , 35 competed in their first Tour de France . The total number of riders that finished the race was 145 . The riders came from 30 countries . Seven countries had more than 10 riders in the race : France ( 35 ) , Belgium ( 19 ) , the Netherlands ( 13 ) , Italy ( 13 ) , Australia ( 11 ) , Germany ( 11 ) and Spain ( 11 ) . The average age of riders in the race was 29.37 years , ranging from the 21 - year - old Egan Bernal ( Team Sky ) to the 40 - year - old Franco Pellizotti ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . Groupama -- FDJ had the youngest average age while Bahrain -- Merida had the oldest . The teams entering the race were : UCI WorldTeams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale Team Dimension Data Groupama -- FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin LottoNL -- Jumbo Lotto -- Soudal Movistar Team Mitchelton -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates UCI Professional Continental teams Cofidis Direct Énergie Fortuneo -- Samsic Wanty -- Groupe Gobert Pre-race favourites ( edit ) Froome ( edit ) Defending champion Chris Froome ( pictured at the 2017 Tour de France ) had been considered the favourite for the general classification . Defending champion Chris Froome ( Team Sky ) had generally been considered the main favourite for the general classification . He had won four out of the last five editions , and was also the current defending champion at both other Grand Tours , the Vuelta a España and the Giro d'Italia . However , Froome 's participation was cast into doubt when he returned a urine sample at the 2017 Vuelta a España , which contained twice the allowed amount of the asthma drug salbutamol . This was considered not as a positive doping result , but as an `` Adverse Analytical Finding '' ( AAF ) , meaning that he was allowed to continue racing until the case was resolved . He did however face the possibility of losing his Vuelta victory and all subsequent results . The ASO were unhappy with the situation , which was very similar to that of Alberto Contador , who started the 2011 Tour with his case over a positive test for clenbuterol still unresolved . The UCI conducted an investigation into the AAF , which was still unresolved at the time that Froome won the 2018 Giro d'Italia . With an outcome before the start of the Tour unlikely , the ASO attempted to bar Froome from starting the race , citing article 28 of the race 's rules , saying that the organiser `` expressly reserves the right to refuse participation in -- or to exclude from -- the event , a team or any of its members whose presence would be such as to damage the image or reputation of ASO or the event '' . Froome was cleared by the UCI on 2 July 2018 , with a press statement reading that the authorities had found sufficient evidence `` that Mr Froome 's sample results do not constitute an AAF '' . He was thereafter cleared to start the Tour by the ASO as well . Others ( edit ) The closest rivals of Froome were thought to be Richie Porte ( BMC Racing Team ) , Nairo Quintana , Mikel Landa ( both of Movistar Team ) , Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) , and Vincenzo Nibali ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Geraint Thomas ( Team Sky ) , Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Primož Roglič ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Adam Yates ( Mitchelton -- BikeExchange ) , Jakob Fuglsang ( Astana ) , Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , Rigoberto Urán ( EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale ) , Dan Martin ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Bob Jungels ( Quick - Step Floors ) and Ilnur Zakarin ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) . The sprinters considered favourites for the points classification and wins on the flat or hilly bunch sprint finishes were Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) , Fernando Gaviria ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Dylan Groenewegen ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) , Marcel Kittel ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) , Michael Matthews ( Team Sunweb ) , Mark Cavendish ( Team Dimension Data ) , André Greipel ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Alexander Kristoff ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Sonny Colbrelli ( Bahrain -- Merida ) and John Degenkolb ( Trek -- Segafredo ) . Route and stages ( edit ) The highest point of elevation in the race was the Col de Portet Pyrenean pass , at 2,215 m ( 7,267 ft ) . It was used for the first time in the Tour de France . On 12 February 2017 at a rugby union match between France and Scotland at the Stade de France , the Tour 's race director Christian Prudhomme announced the start of the 2018 Tour ( known as the Grand Départ ) would be in the Vendée department , in the Pays de la Loire region . The departments in the Pays de la Loire region hosted the Tour de France in its first edition back in 1903 . Since then , the cities and towns of the Pays de la Loire region have welcomed the Grand Départ of the Tour de France nine times , five of which have set out from the Vendée . The last time the region hosted the Tour was in 2011 . Two weeks after the announcement , the ASO revealed that the Grand Départ would take place over three stages , with the third a team time trial . In June 2017 , the UCI 's Professional Cycling Council ( PCC ) moved the start of the Tour a week later than usual and originally planned due to a clash with the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The full route was announced on 17 October 2017 ; it was almost completely within France , with short deviations into Spain in the Pyrenees were the only exceptions . It would feature two of the Tour 's most historic climbs , Alpe d'Huez and the Col de Tourmalet , which last featured in 2015 and 2016 respectively . For the first time in 60 to 70 years , it included a section of unpaved roads on the Glières Plateau . Of the route , Mark Cavendish labelled it `` absolutely brutal '' . There were 21 stages in the race , covering a total distance of 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) , the shortest of the 21st century . The race also included 21.7 km ( 13.5 mi ) of cobblestones ( or pavés ) in stage 9 , which were last featured in 2015 . In the first week of the race , two laps of the short , but steep , Mûr - de-Bretagne were included . Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Stage type Winner 7 July Noirmoutier - en - l'Île to Fontenay - le - Comte 201 km ( 125 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) 8 July Mouilleron - Saint - Germain to La Roche - sur - Yon 182.5 km ( 113 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 9 July Cholet to Cholet 35.5 km ( 22 mi ) Team time trial BMC Racing Team 10 July La Baule to Sarzeau 195 km ( 121 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) 5 11 July Lorient to Quimper 204.5 km ( 127 mi ) Medium mountain Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 6 12 July Brest to Mûr - de-Bretagne 181 km ( 112 mi ) Medium mountain Dan Martin ( IRL ) 7 13 July Fougères to Chartres 231 km ( 144 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 8 14 July Dreux to Amiens 181 km ( 112 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 9 15 July Arras to Roubaix 156.5 km ( 97 mi ) Medium mountain John Degenkolb ( GER ) 16 July Annecy Rest day 10 17 July Annecy to Le Grand - Bornand 158.5 km ( 98 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) 11 18 July Albertville to La Rosière 108.5 km ( 67 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) 12 19 July Bourg - Saint - Maurice to Alpe d'Huez 175.5 km ( 109 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) 13 20 July Le Bourg - d'Oisans to Valence 169.5 km ( 105 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 14 21 July Saint - Paul - Trois - Châteaux to Mende 188 km ( 117 mi ) Medium mountain Omar Fraile ( ESP ) 15 22 July Millau to Carcassonne 181.5 km ( 113 mi ) Medium mountain Magnus Cort Nielsen ( DNK ) 23 July Carcassonne Rest day 16 24 July Carcassonne to Bagnères - de-Luchon 218 km ( 135 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) 17 25 July Bagnères - de-Luchon to Saint - Lary - Soulan ( Col de Portet ) 65 km ( 40 mi ) High mountain Nairo Quintana ( COL ) 18 26 July Trie - sur - Baïse to Pau 171 km ( 106 mi ) Flat Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) 19 27 July Lourdes to Laruns 200.5 km ( 125 mi ) High mountain Primož Roglič ( SLO ) 20 28 July Saint - Pée - sur - Nivelle to Espelette 31 km ( 19 mi ) Individual time trial Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) 21 29 July Houilles to Paris ( Champs - Élysées ) 116 km ( 72 mi ) Flat Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) Total 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Race overview ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 Tour de France , Stage 1 to Stage 11 and 2018 Tour de France , Stage 12 to Stage 21 The peloton during the finale of the sixth stage Stage one 's bunch sprint was won by Tour debutant Fernando Gaviria , with Peter Sagan coming in second and Marcel Kittel in third . Gaviria took the yellow and green jerseys as the leader of the general and points classifications respectively . Kévin Ledanois ( Fortuneo -- Samsic ) took the first polka dot jersey as the leader of the mountains classification . Sagan won stage two from a sprint to take the yellow and green jerseys , with Dion Smith of Wanty -- Groupe Gobert claiming the polka . Stage three 's team time trial was won by BMC Racing Team whose riders Tejay van Garderen and Greg Van Avermaet became tied for the overall lead , with Van Avermaet moving into yellow for the second time in his career due to him crossing the finish line ahead of Van Garderen in the first two stages being as there was not yet an individual time trial to measure their times down to the 1000th of a second . Stage four was won by Gaviria from a bunch sprint . Sagan further extend his lead in the points competition by winning stage five . Also in stage five , Toms Skujiņš of Trek -- Segafredo won the mountains points which gave him the polka . Skujins became the first rider from Latvia to ever lead the mountains classification . Stage six was a sprint that Sagan and John Degenkolb raced for , seeing as virtually all of the top sprinters finished close to fifteen minutes behind the general classification contenders . Team Sky , BMC Racing Team , and Movistar Team controlled the peloton , where Geraint Thomas reeled in the final breakaway rider and won the three second time bonus sprint that put him back only three seconds behind Van Avermaet in the general classification . With only about a kilometre to go Dan Martin attacked and was able to stay away and win the stage one second ahead of the bulk of the general classification contenders . Romain Bardet and Tom Dumoulin suffered mechanical issues late in the stage which made them lose time . Stage seven was the longest stage . At the start of stage seven , Van Avermaet remained in the yellow jersey with Thomas in second at three seconds behind . The stage was won by Dylan Groenewegen . There were multiple crashes in the first week of the tour and after stage seven , six riders had abandoned the race for various reasons including the promising young Belgian Tiesj Benoot ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Luis León Sánchez ( Astana ) , and the green jersey winner of the 2017 Tour Michael Matthews . This marked the end of the first week of the tour . Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) wearing the race leader 's yellow on one of stage nine 's pavé sectors . He held the jersey from stage three to ten . Groenewegen then won his second sprint stage in a row . Notably , Greipel and Gaviria were penalized for headbutting each other and lost their placing and green jersey points . Martin lost more than a minute after being involved in a crash during the stage . Van Avermaet improved his lead in the general classification after earning a single second in the bonus sprint . Stage nine was the cobblestone stage that was a bad day for numerous sprinters and general classification riders . Richie Porte abandoned after a crash for the second year in a row . Egan Bernal , Jakob Fuglsang , Chris Froome , and Mikel Landa crashed as did many other riders ; many riders had flat tires as well , including Bardet who got three of them . Meanwhile , Yves Lampaert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Degenkolb , and Van Avermaet survived the carnage going on around them to escape the remaining peloton and cross the finish together with Degenkolb winning his first Tour stage , as Van Avermaet gained time as well as another time bonus to extend his lead in the yellow jersey . The following day was the Tour 's first rest day . The first stage at high altitude and first in the Alps , the tenth , was won by Quick - Step Floors rider Julian Alaphilippe from a large breakaway that included race leader Van Avermaet . Eventually , Alaphillipe attacked and won his first Tour stage while Van Avermaet retained his yellow jersey and extended his lead to nearly two and a half minutes , when many people thought he would not be retaining it . Alaphillipe also took the mountains classification . Thomas achieved back - to - back summit finish wins both from the group of favourites on stages eleven and twelve by pushing the breakaway riders until the very end . In the steep finish of the eleventh , Thomas attacked in the final kilometre and passed lone breakaway rider Mikel Nieve ( Mitchelton -- Scott ) to take the win . He won stage twelve from a sprint on flat finish atop Alpe d'Huez . Dumoulin and Froome arose as the likely contenders in Paris . Sagan won stage thirteen after coming out of nowhere while Kristoff and Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) dueled it out . In stage fourteen , Omar Fraile of Astana came out of the breakaway and remarkably opened a twenty - minute gap to the main peloton with the yellow jersey contenders . After the Alps , it was basically down to three riders in contention , Thomas , Froome , and Dumoulin . There were many withdrawals after the Alps after names like Kittel , Mark Cavendish , Rigoberto Uran , Gaviria , Groenewegen , and Andre Griepel withdrew for various reasons . Vincenzo Nibali was forced to withdraw after fracturing a vertebrae in his back after being involved in an accident with a spectator near the summit of Alpe d'huez . Smoke from flares and animosity towards Froome were a factor and better security was called for by many people for the final week . Tom Dumoulin of Team Sunweb ( left ) placed second to Team Sky 's Geraint Thomas ( right ) ( pictured on stage nineteen ) in the final general classification . Stage fifteen , the start of the final week , was once again a breakaway victory . Magnus Cort took Astana 's second win in two days as there were no major changes overall . The next day was the second rest day of the race . Stage sixteen had a further incident when the police used tear gas against a protest by local farmers who had placed hay bales on the road . As the riders passed that point , there was still gas in the air . The race was neutralized for about fifteen minutes because several riders had problems with their eyes and had to rinse them . After the restart , a large breakaway escaped and Philippe Gilbert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , while in the lead on a descent , lost control of his bike and smashed into and over the wall . Later , Adam Yates , having taken the lead , fell on the final descent and handed the position and win to Alaphilippe , giving him his second stage win of the tour . On the first of the three Pyrenan stages , seventeen , Froome 's challenge faded on the approach to the summit of the Col de Portet and he dropped to third position in the general classification , 2 : 31 behind Thomas . Dumoulin moved into second place , 1 : 59 off the lead . Nairo Quintana won the stage after attacking at the bottom of the final climb , moving himself up to fifth overall , behind Primož Roglič . The flat stage eighteen was won by Demare from a sprint finish ; by now most of the top sprint had now left the race and Sagan was suffering with injury . On the mountainous stage nineteen from Lourdes to Laruns , Roglič attacked on the final climb , the Col d'Aubisque , and soloed to the finish nineteen seconds ahead of the chasing group of overall favourites . Thomas was able to consolidate his position in the yellow jersey by picking up six bonus seconds in the sprint thereby extending his lead over Dumoulin to 2 min 5 s . The penultimate stage was a 31 km ( 19.3 mi ) time trial , Dumoulin won the stage , one second ahead of Froome . Thomas survived a scare when his back wheel locked , but completed the time trial successfully , finishing fourteen seconds behind Dumoulin taking a lead of 1 min 51 s into the final stage . The stage was won by Kristoff in a bunch sprint on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . Classification leadership ( edit ) Four main individual classifications were contested in the 2018 Tour de France , as well as a team competition . The most important was the general classification , calculated by adding each rider 's finishing times on each stage . Time bonuses were awarded at the end of every stage apart from the time trial stages . The first three riders would get 10 , 6 , and 4 seconds , respectively . Time bonuses of three , two and one seconds , would be given to the first three riders to cross a `` bonus point '' in each of the first nine mass - start stages of the race . It would affect the general classification , but not the points . For crashes within the final 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) of a stage , not including time trials and summit finishes , any rider involved would receive the same time as the group he was in when the crash occurred . The rider with the lowest cumulative time would be the winner of the general classification and the overall winner of the Tour . The rider leading the classification would wear a yellow jersey . Points classification points for the top 15 positions by type Type 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Flat stage 50 30 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 Medium mountain stage 30 25 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 High mountain stage 20 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Individual time trial Intermediate sprint The second classification was the points classification . Riders received points for finishing among the highest placed in a stage finish , or in intermediate sprints during the stage . The points available for each stage finish were determined by the stage 's type . The leader was identified by a green jersey . The third classification was the mountains classification . Points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit of the most difficult climbs first . The climbs were categorized , in order of increasing difficulty , as fourth - , third - , second - , and first - category and hors catégorie ( read : `` beyond category '' ) . Double points were awarded at the top of the last mountains in the three mountain stages in the Pyrenees ( 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The leader wore a white jersey with red polka dots . The final individual classification was the young rider classification . This was calculated the same way as the general classification , but was restricted to riders born on or after 1 January 1993 . The leader wears a white jersey . The final classification was a team classification . This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage ; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time . The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie . The riders in the team that lead this classification are identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets . In addition , there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered , by a jury , to have `` made the greatest effort and who demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship '' . No combativity awards are given for the time trials and the final stage . The winner wore a red number bib the following stage . At the conclusion of the Tour , a rider would win the overall super-combativity award which was , again , awarded by a jury . A total of € 2,287,750 was awarded in cash prizes in the race . The overall winner of the general classification received € 500,000 , with the second and third placed riders getting € 200,000 and € 100,000 respectively . All finishers in the top 160 were awarded money . The holders of the classifications would benefit on each stage they led ; the final winners of the points and mountains would be given € 25,000 , while the best young rider and most combative rider would get € 20,000 . The team classification winners was given € 50,000 . € 11,000 was given to the winners of each stage of the race , with smaller amounts given to places 2 -- 20 . There were also two special awards each with a prize of € 5000 . The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , given to first rider to pass the summit of the highest climb in the Tour , the Col du Portet on stage seventeen , and the Souvenir Jacques Goddet , given to the first rider to pass Goddet 's memorial at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet in stage nineteen . Nairo Quintana won the Henri Desgrange and Julian Alaphilippe won the Jacques Goddet . Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Points classification Mountains classification Young rider classification Team classification Combativity award Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Kévin Ledanois Fernando Gaviria Quick - Step Floors Yoann Offredo Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Dion Smith Sylvain Chavanel BMC Racing Team Greg Van Avermaet Søren Kragh Andersen No award Fernando Gaviria Jérôme Cousin 5 Peter Sagan Toms Skujiņš Toms Skujiņš 6 Daniel Martin Damien Gaudin 7 Dylan Groenewegen Laurent Pichon 8 Dylan Groenewegen Fabien Grellier 9 John Degenkolb Damien Gaudin 10 Julian Alaphilippe Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Greg Van Avermaet 11 Geraint Thomas Geraint Thomas Alejandro Valverde 12 Geraint Thomas Steven Kruijswijk 13 Peter Sagan Michael Schär 14 Omar Fraile Jasper Stuyven 15 Magnus Cort Nielsen Rafał Majka 16 Julian Alaphilippe Bahrain -- Merida Philippe Gilbert 17 Nairo Quintana Movistar Team Tanel Kangert 18 Arnaud Démare Luke Durbridge 19 Primož Roglič Mikel Landa 20 Tom Dumoulin No award 21 Alexander Kristoff Final Geraint Thomas Peter Sagan Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Dan Martin In stage two , Marcel Kittel , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification and Peter Sagan , who was second in the points classification , wore the rainbow jersey of the world champion . In stage two , Dylan Groenewegen , who was second in the best young rider classification , wore the white jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification . In stage three , Alexander Kristoff , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Peter Sagan wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification , and second placed Fernando Gaviria wore the white jersey as leader of the young rider classification . In stage seventeen Philippe Gilbert did not start , so no rider wore the red bib as the most combative rider of previous stage . Final standings ( edit ) Legend Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the team classification Denotes the winner of the combativity award General classification ( edit ) Final general classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 83h 17 ' 13 '' Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 1 ' 51 '' Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky + 2 ' 24 '' Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 3 ' 22 '' 5 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 6 ' 08 '' 6 Romain Bardet ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 6 ' 57 '' 7 Mikel Landa ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 7 ' 37 '' 8 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates + 9 ' 05 '' 9 Ilnur Zakarin ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 12 ' 37 '' 10 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team + 14 ' 18 '' show Final general classification ( 11 -- 145 ) Rank Rider Team Time 11 Bob Jungels ( LUX ) Quick - Step Floors + 16 ' 32 '' 12 Jakob Fuglsang ( DEN ) Astana + 19 ' 46 '' 13 Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 22 ' 13 '' 14 Alejandro Valverde ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 27 ' 26 '' 15 Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 27 ' 52 '' 16 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana + 34 ' 52 '' 17 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 37 ' 06 '' 18 Domenico Pozzovivo ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 39 ' 08 '' 19 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 39 ' 57 '' 20 Damiano Caruso ( ITA ) BMC Racing Team + 42 ' 31 '' 21 Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 44 ' 39 '' 22 Ion Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 46 ' 36 '' 23 Mikel Nieve ( ESP ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 49 ' 19 '' 24 Gorka Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 50 ' 02 '' 25 Simon Geschke ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 50 ' 15 '' 26 Bauke Mollema ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 06 ' 33 '' 27 Pierre Rolland ( FRA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 09 ' 09 '' 28 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 10 ' 14 '' 29 Adam Yates ( GBR ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 1h 17 ' 35 '' 30 Lilian Calmejane ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 18 ' 09 '' 31 Robert Gesink ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 21 ' 13 '' 32 Tejay van Garderen ( USA ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 23 ' 05 '' 33 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors + 1h 28 ' 08 '' 34 David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 30 ' 01 '' 35 Julien Bernard ( FRA ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 34 ' 12 '' 36 Daniel Felipe Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 38 ' 38 '' 37 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 39 ' 01 '' 38 Rudy Molard ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 47 ' 36 '' 39 Sylvain Chavanel ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 47 ' 47 '' 40 Kristijan Đurasek ( CRO ) UAE Team Emirates + 1h 48 ' 06 '' 41 Arthur Vichot ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 51 ' 19 '' 42 Maxime Bouet ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 1h 58 ' 08 '' 43 Nicolas Edet ( FRA ) Cofidis + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 44 Michael Valgren ( DEN ) Astana + 1h 59 ' 20 '' 45 Daniel Navarro ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 00 ' 32 '' 46 Daryl Impey ( RSA ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 2h 00 ' 53 '' 47 Jesús Herrada ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 01 ' 52 '' 48 Amaël Moinard ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 2h 03 ' 20 '' 49 Michał Kwiatkowski ( POL ) Team Sky + 2h 05 ' 29 '' 50 Andrey Amador ( CRC ) Movistar Team + 2h 05 ' 38 '' 51 Laurens ten Dam ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 22 '' 52 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 23 '' 53 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 2h 07 ' 14 '' 54 Thomas Degand ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 09 ' 54 '' 55 Mathias Frank ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 10 ' 29 '' 56 Jesper Hansen ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 33 '' 57 Omar Fraile ( ESP ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 59 '' 58 Wout Poels ( NED ) Team Sky + 2h 13 ' 23 '' 59 Tom - Jelte Slagter ( NED ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 13 ' 58 '' 60 Franco Pellizotti ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 2h 17 ' 32 '' 61 Pavel Kochetkov ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 17 ' 52 '' 62 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 18 ' 51 '' 63 Jasper Stuyven ( BEL ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 20 ' 24 '' 64 Marco Minnaard ( NED ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 20 ' 31 '' 65 Thomas De Gendt ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 2h 24 ' 41 '' 66 Oliver Naesen ( BEL ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 29 ' 36 '' 67 Nikias Arndt ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 2h 32 ' 02 '' 68 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 32 ' 26 '' 69 Darwin Atapuma ( COL ) UAE Team Emirates + 2h 35 ' 47 '' 70 Jonathan Castroviejo ( ESP ) Team Sky + 2h 36 ' 06 '' 71 Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 38 ' 08 '' 72 Chad Haga ( USA ) Team Sunweb + 2h 39 ' 40 '' 73 Romain Sicard ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 2h 42 ' 53 '' 74 Tobias Ludvigsson ( SWE ) Groupama -- FDJ + 2h 45 ' 40 '' 75 Julien Vermote ( BEL ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 45 ' 57 '' 76 Gregor Mühlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 46 ' 13 '' 77 Imanol Erviti ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 47 ' 46 '' 78 Koen de Kort ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 48 ' 29 '' 79 Ian Boswell ( USA ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 51 ' 47 '' 80 Yves Lampaert ( BEL ) Quick - Step Floors + 2h 52 ' 37 '' 81 Paul Martens ( GER ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 2h 52 ' 46 '' 82 Toms Skujiņš ( LAT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 53 ' 41 '' 83 Silvan Dillier ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 55 ' 15 '' 84 Edvald Boasson Hagen ( NOR ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 57 ' 00 '' 85 Anthony Perez ( FRA ) Cofidis + 2h 58 ' 56 '' 86 Élie Gesbert ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 00 ' 48 '' 87 Nils Politt ( GER ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 3h 00 ' 54 '' 88 Edward Theuns ( BEL ) Team Sunweb + 3h 02 ' 15 '' 89 Thomas Boudat ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 04 ' 07 '' 90 Michael Schär ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 04 ' 14 '' 91 Yoann Offredo ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 04 ' 27 '' 92 Marcus Burghardt ( GER ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 04 ' 48 '' 93 Jérôme Cousin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 05 ' 34 '' 94 Paweł Poljański ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 07 ' 14 '' 95 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 09 ' 34 '' 96 Kévin Ledanois ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 11 ' 55 '' 97 Dion Smith ( NZL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 12 ' 24 '' 98 Laurent Pichon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 12 ' 46 '' 99 Florian Vachon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 13 ' 47 '' 100 Simon Clarke ( AUS ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 15 ' 40 '' 101 Julien Simon ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 15 ' 55 '' 102 Kristijan Koren ( SLO ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 16 ' 54 '' 103 Tomasz Marczyński ( POL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 3h 19 ' 10 '' 104 Daniele Bennati ( ITA ) Movistar Team + 3h 19 ' 22 '' 105 Romain Hardy ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 19 ' 49 '' 106 Rory Sutherland ( AUS ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 21 ' 22 '' 107 Simon Gerrans ( AUS ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 21 ' 37 '' 108 Mathew Hayman ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 109 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 110 Reinardt Janse van Rensburg ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 3h 24 ' 25 '' 111 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 26 ' 35 '' 112 Daniel Oss ( ITA ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 32 ' 29 '' 113 Michael Gogl ( AUT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 32 ' 54 '' 114 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 33 ' 33 '' 115 Sep Vanmarcke ( BEL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 34 ' 17 '' 116 Anthony Turgis ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 36 ' 11 '' 117 Michael Hepburn ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 36 ' 30 '' 118 Luke Durbridge ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 37 ' 21 '' 119 Niki Terpstra ( NED ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 37 ' 31 '' 120 Fabien Grellier ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 37 ' 56 '' 121 Jack Bauer ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 39 ' 02 '' 122 Maciej Bodnar ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 39 ' 20 '' 123 Guillaume Van Keirsbulck ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 40 ' 30 '' 124 Christophe Laporte ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 41 ' 55 '' 125 Heinrich Haussler ( AUS ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 42 ' 24 '' 126 Marco Marcato ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 42 ' 54 '' 127 Olivier Le Gac ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 49 ' 03 '' 128 Luke Rowe ( GBR ) Team Sky + 3h 50 ' 55 '' 129 Tom Scully ( NZL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 50 ' 59 '' 130 Dimitri Claeys ( BEL ) Cofidis + 3h 51 ' 15 '' 131 Timothy Dupont ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 51 ' 16 '' 132 Lukas Pöstlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 56 ' 53 '' 133 Oliviero Troia ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 57 ' 02 '' 134 Ramon Sinkeldam ( NED ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 58 ' 01 '' 135 Maximiliano Richeze ( ARG ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 58 ' 58 '' 136 Taylor Phinney ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 59 ' 07 '' 137 Timo Roosen ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 01 ' 05 '' 138 Roberto Ferrari ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 4h 01 ' 34 '' 139 Amund Grøndahl Jansen ( NOR ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 02 ' 04 '' 140 Damien Gaudin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 4h 02 ' 07 '' 141 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 08 ' 18 '' 142 Jasper De Buyst ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 4h 08 ' 54 '' 143 Jay Thomson ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 4h 09 ' 49 '' 144 Jacopo Guarnieri ( ITA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 12 ' 29 '' 145 Lawson Craddock ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 4h 34 ' 19 '' Points classification ( edit ) Final points classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 477 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates 246 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ 203 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo 178 5 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 143 6 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team 134 7 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert 115 8 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 110 9 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida 104 10 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 98 Mountains classification ( edit ) Final mountains classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 170 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic 91 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 76 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 74 5 Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb 63 6 Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 56 7 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 41 8 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team 40 9 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana 39 10 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 36 Young rider classification ( edit ) Final young rider classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale 83h 39 ' 26 '' Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 5 ' 39 '' Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 22 ' 05 '' David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 07 ' 18 '' 5 Daniel Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac + 1h 16 ' 01 '' 6 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 16 ' 48 '' 7 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 1h 44 ' 10 '' 8 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 45 ' 01 '' 9 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 1h 56 ' 14 '' 10 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 13 '' Team classification ( edit ) Final team classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Team Time Movistar Team 250h 24 ' 53 '' Bahrain -- Merida + 12 ' 33 '' Team Sky + 31 ' 14 '' LottoNL -- Jumbo + 47 ' 24 '' 5 Astana + 1h 15 ' 32 '' 6 Team Sunweb + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 7 AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 15 ' 49 '' 8 BMC Racing Team + 2h 35 ' 45 '' 9 Quick - Step Floors + 3h 06 ' 17 '' 10 Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 13 ' 41 '' See also ( edit ) Cycling portal France portal 2018 in men 's road cycling 2018 in sports 2018 La Course by Le Tour de France Notes and references ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The start of the tour was postponed a week in order to reduce overlap with the 2018 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robertshaw , Henry ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` 2018 Tour de France rescheduled to reduce clash with FIFA World Cup '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Energie , Cofidis , Fortuneo and Wanty receive 2018 Tour de France wild cards '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France wildcard decision explained by Christian Prudhomme '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France team presentation -- Gallery '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Tour teams to be reduced from nine to eight riders from 2018 '' . Cycling Weekly . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of starters -- Tour de France 2018 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Debutants '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official classifications of Tour de France 2018 -- Stage 21 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Peloton averages '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Youngest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Oldest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Average team age '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benson , Daniel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Froome returns adverse analytical finding for Salbutamol '' . Cyclingnews.com. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fotheringham , William ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Similarities of Chris Froome now to Alberto Contador in 2011 are clear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ASO try to block Chris Froome from racing Tour de France '' . Cyclingnews.com. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UCI statement on anti-doping proceedings involving Mr Christopher Froome '' . uci.org . Union Cycliste Internationale. 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Barry ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Prudhomme says attempt to bar Chris Froome from Tour de France is now ' obsolete ' '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Dumoulin to ride Tour de France after second place at the Giro d'Italia '' . Cyclist.co.uk . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 start list -- Cycling Weekly '' . Cyclingweekly.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ MacLeary , John ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are this year 's favourites and can anybody challenge Chris Froome ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are the bookmakers backing for victory ? '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 5 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Chris Froome , Mark Cavendish , Peter Sagan - all you need to know '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : All you need to know about the 105th race for the yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist predictions : Who we 're backing at the 2018 Tour de France '' . Cyclist . Dennis Publishing . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 yellow jersey guide and top 10 predictions '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Lawrence ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 contenders : Chris Froome starts as favourite against challenge of Richie Porte , Nairo Quintana and more '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 green jersey guide - Sagan , Matthews , Gaviria , Kittel ... '' Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Henrys , Colin ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 preview : can anybody stop Peter Sagan winning the green jersey ? '' . Road Cycling UK . Mpora . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Aubrey , Jane ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` ' It 's what I want to be ' - the green jersey contenders '' . SBS . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France announces 2018 Grand Départ '' . VeloNews . Pocket Outdoor Media . Agence France - Presse. 12 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 to start on Passage du Gois '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand , Stephen ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 route revealed '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Riders and teams react to the 2018 Tour de France route announcement '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Route of Tour de France '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Augendre 2018 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Ostanek ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins opener and takes first yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostanek , Daniel ( 8 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Peter Sagan wins crash - marred stage 2 and takes yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At Tour de France , BMC Presents Chris Froome With an Uphill Climb '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 9 July 2018 ) . `` Tejay van Garderen misses Tour de France yellow jersey on tiebreak '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins stage 4 in Sarzeau '' . Cycling News . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Fernando Gaviria out - sprints Peter Sagan to take second stage win of Tour de France '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Peter Sagan powers to stage five win '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Dan Martin wins on the Mur de Bretagne '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Dan Martin takes uphill victory on Tour de France stage six as Bardet and Dumoulin lose time '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Organisation , Amaury Sport . `` Tour de France 2018 '' . racecenter.letour.fr . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Laurence ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen wins stage seven with sprint win over Fernando Gaviria and Peter Sagan '' . The Independebt . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Greipel , Gaviria relegated in separate incidents during sprint in Amiens '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen takes stage eight for second straight win '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthurs - Brennan , Michelle ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Richie Porte abandons 2018 Tour de France after stage nine crash '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McCleary , John ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage nine : John Degenkolb triumphs after Richie Porte crashes out on day of chaos on cobbles '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Degenkolb wins much - feared stage in Roubaix '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whittle , Jeremy ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Julian Alaphilippe takes stage 10 as Tour de France starts Alps climb '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gregor ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Greg Van Avermaet : ' It 's an honour to ride in the yellow jersey , that 's why I tried to defend it ' '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Patrick ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins stage 11 at La Rosiere , takes yellow '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 12 : Geraint Thomas makes history on Alpe d'Huez as Welshman extends overall lead '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Kristoff : I thought I had it , but Peter Sagan was too fast '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Omar Fraile wins stage 14 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magnus Cort Nielsen sprints to victory in Tour de France Stage 15 '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France - etappe tijdelijk stilgelegd na gebruik traangas door politie '' ( The Tour de France -- the stage of his career in style at the doorstep of the door of politics ) . NU.nl ( in Dutch ) . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Alaphilippe wins stage 16 after Adam Yates crash '' . The Guardian . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 17 : Geraint Thomas tightens grip on yellow as Chris Froome cracks as Nairo Quintana ends five - year wait for victory '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arnaud Demare wins Tour de France stage 18 ; Geraint Thomas retains yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas edges closer to victory after second place on stage 19 '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas set to win after maintaining lead on stage 20 '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins as Chris Froome finishes third '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Stage 17 preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 25 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Quintana wins on Col du Portet as Froome cracks and Thomas strengthens GC grip '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Geraint Thomas extends lead as Primoz Roglic zips to Stage 19 win '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Augendre , Jacques ( 2018 ) . Guide historique ( Historical guide ) ( PDF ) . Tour de France ( in French ) . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Race regulations ( PDF ) . Tour de France . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation. 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Tour de France . Official website 2018 Tour de France `` 2017 2019 '' Teams and cyclists Stage 1 -- 11 Stage 12 -- 21 Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées final stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Émilien Amaury Amaury Sport Organisation Pierre Dumas Géo Lefèvre Didi Senft La Course by Le Tour de France L'Étape du Tour Part of the Grand Tour 2018 UCI World Tour Races Tour Down Under Great Ocean Road Race Abu Dhabi Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris -- Nice Tirreno -- Adriatico Milan -- San Remo Volta a Catalunya E3 Harelbeke Gent -- Wevelgem Dwars door Vlaanderen Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris -- Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège Tour de Romandie Eschborn - Frankfurt Giro d'Italia Tour of California Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne RideLondon -- Surrey Classic BinckBank Tour Vuelta a España EuroEyes Cyclassics Bretagne Classic Ouest -- France GP de Québec GP de Montréal Il Lombardia Presidential Tour of Turkey Tour of Guangxi Teams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale Team Dimension Data FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin Lotto -- Soudal LottoNL -- Jumbo Movistar Team Mitchelton -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates List of 2018 UCI WorldTeams and riders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Tour_de_France&oldid=854473541 '' Categories : 2018 in French sport 2018 Tour de France 2018 UCI World Tour July 2018 events in France July 2018 sports events in Europe Tour de France by year Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from August 2018 Interlanguage link template link number CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Føroyskt Français Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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who won the first stage of the 2018 tour de france

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Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur - wikipedia Kuala Lumpur Jump to : navigation , search Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory and City Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Other transcription ( s ) Malay Kuala Lumpur Jawi کوالا لومڤور ‎ Chinese 吉隆坡 Tamil கோலாலம்பூர் Clockwise from top left : Petronas Twin Towers , Petaling Street , Jamek Mosque and Gombak / Klang river confluence , National Monument , National Mosque , skyline of Kuala Lumpur . Centre : Kuala Lumpur Tower Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : KL , Garden City of Lights Motto : Bersedia Menyumbang Bandaraya Cemerlang ( English : Ready to Contribute towards an Excellent City ) Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia Coordinates : 3 ° 8 ′ N 101 ° 41 ′ E  /  3.133 ° N 101.683 ° E  / 3.133 ; 101.683 Coordinates : 3 ° 8 ′ N 101 ° 41 ′ E  /  3.133 ° N 101.683 ° E  / 3.133 ; 101.683 Country Malaysia Administrative Areas List ( show ) Damansara Seputeh Segambut Kepong Kuala Lumpur City Centre Setiawangsa Bandar Tun Razak Sungai Besi Establishment 1859 Granted city status 1 February 1972 Granted Federal Territory 1 February 1974 Government Mayor ( Datuk Bandar ) Mhd Amin Nordin Abdul Aziz Area Federal Territory and City 243 km ( 94 sq mi ) Metro 2,243.27 km ( 866.13 sq mi ) Elevation 66 m ( 217 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Federal Territory and City 1,768,000 ( 1st ) Density 6,891 / km ( 17,310 / sq mi ) Metro 7,200,000 Metro density 6,581 / km ( 17,040 / sq mi ) Demonym KL - ite / Kuala Lumpurian Human Development Index HDI ( 2010 ) 0.795 ( high ) ( 2nd ) Time zone MST ( UTC + 8 ) Postal code 50000 to 60000 Mean solar time UTC + 06 : 46 : 48 Area code ( s ) 03 Vehicle registration V and W ( for all vehicles except taxis ) HW ( for taxis only ) ISO 3166 - 2 MY - 14 Website www.dbkl.gov.my Kuala Lumpur ( / ˈkwɑːləˈlʊmpʊər / or / - pər / ; Malaysian pronunciation : ( ˈkwalə ˈlumpʊr ) ) , officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur , or commonly KL , is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city . The only alpha world city in Malaysia , it covers an area of 243 km ( 94 sq mi ) and has an estimated population of 1.73 million as of 2016 . Greater Kuala Lumpur , also known as the Klang Valley , is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people as of 2017 . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in South - East Asia , in both population and economic development . Kuala Lumpur is the cultural , financial and economic centre of Malaysia and home to the Parliament of Malaysia , and the official residence of the Malaysian King ( Yang di - Pertuan Agong ) , the Istana Negara . The city once held the headquarters of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government as well , but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999 . Some sections of the judiciary still remain in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur is one of three Federal Territories of Malaysia , enclaved within the state of Selangor , on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Since the 1990s , the city has played host to many international sporting , political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games . Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades . It is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Twin Towers , which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysia 's futuristic development . Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road system that is supported by extensive public transport networks such as the Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) , Light Metro ( LRT ) , monorail , elevated Bus Rapid Transit , commuter rail and airport rail link . Kuala Lumpur is one of the leading cities in the world for tourism and shopping . It is the seventh most visited city in the world . The city is also home to three of the world 's 10 largest malls . Kuala Lumpur has been ranked by the Economist Intelligence Unit at No. 70 out of 140 cities in a global ranking of liveable cities , and second in Southeast Asia after Singapore at No. 35 . Forbes has also named KL at No. 6 in its list of 10 best cities to retire abroad , and the best in Asia , with factors include world class healthcare , affordable cost of living and widely spoken English . Kuala Lumpur was named as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan , Doha , Durban , Havana , Beirut , and La Paz . Safe Cities Index 2017 has put KL 31st on its world safest cities list , the highest ranked city for a developing country . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Early years 1.3 Beginning of modern Kuala Lumpur 1.4 20th century -- present 2 Geography 2.1 Climate and weather 3 Governance 3.1 Local government 3.2 Districts 3.3 Politics 4 Economy 4.1 Tourism 4.2 Retail 5 Demographics 5.1 Historical demographics 5.2 Languages and religions 6 Cityscape 6.1 Architecture 6.2 Parks 7 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Sports and recreation 8.3 Media 9 Transport 10 International relations 10.1 Twin towns -- sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Kuala Lumpur Jamek Mosque at the confluence of Gombak ( left ) and Klang ( right ) rivers . The earliest settlement of Kuala Lumpur developed on the eastern side of the river bank ( to the right in this picture ) . Etymology ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur means `` muddy confluence '' ; kuala is the point where two rivers join together or an estuary , and lumpur means `` mud '' . One suggestion is that it was named after Sungai Lumpur ( `` muddy river '' ) ; it was recorded in 1824 that Sungei Lumpoor was the most important tin - producing settlement up the Klang River . Doubts however have been raised on such a derivation as Kuala Lumpur lies at the confluence of Gombak River and Klang River , therefore should rightly be named Kuala Gombak as the point where one river joins another or the sea is its kuala . It has been argued by some that Sungai Lumpur is in fact Gombak River ( therefore the point where it joined the Klang River would be Kuala Lumpur ) , although Sungai Lumpur is said to be another river joining the Klang River a mile upstream from the Gombak confluence , or perhaps located to the north of the Batu Caves area . It has also been proposed that Kuala Lumpur was originally named Pengkalan Lumpur ( `` muddy landing place '' ) in the same way that Klang was once called Pengkalan Batu ( `` stone landing place '' ) , but became corrupted into Kuala Lumpur . Another suggestion is that it was initially a Cantonese word lam - pa meaning ' flooded jungle ' or ' decayed jungle ' . There is however no firm contemporary evidence for these suggestions other than anecdotes . It is also possible that the name is a corrupted form of an earlier but now unidentifiable forgotten name . Early years ( edit ) Historical affiliations Sultanate of Selangor 1857 -- 1974 Federated Malay States 1895 -- 1942 ; 1945 -- 1946 Empire of Japan 1942 -- 1945 Malayan Union 1946 -- 1948 Federation of Malaya 1948 -- 1963 Malaysia 1963 -- present It is unknown who founded or named the settlement called Kuala Lumpur . Chinese miners were involved in tin mining up the Selangor River in the 1840s about ten miles north of present - day Kuala Lumpur , and Mandailing Sumatrans led by Raja Asal and Sutan Puasa were also involved in tin mining and trade in the Ulu Klang region before 1860 , and Sumatrans may have settled in the upper reaches of Klang River in the first quarter of the 19th century , possibly earlier . Kuala Lumpur was originally a small hamlet of just a few houses and shops at the confluence of Sungai Gombak and Sungai Klang ( Klang River ) before it grew into a town . It is generally accepted that Kuala Lumpur become established as a town circa 1857 , when the Malay Chief of Klang , Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar , aided by his brother Raja Juma'at of Lukut , raised funds to hire some Chinese miners from Lukut to open new tin mines here . The miners landed at Kuala Lumpur and continued their journey on foot to Ampang where the first mine was opened . Kuala Lumpur was the furthest point up the Klang River to which supplies could conveniently be brought by boat ; it therefore became a collection and dispersal point serving the tin mines . Kapitan Yap Ah Loy , the third Chinese Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur . Frank Swettenham , a contributor to the development of Kuala Lumpur . Although the early miners suffered a high death toll due to the malarial conditions of the jungle , the Ampang mines were successful , and the first tin from these mines was exported in 1859 . The tin - mining spurred the growth of the town , and miners later also settled in Pudu and Batu . The miners formed gangs among themselves ; and fights between different gangs were frequent in this period , mainly to gain control of the best tin mines . Leaders of the Chinese community were conferred the title of Kapitan Cina ( Chinese headman ) by the Malay chief , and Hiu Siew , the owner of a mine in Lukut , was chosen as the first Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur . As one of the first traders to arrive in Ampang ( along with Yap Ah Sze ) , he sold provisions to the miners in exchange for tin . The third Chinese Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur , Yap Ah Loy , was appointed in 1868 . Important Malay figures of early Kuala lumpur also include the Dato ' Dagang ( `` chief of traders '' ) and Haji Tahir . The Minangkabaus later became another important group of people ; Minangkabau traders from Sumatra include Utsman Abdullah , and Haji Mohamed Taib who was involved in the early development of Kampung Baru . The Minangkabaus are also important socio - religious figures , for example Utsman bin Abdullah was the first kadi of Kuala Lumpur as well as Muhammad Nur bin Ismail . Beginning of modern Kuala Lumpur ( edit ) Part of a panoramic view of Kuala Lumpur c. 1884 . To the left is the Padang . The buildings were constructed of wood and atap before regulations were enacted by Swettenham in 1884 requiring buildings to use bricks and tiles . The appearance of Kuala Lumpur transformed rapidly and greatly in the following years . Early Kuala Lumpur was a small town that suffered from many social and political problems -- the buildings were made of wood and atap ( palm frond thatching ) that were prone to fire , lack of proper sanitation plagued the town with diseases , and it suffered from a constant threat of flooding . The town became embroiled in the Selangor Civil War due in part to the fight for control of revenues from the tin mines . The Chinese Kapitan Yap Ah Loy aligned himself with Tengku Kudin , and the rival Chinese gang allied themselves with Raja Mahdi . Raja Asal and Sutan Puasa also switched side to Raja Mahdi , and Kuala Lumpur was captured in 1872 and burnt to the ground . Yap escaped to Klang where he reassembled a fighting force . Kuala Lumpur was recaptured by Yap in March 1873 when Raja Mahdi forces were defeated with the help of fighters from Pahang . The war and other setbacks , such as a drop in tin prices , led to a slump , furthermore a major outbreak of cholera in late 1870s caused many to flee the town . The slump lasted until late 1879 , when a rise in the price of tin allowed the town to recover . In late 1881 , the town was severely flooded , following a fire that had destroyed the entire town in January that year . That the town was rebuilt a few times and thrived was due in large part to the tenacity and persistence of Yap Ah Loy . Yap , together with Frank Swettenham who was appointed the Resident in 1882 , were the two most important figures of early Kuala Lumpur with Swettenham credited with its rapid growth and development and its transformation into a major urban center . Sultan Abdul Samad Building facing the Padang , c. 1900 The early Chinese and Malay settlements were along the east bank of the Klang River -- the Chinese mainly settled around the commercial centre of Market Square ; the Malays , later Indian Chettiars and Indian Muslims resided in the Java Street ( now Jalan Tun Perak ) area . In 1880 , the state capital of Selangor was moved from Klang to the more strategically advantageous Kuala Lumpur by the colonial administration , and the British Resident William Bloomfield Douglas then decided that the government buildings and living quarters should be located to the west of the river . Government offices and a new police headquarters was built on Bukit Aman , and the Padang was created initially for police training . The Padang , now known as Merdeka Square , would later become the centre of the British administrative offices when the colonial government offices were moved to the Sultan Abdul Samad Building in 1897 . Frank Swettenham , on becoming the British Resident , began improving the town by cleaning up the streets . He also stipulated in 1884 that buildings should be constructed of brick and tile so that they would be less flammable , and that the town be rebuilt with wider streets to reduce fire risk . Kapitan Yap Ah Loy bought a sprawling piece of real estate to set up a brick industry for the rebuilding of Kuala Lumpur ; this place is the eponymous Brickfields . Destroyed atap buildings were replaced with brick and tiled ones , and many of the new brick buildings are characterised by the `` five foot ways '' as well as Chinese carpentry work . This resulted in a distinct eclectic shop house architecture typical to this region . Kapitan Yap Ah Loy expanded road access in the city significantly , linking up tin mines with the city ; these roads include the main arterial routes of the present Ampang Road , Pudu Road and Petaling Street . As Chinese Kapitan , he was vested with wide powers on a par with Malay community leaders . Law reforms were implemented and new legal measures introduced to the assembly . Yap also presided over a small claims court . With a police force of six , he was able to uphold the rule of law , constructing a prison that could accommodate 60 prisoners at any time . Kapitan Yap Ah Loy also built Kuala Lumpur 's first school and a major tapioca mill in Petaling Street of which the Selangor 's Sultan Abdul Samad held an interest . The construction of the railway spurred the growth of the city . The headquarters of the F.M.S. Railways in Kuala Lumpur shown , with the dome of the Sultan Abdul Samad Building just visible behind , c. 1910 . A railway line between Kuala Lumpur and Klang , initiated by Swettenham and completed in 1886 , increased accessibility which resulted in the rapid growth of the town . The population grew from 4,500 in 1884 to 20,000 in 1890 . As development intensified in the 1880s , it also put pressure on sanitation , waste disposal and other health issues . A Sanitary Board was created on 14 May 1890 which was responsible for sanitation , upkeep of roads , lighting of street and other functions . This would eventually become the Kuala Lumpur Municipal Council . In 1896 , Kuala Lumpur was chosen as the capital of the newly formed Federated Malay States . 20th century -- present ( edit ) The area that is defined as Kuala Lumpur expanded considerably in the 20th century . It was only 0.65 km in 1895 , but was extended to encompass 20 km in 1903 . By the time it became a municipality in 1948 it had expanded to 93 km , and then to 243 km in 1974 as a Federal Territory . The development of rubber industry in Selangor fueled by the demand for car tyre in the early 20th century led to a boom of the town , with the population of Kuala Lumpur increasing from 30,000 in 1900 to 80,000 in 1920 . Previously the commercial activities of Kuala Lumpur were run to a large extent by Chinese businessmen such as Loke Yew who was then the richest and most influential Chinese of Kuala Lumpur . The growth of the rubber industry led to an influx of foreign capital and planters , with new companies and industries becoming established in Kuala Lumpur , and other companies previously based elsewhere also found a presence here . Japanese troops advancing up High Street ( now Jalan Tun HS Lee ) in Kuala Lumpur in December 1941 during World War II . During World War II , Kuala Lumpur was captured by the Imperial Japanese Army on 11 January 1942 . Despite suffering little damage during the course of the battle , the wartime occupation of the city resulted in significant loss of lives ; at least 5,000 Chinese were killed in Kuala Lumpur in just a few weeks of the occupation by Japanese forces , and thousands of Indians were sent as forced labour to work on the Burma Railway where a large number died . They occupied the city until 15 August 1945 , when the commander in chief of the Japanese Seventh Area Army in Singapore and Malaysia , Seishirō Itagaki , surrendered to the British administration following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Kuala Lumpur grew through the war , and continued after the war during the Malayan Emergency , during which Malaya was preoccupied with the communist insurgency and New Villages were established on the outskirts of the city in an attempt to control community contacts with the insurgents . The first municipal election in Kuala Lumpur was held on 16 February 1952 . An ad hoc alliance between the Malay UMNO and Chinese MCA party candidates won a majority of the seats contested , and their success led to the formation of the Alliance Party ( later the Barisan Nasional ) . On 31 August 1957 , the Federation of Malaya gained its independence from British rule . The British flag was lowered and the Malayan flag was raised for the first time at the Padang on the midnight of 30 August 1957 , and in the morning of 31 August , the ceremony for the Declaration of Independence was held at the Merdeka Stadium by the first Prime Minister of Malaya , Tunku Abdul Rahman . Kuala Lumpur remained the capital after the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 . The Malaysian Houses of Parliament was completed at the edge of the Lake Gardens in 1963 . The Majestic Theatre on Pudu Road was an early pioneer in Kuala Lumpur 's cinema scene . It was converted into an amusement park in the 1990s and demolished in 2009 . Kuala Lumpur had seen a number of civil disturbances over the years . A riot in 1897 was a relatively minor affair that began with the confiscation of faulty dacing ( a scale used by traders ) , and in 1912 , a more serious disturbance called the tauchang riot began during the Chinese New Year with the cutting of pigtails and ended with rioting and factional fighting lasting a number of days . The worst rioting on record in Malaysia however occurred on 13 May 1969 , when race riots broke out in Kuala Lumpur . The so - called 13 May Incident refers to the violent conflicts that took place between members of the Malay and the Chinese communities . The violence was the result of Malaysian Malays being dissatisfied with their socio - political status . The riots caused the deaths of 196 people according to official figures , and led to major changes in the country 's economic policy to promote and prioritise Malay economic development over that of the other ethnicities . Kuala Lumpur achieved city status in 1972 , becoming the first settlement in Malaysia to be granted the status after independence . Later , on 1 February 1974 , Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory . Kuala Lumpur ceased to be the capital of Selangor in 1978 after the city of Shah Alam was declared the new state capital . On 14 May 1990 , Kuala Lumpur celebrated 100 years of local council . The new federal territory Kuala Lumpur flag and anthem were introduced . On 1 February 2001 , Putrajaya was declared a Federal Territory , as well as the seat of the federal government . The administrative and judicial functions of the government were shifted from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya . Kuala Lumpur however still retained its legislative function , and remained the home of the Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( Constitutional King ) . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Kuala Lumpur A satellite view of Kuala Lumpur The Red Arrows over the city in 2016 The geography of Kuala Lumpur is characterised by the huge Klang Valley . The valley is bordered by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east , several minor ranges in the north and the south and the Strait of Malacca in the west . Kuala Lumpur is a Malay term that translates to `` muddy confluence '' as it is located at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers . Located in the centre of Selangor state , Kuala Lumpur was previously under the rule of Selangor State Government . In 1974 , Kuala Lumpur was separated from Selangor to form the first Federal Territory governed directly by the Malaysian Federal Government . Its location on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia , which has wider flat land than the east coast , has contributed to its faster development relative to other cities in Malaysia . The municipality of the city covers an area of 243 km ( 94 sq mi ) , with an average elevation of 81.95 m ( 268.9 ft ) . Climate and Weather ( edit ) Protected by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east and Indonesia 's Sumatra Island in the west , Kuala Lumpur has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen climate classification Af ) , which is warm and sunny , along with abundant rainfall , especially during the northeast monsoon season from October to March . Temperatures tend to remain constant . Maximums hover between 32 and 33 ° C ( 90 and 91 ° F ) and have never exceeded 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) , while minimums hover between 23.4 and 24.6 ° C ( 74.1 and 76.3 ° F ) and have never fallen below 14.4 ° C ( 57.9 ° F ) . Kuala Lumpur typically receives minimum 2,600 mm ( 100 in ) of rain annually ; June and July are relatively dry , but even then rainfall typically exceeds 131 millimetres ( 5.2 in ) per month . Flooding is a frequent occurrence in Kuala Lumpur whenever there is a heavy downpour , especially in the city centre and downstream areas . Smoke from forest fires of nearby Sumatra sometimes casts a haze over the region . It is a major source of pollution in the city together with open burning , emission from motor vehicles and construction work . ( hide ) Climate data for Kuala Lumpur Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 36.2 ( 97.2 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 37.2 ( 99 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 35.5 ( 95.9 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 33.1 ( 91.6 ) 33.1 ( 91.6 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 31.5 ( 88.7 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.1 ( 82.6 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 193 ( 7.6 ) 198 ( 7.8 ) 257 ( 10.12 ) 290 ( 11.42 ) 197 ( 7.76 ) 131 ( 5.16 ) 148 ( 5.83 ) 162 ( 6.38 ) 214 ( 8.43 ) 265 ( 10.43 ) 321 ( 12.64 ) 252 ( 9.92 ) 2,628 ( 103.49 ) Average rainy days 17 17 19 20 18 14 16 16 19 21 24 22 223 Average relative humidity ( % ) 80 80 80 82 81 80 79 79 81 82 84 83 81 Mean monthly sunshine hours 185.0 192.4 207.9 198.8 206.8 194.4 200.2 189.0 163.8 169.1 152.3 162.6 2,222.3 Source # 1 : Pogodaiklimat.ru Source # 2 : NOAA ( sunshine hours , 1961 -- 1990 ) Climate data for Kuala Lumpur Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily daylight hours 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Average Ultraviolet index 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 Source : Weather Atlas Governance ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur City Hall Kuala Lumpur was administered by a corporation sole called the Federal Capital Commissioner from 1 April 1961 , until it was awarded city status in 1972 , after which executive power transferred to the Lord Mayor ( Datuk Bandar ) . Nine mayors have been appointed since then . The current mayor is Mhd Amin Nordin Abdul Aziz , who has been in office since 18 July 2015 . Local government ( edit ) The local administration is carried out by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall , an agency under the Federal Territories Ministry of Malaysia . It is responsible for public health and sanitation , waste removal and management , town planning , environmental protection and building control , social and economic development , and general maintenance functions of urban infrastructure . Executive power lies with the mayor in the city hall , who is appointed for three years by the Federal Territories Minister . This system of appointing the mayor has been in place ever since the local government elections were suspended in 1970 . Districts ( edit ) Districts ( divisions ) of Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur 's eleven districts serve as administrative subdivisions under the Kuala Lumpur City Hall authority . Bukit Bintang Titiwangsa Setiawangsa Wangsa Maju Batu Kepong Segambut Lembah Pantai Seputeh Bandar Tun Razak Cheras Politics ( edit ) Members of Parliament for Kuala Lumpur Malaysian general election , 2013 DAP 5 / 11 PKR 4 / 11 UMNO 2 / 11 Kuala Lumpur is home to the Parliament of Malaysia . The hierarchy of authority in Malaysia , in accordance with the Federal Constitution , has stipulated the three branches , of the Malaysian government as consisting of the Executive , Judiciary and Legislative branches . The Parliament consists of the Dewan Negara ( Upper House / House of Senate ) and Dewan Rakyat ( Lower House / House of Representatives ) . Economy ( edit ) A pedestrian mall by the Central Market . Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialised and economically , the fastest growing region in Malaysia . Despite the relocation of federal government administration to Putrajaya , certain government institutions such as Bank Negara Malaysia ( National Bank of Malaysia ) , Companies Commission of Malaysia and Securities Commission as well as most embassies and diplomatic missions have remained in the city . The city remains as the economic and business centre of the country . Kuala Lumpur is a centre for finance , insurance , real estate , media and the arts of Malaysia . Kuala Lumpur is rated as an alpha world city , and is the only global city in Malaysia , according to the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network ( GaWC ) . The infrastructure development in the surrounding areas such as the Kuala Lumpur International Airport at Sepang , the creation of the Multimedia Super Corridor and the expansion of Port Klang further reinforce the economic significance of the city . A street view of the Old Market Square ( Medan Pasar , on Jalan Medan Pesar ) in 2007 . The square has since been pedestrianised . Bursa Malaysia or the Malaysia Exchange is based in the city and forms one of its core economic activities . As of 5 July 2013 , the market capitalisation stood at US $505.67 billion . The Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) for Kuala Lumpur is estimated at RM73 , 536 million in 2008 with an average annual growth rate of 5.9 percent . By 2015 , the GDP has reached RM160 , 388 million , representing 15.1 % of the total GDP of Malaysia . The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur in 2013 was RM79 , 752 with an average annual growth rate of 5.6 percent , and RM94 , 722 in 2015 . The total employment in Kuala Lumpur is estimated to be around 838,400 in 2000 . The service sector comprising finance , insurance , real estate , business services , wholesale and retail trade , restaurants and hotels , transport , storage and communication , utilities , personal services and government services form the largest component of employment representing about 83.0 percent of the total . The remaining 17 percent comes from manufacturing and construction . The average monthly household income for Kuala Lumpur was RM4 , 105 ( USD 1,324 ) in 1999 , up from RM3 , 371 ( USD 1,087 ) four years prior , making it 66 % higher than the national average . In terms of household income distribution , 23.5 % of households in the city earned more than RM5 , 000 ( USD 1,613 ) per month compared to 9.8 % for the entire country , while 8.1 % earned less than RM1 , 000 ( USD 323 ) a month . Pre-war terraced houses refurbished into restaurants and bars along Tengkat Tong Shin in Bukit Bintang The large service sector is evident in the number of local and foreign banks and insurance companies operating in the city . Kuala Lumpur is poised to become the global Islamic Financing hub with an increasing number of financial institutions providing Islamic Financing and the strong presence of Gulf 's financial institutions such as the world 's largest Islamic bank , Al - Rajhi Bank and Kuwait Finance House . Apart from that , the Dow Jones & Company is keen to work with Bursa Malaysia to set up Islamic Exchange Trade Funds ( ETFs ) , which would help raise Malaysia 's profile in the Gulf . The city has a large number of foreign corporations and is also host to many multi national companies ' regional offices or support centres , particularly for finance and accounting , and information technology functions . Most of the country 's largest companies have their headquarters here , and as of December 2007 and excluding Petronas , there are 14 companies that are listed in Forbes 2000 based in Kuala Lumpur . Other important economic activities in the city are education and health services . Kuala Lumpur also has advantages stemming from the high concentration of educational institutions that provide a wide - ranging of courses . Numerous public and private medical specialist centres and hospitals in the city offer general health services , and a wide range of specialist surgery and treatment that caters to locals and tourists . There has been growing emphasis to expand the economic scope of the city into other service activities , such as research and development , which supports the rest of the economy of Malaysia . Kuala Lumpur has been home for years to important research centres such as the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia , the Forest Research Institute Malaysia and the Institute of Medical Research and more research centres are expected to be established in the coming years . Tourism ( edit ) Petaling Street , Kuala Lumpur 's bustling Chinatown Tourism plays an important role in the city 's service - driven economy . Many large worldwide hotel chains have a presence in the city . One of the oldest hotels is the Hotel Majestic . Kuala Lumpur is the sixth most visited city in the world , with 8.9 million tourists per year . Tourism here is driven by the city 's cultural diversity , relatively low costs , and wide gastronomic and shopping variety . MICE tourism , which mainly encompasses conventions -- has expanded in recent years to become a vital component of the industry , and is expected to grow further once the Malaysian government 's Economic Transformation Programme kicks in , and with the completion of a new 93,000 m2 - size MATRADE Centre in 2014 . Another notable trend is the increased presence of budget hotels in the city . Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque built in 1907 The major tourist destinations in Kuala Lumpur include the PETRONAS Twin Tower , the Bukit Bintang shopping district , the Kuala Lumpur Tower , Petaling Street ( Chinatown ) , the Merdeka Square , the House of Parliament , the National Palace ( Istana Negara ) , Batu Caves , the National Museum , Islamic Arts Museum , Central Market , KL Bird Park , Aquaria KLCC , the National Monument , and religious sites such as the Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque . Kuala Lumpur plays host to many cultural festivals such as the Thaipusam procession at the Sri Mahamariamman Temple . Every year during the Thaipusam celebration , a silver chariot carrying the statue of Lord Muruga together with his consort Valli and Teivayanni would be paraded through the city beginning at the temple all the way to Batu Caves in the neighboring Selangor . The entertainment hub of the city is mainly centred in the Golden Triangle encompassing Jalan P. Ramlee , Jalan Sultan Ismail and Ampang Road . Trendy nightclubs , bars and lounges , such as Marini 's on 57 , Skybar at Traders Hotel , the Beach Club , Espanda , the Hakka Republic Wine Bar & Restaurant , Hard Rock Cafe , the Luna Bar , Nuovo , Rum Jungle , No Black Tie , the Thai Club , Zion club , Zouk , and many others are located here . Retail ( edit ) Suria KLCC , located between the Petronas Twin Towers Further information : Shopping in Kuala Lumpur and Bukit Bintang Kuala Lumpur alone has 66 shopping malls and is the retail and fashion hub in Malaysia as well as Southeast Asia . Shopping in Malaysia contributed RM7. 7 billion ( USD 2.26 billion ) or 20.8 percent of the RM31. 9 billion tourism receipts in 2006 . Suria KLCC is one of Malaysia 's premier upscale shopping destination due to its location beneath the Petronas Twin Towers . Bukit Bintang , Kuala Lumpur retail cluster Apart from Suria KLCC , Bukit Bintang district has the highest concentration of shopping malls in Kuala Lumpur . It includes : Pavilion , Fahrenheit 88 , Plaza Low Yat , Berjaya Times Square , Lot 10 , BB Plaza , Sungai Wang Plaza . Quill City Mall , Changkat area of Bukit Bintang hosts various cafes , alfresco dining outlets and illegal activities . Bangsar district also has a few shopping complexes , including Bangsar Village , Bangsar Shopping Centre , and Mid Valley Megamall . The Damansara subdivision north - west of Kuala Lumpur , though not in the city - proper , is the home of the one of the only two IKEA outlets in the country , and a cluster of locally operated malls like The Curve with KidZania , The Curve , Ikano Power Centre and One Utama , whereas Sunway Pyramid and Paradigm Mall can be found in the southern district of Greater Kuala Lumpur , Bandar Sunway . Apart from shopping complexes , Kuala Lumpur has designated numerous zones in the city to market locally manufactured products such as textiles , fabrics and handicrafts . The Chinatown of Kuala Lumpur , commonly known as Petaling Street , is one of them . Chinatown features many pre-independence buildings with Straits Chinese and colonial architectural influences . In 2000 , the Malaysian Ministry of Tourism introduced the mega sale event for shopping in Malaysia . The mega sale event is held three times a year -- in March , May and December -- during which all shopping malls are encouraged to participate to boost Kuala Lumpur as a leading shopping destination in Asia . Demographics ( edit ) Ethnicities of Kuala Lumpur -- 2010 Census ethnic group percent Bumiputera 45.9 % Chinese 43.2 % Indians 10.3 % Others 0.6 % Religion in Kuala Lumpur -- 2010 Census religion percent Islam 46.4 % Buddhism 35.7 % Hinduism 8.5 % Christianity 5.8 % Unknown / None 1.4 % Chinese Ethnic Religion 1.1 % Others 0.6 % No Religion 0.5 % Kuala Lumpur is the most populous city in Malaysia , with a population of 1.76 million in the city proper as of 2016 . It has a population density of 6,696 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 17,340 / sq mi ) , and is the most densely populated administrative district in Malaysia . Residents of the city are colloquially known as KLites . Kuala Lumpur is also the centre of the wider Klang Valley metropolitan ( covering Petaling Jaya , Klang , Subang Jaya , Shah Alam , Gombak and others ) which has an estimated metropolitan population of 7.25 million as of 2017 . Kuala Lumpur 's heterogeneous populace includes the country 's three major ethnic groups : the Malays , the Chinese and the Indians , although the city also has a mix of different cultures including Eurasians , as well as Kadazans , Ibans and other indigenous races from East Malaysia and Peninsula Malaysia . Historical demographics ( edit ) Historically Kuala Lumpur was a predominantly Chinese city , with the Kuala Lumpur of 1872 beside the Klang River described by Frank Swettenham as a `` purely Chinese village '' , although a Malay stockade already existed at Bukit Nanas at that time . By 1875 , after the Selangor Civil War had ended , Swettenham noted Malay quarters near the Chinese area in a sketch map he had drawn , and there were said to be 1,000 Chinese and 700 Malays in the town in this period ( many of the Malays may have settled in Kuala Lumpur after the war ) . More recently the Bumiputra component of the city has increased substantially and they are now the dominant group . Large number of Malays were originally from the other islands of Malay Archipelago -- Sumatrans such as the Mandailings , the Minangkabaus , Javanese , and Buginese began arriving in Kuala Lumpur in the 19th century , while the Acehnese arrived in the late 20th century . Many Pahang Malays who fought in the Selangor Civil War in 1873 also chose to settle in Selangor after the war . The population of Kuala Lumpur was estimated to be around three thousand in 1880 when it was made the capital of Selangor . In the following decade which saw the rebuilding of the town it showed considerable increase with a large influx of immigrants , due in large part to the construction of a railway line in 1886 connecting Kuala Lumpur and Klang . A census in 1891 of uncertain accuracy gave a figure of 43,796 inhabitants , 79 % of whom were Chinese ( 71 % of the Chinese were Hakka ) , 14 % Malay , and 6 % Indian . Another estimate put the population of Kuala Lumpur in 1890 at 20,000 . In 1931 , 61 % of Kuala Lumpur 's 111,418 inhabitants were Chinese , and in 1947 63.5 % . The Malays however began to settle in the Kuala Lumpur in significant numbers , in part due to government employment , as well as the expansion of the city that absorbed the surrounding rural areas where many Malays lived . Between 1947 and 1957 the population of Malays in Kuala Lumpur doubled , increasing from 12.5 to 15 % , while the proportion of Chinese dropped . The process continued after Malayan independence with the growth of a largely Malay civil service , and later the implementation of the New Economic Policy which encouraged Malay participation in urban industries and business . In 1980 the population of Kuala Lumpur had reached over a million , with 52 % Chinese , 33 % Malay , and 15 % Indian . From 1980 to 2000 the number of Bumiputras increased by 77 % , but the Chinese still outnumbered the Bumiputras in Kuala Lumpur in the 2000 census at 43 % compared to Bumiputras at 38 % . By the 2010 census , according to the Department of Statistics and excluding non-citizens , the percentage of the Bumiputera population in Kuala Lumpur has reached around 45.9 % , with the Chinese population at 43.2 % and Indians 10.3 % . A notable phenomenon in recent times has been the increase of foreign residents in Kuala Lumpur , which rose from 1 % of the city 's population in 1980 to about 8 % in the 2000 census , and 9.4 % in the 2010 census . These figures also do not include a significant number of illegal immigrants . Kuala Lumpur 's rapid development has triggered a huge influx of low - skilled foreign workers from Indonesia , Nepal , Burma , Thailand , Bangladesh , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Philippines , and Vietnam into Malaysia , many of whom enter the country illegally or without proper permits . Clockwise from top left : Masjid Negara , Thean Hou Temple , Sri Mahamariamman Temple , St. John 's Cathedral Birth rates in Kuala Lumpur have declined and resulted in the lower proportion of young people -- the proportion of those in the below 15 years old category fell from 33 % in 1980 to slightly less than 27 % in 2000 . On the other hand , the working age group of 15 -- 59 increased from 63 % in 1980 to 67 % in 2000 . The elderly age group , 60 years old and above has increased from 4 % in 1980 and 1991 to 6 % in 2000 . Languages and religions ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur is pluralistic and religiously diverse . The city has many places of worship catering to the multi-religious population . Islam is practised primarily by the Malays and the Indian Muslim communities . Buddhism , Confucianism and Taoism are practised mainly among the Chinese . Indians traditionally adhere to Hinduism . Some Chinese and Indians also subscribe to Christianity . As of 2010 Census the population of Kuala Lumpur was 46.4 % Muslim , 35.7 % Buddhist , 8.5 % Hindu , 5.8 % Christian , 1.4 % of unknown affiliations , 1.1 % Taoist or Chinese religion adherent , 0.6 % follower of other religions , and 0.5 % non-religious . Bahasa Malaysia is the principal language in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur residents are generally literate in English , with a large proportion adopting it as their first language . It has a strong presence , especially in business and is a compulsory language taught in schools . Cantonese and Mandarin are prominent as they are spoken by the local majority Chinese population . Another major dialect spoken is Hakka . While Tamil is dominant amongst the local Indian population , other Indian languages spoken include Telugu , Malayalam , Punjabi and Hindi . Beside the Malay language , there are a variety of languages spoken by people of Indonesian descent , such as Minangkabau and Javanese . Cityscape ( edit ) The city night scene from a building balcony Kuala Lumpur night skyline Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Kuala Lumpur The Kuala Lumpur Railway Station ( right ) contrasts with a Keretapi Tanah Melayu ( left ) Administration Building darker , similarly Mughal - styled building . Both designed by A.B. Hubback The architecture of Kuala Lumpur is a mixture of old colonial influences , Asian traditions , Malay Islamic inspirations , modern , and postmodern architecture mix . Being a relatively young city compared with other Southeast Asian capitals such as Bangkok , Jakarta and Manila , most of Kuala Lumpur 's notable colonial - era buildings were built toward the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries . These buildings were designed in a number of styles -- Mughal / Moorish Revival , Mock Tudor , Neo-Gothic or Grecian - Spanish style or architecture . Most of the styling has been modified to use local resources and acclimatised to the local climate , which is hot and humid all year around . A significant architect of the early period is Arthur Benison Hubback who designed a number of the colonial era buildings including the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station and Jamek Mosque . The Kuala Lumpur Tower Prior to the Second World War , many shophouses , usually two stories with functional shops on the ground floor and separate residential spaces upstairs , were built around the old city centre . These shop - houses drew inspiration from Straits Chinese and European traditions . Some of these shophouses have made way for new developments but there are still many standing today around Medan Pasar ( Old Market Square ) , Chinatown , Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman , Jalan Doraisamy , Bukit Bintang and Tengkat Tong Shin areas . Independence coupled with the rapid economic growth from the 1970s to the 1990s and with Islam being the official religion in the country , has resulted in the construction of buildings with a more local and Islamic flavour arise around the city . Many of these buildings derive their design from traditional Malay items such as the songkok and the keris . Some of these buildings have Islamic geometric motifs integrated with the designs of the building , signifying Islamic restriction on imitating nature through drawings . Examples of these buildings are Menara Telekom , Menara Maybank , Dayabumi Complex , and the Islamic Centre . Some buildings such as the Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia and National Planetarium have been built to masquerade as a place of worship , complete with dome and minaret , when in fact it is a place of science and knowledge . The 452 - metre ( 1,483 ft ) tall Petronas Twin Towers are the tallest twin buildings in the world . They were designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art . Late modern and postmodern architecture began to appear in the late - 1990s and early - 2000s . With the economic development , old buildings such as Bok House have been razed to make way for new ones . Buildings with all - glass shells exist throughout the city , with the most prominent examples being the Petronas Twin Towers and Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre . Kuala Lumpur 's central business district today has shifted around the Kuala Lumpur city centre ( KLCC ) where many new and tall buildings with modern and postmodern architecture fill the skyline . According to the World Tallest 50 Urban Agglomeration 2010 Projection by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat , Kuala Lumpur was ranked 10th among cities to have most buildings above 100 metres with a combined height of 34,035 metres from its 244 high rise buildings . Parks ( edit ) KLCC Park The Lake Gardens , a 92 - hectare ( 230 - acre ) botanical garden , is the first recreational park created in Kuala Lumpur . The Malaysian Parliament building is located close by , and Carcosa Seri Negara which was once the official residence of British colonial administration is also sited here . The park includes a Butterfly Park , Deer Park , Orchid Garden , Hibiscus Garden and the Kuala Lumpur Bird Park , which is the world 's largest aviary bird park . Other parks in the city include the ASEAN Sculpture Garden , KLCC Park , Titiwangsa Lake Gardens , Metropolitan Lake Gardens in Kepong , Forest Research Institute Of Malaysia , Taman Tasik Permaisuri ( Queen 's Lake Gardens ) , Bukit Kiara Botanical Gardens , Equestrian Park and West Valley Park near TTDI , and Bukit Jalil International Park . There are three forest reserves within the city namely the Bukit Nanas Forest Reserve in the city centre , the oldest gazetted forest reserve in the country 10.52 ha or 26.0 acres , Bukit Sungai Putih Forest Reserve ( 7.41 ha or 18.3 acres ) and Bukit Sungai Besi Forest Reserve ( 42.11 ha or 104.1 acres ) . Bukit Nanas , in the heart of the city centre , is one of the oldest virgin forests in the world within a city . These residual forest areas are home to a number of fauna species particularly monkeys , treeshrews , pygmy goats , budgerigars , squirrels and birds . There is another park in the close vicinity to Kuala Lumpur i.e. Templer Park initiated and opened by Sir Gerald Templer in 1954 during the `` Emergency '' time . The view of Kuala Lumpur from Titiwangsa Lake Gardens Education ( edit ) The main gate of the University of Malaya , established 1949 . According to government statistics , Kuala Lumpur has a literacy rate of 97.5 % in 2000 , the highest rate in any state or territory in Malaysia . In Malaysia , Malay is the language of instruction for most subjects while English is a compulsory subject , but as of 2012 , English is still the language of instruction for mathematics and the natural sciences for certain schools . Some schools provide Mandarin and Tamil as languages of instruction for certain subjects . Each level of education demands different skills of teaching and learning ability . Kuala Lumpur contains 13 tertiary education institutions , 79 high schools , 155 elementary schools and 136 kindergartens . Several institutions in the city are older than 100 years -- such as Bukit Bintang Girls ' School ( 1893 -- 2000 , relocated to Taman Shamelin Perkasa in Cheras and renamed GIS Garden International school Seri Bintang Utara ) , the Victoria Institution ( 1893 ) ; Methodist Girls ' School ( 1896 ) ; Methodist Boys ' School ( 1897 ) ; Convent Bukit Nanas ( 1899 ) , St. John 's Institution ( 1904 ) , Confucian Private Secondary School ( 1906 ) , Kuen Cheng High School ( 1908 ) and Tsun Jin High School ( 1913 ) . International Medical University Kuala Lumpur is home to the University of Malaya ( UM ) . Established in 1949 , it is the oldest university in Malaysia , and one of the oldest in the region . It was ranked the best university in Malaysia , the 32nd best in Asia , and 3rd in Southeast Asia in 2014 . In recent years , the number of international students at University of Malaya has risen , as a result of increasing efforts made to attract more international students . Other universities located in Kuala Lumpur include Taylor 's University ( TULC ) being the top Private University in Malaysia , International Islamic University Malaysia ( IIUM ) , Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman ( UTAR ) , UCSI University ( UCSI ) , International Medical University ( IMU ) , Open University Malaysia ( OUM ) , Kuala Lumpur University ( UniKL ) , Wawasan Open University ( WOU ) , Tunku Abdul Rahman University College ( TARUC ) Help University and the branch campus of the National University of Malaysia ( UKM ) and University of Technology Malaysia ( UTM ) . The National Defence University of Malaysia is located at Sungai Besi Army Base , at the southern part of central Kuala Lumpur . It was established to be a major centre for military and defence technology studies . This institution covers studies in the field of army , navy , and air force . Greater Kuala Lumpur covers an even more extensive selection of universities including several international branches such as Monash University in Bandar Sunway , Nottingham University and Xiamen University . Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) Frieze depicting Malaysian history at the National Museum Kuala Lumpur is a hub for cultural activities and events in Malaysia . Among the centres is the National Museum , which is situated along the Mahameru Highway . Its collection comprises artefacts and paintings collected throughout the country . The Islamic Arts Museum , which houses more than seven thousand Islamic artefacts including rare exhibits as well as a library of Islamic art books , is the largest Islamic Arts collection in Southeast Asia . The museum 's collection not only concentrate on works from the Middle East , but also includes work from elsewhere in Asia , such as China and Southeast Asia . Kuala Lumpur has a Craft Complex coupled with a museum that displays a variety of textile , ceramic , metal craft and weaved products . All the information of the production process are portrayed in diorama format complete with historical facts , technique and traditionally engineered equipment . Among the processes shown are pottery making , intricate wood carving , silver - smithing , weaving songket cloth , stamping batik patterns on cloth and boat making . Royal Selangor has an ultra modern visitor 's centre , which allows tours to be conducted through its pewter museum , gallery and its factory . In its pewtersmithing workshop , `` The School of Hard Knocks '' , participants are taught to create their own pewter dish using traditional tools and methods . The premier performing arts venue is the Petronas Philharmonic Hall located underneath the Petronas Twin Tower . The resident orchestra is the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra ( MPO ) , consisting of musicians from all over the world and features regular concerts , chamber concerts and traditional cultural performances . The Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre ( KLPac ) in Sentul West and Damansara Performing Arts Centre ( DPac ) in Damansara Perdana are two of the most established centres for performing arts , notably theatre , plays , music , and film screening in the country . It has housed many local productions and has been a supporter of local and regional independent performance artists . One of the highlights was the KL Sing Song 2006 music fest , which featured Malaysian singer - songwriters of various cultural backgrounds , from both West and East Malaysia , through two days of performances and workshops . The National Art Gallery of Malaysia is located on Jalan Temerloh , off Jalan Tun Razak on a 5.67 - hectare ( 14.0 - acre ) site neighbouring the National Theatre ( Istana Budaya ) and National Library . The architecture of the gallery incorporates elements of traditional Malay architecture , as well as contemporary modern architecture . The National Art Gallery serves as a centre of excellence and trustee of the national art heritage . The Petronas Art Gallery , another centre for fine art , is situated in Kuala Lumpur City Centre ( KLCC ) . The Ilham Tower Gallery near Ampang Park houses exhibitions of works by local and foreign artists . Kuala Lumpur holds the Malaysia International Gourmet Festival annually . Another event hosted annually by the city is the Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week , which includes international brands as well as local designers . Kuala Lumpur also is becoming the centre for new media , innovation and creative industry development in the region and hosts the international creative industry event , Kreative.Asia . Kreative.Asia gathers local , regional and international experts in the creative industry who are involved in the creation , development and delivery of interactive content , arts , community and applications . Kuala Lumpur is at the forefront of the convergence of media , art , culture and communications . Sports and recreation ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur has numerous parks , gardens and open spaces for recreational purposes . Total open space for recreational and sport facilities land use in the city has increased significantly by 169.6 percent from 5.86 square kilometres ( 1,450 acres ) in 1984 to 15.8 square kilometres ( 3,900 acres ) in 2000 . Although Kuala Lumpur is touted as one of the host cities for the Formula One World Championship , the open - wheel auto racing A1 Grand Prix and the Motorcycle Grand Prix , races are held at the Sepang International Circuit in Sepang in the neighbouring state of Selangor . The Formula One event contributes significantly to tourist arrivals and tourism income to Kuala Lumpur . This was evident during the Asian financial crisis in 1998 . Despite cities around Asia suffering declining tourist arrivals , Kuala Lumpur tourist arrivals increased from 6,210,900 in 1997 to 10,221,600 in 2000 , or 64.6 % increase in tourist arrivals . In 2015 , the Kuala Lumpur Street Circuit was constructed to host the Kuala Lumpur City Grand Prix motor racing event . Football is one of the most popular sports in Kuala Lumpur . The Merdeka Tournament is mainly held at Stadium Merdeka . The city also the home of Kuala Lumpur FA , which plays in the second - tier Malaysia Premier League . Kuala Lumpur hosted the official Asian Basketball Championship in 1965 , 1977 and 1985 . The city 's basketball supporters cheered Malaysia 's national basketball team to a Final Four finish in 1985 , the team 's best performance to date . Further , the city is home to the Westports Malaysia Dragons , 2016 Champion of the ASEAN Basketball League . The team plays its home games in the MABA Stadium . KL Grand Prix CSI 5 * , a five - star international showjumping equestrian event is held annually in the city . This annual event draws the world 's top riders and their prized horses to Malaysia . Other annual sport events hosted by the city include the KL Tower Run , the KL Tower International BASE Jump Merdeka Circuit and the Kuala Lumpur International Marathon . Kuala Lumpur is also one of the stages of the Tour de Langkawi cycling race . The annual Malaysia Open Super Series badminton tournament is held in Kuala Lumpur . Kuala Lumpur has a considerable array of sports facilities of international class after hosting the 1998 Commonwealth Games . Many of these facilities including the main stadium ( with running track and a football field ) , hockey stadium and swimming pools are located in the National Sports Complex at Bukit Jalil while a velodrome and more swimming pools are located in Bandar Tun Razak , next to the Taman Tasik Permaisuri Lake Gardens . There are also football fields , local sports complexes , swimming pools and tennis courts scattered around the suburbs . Badminton and ' takraw ' courts are usually included in community halls . The AFC House -- current headquarters of the Asian Football Confederation -- is built on a 4 - acre ( 16,000 m ) complex in the Kuala Lumpur suburb of Bukit Jalil . Kuala Lumpur has several golf courses including the Kuala Lumpur Golf and Country Club ( KLGCC ) and the Malaysia Civil Service Golf Club in Kiara and the Berjaya Golf Course at Bukit Jalil . The city also has numerous large private fitness centres run by Celebrity Fitness , Fitness First , True Fitness and major five - star hotels . Kuala Lumpur is also the birthplace of Hashing , which began in December 1938 when a group of British colonial officers and expatriates , some from the Selangor Club , began meeting on Monday evenings to run , in a fashion patterned after the traditional British Paper Chase or `` Hare and Hounds '' . Kuala Lumpur hosted the 128th IOC Session in 2015 where the IOC elected Beijing as the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics and Lausanne as the host city of the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics . Media ( edit ) The Kuala Lumpur Tower is an important broadcast centre in the country . Several newspapers , including daily , opposition , business , and digital papers , are based in Kuala Lumpur . Daily newspapers include The Star , New Straits Times , The Sun , Malay Mail , Kosmo ! , Utusan Malaysia , Berita Harian , and Harian Metro . Mandarin and Tamil newspapers are also published daily , for example Guang Ming Daily , Sin Chew Daily , China Press , Nanyang Siang Pau and Tamil Nesan , Malaysia Nanban , and Makkal Osai . Opposition newspapers such as Harakah , Suara Keadilan , Siasah and Wasilah are also based here . Kuala Lumpur is also the headquarters for Malaysia 's state media public government terrestrial television stations : TV1 and TV2 , the subsidiaries of RTM , TV Alhijrah , a subsidiary of Alhijrah Media Corporation , and Media Prima Berhad , a media corporation that houses the private commercial terrestrial television stations : TV3 , NTV7 , 8TV and TV9 . Programmes are broadcast in Malay , English , Chinese and Tamil . Television Station Channel ( Gunung Ulu Kali ) Channel ( Sungai Besi ) Channel ( Menara KL ) Channel ( Astro & UniFi ) Network Status Country of Region Group Type Public TV1 48 UHF 50 UHF 5 VHF 101 RTM National Malaysia Free - to - air Terrestrial TV2 10 VHF 53 UHF 8 VHF 102 Commercial TV3 29 UHF 12 VHF 103 Media Prima National Malaysia Free - to - air Terrestrial NTV7 37 UHF 7 VHF 35 UHF 107 8TV 27 UHF 58 UHF 708 / 108 TV9 42 UHF 33 UHF 119 / 109 TV AlHijrah 55 UHF 55 UHF 55 UHF 114 AlHijrah Media TM Tower is the headquarters of Malaysia 's principal telecommunication service provider , Telekom Malaysia . The city is home to the country 's main pay television service , Astro , a satellite television service which broadcasts local and international television channels such as CNN International Asia Pacific , BBC World News , STAR World , FOX Movies Premium and HBO Asia . Al - Jazeera , the Doha - based Arab news network , has launched a new English - speaking channel called Al - Jazeera English to boost its international viewership with one of its broadcast centres based in Kuala Lumpur . Phoenix TV , a Hong Kong - based television broadcaster has also announced plans to expand its regional business by partnership with local satellite TV provider Astro . In March 2008 , Time Out , an international listings and events magazine , was launched in Kuala Lumpur , its 24th global city . Kuala Lumpur has been featured in all aspects of popular culture such as movies , television , music and books . Television series set in Kuala Lumpur include A Tale of 2 Cities ( starring Rui En and Joanne Peh ) . Movies set in Kuala Lumpur include Police Story 3 : Super Cop ( starring Jackie Chan and Michelle Yeoh ) , Entrapment ( starring Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta - Jones ) and Children of Men ( starring Clive Owen ) , in which the Petronas Twin Towers were depicted in flames for a few seconds . Kuala Lumpur was referenced in an episode of The Simpsons entitled `` Bart Gets Famous '' , in which the Bumblebee Man stated that `` a powerful tidal wave in Kuala Lumpur has killed 120 people '' . Books set in Kuala Lumpur include KL 24 / 7 by Ida M Rahim , Shireen Zainudin and Rizal Zainudin , My Life As a Fake by Peter Carey , and Democracy by Joan Didion . A few notable local films featured Kuala Lumpur as background location , such as Masam - masam Manis ( 1965 ) , Keluarga Si Comat ( 1973 ) , Jiwa Remaja ( 1976 ) , Abang ( 1981 ) , Matinya Seorang Patriot ( 1984 ) , Kembara Seniman Jalanan ( 1986 ) , Orang Kampung Otak Kimia ( 1988 ) , Hati Bukan Kristal ( 1990 ) , Mat Som ( 1990 ) , Mira Edora ( 1990 ) , Femina ( 1993 ) , Maria Mariana ( 1996 ) , Hanya Kawan ( 1997 ) , KLU ( 1999 ) , Soal Hati ( 2000 ) , KL Menjerit ( 2002 ) , Laila Isabella ( 2003 ) , Gangster ( 2005 ) , Gol & Gincu ( 2005 ) , Remp - it ( 2006 ) , Cinta ( 2006 ) , Anak Halal ( 2007 ) Evolusi KL Drift ( 2008 ) , Adnan Sempit ( 2010 ) , KL Gangster ( 2011 ) , Kepong Gangster ( 2012 ) , Lagenda Budak Setan 2 : Katerina ( 2012 ) and Kolumpo ( 2013 ) . A few local films featured Kuala Lumpur during the historical era , such as 1975 : Hati Malaya ( 2007 ) , Petaling Streets Warrior ( 2011 ) and Tanda Putera ( 2013 ) . Kuala Lumpur is mentioned in many songs by local Malaysian artists , such as `` Keroncong Kuala Lumpur ' '' by P. Ramlee , `` Kuala Lumpur , Ibu Kota '' by Saloma , `` Chow Kit Road '' by Sudirman Arshad , `` Senyumlah Kuala Lumpur '' by Alleycats , `` Streets of Kuala Lumpur '' by Murkyway , `` K.L. '' by Vandal , `` Kuala Lumpur '' by Poetic Ammo , `` Anak Dara '' by Azmyl Yunor , `` KL '' ' by Too Phat , `` Kotarayaku '' by Hujan and Altimet , and `` Lagu Untuk Kuala Lumpur '' by Tom . Kuala Lumpur , along with Putrajaya , was featured in the music video for the single `` Dancing Out '' by South Korean boy band Super Junior . Kuala Lumpur was one of the destinations in The Amazing Race Asia and The Amazing Race . Games have also been set in Kuala Lumpur , including include three levels of the game Hitman 2 : Silent Assassin and two levels of the PlayStation 2 game Burnout Dominator . A reality game show set in Kuala Lumpur from February until April 2013 was aired on AXN Asia . The Apprentice Asia was launched on 22 May 2013 . Several commercial radio stations licensed to cover the Great Klang Valley market together with federal government radio stations as list below : Frequency Station Operator Language Genre 87.7 MHz Klasik Nasional FM RTM Malay Music 88.1 MHz One FM Media Prima Chinese ( Mandarin , Cantonese ) Talk , Music 88.5 MHz Nasional FM RTM Malay Music 88.9 MHz Capital FM Star RFM Radio English Music 89.3 MHz Ai FM RTM Chinese ( Mandarin , Various Chinese dialects ) Talk , music 89.9 MHz BFM 89.9 BFM Media English Music , News , Talk 90.3 MHz TraXX FM RTM English Talk , music 90.7 MHz Putra FM Universiti Putra Malaysia Malay , English Talk , music 91.1 MHz Asyik FM RTM Jakun , Semai , Temiar Talk , music 91.5 MHz IKIM.fm Institute of Islamic Studies Malaysia Malay , English , Arabic Talk , music 92.3 MHz Minnal FM RTM Tamil Talk , music 92.9 MHz Hitz.fm AMP Radio Networks English Talk , music 93.6 MHz UFM Universiti Teknologi MARA English , Malay Talk , music 93.9 MHz Radio24 Bernama Malay , English News , music 94.5 MHz Mix FM AMP Radio Networks English Talk , Music 95.3 MHz Nasional FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM Malay Music 95.8 MHz Fly FM Media Prima English , Malay Talk , music 96.3 MHz Minnal FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM Tamil Talk , music 96.7 MHz Sinar FM AMP Radio Networks Malay Talk , music 97.3 MHz KLFM RTM Malay Talk , music 97.6 MHz Hot FM Media Prima Malay Talk , music 98.3 MHz Klasik Nasional FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM Malay Music 98.8 MHz 988 FM Star RFM Radio Chinese ( Mandarin , Cantonese ) Talk , music 99.3 MHz THR.fm ( Raaga ) AMP Radio Networks Tamil Talk , music 100.1 MHz TraXX FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM English Talk , music 100.9 MHz Selangor FM RTM Malay Talk , music 101.8 MHz My FM AMP Radio Networks Chinese ( Mandarin , Cantonese ) Talk , music 102.5 MHz Asyik FM and Salam FM RTM Orang Asli Talk , music 103.0 MHz Melody FM AMP Radio Networks Chinese Music 103.3 MHz Era FM AMP Radio Networks Malay Talk , music 104.1 MHz Best 104 Suara Johor Sdn. Bhd Malay Music 104.9 MHz Red FM Star RFM Radio English , Malay Talk , music 105.3 MHz Suria FM Star RFM Radio Malay Talk , music 105.7 MHz LiteFM AMP Radio Networks English Music 106.7 MHz Ai FM ( alternative frequency ) RTM Chinese ( Mandarin , Various Chinese dialects ) Talk , music 107.5 MHz Pahang FM RTM Malay Talk , music Transport ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur Monorail Ampang Line LRT train Main articles : Transport in Kuala Lumpur and Public transport in the Klang Valley Like most other Asian cities , driving is the main mode of commuting in Kuala Lumpur . Hence , every part of the city is well connected by highways . As capital of Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur has a comprehensive road network that leads to the rest of Peninsular Malaysia . The busy Jalan Ampang at night leading straight to the Petronas Towers In terms of air connectivity , Kuala Lumpur is served by two airports . The main airport , Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) at Sepang , Selangor , which is also the aviation hub of Malaysia , is located about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of city . The other airport is Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport , also known as Subang Skypark and served as the main international gateway to Kuala Lumpur from 1965 until KLIA opened in 1998 . KLIA connects the city with direct flights to destinations in six continents around the world , and is the main hub for the national carrier , Malaysia Airlines and low - cost carrier , AirAsia . KLIA can be reached using the KLIA Ekspres a airport rail link service from KL Sentral , which takes twenty - eight minutes , while travelling by car or bus via highway will take about an hour . Air Asia and other low - cost carrier flights do not fly out of KLIA main terminal but from KLIA2 which is two kilometres from KLIA . KLIA2 is served by an extension of the KLIA Ekspres and by buses from KL Sentral . As of 2007 , Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport is only used for chartered and turboprop flights by airlines such as Firefly and Berjaya Air . Public transport in Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the Klang Valley covers a variety of transport modes such as bus , rail and taxi . Despite efforts to promote usage of public transport , utilisation rates are low as only 16 percent of the population used public transport in 2006 . However , public transport utilisation is set to rise with the opening of 2 light metro ( LRT ) extension lines on 30 June 2016 . Rail transport in Kuala Lumpur encompasses the light metro ( LRT ) , monorail , commuter rail and Airport rail link . The LRT system has 2 lines namely , Kelana Jaya Line and Ampang Line , connecting many locations in the city with major suburbs in Greater Kuala Lumpur . The Monorail serves various key locations in the city centre whereas the KTM Komuter runs between the city and the suburbs . The main rapid transit hub is KL Sentral , which is an interchange station for the rail systems . KL Sentral is also a hub for intercity railway service namely KTM Intercity and KTM ETS . It provides rail services to as far as Singapore in the south , and Hat Yai , Thailand , in the north . The rail system in Kuala Lumpur is expanding fast with more train lines due for completion or in the pipeline . In December 2016 , the 1st phase of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) Project , Sungai Buloh - Kajang Line was completed , the remaining phases of the line has been open in July 2017 , providing a more efficient ride around Greater Kuala Lumpur . The largest public transport operator in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley is Prasarana Malaysia via its subsidiaries of Rapid Rail and Rapid Bus using Rapid KL brands service . Since the take over from Intrakota Komposit Sdn Bhd , Prasarana Malaysia has redrawn the entire bus network of Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley metropolitan area to increase passenger numbers and improve Kuala Lumpur 's public transport system . The Prasarana Malaysia has adopted the hub and spoke system to provide greater connectivity , and cut down the need of more buses . In Kuala Lumpur , most taxis have distinctive white and red liveries . Kuala Lumpur is one of the major ASEAN city with taxis extensively running on natural gas . Taxis can be hailed from taxi stands or from the streets . Nevertheless , taxis are known to charge high rates for foreigners . Kuala Lumpur is served by Port Klang , located about 64 km ( 40 mi ) southwest of the city . The port is the largest and busiest in the country handling about 6.3 million twenty - foot equivalent units ( TEU ) of cargo in 2006 . International Relations ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia Isfahan street ( formerly Jalan Selat , Straits Road ) in Kuala Lumpur ( above ) and Kuala Lumpur avenue in Isfahan ( below ) . Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur is twinned with the following cities : Chennai , India . Isfahan , Iran . Mashhad , Iran . Shiraz , Iran . Osaka , Japan . Malacca City , Malaysia . Karachi , Pakistan . Ankara , Turkey . Dubai , United Arab Emirates . See also ( edit ) Malaysia portal Greater Kuala Lumpur Putrajaya Cyberjaya References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Malaya Celebrates , 1959 '' . British Pathé . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 '' . Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia . p. 27 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KL on track to megacity status '' . Focus Malaysia . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Elevation Map ( Elevation of Kuala Lumpur ) '' . 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Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Intercity services '' . Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Tan Sri Nor Mohamed Yakcop ( Minister of Finance II ) ( 10 September 2007 ) . Launching of the Cyberjaya Dedicated Transportation System ( Speech ) . Cyberjaya . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rapid KL to revamp network '' . Cleanairnet.org. 14 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2008 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Port Klang retains top ranking among Malaysia 's ports '' . SchedNet. 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai , Kuala Lumpur sign sister city pact '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 26 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sisterhoods '' . Isfahan Islamic Council . 2005 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2007 . 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Falcon (comics)

Falcon ( Comics ) - wikipedia Falcon ( Comics ) Falcon Sam Wilson as Falcon , accompanied by Redwing Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Captain America # 117 ( September 1969 ) Created by Stan Lee Gene Colan In - story information Alter ego Samuel Thomas `` Sam '' Wilson Team affiliations Avengers S.H.I.E.L.D. `` Defenders for a Day '' Heroes for Hire Mighty Avengers Avengers Unity Squad Partnerships Captain America Redwing Nomad Notable aliases `` Snap '' Wilson , Falcon , Blackwing , Blackbird , Captain America Abilities Excellent bird trainer Skilled martial artist and gymnast Flight via wing harness Empathic link with pet falcon Limited control over birds Ability to see through the eyes of nearby birds Falcon ( Samuel Thomas `` Sam '' Wilson ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer - editor Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan , and introduced in Captain America # 117 ( Sept. 1969 ) . As the superhero Falcon , Wilson uses mechanical wings to fly , granting him limited telepathic and empathic control over birds . Following Steve Rogers ' retirement , Wilson becomes the newest Captain America and leader of the Avengers . Wilson 's deceased nephew was the Incredible Hulk 's sometime - sidekick Jim Wilson , one of the first openly HIV - positive comic - book characters . Jim Wilson 's father Gideon Wilson would go on to join the Gamma Corps . Sam also has parents named Paul and Darlene Wilson , a sister named Sarah Casper , a nephew named Jody Toby Casper , and an unnamed niece . Anthony Mackie portrays Sam Wilson / Falcon in the 2014 Marvel Studios film , Captain America : The Winter Soldier and reprises his role in Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Ant - Man ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and is set to reprise his role in the fourth Avengers film ( 2019 ) . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early life 2.2 Becoming the Falcon 2.3 2000s 2.4 Becoming Captain America 2.5 Return as Falcon 3 Powers , abilities , and equipment 3.1 Powers 3.2 Abilities 3.3 Uniform and flight harness 4 Other characters named Falcon 4.1 Joaquin Torres 4.2 Adrian Toomes 4.3 Carl Burgess 5 Other versions 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Theatre 6.4 Video games 7 Reception 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Publication history ( edit ) Samuel Thomas Wilson , known as the Falcon , was the first African - American superhero in mainstream comic books , and also the first black superhero not to have the word `` black '' as part of his superhero name . The character first appeared in Captain America # 117 ( Sept. 1969 ) . Created by writer - editor Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan , he came about , Colan recalled in 2008 , ... in the late 1960s ( when news of the ) Vietnam War and civil rights protests were regular occurrences , and Stan , always wanting to be at the forefront of things , started bringing these headlines into the comics ... One of the biggest steps we took in this direction came in Captain America . I enjoyed drawing people of every kind . I drew as many different types of people as I could into the scenes I illustrated , and I loved drawing black people . I always found their features interesting and so much of their strength , spirit and wisdom written on their faces . I approached Stan , as I remember , with the idea of introducing an African - American hero and he took to it right away ... I looked at several African - American magazines , and used them as the basis of inspiration for bringing The Falcon to life . He was introduced as an unnamed former resident of New York City 's Harlem neighborhood , who had adopted a wild falcon he trained and named Redwing . ( His own name , Sam Wilson , was not given until page five of the following issue . ) When a group of men on an island `` in the tropics '' wanted a hunting falcon , Wilson answered the ad , only to discover that the self - dubbed `` Exiles '' were former Nazis in league with the supervillain the Red Skull . He escaped , but remained on the island to organize the natives to confront the Exiles , who had turned them into serfs . At the urging of Steve Rogers , whom he later learned was Captain America , Wilson took on the costumed identity of the Falcon and underwent training with Rogers in order to better inspire the villagers and lead the fight . Through most of the 1970s , the Falcon and Captain America were a team in New York City , and the series was cover - billed Captain America and the Falcon from issues # 134 -- 192 and 194 -- 222 ( February 1971 -- June 1978 ) , though still copyrighted as Captain America . In issue # 186 ( June 1975 ) , writer Steve Englehart retconned aspects of the Falcon 's past . Originally depicted as a former social worker , motivated by a desire to better the lives of inner - city youth , the Falcon was revealed as a mob - connected thug whose memories were altered by the reality - warping Cosmic Cube . The Falcon briefly joined the superhero team the Defenders , appearing in issues # 62 -- 64 ( August -- October 1978 ) , and was a member of the Avengers from issues # 183 -- 194 ( May 1979 -- April 1980 ) . During this time he also starred in a solo adventure in issue # 49 of the try - out series Marvel Premiere ; however , the story was not a try - out for a Falcon series , but an intended fill - in issue of Captain America which was shuffled into Marvel Premiere when the editors objected to having an issue of Captain America with someone other than the title character as the star . He starred in his own four - issue miniseries in 1983 , written by Jim Owsley . Its first issue was illustrated by Paul Smith with the final three issues by Mark Bright . The series revealed that the Falcon was a mutant , although this development was later retconned in the Avengers 2001 Annual . After regularly appearing in Captain America vol. 2 ( November 1996 -- November 1997 ) , the Falcon rejoined the Avengers in The Avengers vol. 3 , # 1 ( February 1998 ) . This time , he remained with the team , becoming one of its most prominent members by issue # 57 ( Oct. 2002 ) . Concurrently , he was also a supporting character in Captain America vols. 3 -- 4 ( January 1998 -- February 2002 and June 2002 -- December 2004 ) . The Falcon next appeared in the short - lived Captain America and the Falcon series , in 2004 and 2005 . After the events of the storyline `` Avengers Disassembled '' , when the Scarlet Witch temporarily restored his criminal personality , the Falcon became a supporting character in Captain America vol. 5 ( January 2005 -- July 2009 ) . The Falcon continued to play a significant role in the series after it returned to its original numbering , beginning with Captain America # 600 ( Aug. 2009 ) . Falcon was a member of the Avengers in the 2012 Marvel NOW ! relaunch . On July 16 , 2014 Marvel Comics announced that Sam Wilson would relinquish the mantle of Falcon and would become the new Captain America , succeeding Steve Rogers in the role . An ongoing series starring Sam Wilson as Captain America launched in October 2015 , as part of Marvel 's post-Secret Wars relaunch , written by Nick Spencer and Daniel Acuña . Wilson temporarily returns to the role of Captain America in the 2017 miniseries Marvel 's Generations . Wilson resumed the identity of Falcon in a series written by Rodney Barnes that debuted in late 2017 , the character 's first solo series since 1983 . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Samuel Thomas Wilson was born in Harlem , New York City , to Paul Wilson , a prominent minister , and Darlene Wilson . Wilson has a happy childhood and finds he has a natural affinity for birds . He takes up training pigeons , and has the largest pigeon coop in Harlem . In his teens , however , encounters with racism leave him jaded . When he is 16 , Wilson refuses to join the church , believing his deeply religious parents to be ignorant for their faith . To his surprise , rather than put up a fight , his parents provide him with books on different religions and comparative theology . The next night , however , Sam 's father is killed trying to break up a neighborhood fight ( originally Paul was said to have been killed when Sam was 9 years old ) . Two years later , his mother is shot and killed by a mugger one block from their apartment . Consumed by grief and `` angry at the world '' Sam turns his back on his past as a respected community volunteer . He moves to Los Angeles and creates a new persona : `` Snap '' Wilson , a professional criminal and gang member . While Snap is on his way to `` a big score in Rio de Janeiro '' , his plane crashes on Exile Island ( years later , he would say `` I actually loved this place quite a bit . It 's where I met my two best friends , '' referring to Captain America and Redwing ) . The once - peaceful island had been taken over by the Exiles , a group of would - be world conquerors who had collaborated with the Nazi supervillain the Red Skull during World War II . They had been betrayed by the Red Skull and were forced to remain in hiding on the island , enslaving the natives . Wilson finds and befriends Redwing , a falcon with which he feels a remarkably strong bond . Becoming the Falcon ( edit ) As part of a plot against Captain America , the Red Skull uses the Cosmic Cube , a creation that allows its user to alter reality , to mentally fuse Wilson with Redwing , creating a `` super-normal mental link '' that would , with time and concentration , give Wilson broad powers over all birds . Next , the Skull uses the Cube to rewrite the past and erase the years Wilson had spent angrily living as Snap Wilson . In this new history , Wilson was an upright and cheerful social worker who is eventually lured to the Exiles ' island and organizes the natives to fight for their freedom . Steve Rogers ( Captain America ) befriends him there and convinces Wilson to adopt a persona to inspire the natives in their rebellion . The two create the costumed persona the Falcon and train together extensively before attacking and defeating the Exiles and the Red Skull . The Falcon becomes Captain America 's regular partner in crime - fighting , and briefly even takes on the Captain America costume and identity when Rogers is believed to have been killed . Later , again as the Falcon , Wilson receives help from the Black Panther , who creates a harness for Wilson , allowing him to fly . When Rogers briefly abandons his Captain America identity , others attempt to take up the mantle , including a young man named Roscoe whom the Falcon mentors . When the Red Skull eventually kills Roscoe , Rogers again becomes Captain America . Soon afterward , the Red Skull reveals the Falcon 's true past as Snap Wilson , and unsuccessfully attempts to use the Cosmic Cube to make the Falcon kill Captain America . Now aware of his past but deciding to continue as a hero , the Falcon is eventually named head of the Super Agents at the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. . US government superhero liaison Henry Peter Gyrich then recruits Wilson , one of the few active black superheroes , to fill a mandated racial quota for the venerable team the Avengers . Resentful of being a `` token '' , the Falcon quits at the first opportunity . He debuts a new costume when he fights the supervillain Taskmaster . 2000s ( edit ) Falcon becomes a member of the new team of Avengers assembled to fight the international menace Scorpio as a United Nations peacekeeping agency . By this point , Falcon had discovered that he could extend his telepathic bond with Redwing , allowing him to control other birds and `` see '' through their eyes . He uses this ability to spy on Henry Gyrich ( now the Avengers ' liaison with the United Nations ) and discovers that the United States ' Secretary of Defense , Dell Rusk , has been pressuring Gyrich to spy on the Avengers and turn over their secrets . Although initially hostile to one another , Falcon convinces Gyrich to help the Avengers spy on Rusk , feeding him false information while gathering evidence to expose him . They discover that Rusk is actually the Red Skull , who has launched a biological weapon attack on America , intending to use the ensuing panic to gain control over America 's government and start a war with other countries . Falcon is instrumental in defeating the Red Skull . It is around this period of time that , a new `` Captain America '' secretly created by the Office of Naval Intelligence ( O.N.I. ) goes rogue and begins eliminating anything and anyone he sees as a source of terrorism . To draw out this agent ( dubbed `` The Anti-Cap '' ) , O.N.I. leaks information about their involvement in a biological weapons project with the notorious Rivas Family , powerful Cuban drug lords . Reporter and social activist Leila Taylor investigates this rumor and attempts to smuggle a sample of the virus into America , but she is arrested by U.S. forces in Cuba . Falcon , who is a friend of Taylor , breaks her out of prison and investigates her claims , destroying the Rivas Family 's biological weapons lab and obtaining a sample of the mysterious virus they were developing for O.N.I. Falcon is able to fly Leila back to America ( although his flying harness is destroyed in a hurricane ) while Captain America follows Falcon 's directions and retrieves the virus sample . The Anti-Cap kills the head of the Rivas family , and pursues Leila , Falcon , and Cap , intent on obtaining the virus sample . After reuniting , Falcon and Captain America are able to barely defeat the Anti-Cap . Realizing that O.N.I. 's goal was to draw out their rogue agent to execute him , Captain America arranges to have the Anti-Cap secretly imprisoned in the Wakandan embassy until O.N.I. agrees not to kill him . Since Captain America and Falcon now possess both O.N.I. 's rogue agent and the last remaining sample of O.N.I. 's virus , O.N.I. begins to put increasing amounts of pressure on the heroes . Falcon is especially targeted -- he had broken Leila out of Federal Custody , and his criminal history makes it easier for O.N.I. to create further false charges against him . Falcon soon finds himself on the run from O.N.I. Meanwhile , the superheroine the Scarlet Witch , having gone insane , begins using her powers to re-create many of the Avengers ' greatest trials and tragedies . She destabilizes the Falcon 's mind , causing him to act increasingly like his `` Snap '' persona . He begins carrying a gun , keeps secrets from his friends , assaults Leila 's boyfriend Norman when he protests they go into hiding , and uses a high power rifle to shoot at his friend Robbie Robertson ( to fool Robbie into thinking O.N.I. was threatening to kill him ) . Although they succeed in exposing the illegal activities of O.N.I. and clear Wilson 's name , Sam 's methods cause his relationship with Captain America to become strained . Cap confronts Falcon about his recent actions , and Falcon , angered at what he sees as an ultimatum , terminates their partnership . As they are walking away , Norman ( who blames Falcon for the end of his relationship with Leila ) appears and shoots at Falcon . Captain America is seriously injured by the stray bullets , and even appears to die . The shock of watching his best friend seemingly die because of his actions has a powerful affect on Sam , who briefly gives up being Falcon and reexamines his life . Sam Wilson reappears as Falcon in the 2005 `` House of M '' storyline and in the 2006 -- 07 `` Civil War '' storyline . In the latter , he supports Captain America against the Superhuman Registration Act . When the Captain becomes incapacitated , Falcon temporarily assumes leadership of the `` Secret Avengers '' rebel group . Following Captain America 's assassination by the machinations of the Red Skull , the Falcon registers with the government and is made responsible for Harlem , although he continues to maintain contact with the underground New Avengers . He is also called upon to investigate the Captain 's assassination by locating Winter Soldier and tracking down the Red Skull . Becoming Captain America ( edit ) Wilson as Captain America on the cover of All - New Captain America # 1 ( November 2014 ) . Art by Stuart Immonen . Wilson appears in the 2010 `` Shadowland '' storyline as Falcon , after which he becomes an operative in the new incarnation of the Heroes for Hire team , in the book of the same name . He later appears in the 2012 `` Avengers vs. X-Men '' storyline , helping She - Hulk and several other Avengers contain the students at the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning . As part of the 2012 - 2015 Marvel NOW ! relaunch , Wilson rejoins the Avengers after Iron Man and Captain America choose to expand the team 's line - up . After Rogers is aged into an old man , he appoints Wilson as his ' official ' replacement as Captain America . During a confrontation with the Red Skull 's daughter Sin , it is revealed that the `` Snap '' identity was a fake memory implanted into Sam by the Red Skull in an attempt to discredit the hero through racism . As part of the 2015 All - New , All - Different Marvel initiative , Captain America investigated the disappearance of Mexican teenager Joaquin Torres after he was abducted by the Sons of the Serpent . After fighting Armadillo and capturing the leader of the hate group , Captain America discovered that Joaquin was being used in the experiments of Karl Malus who turned Joaquin into a bird / human hybrid using Captain America 's pet bird Redwing . When Karl Malus was defeated , Captain America took Joaquin in . When it was discovered Joaquin 's bird / human hybrid condition was n't temporary , Captain America learned from Claire Temple that Joaquin 's condition was permanent due to Redwing being vampiric and sporting a healing factor . When Captain America was captured by the Serpent Society and thrown out the window by Viper , he was saved by Joaquin . Using his link with Redwing , Captain America telepathically sent Joaquin the knowledge on how to fight where he held his own until Misty Knight and Demolition Man showed up . After the Serpent Society was defeated , Captain America allowed Joaquin to become his sidekick , enabling him to become the new Falcon . During the 2016 `` Avengers : Standoff ! '' storyline , Sam , after defeating the Green Skull , is contacted by Whisperer ( an alias of Rick Jones ) . After meeting Whisperer , he learns that S.H.I.E.L.D. never discarded the Kobik project as he thought they did . He meets with Steve Rogers , where they follow a lead to a town in Connecticut and are later picked up by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents . He then meets the Winter Soldier and rescue S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Avril Kincaid from the Blood Brothers , who informs them of a super-weapon hidden in the town that Baron Zemo and the other villains are looking for . They then head to the bowling alley where Kobik uses her powers to restore Steve Rogers to his prime when he was about to be killed by Crossbones . They begin looking for Kobik again only to discover that Baron Zemo had Fixer invent a device that would help find Kobik as Kraven the Hunter rallies the villains to help with their goals . Upon not being able to successfully locate Kobik , Steve Rogers decides to rally the heroes so that they can take the fight to Baron Zemo . In the aftermath of the incident , Steve and Sam plan to keep what happened at Pleasant Hill under wraps at the time being . After the `` Standoff ! '' storyline , Sam begins to face public pressure to return the shield and mantle of Captain America to Steve , as does Maria Hill for the consequences of her actions on Pleasant Hill . He and Steve then begin to secretly plan for a way to get Hill to face her crimes publicly . During a press conference , Sam encounters the mercenary Chance who was about to kill Steve in the middle of his speech . After defeating him , Sam receives a hero 's welcome when Steve announces him to the public as Captain America . While getting arrested , Chance tells Sam that he was on Pleasant Hill and that he did n't agree with the heroes ' actions . During the 2016 `` Civil War II '' storyline , Captain America attend War Machine 's funeral , where he delivers an inspirational speech . Months later , Wilson watches a TV broadcast about former New Warrior Rage engaging in a fight with the Americops , a private police force funded by Keane Industries , in Brooklyn . Intending to stop the fight , Wilson , along with Redwing and Falcon , try to contain the situation . Sam manages to stop the fight , although not without fighting the Americops , for which he knew the media would portray him negatively . As he leaves , he is attacked from behind by U.S. Agent . After a brief argument , Captain America and U.S. Agent begin to fight , with U.S. Agent gaining the upper hand , until Sam drags him into a tunnel where the darkness and the great horned owls that reside in it allow him to win the fight . After defeating U.S. Agent and receiving an argument from Rage , Wilson returns to his headquarters where he decides to put a tiny implant in his brain that will enhance his ability to see what birds see , enabling him to transmit them into a data storage facility that converts them into images and videos . He decides to further investigate the Americops to find proof of their violent activities . While accompanying Steve Rogers on a mission to stop Flag - Smasher 's latest assault , Wilson fails to save a senator from being shot by the villain , further compromising his current public image . This is subsequently revealed to have been deliberately staged by Rogers who has been converted to believe he is a Hydra sleeper agent since childhood . Using his greater familiarity with the shield , Rogers deliberately put Wilson in a position where he would be unable to use the shield to save the senator , with the final goal of demoralizing Sam to the point where he will return the shield to Rogers of his own free will ( not wanting to kill Wilson and risk creating a martyr ) . After discovering that Rage was arrested and accused of robbing a pawn shop which Man Mountain Marko and Speed Demon committed , Sam offers him professional help from other heroes , but Rage turns it down , preferring that he should be the one to prove his innocence . After consulting with his brother and Rogers , Sam posts a video on the internet showing footage of the Americops beating up Rage , exposing their violent activities . During Rage 's trial , a frustrated Sam leaves the courtroom and captures Speed Demon , who confesses to his and Man Mountain Marko 's involvement in the pawn shop robbery . Upon returning to the court , Misty tells Sam that the verdict was already given . While people protest over Rage 's arrest , Sam tries his best to calm them . Sam leaves a letter which explains he is ending his role as Captain America and returning the shield to Steve Rogers During the 2017 `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Sam has spent time alone in a desert and returns to the city where he discovers Hydra 's takeover and that Steve Rogers is their leader . Sam rescues a woman and her Inhuman daughter from Hydra enforcers , Sam reluctantly helps them to safety . He reunites with Misty Knight and Demolition Man and helps smuggle other Inhumans out of the country . He helps Ant - Man smuggle his daughter Cassandra Lang then declines their offer to join the underground resistance . When Hawkeye and the Tony Stark A.I. reveal that Kobik was responsible for Steve 's change , Sam agrees to help smuggle them out of the country so they can find the Cosmic Cube 's fragments . Sam takes the group through an abandoned subway tunnel where they encounter Mole Man , with whom Sam strikes a deal when they are attacked by Dreadnoughts sent by Hydra . After crossing the tunnel , the group departs in a jet plane . They arrive in a mansion where Ultron resides , since he is in possession of the shard . They encounter Steve Rogers and his Avengers until Ultron captures them . After a brief battle , Ultron allows them to leave and gives the shard to Tony 's team . Steve muses that he is unconcerned about who will acquire the fragments as he has an inside man in the Tony Stark A.I. 's team . After a series of dead ends , the team returns to the hideout , where Sam reunites with Misty , until Hydra forces arrive and begin their assault on the base . During the battle , Sam helps the other heroes in protecting the refugees and battling Hydra 's Avengers and a revived Bruce Banner as the Hulk until the base explodes . In the aftermath of the attack , Sam appears standing on top of the rubble as Captain America to inspire the resistance to not surrender . It is later revealed that Sam had a conversation with Misty Knight and Rayshaun Lucas , the new Patriot , which has persuaded him to reassume the role of Captain America , leading the resistance and wielding Rogers ' original round shield as a symbol of hope . Sam uses the Cosmic Cube fragment acquired by the resistance to help destroy the Darforce dome surrounding Manhattan and the planetary defense shield , releasing all the trapped heroes . Liberating all the imprisoned Inhumans , the Underground attacks the Capitol which attracts the attention of Steve Rogers , who arrives wearing Cosmic Cube - powered armor . During the final battle , Sam fakes surrender and gives the fragment to Steve , only for Winter Soldier to intervene and bring Kobik and the real Steve Rogers back . The restored Steve Rogers manages to defeat the Hydra Steve Rogers with Thor 's hammer and Kobik restores reality back to normal . Return as Falcon ( edit ) Upon taking the second Patriot on as his sidekick , they travel to Chicago to deal with an outbreak of gang violence , unaware that Blackheart is posing as the city 's Mayor . Powers , abilities , and equipment ( edit ) Powers ( edit ) In his earliest appearances , Wilson exhibits a close bond with his bird Redwing , which is confirmed as being a telepathic link by Professor X in Captain America # 174 . The Red Skull later reveals that he had used the Cosmic Cube to create a `` super-normal mental link '' between Sam Wilson and Redwing . Falcon later recalled the experience , stating `` Hurt like hell . Being mentally fused with that falcon . Able to see through his eyes . '' Wilson eventually revealed that he has been able to extend this empathic link . `` I 'm always psychically connected with Redwing , but through concentration , I 've recently tapped into another ability -- I 'm able to link - up with other birds ... I have over six billion pairs of eyes in the United States alone . '' He used this ability to quickly search New York City when the criminal Scarecrow kidnapped two children , as well as to spy on Senator Dell Rusk ( actually the Red Skull in disguise ) and Henry Peter Gyrich . He is also apparently able to access the memories of birds , and see things they had witnessed in the past ( although birds have a different concept of the passage of time , which makes it difficult for him to know when any events they witnessed occurred ) . Abilities ( edit ) Wilson is a skilled hand - to - hand combatant , having been trained in Judo and Karate by Steve Rogers . Wilson is also highly - skilled in the use of Captain America 's shield . Uniform and flight harness ( edit ) Wilson 's original Falcon wing harness featured detachable jet - powered glider wings made of lightweight titanium ribbing and Mylar . The wings were covered with wafer - thin solar power receptors that convert sunlight into electricity to power miniature high - speed electric turbine fans in his uniform and boots . The wings detached and reattached to his uniform cybernetically . The harness was destroyed in Captain America and the Falcon # 2 ( 2004 ) . The uniform was made of synthetic stretch fabric lined with a steel - alloy mesh . After the original flying harness 's destruction in a 2004 storyline , the Black Panther supplied Falcon with a new costume and wings . An emitter array on Falcon 's back creates holographic `` hard light '' wings with a maximum wingspan of up to 50 feet ( 15 m ) . Controlled by a cybernetic link , the wings can be instantly reconfigured into `` dozens of different cruise configurations '' . A `` magnetic drive '' , in turn , provides the thrust needed to get Falcon airborne . The emitter also possesses GPS jamming devices that prevent satellite tracking , while the hard - light wings interfere with infra - red tracking . A vibranium microweave was added to the costume itself , making Falcon resistant to small arms fire . The entire system is controlled mentally through cybernetic circuitry in the Falcon 's mask . The costume has in the past featured a hidden `` talon , '' a cybernetically controlled grappling line built into the gauntlets of his costume which he uses to entangle opponents , hook objects , or for swinging and climbing when his wings are detached . The costume 's visors come equipped with various capabilities , including infrared lenses , giving him the ability to see objects by their infrared signature at night , magnification capabilities , and remote imaging sensors that allow a full 360 degree of vision when activated . The cowl also has a wide band receiver and transmitter with an unspecified range . The suit was originally built by the Black Panther , with costume modifications by Desmond Burrell . Other characters named Falcon ( edit ) Joaquin Torres ( edit ) As part of the 2015 All - New , All - Different Marvel branding , Captain America ( Sam Wilson ) investigated the disappearance of Mexican teenager Joaquin Torres after he was abducted by the Sons of the Serpent . Captain America discovered that Joaquin was being used in the experiments of Karl Malus who turned Joaquin into a bird / human hybrid using Captain America 's pet bird Redwing . When Karl Malus was defeated , Captain America took Joaquin in . When it was discovered Joaquin 's bird / human hybrid condition was n't temporary , Captain America learned from Claire Temple that Joaquin 's condition was permanent due to Redwing being vampiric and sporting a healing factor . When Captain America was captured by the Serpent Society and thrown out the window by Viper , he was saved by Joaquin . Using his link with Redwing , Captain America telepathically sent Joaquin the knowledge on how to fight where he held his own until Misty Knight and Demolition Man showed up . After the Serpent Society was defeated , Captain America allowed Joaquin to become his sidekick , enabling him to become the new Falcon . During the `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Falcon II and Ironheart join the Champions when they join up with the Underground. > Adrian Toomes ( edit ) Main article : Vulture ( Marvel Comics ) In a 2017 storyline , Adrian Toomes developed a modified version of his Electromagnetic Wing Harness that has a reinforced helmet and lightweight , razor - sharp , nano - woven wings which responded to his mental commands where he took on the name Falcon where he believed the name to be vacant at the time . He robbed a location in East Village where he fought Spider - Man until they were immobilized by a new Trapster who made off with Falcon 's loot . Carl burgess ( edit ) A similar , unrelated character of the same name and powers was created in 1939 by writer - artist Bill Everett for Marvel Comics ' predecessor company , Timely Comics . Other versions ( edit ) In the alternate reality of a 1983 What If ? story , Sam - under his gang name `` Snap '' - is a member of a secret rebellion force in a United States turned fascist who aids Captain America in beating an impostor and leading the chastised nation back to its democratic roots . Sam Wilson / Falcon appears as one of the zombified heroes in the Marvel Zombies universe . Initially , he is among the many heroes summoned by Nick Fury to fight off the infection , but he winds up being infected . Afterwards , in Marvel Zombies 3 , he , along with other wing - laden characters ( Angel , Beak and Vulture ) , attack Machine Man , Ultron and Jocasta as soon as they arrive in this ravaged universe , but he and the others are quickly killed by Machine Man . In Amazing Spider - Girl # 7 , which is part of the MC2 universe , Wilson was revealed to be dead . However , the Ladyhawk twins wear attire similar to his first costume , from before he had the mantle of either Falcon or Captain America . In the `` Once and Future King '' story arc from Black Panther , a retired Sam Wilson is shown as the mayor of New York City 25 years into the future . He comes out of retirement for one final mission to help Black Panther defeat T'charra , T'Chaka's treasonous son . The Ultimate Marvel version of Falcon on the cover of Ultimate Comics : The Ultimates # 7 ( April 2012 ) . Art by Kaare Andrews . In the Ultimate Marvel universe , Samuel Wilson is an explorer , adventurer , and scientist who uses a backpack with high - tech folding wings to fly as the Eagle . Wilson first appeared in Ultimate Nightmare and then worked on the Vision , demonstrating a high level of technological understanding and confronted George Tarleton of A.I.M. aboard a space station studying a Gah Lak Tus module . He is an agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. rather than an official member of the Ultimates or Reserves . He has served with or under General Nick Fury , and was a member of the armed forces but retired to pursue scientific interests . This version appears to be an accomplished combatant , especially when using the sharp edge of the metal wings he wears as a weapon , which are controlled through the help of nanotechnology , with which he can communicate and retrieve computer information . The wings are partially self - repairing , as referenced in Ultimate Extinction . In Marvel 's MAX imprint series U.S. War Machine , Wilson appeared alongside Captain America and Hawkeye ; he and Hawkeye served as Captain America 's backup and wore no costumes , only being addressed by their real names . In this reality , Captain America was actually Bucky wearing the Captain 's uniform as here the Captain had died in World War II in his stead . In the 2006 comic What If Captain America had fought in the Civil War ? , the Earth - 717 version of Wilson was an orphan raised by a Shawnee medicine man , and grew up to fight in the American Civil War as part of an Indian volunteer regiment . He performs a ritual to give Steven Rogers the power of We - Pi - Ahk , the Eagle Spirit , and has a red eagle painted on his chest for this ceremony . He is killed by Colonel Barnes ( who in this reality is the White Skull ) . In the `` Heroes Reborn '' universe , created by Franklin Richards , a version of Samuel Wilson appears . His father , Abraham `` Abe '' Wilson fought alongside Captain America during World War II , but is later killed by Master Man 's army . During the fight , Abe 's son Sam Wilson is shot in a fight and gravely wounded , but Captain America saves his life by giving him a transfusion of the Super-Soldier's own blood . Consequently , Wilson gains superhuman abilities comparable to those of Captain America . His military nickname , `` The Falcon '' , becomes his superhero code name , avenges his father by beating Master Man , and along with Captain America , and Nick Fury defeat the Red Skull 's plans for world domination . In an alternate timeline seen in Avengers : The Children 's Crusade , Sam was succeeded as the Falcon by his daughter Samantha . Samantha is shown as a member of the Avengers alongside her husband Eli ( the new Captain America ) , and their son Steve ( the new Bucky ) . In Daredevil : End of Days , Wilson is briefly shown as the future president of the United States of America . During the Secret Wars storyline , an alternate , naturally - winged version of Sam Wilson is a member of the Thor Corps ( which are the police force of Battleworld ) . He and the Thor Corps members arrest Miss America after she violates Doom 's laws by throwing a Megalodon that attacked Arcadia far enough to go over the Shield and end up in the Deadlands . A female version of Sam Wilson ( Samantha T. Wilson ) serves as the original Captain America of the Spider - Gwen universe of Earth - 65 . When World War II struck , she became one of the first black female pilots in the U.S. military . Eventually , she was recruited into Project Rebirth , and was chosen to undergo the procedure when the other candidates Bucky , Steve Rogers , and Isaiah Bradley were badly injured by Nazi agents . After this , she became Captain America , and fought the Nazis . When the Nazis attempted to summon creatures from another dimension , she entered said dimension to hold off the invading forces , un-aging in this reality for nearly 75 years . When she finally defeated them and returned to her home dimension of Earth - 65 , she was recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. director Peggy Carter to continue her service as Captain America as one of her agents . Another version of Sam Wilson appears in the Spider - Gwen universe of Earth - 65 . He is the male clone of Samantha Wilson and is also this universe 's Falcon where he works as Captain America 's sidekick . Falcon is known as Sam 13 and is an expert sniper - assassin . He is aided by Redwing ( who in this reality is a robotic falcon ) where Sam 13 used him for assault and reconnaissance . Falcon and Redwing first come into contact with Spider - Woman while she was fighting Lizard . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Falcon ( along with his bird Redwing ) appeared as a member of the Avengers in the television series The Avengers : United They Stand , voiced by Martin Roach . Falcon along with his bird Redwing appears in The Super Hero Squad Show , with Falcon voiced by Alimi Ballard and Redwing 's vocal effects provided by Steven Blum . In this version , he is capable of launching his `` feathers '' at his enemies . Sam Wilson / Falcon appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Lance Reddick . Alongside Doc Samson , Falcon is a mind - controlled servant of Dell Rusk . He appears in the episodes `` Nightmare in Red '' , `` Code Red '' , and `` Avengers Assemble ! '' . Sam Wilson / Falcon appears as one of the main characters in the Avengers Assemble animated series , voiced by Bumper Robinson . This iteration of Sam Wilson is depicted as a 17 - year - old S.H.I.E.L.D. operative that Iron Man had an eye on . When the Avengers brought together to save Captain America from the Red Skull , Sam was originally offered the War Machine armor , but turned it down in favor of the Falcon armor . Wilson later dons a new version of his Falcon armor where there is a beak - shaped visor over his eyes . The wing pack is capable of detaching itself from the rest of the armor to become `` Redwing Mode '' and fly by itself to the point where it can whip up tornadoes . In the fourth season , Falcon is kidnapped by Kang the Conqueror and spends years in the future working with him to stop a black hole from destroying the Earth . When he returns to the present , he is significantly older and has a new outfit that greatly resembles his outfit in the MCU . Sam Wilson appears in Ultimate Spider - Man : Web Warriors , voiced again by Bumper Robinson . He appears in the episodes `` Avenging Spider - Man '' ( Parts 1 and 2 ) and `` Contest of Champions '' ( Part 4 ) . Sam Wilson appears in the Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload mini-series , voiced again by Bumper Robinson . Falcon appears in the Japanese anime series Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers , voiced by Kaito Ishikawa in the Japanese version . Film ( edit ) Anthony Mackie as the Falcon in a character poster for the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier Anthony Mackie portrays Sam Wilson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , with the character 's first appearance being in the 2014 film Captain America : The Winter Soldier . In the film , Wilson uses a pair of submachine guns as his main weapons and flies using a jet pack with articulated wings . Mackie reprises the role in the 2015 films Avengers : Age of Ultron , Ant - Man , the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War , and Avengers : Infinity War . Redwing makes a first appearance in Civil War as Falcon 's bird - shaped robotic drone . Theatre ( edit ) Sam Wilson appears in the Marvel Universe : LIVE ! arena stage show . Video Games ( edit ) Falcon appears as a playable character in the Marvel Super Hero Squad video game and its sequel Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet , with Alimi Ballard reprising the role . Falcon is once again a playable character in the game Marvel Super Hero Squad : Comic Combat , with Alimi Ballard voicing the role . Falcon is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online . Falcon appears as DLC in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Andrew Kishino . Falcon appears in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . He appears in the 17th Spec Ops game loosely based upon the events of Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The MCU version of Falcon appears as a Team - Up character in Marvel Heroes , voiced by Bumper Robinson . An alternate version of Captain America is later added to the game . Falcon appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes , with Bumper Robinson reprising the role . Falcon 's wings are also available as a usable vehicle for other heroes . Falcon also appears in Disney Infinity 3.0 . The MCU version of Falcon appears as a playable character in Marvel : Future Fight . An alternate version of Captain America is later added to celebrate the 4th of July . Falcon is a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Anthony Mackie . He is initially available in his Classic and Captain America : The Winter Soldier designs along with his Captain America appearance . Falcon 's Captain America : Civil War appearance is available through DLC . Falcon appears as a playable character in Playmation : Avengers . A teenage version of Falcon appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy , voiced by A $ AP Rocky . Falcon is a playable character in the match - three mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest . Captain America is added to the game in August 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Wilson was placed as the 96th greatest comic book hero by IGN , which opined that the partnership between him and Steve Rogers forms one of the greatest crime fighting duos in comics , and as # 45 on their list of the `` Top 50 Avengers '' . See also ( edit ) List of S.H.I.E.L.D. members List of African - American firsts Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marvel had previously introduced the Black Panther , a native of the fictional African country Wakanda . The first comic starring a black character was Dell Comics ' Old West gunfighter Lobo , introduced in 1965 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 134 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ All - New Captain America # 6 . Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Brothers , David . `` A Marvel Black History Lesson Pt. 1 '' , Marvel.com , February 18 , 2011 . WebCitation archive . Marvel Senior Vice President of Publishing Tom Brevoort : `` The Falcon was the very first African - American super hero , as opposed to The Black Panther , who preceded him , but was n't American . '' ^ Jump up to : `` GCD : : Issue : : Captain America # 117 '' . comics.org . Jump up ^ Colan , Gene . `` Introduction , '' Marvel Masterworks : Captain American Volume 4 ( Marvel Publishing : New York , 2008 ) , p. 2 of introduction ( unnumbered ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 117 -- 118 ( September -- October 1969 ) . Writer : Stan Lee . Penciler : Gene Colan . Publisher : Magazine Management Company . Brand : Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America cover scans , page 1 to page 4 , at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Brennaman , Chris ( April 2014 ) . `` Marvel Premiere '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 71 ) : 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Abandoned An ' Forsaked -- The Falcon is a Mutant ? ! '' . Goodcomics.comicbookresources.com . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` UPDATED : 1st Look at Marvel NOW ! AVENGERS Lineup '' . Newsarama . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` New Captain America will be African - American , as the Falcon takes over the star - spangled mantle in the comic books '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Sam Wilson , Captain America Soars Higher than Ever News Marvel.com '' . marvel.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Exclusive : Original Wolverine , Hulk and more to return in Marvel 's ' Generations ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Legacy : Sam Wilson Returns as The Falcon '' . CBR.com . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Legacy : Rodney Barnes To Have Falcon Wrestle With Demons In New Series '' . ComicBook.com . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan Captain America # 117 -- 119 ( Sept. -- Nov. 1969 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 186 Jump up ^ Captain America # 277 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers volume 3 , # 64 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon # 7 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon , # 11 Jump up ^ Captain America # 186 Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 186 ( June 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . The Avengers # 475 / vol. 3 , # 60 ( Jan. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Captain America # 133 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sentinel of Liberty # 8 -- 9 ( April -- May 1999 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve , and Mike Friedrich . Captain America # 170 ( Feb. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 181 -- 183 ( Jan. -- March 1975 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve , and John Warner . Captain America # 186 ( June 1975 ) Jump up ^ Glut , Donald F. Captain America # 218 ( Feb. 1978 ) Jump up ^ Avengers # 184 ( June 1979 ) Jump up ^ Captain America Annual # 11 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers , Volume 3 , # 57 -- 70 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon # 1 -- 4 , May - July 2004 Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher J. Captain America and the Falcon . # 1 -- 14 Jump up ^ House of M # 1 , Captain America vol. 5 , # 12 , Civil War # 1 Jump up ^ Civil War # 4 Jump up ^ Jeph Loeb ( w ) , John Cassaday ( a ) . `` The Death of Captain America , Chapter 5 : Acceptance '' Fallen Son : The Death of Captain America 5 ( August 2007 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol. 5 , # 31 -- 33 ( Dec. 2007 -- Feb. 2008 ) , Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Heroes for Hire vol. 4 # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ X-Men Legacy # 266 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Avengers ( vol. 5 ) # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America ( vol. 7 ) # 25 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ All - New Captain America # 3 . 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Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 22 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 3 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 23 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 4 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 7 Jump up ^ Captain America : Sam Wilson # 24 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 8 - 10 Jump up ^ Barnes , Rodney ; Thompson , Robbie ( w ) , Cassara , Joshua ; Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Hennessy , Andrew ( i ) . ( Anthology ) , Falcon ( Vol. 2 ) # 1 ( December 2017 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve . Captain America # 186 . Marvel Comics , 1975 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers vol. 3 # 60 . Marvel Comics , 2003 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers vol. 3 # 64 . Marvel Comics , 2003 Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff . Avengers vol. 3 # 61 -- 69 . Marvel Comics , 2003 -- 2004 Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed . Captain America vol. 5 # 35 . Marvel Comics , 2008 Jump up ^ Captain America and the Falcon vol 1 # 163 ( July 1973 ) Jump up ^ Captain America vol 1 # 118 ( October 1969 ) Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher ( w ) . Captain America and the Falcon # 2 ( 2004 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher Captain America and the Falcon # 6 , Marvel Comics ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Captain America # 170 ( February 1974 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 1 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Free Comic Book Day Vol 2017 Secret Empire . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Gillis , Peter B. ( w ) , Buscema , Sal ( p ) , Simons , Dave ( i ) . `` What If ? ... Captain America Were Not Revived Until Today ? '' What If ? 44 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Comics 3 # 3 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Black Panther ( vol. 2 ) # 37 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Nightmare # 1 -- 5 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Ultimate Extinction # 1 -- 5 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Captain America Vol. 2 # 1 Jump up ^ Captain America ( Vol 2 ) # 1 -- 12 . 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Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Mackie mulls Falcon in ' Captain America ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Anthony Mackie Has n't Seen His Falcon Costume Yet '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' Character Bios , Fun Facts ( Minor Spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . February 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Gang 's All Here in the Official ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' Poster ( UPDATED ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson . `` New Ant - Man TV Spot Reveals Avenger Guest Star In New Costume '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike . `` Daniel Bruhl To Play Villain In ' Captain America : Civil War ' '' . Deadline . Deadline . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Concept Art Shows Where Each Avenger 's Loyalties Lie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan . `` Anthony Mackie Teases Falcon 's Fate After Avengers : Infinity War '' . ComicBook.com . ComicBook.com . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel brings Captain America : Civil War to Disney 's D23 Expo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Universe LIVE ! Character Designs '' . Newsarama . 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Battle of Bannockburn

Battle of Bannockburn - wikipedia Battle of Bannockburn Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2016 ) Coordinates : 56 ° 05 ′ 31 '' N 3 ° 54 ′ 54 '' W  /  56.092 ° N 3.915 ° W  / 56.092 ; - 3.915 Battle of Bannockburn Part of the First War of Scottish Independence This depiction from the Scotichronicon ( c. 1440 ) is the earliest known image of the battle . King Robert wielding an axe and Edward II fleeing toward Stirling feature prominently , conflating incidents from the two days of battle . Date 23 -- 24 June 1314 Location Bannockburn , south of Stirling , Scotland Result Decisive Scottish victory Belligerents Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England Commanders and leaders Robert the Bruce Edward Bruce Sir Robert Keith James Douglas Thomas Randolph Edward II Humphrey de Bohun Aymer de Valence Gilbert de Clare † Robert de Clifford † Strength 5,000 -- 10,000 13,700 -- 25,000 Casualties and losses 400 -- 4,000 700 cavalry 4,000 -- 11,000 infantry First War of Scottish Independence First Berwick Dunbar Lanark Stirling Bridge Falkirk Roslin Happrew Stirling Castle Methven Dalrigh Turnberry Loch Ryan Glen Trool Loudoun Hill Slioch Inverurie Buchan Pass of Brander Bannockburn Campaign in Ireland Moiry Pass Connor Kells Skerries Skaithmuir Second Berwick Faughart Myton Arbroath Declaration The Great Raid of 1322 Old Byland Corbeil Treaty Stanhope Park Edinburgh - Northampton Treaty Scottish Independence Wars First Second Third The Battle of Bannockburn ( Scottish Gaelic : Blàr Allt nam Bànag or Scottish Gaelic : Blàr Allt a ' Bhonnaich ) 24 June 1314 was a significant Scottish victory in the First War of Scottish Independence , and a landmark in Scottish history . Stirling Castle , a Scots royal fortress , occupied by the English , was under siege by the Scottish army . The English king , Edward II , assembled a formidable force to relieve it . This attempt failed , and his army was defeated in a pitched battle by a smaller army commanded by the King of Scots , Robert the Bruce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude 3 Battle 3.1 Location of the battlefield 3.2 First day of battle 3.3 Second day of battle 3.4 English retreat 4 Aftermath 5 Notable casualties 5.1 Deaths 5.2 Captives 6 Legacy 6.1 Bannockburn Visitor Centre 6.2 Arts 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 Primary 8.2 Secondary 9 External links Background ( edit ) The Wars of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in 1296 and initially the English were successful under the command of Edward I , having won victories at the Battle of Dunbar ( 1296 ) and at the Capture of Berwick ( 1296 ) . The removal of John Balliol from the Scottish throne also contributed to the English success . The Scots had been victorious in defeating the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297 . This was countered , however , by Edward I 's victory at the Battle of Falkirk ( 1298 ) . By 1304 Scotland had been conquered , but in 1306 Robert the Bruce seized the Scottish throne and the war was reopened . Edward II of England came to the throne in 1307 but was incapable of providing the determined leadership that had been shown by his father , Edward I , and the English position soon became more difficult . Stirling Castle was one of the most important castles that was held by the English as it commanded the route north into the Scottish Highlands . It was besieged in 1314 by Robert the Bruce 's brother , Edward Bruce , and an agreement was made that if the castle was not relieved by mid-summer then it would be surrendered to the Scots . The English could not ignore this challenge and military preparations were made for a substantial campaign in which the English army probably numbered 2,000 cavalry and 15,000 infantry , many of whom would have been longbowmen . The Scottish army probably numbered between 7,000 and 10,000 men , of whom no more than 500 would have been mounted . Unlike the heavily armoured English cavalry , the Scottish cavalry would have been light horsemen who were good for skirmishing and reconnaissance but were not suitable for charging the enemy lines . The Scottish infantry would have had axes , swords and pikes , with few bowmen among them . The precise size of the English force relative to the Scottish forces is unclear but estimates range from as much as at least two or three times the size of the army Bruce had been able to gather , to as little as only 50 % larger . Prelude ( edit ) An early 14th century English depiction of a Biblical battle giving an impression of how soldiers were equipped at Bannockburn . The image of a king wielding a battle axe in the top half has led some historians to link this image to Bannockburn . Edward II and his advisors were aware of the places that the Scots were likely to challenge them and sent out orders for their troops to prepare for an enemy established in boggy ground near to the River Forth , near Stirling . The English appear to have advanced in four divisions whereas the Scots were in three divisions , known as ' schiltrons ' which were strong defensive circles of men bristling with pikes . Thomas Randolph , 1st Earl of Moray , commanded the Scottish vanguard , which was stationed about a mile to the south of Stirling , near the church of St. Ninian , while the king commanded the rearguard at the entrance to the New Park . His brother Edward led the third division . According to Barbour , there was a fourth division nominally under the youthful Walter the Steward , but actually under the command of Sir James Douglas . The Scottish archers used yew - stave longbows and though these were not weaker than or inferior to English longbows , there were fewer Scottish archers than English archers , possibly numbering only 500 . These archers played little part in the battle . There is firsthand evidence in a poem by the captured Carmelite friar Robert Baston , written just after the battle , that one or both sides employed slingers and crossbowmen . Battle ( edit ) Location of the battlefield ( edit ) There is some confusion over the exact site of the Battle of Bannockburn , although most modern historians agree that the traditional site , where a visitor centre and statue have been erected , is not the correct one . Although a large number of possible alternatives have been proposed , most can be dismissed leaving two serious contenders : the area of peaty ground known as the Dryfield outside the village of Balquhiderock , about three - quarters of a mile to the east of the traditional site , and the Carse of Balquhiderock , about a mile and a half north - east of the traditional site , accepted by the National Trust as the most likely candidate . First day of battle ( edit ) An interpretation of the battle of Bannockburn - first day Most medieval battles were short - lived , lasting only a few hours , so that the Battle of Bannockburn is unusual in lasting two days . On 23 June 1314 two of the English cavalry formations advanced , the first commanded by the Earl of Gloucester and the Earl of Hereford . They encountered a body of Scots , among them Robert the Bruce himself . A celebrated single combat then took place between Bruce and Henry de Bohun who was the nephew of the Earl of Hereford . Bohun charged at Bruce and when the two passed side by side , Bruce split Bohun 's head with his axe . The Scots then rushed upon the English under Gloucester and Hereford who struggled back over the Bannockburn . The second English cavalry force was commanded by Robert Clifford and Henry de Beaumont and included Sir Thomas de Grey of Heaton , father of the chronicler Thomas Grey whose account of events follows ; Robert Lord de Clifford and Henry de Beaumont , with three hundred men - at - arms , made a circuit upon the other side of the wood towards the castle , keeping the open ground . Thomas Randolph , 1st Earl of Moray , Robert de Brus 's nephew , who was leader of the Scottish advanced guard , hearing that his uncle had repulsed the advanced guard of the English on the other side of the wood , thought that he must have his share , and issuing from the wood with his division marched across the open ground towards the two afore - named lords . Sir Henry de Beaumont called to his men : `` Let us wait a little ; let them come on ; give them room '' `` Sir , '' said Sir Thomas Gray , `` I doubt that whatever you give them now , they will have all too soon '' `` Very well '' exclaimed the said Henry , `` if you are afraid , be off '' `` Sir , '' answered the said Thomas , `` it is not from fear that I shall fly this day . '' So saying he spurred in between Beaumont and Sir William Deyncourt , and charged into the thick of the enemy . William was killed , Thomas was taken prisoner , his horse being killed on the pikes , and he himself carried off with the Scots on foot when they marched off , having utterly routed the squadron of the said two lords . Some of the English fled to the castle , others to the king 's army , which having already left the road through the wood had debouched upon a plain near the water of Forth beyond Bannockburn , an evil , deep , wet marsh , where the said English army unharnessed and remained all night , having sadly lost confidence and being too much disaffected by the events of the day . -- Sir Thomas Gray , Scalacronica , translated by Herbert Maxwell Second day of battle ( edit ) An interpretation of the battle of Bannockburn - second day Under nightfall the English forces crossed the stream that is known as the Bannock Burn , establishing their position on the plain beyond it . A Scottish knight , Alexander Seton , who was fighting in the service of Edward II of England , deserted the English camp and told Bruce of the low English morale , encouraging Bruce to attack them . In the morning the Scots then advanced from New Park . Not long after daybreak , the Scots spearmen began to move towards the English . Edward was surprised to see Robert 's army emerge from the cover of the woods . As Bruce 's army drew nearer , they paused and knelt in prayer . Edward is supposed to have said in surprise `` They pray for mercy ! '' `` For mercy , yes , '' one of his attendants replied , `` But from God , not you . These men will conquer or die . '' The English responded to the Scots advance with a charge of their own , led by the Earl of Gloucester . Gloucester had argued with the Earl of Hereford over who should lead the vanguard into battle , and argued with the king that the battle should be postponed . This led the king to accuse him of cowardice , which perhaps goaded Gloucester into the charge . Few accompanied Gloucester in his charge and when he reached the Scottish lines he was quickly surrounded and killed . Gradually the English were pushed back and ground down by the Scots ' schiltrons . The English longbowmen attempted to support the advance of the knights but were ordered to stop shooting , as they were causing casualties among their own . An attempt to deploy the English and Welsh longbowmen to shoot at the advancing Scots from their flank failed when they were dispersed by 500 Scottish cavalry under the Marischal Sir Robert Keith . Although these are sometimes described as light cavalry , this appears to be a misinterpretation of Barbour 's statement that these were men - at arms on lighter horses than their English counterparts . The English cavalry was hemmed in , making it difficult for them to manoeuvre . As a result , the English were unable to hold their formations and broke ranks . It soon became clear to Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke and Giles d'Argentan ( reputedly the third best knight in Europe ) that the English had lost and Edward II needed to be led to safety at all costs . So , seizing his horse 's reins , they dragged him away , closely followed by five hundred knights of the royal bodyguard . Once they were clear of the battle d'Argentan turned to the king , said `` Sire , your protection was committed to me , but since you are safely on your way , I will bid you farewell for never yet have I fled from a battle , nor will I now . '' and turned his horse to charge back into the ranks of Scottish where he was overborne and slain . English retreat ( edit ) Edward fled with his personal bodyguard , ending the remaining order in the army ; panic spread and defeat turned into a rout . He arrived eventually at Dunbar Castle , from which he took ship to Berwick . From the carnage of Bannockburn , the rest of the army tried to escape to the safety of the English border , ninety miles to the south . Many were killed by the pursuing Scottish army or by the inhabitants of the countryside that they passed through . Historian Peter Reese says that , `` only one sizeable group of men -- all foot soldiers -- made good their escape to England . '' These were a force of Welsh spearmen who were kept together by their commander , Sir Maurice de Berkeley , and the majority of them reached Carlisle . Weighing up the available evidence , Reese concludes that `` it seems doubtful if even a third of the footsoldiers returned to England . '' Out of 16,000 infantrymen , this would give a total of about 11,000 killed . The English chronicler Thomas Walsingham gave the number of English men - at - arms who were killed as 700 , while 500 more men - at - arms were spared for ransom . The Scottish losses appear to have been comparatively light , with only two knights among those killed . Aftermath ( edit ) The defeat of the English opened up the north of England to Scottish raids and allowed the Scottish invasion of Ireland . These finally led , after the failure of the Declaration of Arbroath to reach this end by diplomatic means , to the Treaty of Edinburgh -- Northampton . Under the treaty the English Crown recognised the full independence of the Kingdom of Scotland , and acknowledged Robert the Bruce , and his heirs and successors , as the rightful rulers . Notable casualties ( edit ) Deaths ( edit ) Gilbert de Clare , 8th Earl of Gloucester Sir Giles d'Argentan John Lovel , 2nd Baron Lovel John Comyn , Lord of Badenoch Robert de Clifford , 1st Baron de Clifford Sir Henry de Bohun William le Marshal , Marshal of Ireland Edmund de Mauley , King 's Steward Sir Robert de Felton of Litcham , 1st Lord Captives ( edit ) Humphrey de Bohun , 4th Earl of Hereford John Segrave , 2nd Baron Segrave Maurice de Berkeley , 2nd Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley Sir Marmaduke Tweng Ralph de Monthermer , 1st Baron Monthermer Robert de Umfraville , Earl of Angus Sir Anthony de Luci Sir Ingram de Umfraville Sir John Maltravers , 1st Baron Maltravers Sir Thomas de Grey of Heaton Legacy ( edit ) Bannockburn visitor Centre ( edit ) The hemicircle of the modern Bannockburn monument In 1932 the Bannockburn Preservation Committee , under Edward Bruce , 10th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine , presented lands to the National Trust for Scotland . Further lands were purchased in 1960 and 1965 to facilitate visitor access . A modern monument stands in a field above the battle site , where the warring parties are believed to have camped on the night before the battle . The monument consists of two hemicircular walls depicting the opposing parties . Nearby stands the 1960s statue of Bruce by Pilkington Jackson . The monument , and the associated visitor centre , is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the area . The battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Historic Scotland under the Historic Environment ( Amendment ) Act 2011 . Alley to the monument Statue of Robert the Bruce by Pilkington Jackson View of the circular walls and the flag pole Close Up of the statue The National Trust for Scotland operates the Bannockburn Visitor Centre ( previously known as the Bannockburn Heritage Centre ) , which is open daily from March through October . On 31 October 2012 the building was closed for demolition and replacement by a new design , inspired by traditional Scottish buildings , by Reiach and Hall Architects . The project is a partnership between the National Trust for Scotland and Historic Scotland , funded by the Scottish Government and the Heritage Lottery Fund . The battlefield 's new visitor centre - now rebranded as the Bannockburn Visitor Centre - opened in March 2014 . One of the attractions created by a £ 9m redevelopment of the centre and the nearby battlefield memorial is a computerised multiplayer game . Arts ( edit ) Bruce addresses troops from Cassell 's History of England `` Scots Wha Hae '' is the title of a patriotic poem by Robert Burns . The chorus of Scotland 's unofficial national anthem Flower of Scotland refers to Scotland 's victory over Edward and the English at Bannockburn . Many artworks depict the battle . John Duncan and Eric Harald Macbeth Robertson both painted Bruce 's encounter with de Bohun . John Phillip painted Bruce receiving the sacrament on the eve of the battle . John Hassall painted a similar theme . William Findlay also depicts Bruce at the battle . The Swedish power metal band Sabaton wrote the song Blood of Bannockburn on their album The Last Stand . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nusbacher , Aryeh ( 2000 ) . The Battle of Bannockburn 1314 . Stroud : Tempus . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1783 - 5 . Jump up ^ Oman , Charles ( 1991 ) ( 1924 ) . A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages Vol. II . London : Greenhill Books . p. 88 . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 105 - 3 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Pete ( 2002 ) . Bannockburn . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing . p. 43 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 609 - 4 . Jump up ^ Grant , R.G. ( 2008 ) , Battle : A visual journey through 5,000 years of combat , DK Publishing , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Sadler , John , Scottish Battles , ( Biddles Ltd. , 1998 ) , 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Grant , 118 . ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie , p. 88 referencing Walsingham , p. 141 Jump up ^ Sadler , 52 . ^ Jump up to : Reese , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Black , Jeremy . ( 2005 ) . The Seventy Great Battles of All Time . pp. 71 -- 73 . Thames & Hudson Ltd . ISBN 0 - 500 - 25125 - 8 . Jump up ^ Watson , F. , `` In Our Time : The Battle of Bannockburn '' , BBC Radio , 3 February 2011 Jump up ^ Nicholson , Later Middle Ages pp. 87 -- 89 Jump up ^ Strickland , Matthew ; Hardy , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Great Warbow . Stroud : Sutton . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3167 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Chronicle of Lanercost says that on the second day of the battle , `` the English archers were thrown forward before the line , and the Scottish archers engaged them , a few being killed and wounded on either side ; but the King of England 's archers quickly put the others to flight . '' The Chronicle of Lanercost , 1272 -- 1346 : Translated , with notes by Sir Herbert Maxwell . p. 206 Jump up ^ Walter Bower , Scotichronicon , Book XII , p. 371 Jump up ^ Historic Environment Scotland . `` Battle Of Bannockburn ( 47243 ) '' . Canmore . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` OS 25 inch map 1892 - 1949 , with Bing opacity slider '' . National Library of Scotland . Ordnance Survey . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , W.M. ( 1913 ) . The Battle of Bannockburn : a Study in Mediaeval Warfare , Publisher : James MacLehose ; Glasgow . Jump up ^ Barrow , Geoffrey W.S. ( 1998 ) . Robert Bruce & The Community of The Realm of Scotland . ISBN 0 - 85224 - 604 - 8 Jump up ^ Barron , E.M. , The Scottish War of Independence : a Critical Study , 1934 Jump up ^ Christison , Philip , Bannockburn : The Story of the Battle , 1960 , Edinburgh : The National Trust for Scotland . Jump up ^ Hyland , Ann . The Warhorse 1250 -- 1600 , UK : Sutton Publishing , 1998 , p 38 Jump up ^ The Battle of Bannockburn britishbattles.com . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Maxwell 1907 Jump up ^ Scott 1982 , p. 158 ^ Jump up to : Scott 1982 Jump up ^ ( Brown , C. ( 2008 ) pp 129 - 130 ) Jump up ^ Scott 1982 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Scott 1982 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Mackenzie , p. 90 Jump up ^ Reese , p. 176 Jump up ^ `` Inventory battlefields '' . Historic Scotland . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bannockburn Heritage Centre closes before demolition '' . BBC News . 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Bannockburn : Bannockburn : About the project '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Bannockburn : : The Battle of Bannockburn Visitor Centre Opens '' . Jump up ^ Arnold - Foster , Hugh Oakley ( 1907 ) . `` Bannockburn '' . A History of England from the Landing of Julius Caesar to the Present Day . London , Paris , New York & Melbourne : Cassell and Company . p. 207 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Complete Works of Robert Burns at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ `` Bruce and De Bohun '' . ArtUK . The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert the Bruce and de Bohun '' . ArtUK . The Fleming Collection . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert the Bruce on the Eve of Bannockburn Receiving the Sacrament from the Abbot of Inchaffre '' . ArtUK . Brechin Mechanics ' Institute . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bannockburn '' . ArtUK . Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Liberation of Scotland ( The Battle of Bannockburn ) '' . ArtUK . Glasgow Museums Resource Centre ( GMRC ) . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Stand ( Sabaton Album ) '' . Sources ( edit ) Primary ( edit ) Barbour , John , The Brus , trans . A.A.M. Duncan , 1964 . Bower , Walter , Scotichronicon , ed . D.E.R. Watt , 1987 -- 1993 . Maxwell , Herbert , trans . ( 1907 ) . Scalacronica ; The reigns of Edward I , Edward II and Edward III as Recorded by Sir Thomas Gray . Glasgow : James Maclehose & Sons . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Lanercost Chronicle , edited and translated by H. Maxwell , 1913 . Vita Edwardi Secundi ( Life of Edward the Second ) , ed . N.D. Young , 1957 . Walsingham , Thomas , Historia Anglicana . Secondary ( edit ) Armstrong , Pete ( illustrated by Graham Turner ) , Bannockburn 1314 : Robert Bruce 's Great Victory , Osprey Publishing , 2002 ISBN 1 - 85532 - 609 - 4 Barrow , G.W.S. , Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 85224 - 604 - 8 Brown , C.A. , `` Bannockburn 1314 '' , History Press , Stroud , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4600 - 4 . Brown , C.A. , Robert the Bruce . A life Chronicled . Brown , Michael ( 2008 ) . Bannockburn . The Scottish War and the British Isles 1307 - 1323 . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . Brown , M. , Wars of Scotland Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bannockburn '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Mackenzie , W.M. , Bannockburn : A Study in Medieval Warfare , The Strong Oak Press , Stevenage 1989 ( first published 1913 ) , ISBN 1 - 871048 - 03 - 6 MacNamee , C. , The Wars of the Bruces Nicholson , R. , Scotland - the Later Middle Ages , 1974 . Prestwich , M. , The Three Edwards : War and State in England , 1272 -- 1377 , 1980 Ramsay , J.H. , The Genesis of Lancaster , 1307 -- 99 , 1913 . Reese , P. , Bannockburn , Canongate , Edinburgh , 2003 , ISBN 1 - 84195 - 465 - 9 Scott , Ronald McNair ( 1982 ) . Robert the Bruce King of Scots . London : Hutchinson & Co . External links ( edit ) The Battle of Bannockburn 700th Anniversary Project Battle of Bannockburn on Medieval Archives Podcast BBC `` In our time '' discussion on the battle and its consequences Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bannockburn&oldid=817803486 '' Categories : 1314 in Scotland Battles between England and Scotland Battles of the Wars of Scottish Independence Conflicts in 1314 History museums in Scotland Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland Military and war museums in Scotland Museums in Stirling ( council area ) National Trust for Scotland properties Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 18 : 01 . 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Just Go with It

Just Go with It - Wikipedia Just Go with It This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Pretend Wife '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with The Make - Believe Wife . Just Go with It Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Adam Sandler Jack Giarraputo Heather Parry Screenplay by Allan Loeb Timothy Dowling Based on Cactus Flower by I.A.L. Diamond Cactus Flower by Abe Burrows Pierre Barillet Jean Pierre - Gredy Starring Adam Sandler Jennifer Aniston Nick Swardson Brooklyn Decker Dave Matthews Bailee Madison Nicole Kidman Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Theo van de Sande Edited by Tom Costain Production company Happy Madison Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) ( New York City ) February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $215 million Just Go with It is a 2011 American romantic comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan , written by Allan Loeb and Timothy Dowling and starring Adam Sandler ( who also co-produced ) , Jennifer Aniston , Nicole Kidman , Nick Swardson and Brooklyn Decker . The film is based on the 1969 film Cactus Flower , which was adapted from an earlier Broadway stage play written by Abe Burrows , which in turn was based upon the French play Fleur de cactus . Production of the film began on March 2 , 2010 . The film was released on February 11 , 2011 by Columbia Pictures in North America . The film grossed over $214 million , making it a box office success - however , the film received negative reviews from critics and won two Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Actor and Worst Director . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , Daniel `` Danny '' Maccabee ( Adam Sandler ) , a 22 - year old man , leaves his wedding right before the ceremony is about to begin after learning that his fiancee is cheating on him , and was only marrying him because he was going to be a doctor . He goes to drink alone at a bar , where a young , beautiful woman walks in . She sees that Danny has a wedding ring on his hand , and asks him about his wife , to which he explains how she recently left him for someone else , and the woman from the bar ends up sleeping with him . Twenty - three years later , Danny ( now 45 - years old ) is now a successful plastic surgeon in Los Angeles who feigns unhappy marriages to get women , and to avoid romantic commitment that may lead to heartbreak . The only woman aware of his schemes is his office manager and best friend Katherine Murphy ( Jennifer Aniston ) , a divorced mother of two . At a party , Danny meets Palmer ( Brooklyn Decker ) , a sixth grade math teacher , without his wedding ring on , and they have a connection together . The next morning , she finds the ring and assumes he is married . She refuses to date him because her parents divorced due to adultery . Instead of telling her the truth , Danny tells her that he is getting divorced from a woman named Devlin . Danny tells Palmer that they are getting divorced because she cheated on him with a man named `` Dolph Lundgren '' ( not the actor ) . Palmer then insists on meeting Devlin . Danny asks Katherine to pose as `` Devlin '' and they go shopping for new clothes to dress like a trophy wife . A made - over Katherine / `` Devlin '' then meets with Danny and Palmer and gives them her blessing . However , after hearing Katherine talking on the phone with her kids , Palmer assumes that her kids are Danny 's as well . Danny then privately meets with Katherine 's kids , Maggie ( Bailee Madison ) and Michael ( Griffin Gluck ) , to get them to play along and gives them the aliases of `` Kiki Dee '' and `` Bart '' respectively . Danny accepts their demands for being his fake children . Palmer meets the kids at a play center where Maggie has adopted a fake british accent , and Michael acts very morose . They blackmail Danny in front of Palmer to take them all to Hawaii . At the airport , they are all surprised by Danny 's goofball cousin Eddie ( Nick Swardson ) , who has adopted an Austrian disguise as the `` Dolph Lundgren '' that Danny had made up earlier . To maintain the lies , Danny and Katherine are forced to bring him along . At the resort in Hawaii , Danny tells Eddie that he is considering asking Palmer to marry him . Katherine and Danny also run into the real - life Devlin Adams ( Nicole Kidman ) and her husband Ian Maxtone - Jones ( Dave Matthews ) . Because of Katherine and Devlin 's long - time rivalry , Katherine introduces Danny as her husband rather than admit she is a single mother . Over time , Katherine is impressed by Danny and his way of fun with her kids . Katherine again runs into Devlin , who invites her and Danny out to dinner . Eddie agrees to take Palmer out to dinner so that Danny can go with Katherine . Since he is supposed to be a sheep salesman , Eddie 's cover is nearly blown when he is forced to save the life of an actual sheep who choked on a toy whistle . At dinner , Devlin asks Danny and Katherine to tell each other what they admire most about each other , and , as Danny and Katherine talk , they start to feel a connection . Later , when Palmer and Eddie return from their dinner date , Palmer suggests that she and Danny get married now , since a drunken Eddie told her about Danny 's plans of engagement . Danny and Katherine are both surprised by her proposition , but Danny ultimately agrees . Danny later calls Katherine regarding his confusion , but Katherine says that she will be taking a job in New York City to get a fresh start to her life . The next day , Palmer confronts Katherine about Danny 's feelings for her , which Katherine dismisses . Katherine then runs into Devlin at a bar and admits that she pretended to be married to Danny to avoid embarrassment . Devlin confesses that she is divorcing Ian because he is gay and also that he did not invent the iPod , but made his money by suing the Los Angeles Dodgers after getting hit by a foul ball . Katherine confides in Devlin about being in love with Danny , but then Danny shows up behind her , saying that he is not marrying Palmer and that he is in love with Katherine . Meanwhile , on the plane ride back to the mainland , Palmer meets a professional tennis player ( Andy Roddick ) who shares her interests . Sometime later , Danny and Katherine get married . Cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Dr. Daniel `` Danny '' Maccabee Jennifer Aniston as Katherine Murphy , later Maccabee / Devlin Maccabee Bailee Madison as Maggie Murphy / Kiki Dee Maccabee Griffin Gluck as Michael Murphy / Bart Maccabee Nick Swardson as Eddie Simms / Dolph Lundgren Brooklyn Decker as Palmer Dodge Nicole Kidman as Devlin Adams Dave Matthews as Ian Maxtone - Jones Rachel Dratch as Kirsten Brant Kevin Nealon as Adon Heidi Montag as Kimberly Minka Kelly as Joanna Damon Rakefet Abergel as Patricia Dan Patrick as Tanner Patrick Mario Joyner as Henderson Keegan - Michael Key as Ernesto Allen Covert as Brian ( Soul Patch ) Andy Roddick as Himself Jake Shimabukuro as ukulele player Unknown as the Kangaroo Production ( edit ) Originally titled `` Holiday in Hawaii '' , and then `` Pretend Wife '' , it was released as `` Just Go with It '' . The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2 , 2010 and May 25 , 2010 . The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts ; thus , the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai , rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates . The characters stay at a Hawaiian hotel called the Waldorf Astoria . In actuality , the film was shot at the Grand Wailea in Maui , which is owned by Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts . One of the film 's in - jokes is the scene wherein Decker 's character meets her obvious soulmate - professional tennis player Andy Roddick - as Decker and Roddick are actually married . Release ( edit ) The film was released in theaters in the United States and Canada on February 11 , 2011 and in Bulgaria on March 25 , 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Just Go with It grossed $103 million in the U.S. and Canada and $111.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $214.9 million . The film topped its opening weekend box office with $30.5 million . The biggest market in other territories being Russia , where it grossed $13,174,937 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 18 % , based on 137 reviews , with an average rating of 3.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Just Go With It may be slightly better than some entries in the recently dire rom - com genre , but that 's far from a recommendation . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 33 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Telegraph named Just Go with It in its `` ten worst films of 2011 '' list , saying it is `` a crass and overpopulated remake of Cactus Flower , served up as a mangy romcom of serial deceptions . '' Christopher Orr of The Atlantic noted that `` the title itself seems a plea for audiences ' forbearance '' and is part of a disappointing trend involving `` the reimagining of good , if perhaps not quite classic , films associated with the latter 1960s and early 1970s . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote that Just Go With It `` is saved from utter disaster , though , by Jennifer Aniston '' who has `` expert comic timing '' and `` plays like a grown - up . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients Result Ref Golden Raspberry Awards April 1 , 2012 Worst Actor Adam Sandler ( also for Jack and Jill ) Won Worst Supporting Actor Nick Swardson ( also for Jack and Jill ) Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Nicole Kidman Nominated Worst Screen Couple Adam Sandler and either Jennifer Aniston or Brooklyn Decker Nominated Worst Director Dennis Dugan ( also for Jack and Jill ) Won Teen Choice Awards August 7 , 2011 Choice Movie : Romantic Comedy Just Go with It Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Romantic Comedy Adam Sandler Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Romantic Comedy Jennifer Aniston Nominated Choice Movie Breakout : Female Brooklyn Decker Won Choice Movie : Chemistry Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston Won Home Media ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Just Go with It on DVD and Blu - ray disc on June 7 , 2011 . It has so far grossed $14,535,543 in North America DVD sales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horn , John ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Word of Mouth : ' Just Go With It ' plays the demographics '' . LA Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go With It ( 2011 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Sandler , Aniston playing ' Pretend ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Wailea in Maui : The Setting for `` Just Go With It '' `` . FiveStarAlliance.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Weekend Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Foreign Totals '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ten worst films of 2011 '' . The Telegraph . London . December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` ' Just Go With It ' : A Sad Union of the Saccharine and Scatological '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : Just Go With It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards ! Here Are More Winners ! '' . Hollywood Life . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go With It - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Just Go With It Official website Just Go with It on IMDb Just Go with It at AllMovie Just Go with It at Rotten Tomatoes Just Go with It at Metacritic Just Go with It at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Dennis Dugan Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Go_with_It&oldid=862057205 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s romantic comedy films American film remakes American films American romantic comedy films Columbia Pictures films Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films about families Films about vacationing Films based on adaptations Films directed by Dennis Dugan Films produced by Adam Sandler Films set in 1988 Films set in 2011 Films set in California Films set in Hawaii Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Long Island Happy Madison films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 21 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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who does danny end up with in just go with it

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Head of the Class

Head of the class - wikipedia Head of the class Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Head of the Class Genre Sitcom Created by Michael Elias Rich Eustis Starring Howard Hesseman Billy Connolly Theme music composer Ed Alton Composer ( s ) Ed Alton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 114 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Elias Rich Eustis Producer ( s ) Alan Rosen Frank Pace Larry Spencer Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Eustis / Elias Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Original release September 17 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) -- June 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 25 ) Chronology Related shows Billy Head of the Class is an American sitcom that ran from 1986 to 1991 on the ABC television network . The series follows a group of gifted students in the Individualized Honors Program ( IHP ) at the fictional Monroe High School ( later Millard Fillmore High School ) in Manhattan , and their history teacher Charlie Moore ( Howard Hesseman ) . The program was ostensibly a vehicle for Hesseman , best known for his role as radio DJ Dr. Johnny Fever on the sitcom WKRP in Cincinnati ( 1978 -- 1982 ) . Hesseman left Head of the Class in 1990 and was replaced by Scottish personality Billy Connolly ( in his first major American production ) as teacher Billy MacGregor for the final season . After the series ended , Connolly appeared in a short - lived spin - off titled Billy . The series was created and executive produced by Rich Eustis and Michael Elias . Rich Eustis had previously worked as a New York City substitute teacher while hoping to become an actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Cast 2.1 Regular characters 2.2 Recurring characters 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season one ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 3.2 Season two ( 1987 -- 1988 ) 3.3 Season three ( 1988 -- 1989 ) 3.3. 1 `` Mission to Moscow '' 3.4 Season four ( 1989 -- 1990 ) 3.5 Season five ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 4 Episodes 4.1 Broadcast history 5 Novel tie - in 6 Spin - off 7 Home video and syndication 8 International broadcasts 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Characters ( edit ) Head of the Class deals with an entire classroom of academically gifted high school students . The IHP students comprised a diverse range of personalities , ethnicities , and academic specialties . For the first three years of the show , the IHP class had ten students . Arvid Engen ( Dan Frischman ) was a skinny , bespectacled nerd , mathematics expert and budding scientist . Arvid 's best friend was the overweight , wisecracking cynic Dennis Blunden ( Dan Schneider ) , a computer whiz whose fields were chemistry and physics and who more often than not had a knack for getting the socially - inept Arvid involved in various schemes . Alan Pinkard ( Tony O'Dell ) was an ultra-conservative preppy and egotist ; his area of expertise was political science and he was a devout fan of Ronald Reagan . Alan competed for the highest grades in the class with Darlene Merriman ( Robin Givens ) , a spoiled rich girl who was probably even more self - centered than Alan , and whose specialties were speech and debate . Both Alan and Darlene held the ambition of being named class valedictorian . Sarah Nevins ( Kimberly Russell ) did not have any one particular area of expertise ; she was the most down - to - earth of the IHP class , and was once cited as having the lowest G.P.A. Maria Borges ( Leslie Bega ) was very passionate about getting A 's ( going as far as grounding herself in the pilot episode for getting a ' B ' ) , and Jawaharlal Choudhury ( Jory Husain aka Joher Coleman ) was an exchange student from India whose expertise was natural science . Eleven - year - old Janice Lazarotto ( Tannis Vallely ) , despite her young age , was in high school and the IHP class because of her advanced intellect . Arts student Simone Foster ( Khrystyne Haje ) was a quiet , sensitive redhead with a particular fondness for poetry . A notable development in the show was the relationship between Simone and Eric Mardian ( Brian Robbins ) , an aspiring writer and , outwardly , the most unlikely member of the IHP - Eric wore black leather , drove a motorcycle , acted tough and ostensibly disliked anything academic ( to Dr. Samuels 's delight , he was the only one in the class not on the academic team , although he would never leave the IHP ) . Eric constantly hit on Simone ( on whom he had a crush ) and the two eventually had an on - again - off - again romance . There was some turnover in the cast in seasons four and five . Janice left for Harvard , Maria went to Performing Arts High School , and Jawarhalal moved to California . New students included Aristotle McKenzie ( De'voreaux White ) , described by Dennis as `` this reject from Do the Right Thing '' for his dreadlocks , Vicky Amory ( Lara Piper ) , a new - ager interested in quantum physics and skin - revealing clothing , and Alex Torres ( Michael DeLorenzo ) , who had transferred from parochial school . T.J. Jones ( Rain Pryor ) and Jasper Kwan ( Jonathan Ke Quan ) , who had appeared as potential IHP members in earlier seasons , were eventually added to the program and the cast . Appearing as regulars throughout all five seasons were school staff members Dr. Harold Samuels ( William G. Schilling ) and Bernadette Meara ( Jeannetta Arnette ) . Dr. Samuels was the blustery , overweight principal of the school . His attitude towards the IHP students was one of ambivalence : on the one hand , Dr. Samuels distrusted the kids ( and had a particularly antagonistic relationship with Dennis , and tried to avoid Eric ) , but at the same time he was proud of their achievements and valued the prestige they brought to the school . He also distrusted the teaching methods of the class 's teacher , Charlie Moore ( Howard Hesseman ) , concerned that Charlie 's methods -- which often involved helping the IHP students branch out of their comfort zones and help them deal with the typical problems of kids their age , as well as using unorthodox methods of teaching the class subject at hand -- might distract them too much from their studies . Ms. Meara was the level - headed assistant principal . There was some romantic tension between her and Charlie , although this ultimately came to nothing , and later had a romantic ' friendship ' with Billy . In the series , the students often faced off against the rival Bronx High School of Science . Also , in every season , the IHP students produced the school musical . Musicals staged by the students included Grease , Little Shop of Horrors , and Hair . A number of someday - famous actors made appearances on the show , including Brad Pitt . Cast ( edit ) Regular characters ( edit ) Charles P. `` Charlie '' Moore -- Howard Hesseman ( 1986 -- 1990 ; Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Billy MacGregor -- Billy Connolly ( 1990 -- 1991 ; Season 5 ) Harold Samuels -- William G. Schilling ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Bernadette Meara -- Jeannetta Arnette ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Maria Borges -- Leslie Bega ( 1986 -- 1989 ; Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Arvid Engen -- Dan Frischman ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Darlene Merriman -- Robin Givens ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Simone Foster -- Khrystyne Haje ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Jawaharlal Choudhury -- Jory Husain ( aka Joher Coleman ) ( 1986 -- 1989 ; Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Alan Pinkard -- Tony O'Dell ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Eric Mardian -- Brian Robbins ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Sarah Nevins -- Kimberly Russell ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Dennis Blunden - Dan Schneider ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Janice Lazarotto -- Tannis Vallely ( 1986 -- 1989 ; Seasons 1 -- 3 , guest in Season 5 ) Alex Torres -- Michael DeLorenzo ( 1989 -- 1991 ; Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Viki Amory -- Lara Piper ( 1989 -- 1991 ; Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Theola June `` T.J. '' Jones -- Rain Pryor ( 1988 -- 1991 ; Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Jasper Kwong -- Jonathan Ke Quan ( 1990 -- 1991 ; Season 5 ) Aristotle McKenzie -- De'voreaux White ( 1989 -- 1991 ; Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Recurring characters ( edit ) Lori Applebaum -- Marcia Christie Jeremy Irizarry -- Joshua Duty Dr. Enric Engen -- Bruce Gray Madeline Mardian -- Patricia McCormack Season synopses ( edit ) Season one ( 1986 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Out - of - work actor Charlie Moore began the first season as a substitute teacher , but warmed to the IHP class immediately , making it his mission to get them to think rather than merely to know . Although they are gifted academically , the IHP students had plenty of problems in their personal lives , and Mr. Moore not only is there to listen , he shows an unswerving ability to get the students to solve their own problems while making it seem like they came up with the answers on their own . By Episode 6 ( `` Teacher 's Teacher '' ) , the class 's original teacher Mr. Thomas ( Roscoe Lee Browne ) had returned to Monroe High , announcing his return to the IHP class once Mr. Moore 's tenure ended . After observing Mr. Moore 's unorthodox teaching methods for most of the episode ( much to Charlie 's chagrin , as it also made apparent how much he would miss the IHP students ) , Mr. Thomas ultimately decides to retire from teaching , allowing Mr. Moore to become their full - time teacher . Throughout the first season , Mr. Moore attempted to get the class involved in more than just their studies , encouraging them to play volleyball and make a music video for the school 's time capsule ( this marks the first foray into the fondness of Head of the Class for musical production numbers ) . At the same time , the class brought Mr. Moore into the present , acclimating him to the importance of personal computers . Near the end of the season , the IHP faces their Russian counterparts in an academic tournament , foreshadowing their famous trip to Moscow in season three . Season two ( 1987 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) Season two began involving the IHP in the school as a whole , with Mr. Moore involving the class in the school literary journal and encouraging a lampoon of the school newspaper . Season three ( 1988 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) `` Mission to Moscow '' ( edit ) In 1988 , Head of the Class broke new ground as it became the first American sitcom to be filmed in the Soviet Union and was entirely filmed in Moscow . The IHP is invited to come to the country for a rematch of the academic meet that happened in season one , which ended in a tie . The class has a lot of experiences while in Moscow : Dennis and Arvid take an interest in two beautiful women , until they realize they might be KGB spies ; Eric meets up with his relatives in what is a very positive experience for him ; capitalist Alan has an argument with a die - hard socialist in a store ( who is also on the opposing Russian academic team ) ; Sarah and Darlene decide to record the sights and sounds of Moscow ; Simone goes to put flowers on a poet 's grave and meets up with a charming Russian musician ; Dr. Samuels believes that his hotel room is bugged , but ends up making a fool of himself ; and Charlie has a brief romance with a schoolteacher . The IHP eventually wins the meet and the respect of the Russian team . The episode concludes with both teams attending a concert in Gorky Park swaying to the song `` Far Away Lands '' ( written and performed by American David Pomeranz and Russian rock star Sasha Malinin ) . Season four ( 1989 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) The fourth season saw some significant changes to the cast of characters -- Maria , Jawaharlal and Janice left ( Maria went to a performing arts school , Jawarhalal moved to California , and Janice went to college ) . Several new characters took their place : Alex Torres ( Michael DeLorenzo ) was a Hispanic athletics student , somewhat stereotypically portrayed as having an eye for the ladies . Although Alex seemed attracted to Darlene particularly , both he and Eric competed for the affections of another new IHP student , the blonde hippie Viki Amory ( Lara Piper ) . Another new character was aspiring filmmaker Aristotle McKenzie ( De'voreaux White ) . T.J. Jones ( Rain Pryor ) , a recurring character since the third season , joined the IHP in the fourth season ( a remedial student with a streetwise attitude , T.J. was found to be smart enough to join the IHP ) . The students ' final year of high school was split over seasons four and five . Howard Hesseman left the show after the fourth season . Season five ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) In the first episode of season five , Scottish teacher Billy MacGregor ( Billy Connolly ) arrived to replace the departed Charlie Moore ( in the first episode of the season , it is explained to the dismayed IHP students that Mr. Moore 's acting career finally took off ) . Despite initial uncertainty and some hostility from the students , Billy proved to be a successful replacement for Charlie . He insisted that the students refer to him by his first name , and although he was more rousing and less laid - back than his predecessor , he proved to be just as wise and caring ( Billy also had a habit of boisterously greeting his class every morning with the phrase , `` good morning , geniuses '' , and facetiously barking to his students to , `` get out of here '' , when the bell rang at the end of the class . He also taught his class in a manner more akin to a stand - up comedian than a teacher ) . Many episodes from this season focused on Billy having to adapt to living in America , and his attempts to romance Ms. Meara . Other aspects of Billy were his dislike of an outdated French textbook , which actually prompted one student to take a spur - of - the - moment jaunt to Paris , and his encouragement to the male students that the best way to get girls was to be themselves . Also , the character of Jasper Quong ( Jonathan Ke Quan ) was added to the IHP class . The season ( and the program itself ) concluded with the IHP students graduating from high school . Janice Lazarotto ( from seasons one -- three ) returned for a guest appearance in the finale , in which T.J. is named class valedictorian and the school is closed down and demolished . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Head of the Class episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 17 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 06 ) 30 16.4 22 September 23 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 23 ) May 11 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 11 ) 23 16.7 ( Tied with The NBC Sunday Night Movie ) 22 October 19 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 19 ) May 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 10 ) 20 17.1 26 September 27 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 27 ) May 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 02 ) 26 14.8 5 22 September 11 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 11 ) June 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 25 ) 26 14.5 Broadcast history ( edit ) Schedule Time slot ( ET ) 1986 -- 87 Wednesday at 8 : 30 PM 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Wednesday at 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 1 - 3 , 5 - 22 ) Wednesday at 9 : 00 PM ( Episode 4 ) 1989 -- 90 Wednesday at 8 : 30 PM 1990 -- 91 Tuesday at 8 : 30 PM Novel tie - in ( edit ) One major novelization was released , with the plotlines based on six episodes of the show . The book makes all the chapters flow together as one story , even though they did n't happen one right after the other on the show . It was written by Susan Beth Pfeffer and released in December 1989 by Bantam Books . The book is 120 pages long , with six chapters , each based on a different episode . Chapter 1 -- `` First Day '' , based on the 1986 episode `` First Day '' , written by Lisa Rosenthal ( otherwise known as the pilot ) Chapter 2 -- `` A Problem Like Maria '' is based on the 1986 episode `` A Problem Like Maria '' written by Cynthia Thompson Chapter 3 -- `` Crimes of the Heart '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Crimes of the Heart '' written by Valri Bromfield Chapter 4 -- `` Cello Fever '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Cello Fever '' written by show creators Rich Eustis and Michael Elias Chapter 5 -- `` Trouble in Perfectville '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Trouble in Perfectville '' written by George Beckerman Chapter 6 -- `` Parents Day '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Parents Day '' written by Ellis Bufton and Scott Glaze All copyrights belong to Warner Bros . The novelization erroneously credits `` First Day '' as having been made in 1988 rather than 1986 . Spin - off ( edit ) A year after Head of the Class left the air , Billy Connolly reprised the role of Billy MacGregor for a short - lived spin - off series , Billy . Home video and syndication ( edit ) Head of the Class has never been released on DVD . No official reason has been forthcoming from Warner Home Video , although the show had multiple musical episodes , and licensing music rights for home video is often a sticking point for many series , including WKRP in Cincinnati , which also featured Hesseman . The show also seems to appear infrequently in syndicated reruns , airing on local stations and then briefly on TBS during the 1990s , and on Nick at Nite in the early 2000s . Antenna TV began airing it in January 2018 . International broadcasts ( edit ) In Canada , the series was simulcast on the Global Television Network throughout its original run . In Australia , the series aired on the Nine Network . In the UK the show aired on BBC Two and in Ireland on RTÉ One . In Indonesia , it was aired by RCTI . In Italy the series arrived in 1989 and first season was aired by Telemontecarlo . Then it was aired by Italia 1 , from 1992 to 1993 . See also ( edit ) Welcome Back , Kotter ( 1975 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : J. O'Connor , John ( November 2 , 1988 ) . `` Review / Television ; ' Head of the Class ' Goes to Moscow '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Class '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mike Tyson : ' Brad Pitt had sex with my wife ' Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1691 - 1962 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Class ( 1986 ) '' . TV Shows on Demand . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Amber ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` 5 TV Shows That Are n't On DVD -- And Should Be '' . Film School Rejects . Jump up ^ Bylund , Anders ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` How TV shows on DVD suffer from music licensing '' . ars TECHNICA . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` The weird legal reason many of your favorite shows are n't on DVD '' . Vox . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Comedy Guide - Head of the Class '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Head of the Class on IMDb Head of the Class at TV.com Head of the Class at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_of_the_Class&oldid=843148937 '' Categories : 1986 American television series debuts 1991 American television series endings 1980s American sitcoms 1990s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs American high school television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2018 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 06 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Free Trade Area of the Americas

Free trade Area of the Americas - Wikipedia Free trade Area of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search The Free Trade Area of the Americas logo The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ; Spanish : Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas , ALCA ; French : Zone de libre - échange des Amériques , ZLÉA ; Portuguese : Área de Livre Comércio das Américas , ALCA ; Dutch : Vrijhandelszone van Amerika ) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas , excluding Cuba . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginning 1.2 Disagreements 1.3 Current status 2 Membership 3 Support and opposition 4 Agreements 4.1 Previous agreements 4.2 Current agreements 4.3 Proposed agreements 5 Security pacts 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In the latest round of negotiations , trade ministers from 34 countries met in Miami , Florida , in the United States , in November 2003 to discuss the proposal . The proposed agreement was an extension of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) between Canada , Mexico , and the United States . Opposing the proposal were Cuba , Venezuela , Bolivia , Ecuador , Dominica , and Nicaragua ( all of which entered the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas in response ) , and Mercosur member states . Discussions have faltered over similar points as the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization ( WTO ) talks ; developed nations seek expanded trade in services and increased intellectual property rights , while less developed nations seek an end to agricultural subsidies and free trade in agricultural goods . Similar to the WTO talks , Brazil has taken a leadership role among the less developed nations , while the United States has taken a similar role for the developed nations . Beginning ( edit ) Free Trade Area of the Americas began with the Summit of the Americas in Miami , Florida , on December 11 , 1994 , but the FTAA came to public attention during the Quebec City Summit of the Americas , held in Canada in 2001 , a meeting targeted by massive anti-corporatization and anti-globalization protests . The Miami negotiations in 2003 met similar protests , though perhaps not as large . Disagreements ( edit ) In previous negotiations , the United States had pushed for a single comprehensive agreement to reduce trade barriers for goods , while increasing intellectual property protection . Specific intellectual property protections could include Digital Millennium Copyright Act - style copyright protections similar to the U.S. - Australia Free Trade Agreement . Another protection would likely restrict the reimportation or cross-importation of pharmaceuticals , similar to the proposed agreement between the United States and Canada . Brazil proposed a three - track approach that calls for a series of bilateral agreements to reduce specific tariffs on goods , a hemispheric pact on rules of origin , and a dispute resolution process ; Brazil proposed to omit the more controversial issues from the FTAA , leaving them to the WTO . The location of the FTAA Secretariat was to have been determined in 2005 . The contending cities are : Atlanta , Chicago , Galveston , Houston , San Juan , and Miami in the United States ; Cancún and Puebla in Mexico ; Panama City , Panama ; and Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . The U.S. city of Colorado Springs also submitted its candidacy in the early days but subsequently withdrew . Miami , Panama City and Puebla served successively as interim secretariat headquarters during the negotiation process . The last summit was held at Mar del Plata , Argentina , in November 2005 , but no agreement on FTAA was reached . Of the 34 countries present at the negotiations , 26 pledged to meet again in 2006 to resume negotiations , but no such meeting took place . The failure of the Mar del Plata summit to establish a comprehensive FTAA agenda augured poorly . Current status ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2016 ) The FTAA missed the targeted deadline of 2005 , which followed the stalling of useful negotiations of the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005 . Over the next few years , some governments , most notably the United States , not wanting to lose any chance of hemispheric trade expansion moved in the direction of establishing a series of bilateral trade deals . The leaders however , planned further discussions at the Sixth Summit of the Americas in Cartagena , Colombia , in 2012 . Membership ( edit ) The following countries are in the plans of the Free Trade Area of the Americas : Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Support and opposition ( edit ) A vocal critic of the FTAA was Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez , who has described it as an `` annexation plan '' and a `` tool of imperialism '' for the exploitation of Latin America . As a counterproposal to this initiative , Chávez promoted the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( Alianza Bolivariana para las Américas , ALBA ) , based mostly on the model of the Eurasian Economic Community , which emphasizes energy and infrastructure agreements that are gradually extended to other areas finally to include the total economic , political and military integration of the member states . Evo Morales of Bolivia has referred to the U.S. - backed Free Trade Area of the Americas , as `` an agreement to legalize the colonization of the Americas '' . On the other hand , the then presidents of Brazil , Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , and Argentina , Néstor Kirchner , have stated that they do not oppose the FTAA but they do demand that the agreement provide for the elimination of U.S. agriculture subsidies , the provision of effective access to foreign markets and further consideration towards the needs and sensibilities of its members . One of the most contentious issues of the treaty proposed by the United States is with concerns to patents and copyrights . Critics claim that if the measures proposed by the United States were implemented and applied this would reduce scientific research in Latin America . On the left - wing Council of Canadians web site , Barlow wrote : `` This agreement sets enforceable global rules on patents , copyrights and trademark . It has gone far beyond its initial scope of protecting original inventions or cultural products and now permits the practice of patenting plants and animal forms as well as seeds . It promotes the private rights of corporations over local communities and their genetic heritage and traditional medicines '' . On the weekend of April 20 , 2001 , the 3rd Summit of the Americas was a summit held in Quebec City , Canada . This international meeting was a round of negotiations regarding a proposed FTAA . Agreements ( edit ) There are currently 34 countries in the Western Hemisphere , stretching from Canada to Chile that still have the FTAA as a long term goal . The Implementation of a full multilateral FTAA between all parties could be made possible by enlargement of existing agreements . North America , with the exception of Cuba and Haiti ( which has participated in economic integration with the Caricom since 2002 ) has come close to setting up a subcontinental free trade area . At this point Agreements within the Area of the Americas include : Previous agreements ( edit ) Canada : Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement ( 1988 ; superseded by the NAFTA ) Costa Rica - Dominican Republic ( superseded by DR - CAFTA ) Costa Rica - Trinidad and Tobago ( superseded by a Costa Rica - CARICOM FTA ) . Current agreements ( edit ) Canada , Mexico and United States : North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ; 1994 ) Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Dominican Republic and United States : Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ; 2008 ) Chile , Colombia , Mexico and Peru : Pacific Alliance ( 2012 ) Chile -- United States Free Trade Agreement ( 2004 ) Peru -- United States Trade Promotion Agreement ( 2007 ) United States -- Colombia Free Trade Agreement ( 2011 ) Panama -- United States Trade Promotion Agreement ( 2011 ) Bolivia - Mexico Canada - Chile Canada - Colombia Canada - Costa Rica Canada - Honduras Canada - Panama Canada - Peru Chile - Mexico Chile - Costa Rica Costa Rica - Mexico Costa Rica - CARICOM Mexico - Nicaragua Mexico - Uruguay Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay , Uruguay and Venezuela - Mercosur ( 1991 ) Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Peru - Andean Community ( 1969 ) Proposed agreements ( edit ) Active negotiations Canada - CARICOM : Canada - Central America ( CA4TA - Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua , Honduras ) Canada - Mexico - Peru - Chile ( among other Pacific nations ) : Trans - Pacific Partnership Negotiations on hold CARICOM - Mercosur : United States - Ecuador : U.S. - Ecuador Free Trade Agreement CARICOM - North American Free Trade Agreement , first discussed in 1993 -- 1994 Security pacts ( edit ) United States - Central America - Mexico ( Mérida Initiative ) United States - CARICOM - Dominican Republic ( Partnership for Prosperity and Security in the Caribbean See also ( edit ) Miami model Pacific Alliance Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Union of South American Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Ministerial Declaration - Miami 2003 '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Candidate Cities for the Permanent Site of the FTAA Secretariat '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` About AFSC American Friends Service Committee '' . Afsc.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Links to FTAA Countries '' . Ftaa-alca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America ( ALBA ) '' . Crwflags.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Evo Morales ( 12 / 08 / 03 ) '' . Upsidedownworld.org. 2005 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gill , Nathan . `` April 2008 '' . Southern Affairs . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Council of Canadians : Campaigns : Trade and Investment : Publications : The Free Trade Area of the Americas by Maude Barlow '' . Ratical.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Free Trade Area of Americas ( FTAA ) '' . Actrav.itcilo.org. 1997 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti '' . Caricom.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Maroday , Patricia ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Infographic : The Ultimate Map Of Tax Free Zones In Latin America '' . Mercatrade . Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived April 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Caricom And Nafta '' . Silvertorch.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil : More Power to Quilombos '' . Brazzilmag.com. 2004 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Joshua ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Bush Excluded by Latin Summit as China , Russia Loom ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) process - official home page Comparing the official agreement and alternative visions The Rise of the New Global Elite - Statements of the former five - term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan Plutonomy and Democracy does not mix - YOUTUBE video by Bill Moyers Chilean and Foreign Policy Chilean and Foreign Policy Mit.edu Harvard.edu Hemisphere Summit Marred by Violent Anti-Bush Protests by Larry Rohter , The New York Times , November 5 , 2005 FTAA Delayed , Not Over . By Eric Farnsworth , Council of the Americas , December 2005 Whither the FTAA ? ( November 10 , 2005 ) , Guyana Chronicle Newspaper Canada , Chile thwart U.S. -- Brazilian plan , The Washington Times ( washtimes.com AP ) Myths of the FTAA , FoodFirst.org Institute for Food and Development Policy Why say no to FTAA , bilaterals.org The Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Threat to Social Programs , Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice in Canada and the Americas ( hide ) United States free - trade agreements Existing Bilateral Australia Bahrain Chile Colombia Israel Jordan Morocco Oman Panama Peru Singapore South Korea Multilateral Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Proposed Bilateral Ecuador Ghana Indonesia Kenya Kuwait Malaysia Mauritius Mozambique New Zealand Taiwan United Arab Emirates Uruguay Multilateral Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) Middle East Free Trade Area ( MEFTA ) Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Trade in Services Agreement ( TISA ) Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP ) Suspended Southern African Customs Union ( on hold since 2006 ) Thailand ( on hold after 2006 coup ) Qatar ( on hold since 2006 ) Defunct or expired Canada ( became part of North American Free Trade Agreement ) Canada -- United States Automotive Products Agreement Trans - Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ( ACTO ) Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Central American Integration System ( SICA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Contadora group Contadora support group Latin American Economic System ( SELA ) Latin American Integration Association ( ALADI ) Mercosur Organization of American States ( OAS ) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC , CEPAL ) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement Central America - 4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America ( IIRSA ) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament CAF -- Development Bank of Latin America Bank of the South ( BancoSur ) Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Inter-American Development Bank ( IDB ) Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) GND : 5288546 - X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas&oldid=800087576 '' Categories : Free trade agreements of the United States Foreign relations of Argentina Politics of the Americas Trade blocs United States federal trade legislation Proposed free trade agreements Free trade areas Foreign trade of Argentina Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2015 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2017 Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 12 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Atomic theory

Atomic theory - wikipedia Atomic theory Jump to : navigation , search `` Atomic model '' redirects here . For the unrelated term in mathematical logic , see Atomic model ( mathematical logic ) . This article is about the historical models of the atom . For a history of the study of how atoms combine to form molecules , see History of molecular theory . The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic `` cloud '' of electrons In chemistry and physics , atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter , which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms . It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms . The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos , meaning `` indivisible '' . 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements . While seemingly apropos , around the turn of the 20th century , through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity , physicists discovered that the so - called `` uncuttable atom '' was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles ( chiefly , electrons , protons and neutrons ) which can exist separately from each other . In fact , in certain extreme environments , such as neutron stars , extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all . Since atoms were found to be divisible , physicists later invented the term `` elementary particles '' to describe the `` uncuttable '' , though not indestructible , parts of an atom . The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics , and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Philosophical atomism 1.2 John Dalton 1.3 Avogadro 1.4 Brownian Motion 1.5 Discovery of subatomic particles 1.6 Discovery of the nucleus 1.7 First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom 1.8 Discovery of isotopes 1.9 Discovery of nuclear particles 1.10 Quantum physical models of the atom 2 See also 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External links History Philosophical atomism Main article : Atomism The idea that matter is made up of discrete units is a very old one , appearing in many ancient cultures such as Greece and India . The word `` atom '' was coined by the ancient Greek philosophers Leucippus and his pupil Democritus . However , these ideas were founded in philosophical and theological reasoning rather than evidence and experimentation . Because of this , they could not convince everybody , so atomism was but one of a number of competing theories on the nature of matter . It was not until the 19th century that the idea was embraced and refined by scientists , as the blossoming science of chemistry produced discoveries that could easily be explained using the concept of atoms . John Dalton Near the end of the 18th century , two laws about chemical reactions emerged without referring to the notion of an atomic theory . The first was the law of conservation of mass , formulated by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 , which states that the total mass in a chemical reaction remains constant ( that is , the reactants have the same mass as the products ) . The second was the law of definite proportions . First proven by the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust in 1799 , this law states that if a compound is broken down into its constituent elements , then the masses of the constituents will always have the same proportions , regardless of the quantity or source of the original substance . John Dalton studied and expanded upon this previous work and developed the law of multiple proportions : if two elements can be combined to form a number of possible compounds , then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers . For example : Proust had studied tin oxides and found that their masses were either 88.1 % tin and 11.9 % oxygen or 78.7 % tin and 21.3 % oxygen ( these were tin ( II ) oxide and tin dioxide respectively ) . Dalton noted from these percentages that 100g of tin will combine either with 13.5 g or 27g of oxygen ; 13.5 and 27 form a ratio of 1 : 2 . Dalton found that an atomic theory of matter could elegantly explain this common pattern in chemistry . In the case of Proust 's tin oxides , one tin atom will combine with either one or two oxygen atoms . Dalton believed atomic theory could explain why water absorbed different gases in different proportions - for example , he found that water absorbed carbon dioxide far better than it absorbed nitrogen . Dalton hypothesized this was due to the differences in mass and complexity of the gases ' respective particles . Indeed , carbon dioxide molecules ( CO ) are heavier and larger than nitrogen molecules ( N ) . Dalton proposed that each chemical element is composed of atoms of a single , unique type , and though they can not be altered or destroyed by chemical means , they can combine to form more complex structures ( chemical compounds ) . This marked the first truly scientific theory of the atom , since Dalton reached his conclusions by experimentation and examination of the results in an empirical fashion . Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton 's A New System of Chemical Philosophy ( 1808 ) . In 1803 Dalton orally presented his first list of relative atomic weights for a number of substances . This paper was published in 1805 , but he did not discuss there exactly how he obtained these figures . The method was first revealed in 1807 by his acquaintance Thomas Thomson , in the third edition of Thomson 's textbook , A System of Chemistry . Finally , Dalton published a full account in his own textbook , A New System of Chemical Philosophy , 1808 and 1810 . Dalton estimated the atomic weights according to the mass ratios in which they combined , with the hydrogen atom taken as unity . However , Dalton did not conceive that with some elements atoms exist in molecules -- e.g. pure oxygen exists as O. He also mistakenly believed that the simplest compound between any two elements is always one atom of each ( so he thought water was HO , not H O ) . This , in addition to the crudity of his equipment , flawed his results . For instance , in 1803 he believed that oxygen atoms were 5.5 times heavier than hydrogen atoms , because in water he measured 5.5 grams of oxygen for every 1 gram of hydrogen and believed the formula for water was HO . Adopting better data , in 1806 he concluded that the atomic weight of oxygen must actually be 7 rather than 5.5 , and he retained this weight for the rest of his life . Others at this time had already concluded that the oxygen atom must weigh 8 relative to hydrogen equals 1 , if one assumes Dalton 's formula for the water molecule ( HO ) , or 16 if one assumes the modern water formula ( H O ) . Avogadro The flaw in Dalton 's theory was corrected in principle in 1811 by Amedeo Avogadro . Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases , at equal temperature and pressure , contain equal numbers of molecules ( in other words , the mass of a gas 's particles does not affect the volume that it occupies ) . Avogadro 's law allowed him to deduce the diatomic nature of numerous gases by studying the volumes at which they reacted . For instance : since two liters of hydrogen will react with just one liter of oxygen to produce two liters of water vapor ( at constant pressure and temperature ) , it meant a single oxygen molecule splits in two in order to form two particles of water . Thus , Avogadro was able to offer more accurate estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements , and made a clear distinction between molecules and atoms . Brownian motion In 1827 , the British botanist Robert Brown observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled about for no apparent reason . In 1905 , Albert Einstein theorized that this Brownian motion was caused by the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about , and developed a hypothetical mathematical model to describe it . This model was validated experimentally in 1908 by French physicist Jean Perrin , thus providing additional validation for particle theory ( and by extension atomic theory ) . Discovery of subatomic particles Main articles : Electron and Plum pudding model The cathode rays ( blue ) were emitted from the cathode , sharpened to a beam by the slits , then deflected as they passed between the two electrified plates . Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays . A Crookes tube is a sealed glass container in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum . When a voltage is applied across the electrodes , cathode rays are generated , creating a glowing patch where they strike the glass at the opposite end of the tube . Through experimentation , Thomson discovered that the rays could be deflected by an electric field ( in addition to magnetic fields , which was already known ) . He concluded that these rays , rather than being a form of light , were composed of very light negatively charged particles he called `` corpuscles '' ( they would later be renamed electrons by other scientists ) . He measured the mass - to - charge ratio and discovered it was 1800 times smaller than that of hydrogen , the smallest atom . These corpuscles were a particle unlike any other previously known . Thomson suggested that atoms were divisible , and that the corpuscles were their building blocks . To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom , he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge ; this was the plum pudding model as the electrons were embedded in the positive charge like plums in a plum pudding ( although in Thomson 's model they were not stationary ) . Discovery of the nucleus Main article : Rutherford model The Geiger - Marsden experiment Left : Expected results : alpha particles passing through the plum pudding model of the atom with negligible deflection . Right : Observed results : a small portion of the particles were deflected by the concentrated positive charge of the nucleus . Thomson 's plum pudding model was disproved in 1909 by one of his former students , Ernest Rutherford , who discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume , which he assumed to be at the very center . In the Geiger -- Marsden experiment , Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden ( colleagues of Rutherford working at his behest ) shot alpha particles at thin sheets of metal and measured their deflection through the use of a fluorescent screen . Given the very small mass of the electrons , the high momentum of the alpha particles , and the low concentration of the positive charge of the plum pudding model , the experimenters expected all the alpha particles to pass through the metal foil without significant deflection . To their astonishment , a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced heavy deflection . Rutherford concluded that the positive charge of the atom must be concentrated in a very tiny volume to produce an electric field sufficiently intense to deflect the alpha particles so strongly . This led Rutherford to propose a planetary model in which a cloud of electrons surrounded a small , compact nucleus of positive charge . Only such a concentration of charge could produce the electric field strong enough to cause the heavy deflection . First steps toward a quantum physical model of the atom Main article : Bohr model The planetary model of the atom had two significant shortcomings . The first is that , unlike planets orbiting a sun , electrons are charged particles . An accelerating electric charge is known to emit electromagnetic waves according to the Larmor formula in classical electromagnetism . An orbiting charge should steadily lose energy and spiral toward the nucleus , colliding with it in a small fraction of a second . The second problem was that the planetary model could not explain the highly peaked emission and absorption spectra of atoms that were observed . The Bohr model of the atom Quantum theory revolutionized physics at the beginning of the 20th century , when Max Planck and Albert Einstein postulated that light energy is emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts known as quanta ( singular , quantum ) . In 1913 , Niels Bohr incorporated this idea into his Bohr model of the atom , in which an electron could only orbit the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy , its distance from the nucleus ( i.e. , their radii ) being proportional to its energy . Under this model an electron could not spiral into the nucleus because it could not lose energy in a continuous manner ; instead , it could only make instantaneous `` quantum leaps '' between the fixed energy levels . When this occurred , light was emitted or absorbed at a frequency proportional to the change in energy ( hence the absorption and emission of light in discrete spectra ) . Bohr 's model was not perfect . It could only predict the spectral lines of hydrogen ; it could n't predict those of multielectron atoms . Worse still , as spectrographic technology improved , additional spectral lines in hydrogen were observed which Bohr 's model could n't explain . In 1916 , Arnold Sommerfeld added elliptical orbits to the Bohr model to explain the extra emission lines , but this made the model very difficult to use , and it still could n't explain more complex atoms . Discovery of isotopes Main article : Isotope While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay , in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one element at each position on the periodic table . The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for these elements . That same year , J.J. Thomson conducted an experiment in which he channeled a stream of neon ions through magnetic and electric fields , striking a photographic plate at the other end . He observed two glowing patches on the plate , which suggested two different deflection trajectories . Thomson concluded this was because some of the neon ions had a different mass . The nature of this differing mass would later be explained by the discovery of neutrons in 1932 . Discovery of nuclear particles Main articles : Atomic nucleus and Discovery of the neutron In 1917 Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and observed hydrogen nuclei being emitted from the gas ( Rutherford recognized these , because he had previously obtained them bombarding hydrogen with alpha particles , and observing hydrogen nuclei in the products ) . Rutherford concluded that the hydrogen nuclei emerged from the nuclei of the nitrogen atoms themselves ( in effect , he had split a nitrogen ) . From his own work and the work of his students Bohr and Henry Moseley , Rutherford knew that the positive charge of any atom could always be equated to that of an integer number of hydrogen nuclei . This , coupled with the atomic mass of many elements being roughly equivalent to an integer number of hydrogen atoms - then assumed to be the lightest particles - led him to conclude that hydrogen nuclei were singular particles and a basic constituent of all atomic nuclei . He named such particles protons . Further experimentation by Rutherford found that the nuclear mass of most atoms exceeded that of the protons it possessed ; he speculated that this surplus mass was composed of previously - unknown neutrally charged particles , which were tentatively dubbed `` neutrons '' . In 1928 , Walter Bothe observed that beryllium emitted a highly penetrating , electrically neutral radiation when bombarded with alpha particles . It was later discovered that this radiation could knock hydrogen atoms out of paraffin wax . Initially it was thought to be high - energy gamma radiation , since gamma radiation had a similar effect on electrons in metals , but James Chadwick found that the ionization effect was too strong for it to be due to electromagnetic radiation , so long as energy and momentum were conserved in the interaction . In 1932 , Chadwick exposed various elements , such as hydrogen and nitrogen , to the mysterious `` beryllium radiation '' , and by measuring the energies of the recoiling charged particles , he deduced that the radiation was actually composed of electrically neutral particles which could not be massless like the gamma ray , but instead were required to have a mass similar to that of a proton . Chadwick now claimed these particles as Rutherford 's neutrons . For his discovery of the neutron , Chadwick received the Nobel Prize in 1935 . Quantum physical models of the atom Main article : Atomic orbital The five filled atomic orbitals of a neon atom separated and arranged in order of increasing energy from left to right , with the last three orbitals being equal in energy . Each orbital holds up to two electrons , which most probably exist in the zones represented by the colored bubbles . Each electron is equally present in both orbital zones , shown here by color only to highlight the different wave phase . In 1924 , Louis de Broglie proposed that all moving particles -- particularly subatomic particles such as electrons -- exhibit a degree of wave - like behavior . Erwin Schrödinger , fascinated by this idea , explored whether or not the movement of an electron in an atom could be better explained as a wave rather than as a particle . Schrödinger 's equation , published in 1926 , describes an electron as a wavefunction instead of as a point particle . This approach elegantly predicted many of the spectral phenomena that Bohr 's model failed to explain . Although this concept was mathematically convenient , it was difficult to visualize , and faced opposition . One of its critics , Max Born , proposed instead that Schrödinger 's wavefunction described not the electron but rather all its possible states , and thus could be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron at any given location around the nucleus . This reconciled the two opposing theories of particle versus wave electrons and the idea of wave -- particle duality was introduced . This theory stated that the electron may exhibit the properties of both a wave and a particle . For example , it can be refracted like a wave , and has mass like a particle . A consequence of describing electrons as waveforms is that it is mathematically impossible to simultaneously derive the position and momentum of an electron . This became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle after the theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg , who first described it and published it in 1927 . This invalidated Bohr 's model , with its neat , clearly defined circular orbits . The modern model of the atom describes the positions of electrons in an atom in terms of probabilities . An electron can potentially be found at any distance from the nucleus , but , depending on its energy level , exists more frequently in certain regions around the nucleus than others ; this pattern is referred to as its atomic orbital . The orbitals come in a variety of shapes - sphere , dumbbell , torus , etc. - with the nucleus in the middle . See also Physics portal Spectroscopy History of the molecule Discoveries of the chemical elements Introduction to quantum mechanics Kinetic theory of gases Atomism The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory Notes Jump up ^ Berryman , Sylvia , `` Ancient Atomism '' , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Pullman , Bernard ( 1998 ) . The Atom in the History of Human Thought . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 31 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515040 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Henri ; Lefebvre , Claire , eds. ( 2017 ) . Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science ( Second ed . ) . Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Elsevier . p. 427 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 101107 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Lavoisier , Antoine ( 1743 - 1794 ) '' . scienceworld.wolfram.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proust , Joseph Louis . `` Researches on Copper '' , excerpted from Ann . chim. 32 , 26 - 54 ( 1799 ) ( as translated and reproduced in Henry M. Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein , A Source Book in Chemistry , 1400 -- 1900 ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard , 1952 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Andrew G. van Melsen ( 1952 ) . From Atomos to Atom . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 49584 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , John . `` On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids '' , in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester . 1803 . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris . `` Avogadro - his contribution to chemistry '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alan J. Rocke ( 1984 ) . Chemical Atomism in the Nineteenth Century . Columbus : Ohio State University Press . Jump up ^ Avogadro , Amedeo ( 1811 ) . `` Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies , and the Proportions in Which They Enter into These Compounds '' . Journal de Physique. 73 : 58 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Einstein , A. ( 1905 ) . `` Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen '' . Annalen der Physik. 322 ( 8 ) : 549 . Bibcode : 1905AnP ... 322 ... 549E . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19053220806 . hdl : 10915 / 2785 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1897 ) . `` Cathode rays '' ( ( facsimile from Stephen Wright , Classical Scientific Papers , Physics ( Mills and Boon , 1964 ) ) ) . Philosophical Magazine . 44 ( 269 ) : 293 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786449708621070 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , E.T. ( 1951 ) , A history of the theories of aether and electricity . Vol 1 , Nelson , London Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1904 ) . `` On the Structure of the Atom : an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle ; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure '' . Philosophical Magazine . 7 ( 39 ) : 237 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440409463107 . Jump up ^ Geiger , H ( 1910 ) . `` The Scattering of the α - Particles by Matter '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 83 : 492 -- 504 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1911 ) . `` The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 21 ( 4 ) : 669 . Bibcode : 2012PMag ... 92 ... 379R . doi : 10.1080 / 14786435.2011. 617037 . ^ Jump up to : Bohr , Niels ( 1913 ) . `` On the constitution of atoms and molecules '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Magazine . 26 ( 153 ) : 476 -- 502 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786441308634993 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Soddy , The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thomson , J.J. ( 1913 ) . `` Rays of positive electricity '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . A 89 ( 607 ) : 1 -- 20 . Bibcode : 1913RSPSA ... 89 ... 1T . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1913.0057 . ( as excerpted in Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz , The World of the Atom , Vol. 1 ( New York : Basic Books , 1966 ) ) . Retrieved on August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Ernest ( 1919 ) . `` Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV . An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen '' . Philosophical Magazine . 37 ( 222 ) : 581 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440608635919 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , James ( 1932 ) . `` Possible Existence of a Neutron '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 129 ( 3252 ) : 312 . Bibcode : 1932Natur. 129Q. 312C . doi : 10.1038 / 129312a0 . Jump up ^ Schrödinger , Erwin ( 1926 ) . `` Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem '' . Annalen der Physik. 81 ( 18 ) : 109 -- 139 . Bibcode : 1926AnP ... 386 ... 109S . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19263861802 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Erwin Schrödinger : The Founder of Quantum Wave Mechanics '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mahanti , Subodh . `` Max Born : Founder of Lattice Dynamics '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Greiner , Walter . `` Quantum Mechanics : An Introduction '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Heisenberg , W. ( 1927 ) . `` Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik '' . Zeitschrift für Physik ( in German ) . 43 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 172 -- 198 . Bibcode : 1927ZPhy ... 43 ... 172H . doi : 10.1007 / BF01397280 . Jump up ^ Milton Orchin ; Roger Macomber ; Allan Pinhas ; R. Wilson . `` The Vocabulary and Concepts of Organic Chemistry , Second Edition , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Bernard Pullman ( 1998 ) The Atom in the History of Human Thought , trans . by Axel Reisinger . Oxford Univ . Press . Eric Scerri ( 2007 ) The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , New York . Charles Adolphe Wurtz ( 1881 ) The Atomic Theory , D. Appleton and Company , New York . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Atomic theory Atomism by S. Mark Cohen . Atomic Theory - detailed information on atomic theory with respect to electrons and electricity . ( hide ) Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Atoms in solids Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in liquids Liquid helium Atoms in gases Noble gas Nascent hydrogen Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr John Dalton Paul Drude Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_theory&oldid=813080741 '' Categories : Atomic physics Statistical mechanics Chemistry theories Foundational quantum physics Amount of substance Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 17 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who was the first to suggest an atom existed

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Eastern United States

Eastern United States - Wikipedia Eastern United States Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The area ceded to the United States by Great Britain in 1783 ( light brown ) is usually recognized as the Eastern United States . Louisiana and Florida acquisitions were recognized as the Western and Southern frontiers in the early days of the Republic . Although east of the Rockies , Texas is considered a Western state . Play media This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the ISS . The pass goes over the eastern United States . The Eastern United States , commonly referred to as the American East or simply the East , is a region roughly coinciding with the boundaries of the United States established in the 1783 Treaty of Paris , which bounded the new country to the west along the Mississippi River . It is geographically diverse , spanning the Northeast and Southeast as well as the eastern part of the Central United States . In 2011 the 26 states east of the Mississippi ( in addition to Washington , D.C. but not including the small portions of Louisiana and Minnesota east of the river ) had an estimated population of 179,948,346 or 58.28 % of the total U.S. population of 308,745,358 ( excluding Puerto Rico ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Southern United States 2 New England 3 The Midwest 4 Major population centers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Southern United States ( edit ) Main article : Southern United States The Southern United States constitutes a large region in the south - eastern and south - central United States , usually enumerated as the following : Kentucky , Tennessee , Virginia , West Virginia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Arkansas , and Louisiana ; all of these are also considered to number among the Eastern United States . Its unique cultural and historic heritage includes the following aspects : Native Americans early European settlements of English , Scots - Irish , Scottish and German heritage importation of hundreds of thousands of enslaved Africans growth of a large proportion of African Americans in the population reliance on slave labor legacy of the Confederacy after the American Civil War . These led to `` the South '' developing distinctive customs , literature , musical styles , and varied cuisines , that have profoundly shaped traditional American culture . Many aspects of the South 's culture remain deeply rooted in the American Civil War . In the last few decades , the Southern US has been attracting domestic and international migrants , and the American South is among the fastest - growing areas in the United States . New England ( edit ) Main article : New England New England is a region of the United States located in the northeastern corner of the country , bounded by the Atlantic Ocean , Canada and the state of New York , consisting of the modern states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . In one of the earliest English settlements in the New World , English Pilgrims from Europe first settled in New England in 1620 , in the colony of Plymouth . In the late 18th century , the New England colonies would be among the first North American British colonies to demonstrate ambitions of independence from the British Crown , although they would later threaten secession over the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain . New England produced the first examples of American literature and philosophy and was home to the beginnings of free public education . In the 19th century , it played a prominent role in the movement to abolish slavery in the United States . It was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the Industrial Revolution . Historically an area in which parts were strongly Republican , it is now a region with one of the highest levels of support for the Democratic Party in the United States , with the majority of voters in every state voting for the Democrats in the 1992 , 1996 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Presidential elections , and every state but New Hampshire voting for Al Gore in 2000 . The Midwest ( edit ) Main article : Midwestern United States The Midwestern United States ( in the U.S. generally referred to as the Midwest ) is one of the four geographic regions within the United States that are recognized by the United States Census Bureau . Seven states in the central and inland northeastern US , traditionally considered to be part of the Midwest , can also be classified as being part of the Eastern United States : Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , and Wisconsin . A 2006 Census Bureau estimate put the population at 66,217,736 . The United States Census Bureau divides this region into the East North Central States ( essentially the Great Lakes States ) and the West North Central States . Chicago is the largest city in the region , followed by Indianapolis and Columbus . Chicago has the largest metropolitan statistical area , followed by Detroit , and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan is the oldest city in the region , having been founded by French missionaries and explorers in 1668 . The term Midwest has been in common use for over 100 years . Another term sometimes applied to the same general region is `` the heartland '' . Other designations for the region have fallen into disuse , such as the `` Northwest '' or `` Old Northwest '' ( from `` Northwest Territory '' ) and `` Mid-America '' . Since the book Middletown appeared in 1929 , sociologists have often used Midwestern cities ( and the Midwest generally ) as `` typical '' of the entire nation . The region has a higher employment - to - population ratio ( the percentage of employed people at least 16 years old ) than the Northeast , the West , the South , or the Sun Belt states . Four of the states associated with the Midwestern United States ( Kansas , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) are also traditionally referred to as belonging in part to the Great Plains region . Major population centers ( edit ) The following is a list of the 24 largest cities in the East by population : New York City population : 8,175,133 Chicago population : 2,695,598 Philadelphia population : 1,526,006 Jacksonville population : 821,784 Indianapolis population : 820,445 Columbus population : 787,033 Charlotte population : 731,424 Detroit population : 713,777 Memphis population : 646,889 Baltimore population : 620,961 Boston population : 617,594 Washington , D.C. population : 601,723 Nashville population : 601,222 Louisville , Kentucky population : 597,337 Milwaukee population : 594,833 Virginia Beach , Virginia population : 437,994 Atlanta population : 420,003 Raleigh population : 403,892 Miami population : 399,457 Cleveland population : 396,815 Tampa population : 335,709 Pittsburgh population : 305,704 Cincinnati population : 296,943 Lexington , Kentucky population : 295,803 See also ( edit ) East Coast of the United States Eastern Canada Territories of the United States on stamps References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern United States . ( hide ) Regions of the United States Administrative ( political ) Units U.S. state District of Columbia Insular area Minor Outlying Island Maritime territory Time zones Hawaii -- Aleutian Alaska Pacific Mountain Central Eastern Census West Pacific Mountain Midwest EN Central WN Central Northeast New England Middle Atlantic South S Atlantic ES Central WS Central Courts of appeals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Physical Physiographic Pacific Mountain Intermontane Plateaus Rocky Mountain Superior Upland Interior Plains Interior Highlands Appalachian Atlantic Plain Coastal Arctic West Great Lakes Gulf East Historical Acquisitions Thirteen Colonies Northwest Territory Southwest Territory Louisiana Purchase Gadsden Purchase Texas annexation Oregon Treaty Mexican Cession Alaska Purchase Newlands Resolution Civil War Union Border states Confederacy Old South Dixie Slave and free states Theaters Pacific Western Trans - Mississippi Lower Seaboard Eastern Divided Pacific Northwest Atlantic Northeast Prairie Pothole Columbia Oregon Other Appalachia Border states Red states and blue states Central Eastern Four Corners Great Plains High Plains Intermountain Interior Northern Northwest South Central Southern Deep New Upland Southeast Southwest List Coordinates : 38 ° N 82 ° W  /  38 ° N 82 ° W  / 38 ; - 82 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_United_States&oldid=833458740 '' Categories : Eastern United States Regions of the United States Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2017 All articles lacking sources All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Slovenčina Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 17 : 55 . 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what percentage of the us population is east of the mississippi

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Gertrude Bell

Gertrude Bell - wikipedia Gertrude Bell Gertrude Bell Gertrude Bell in 1909 , visiting archaeological excavations in Babylon Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell ( 1868 - 07 - 14 ) 14 July 1868 Washington Hall , County Durham , England 12 July 1926 ( 1926 - 07 - 12 ) ( aged 57 ) Baghdad , Mandatory Iraq Nationality British Education Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford Occupation Traveller , political officer Era Victorian , Edwardian -- 1900s Known for Writer , traveller , political officer , archaeologist , explorer , cartographer in Greater Syria , Mesopotamia , Asia Minor , and Arabia Parent ( s ) Sir Hugh Bell Mary Bell ( née Shield ) Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell , CBE ( 14 July 1868 -- 12 July 1926 ) was an English writer , traveller , political officer , administrator , and archaeologist who explored , mapped , and became highly influential to British imperial policy - making due to her knowledge and contacts , built up through extensive travels in Greater Syria , Mesopotamia , Asia Minor , and Arabia . Along with T.E. Lawrence , Bell helped support the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan as well as in Iraq . She played a major role in establishing and helping administer the modern state of Iraq , utilizing her unique perspective from her travels and relations with tribal leaders throughout the Middle East . During her lifetime she was highly esteemed and trusted by British officials and exerted an immense amount of power . She has been described as `` one of the few representatives of His Majesty 's Government remembered by the Arabs with anything resembling affection '' . Contents 1 Early life 2 Travels and writings 3 War and political career 3.1 Cairo and Basra 3.2 Armenian genocide 3.3 Creation of Iraq 3.4 1921 conference 3.5 National Library of Iraq 3.6 Baghdad Archaeological Museum 4 Final years 5 Legacy and tributes 5.1 Contemporary 5.2 Modern 5.3 Film 5.4 Posthumous tributes 5.5 Museum 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 Writings by Bell 8.2 Biographies of Bell 8.3 Other sources 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Bell was born on 14 July 1868 in Washington New Hall , County Durham , England -- now known as Dame Margaret Hall -- to a family whose wealth ensured her education and enabled her travels . Her personality was characterised by energy , intellect , and a thirst for adventure which shaped her path in life . Her grandfather was the ironmaster Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell , an industrialist and a Liberal Member of Parliament , in Benjamin Disraeli 's second term . His role in British policy - making exposed Gertrude at a young age to international matters and most likely encouraged her curiosity for the world , and her later involvement in international politics . Bell 's mother , Mary Shield Bell , died in 1871 while giving birth to a son , Maurice ( later the 3rd Baronet ) . Gertrude Bell was just three at the time , and the death led to a lifelong close relationship with her father , Sir Hugh Bell , 2nd Baronet , a progressive capitalist and mill owner who made sure his workers were well paid and cared for . Throughout her life , Gertrude consulted on political matters with her father , who had also served for many years in various governmental positions . Some biographies suggest that the loss of her mother caused underlying childhood trauma , revealed through periods of depression and risky behaviour . But when Gertrude was seven years old her father remarried , providing her a stepmother , Florence Bell ( née Olliffe ) , and eventually , three half - siblings . Florence Bell was a playwright and author of children 's stories , as well as the author of a study of Bell factory workers . She instilled concepts of duty and decorum in Gertrude and contributed to her intellectual development . Florence Bell 's activities with the wives of Bolckow Vaughan ironworkers in Eston , near Middlesbrough , may have helped influence her step - daughter 's later stance promoting education of Iraqi women . Gertrude Bell received her early education from Queen 's College in London and then later at Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford University , at the age of 17 . History was one of the few subjects women were allowed to study , due to the many restrictions imposed on them at the time . She specialised in modern history , and it was said that she was first woman to graduate from Modern History at Oxford with a first class honours degree , a feat she achieved in only two years . Actually eleven people graduated that year . Nine were recorded because they were men but the other two were Bell and Alice Greenwood . `` The history lecturer at Queens Collage at that time was Mr. Gramb , a distinguished and inspiring teacher . Gertrude 's intelligence and aptitude for history impressed him keenly , and he strongly urged us to let her go to Oxford and go on for the History School. The time had not yet come when it was a usual part of a girl 's education to go to a University , and it was with some qualms that we consented . But the result justified our decision . Gertrude went to Lady Margaret Hall , in 1886 just before she was eighteen , she left it in June 1888 just before she was twenty , and wound up , after those two years , by taking a brilliant First Class in Modern History '' . Bell never married or had children . She befriended British colonial administrator Sir Frank Swettenham on a visit to Singapore with her brother Hugo in 1903 and maintained a correspondence with him until 1909 . She had a `` brief but passionate affair '' with Swettenham following his retirement to England in 1904 . She also had an unconsummated affair with Maj . Charles Doughty - Wylie , a married man , with whom she exchanged love letters from 1913 to 1915 . After his death in 1915 during the Gallipoli Campaign , Bell launched herself into her work . Travels and writings ( edit ) Bell 's uncle , Sir Frank Lascelles , was British minister ( similar to ambassador ) at Tehran , Persia . In May 1892 , after leaving Oxford , Bell travelled to Persia to visit him . She described this journey in her book , Persian Pictures , which was published in 1894 . She spent much of the next decade travelling around the world , mountaineering in Switzerland , and developing a passion for archaeology and languages . She had become fluent in Arabic , Persian , French and German as well as also speaking Italian and Turkish . In 1899 , Bell again went to the Middle East . She visited Palestine and Syria that year and in 1900 , on a trip from Jerusalem to Damascus , she became acquainted with the Druze living in Jabal al - Druze . She travelled across Arabia six times during the next 12 years . Between 1899 and 1904 , she conquered a number of mountains including the La Meije and Mont Blanc as she recorded 10 new paths or first ascents in the Bernese Alps . One Alpine peak in the Bernese Oberland , the 2,632 m ( 8,635 ft ) Gertrudspitze , was named after her after it was first traversed by her and her guides Ulrich and Heinrich Fuhrer in 1901 . However , she did fail in an attempt of the Finsteraarhorn in August 1902 when inclement weather including snow , hail and lightning forced her to spend `` forty eight hours on the rope '' with her guides , clinging to the rock face in terrifying conditions which nearly cost her her life . Bell 's workers at the Binbirkilise excavations in 1907 She published her observations of the Middle East in the book Syria : The Desert and the Sown published in 1907 ( William Heinemann Ltd , London ) . In this book she described , photographed and detailed her trip to Greater Syria 's towns and cities like Damascus , Jerusalem , Beirut , Antioch and Alexandretta . Bell 's vivid descriptions opened up the Arabian deserts to the western world . In March 1907 , Bell journeyed to the Ottoman Empire and began to work with the archaeologist and New Testament scholar Sir William M. Ramsay . Their excavations in Binbirkilise were chronicled in A Thousand and One Churches . In 1907 , they discovered a field of ruins in northern Syria on the east bank of the upper course of the Euphrates to the steep slope of the former river valley . From the ruins , they created a plan and described the ramparts : `` Munbayah , where my tents were pitched -- the Arabic name means only a high - altitude course -- was probably the Bersiba in Ptolemy 's list of city names . It consists of a double rampart , situated on the river bank . '' In January 1909 , she left for Mesopotamia . She visited the Hittite city of Carchemish , mapped and described the ruin of Ukhaidir and finally went to Babylon and Najaf . Back in Carchemish , she consulted with the two archaeologists on site . One of them was T.E. Lawrence , assistant to Reginald Campbell - Thompson . In 1913 , she completed her last and most arduous Arabian journey , travelling around 1800 miles from Damascus to the politically volatile Ha'il , back up across the Arabian peninsula to Baghdad and from there back to Damascus . She was only the second foreign woman after Lady Anne Blunt to visit Ha'il , and arriving during a period of particular instability was held in the city for eleven days . In 1927 , a year after her death , her stepmother Dame Florence Bell published two volumes of Bell 's collected correspondence written during the 20 years preceding World War I . War and political career ( edit ) At the outbreak of World War I , Bell 's request for a Middle East posting was initially denied . She instead volunteered with the Red Cross in France . Later , she was asked by British Intelligence to get soldiers through the deserts , and from the World War I period until her death she was the only woman holding political power and influence in shaping British imperial policy in the Middle East . She often acquired a team of locals which she directed and led on her expeditions . Throughout her travels Bell established close relations with tribe members across the Middle East . Additionally , being a woman gave her exclusive access to the chambers of wives of tribe leaders , giving her access to other perspectives and functions . Cairo and Basra ( edit ) St John Philby In November 1915 she was summoned to Cairo to the nascent Arab Bureau , headed by General Gilbert Clayton . She also again met T.E. Lawrence . Both Bell and Lawrence had attended Oxford and earned a First Class Honours in Modern History , both spoke fluent Arabic and both had travelled extensively in the Arabian desert and established ties with the local tribes before World War I. Renowned archaeologist and historian Lt. Cmdr . David Hogarth recognised the value of Lawrence and Bell 's expertise and upon his recommendation first Lawrence , then Bell , were assigned to Army Intelligence Headquarters in Cairo in 1915 for war service . Arriving in February 1916 , she did not , at first , receive an official position , but instead helped Hogarth set about organising and processing her own , Lawrence 's and Capt . W.H.I. Shakespear 's data about the location and disposition of Arab tribes that could be encouraged to join the British against the Ottoman Empire . Lawrence and the British used the information in forming alliances with the Arabs . On 3 March 1916 , Gen. Clayton abruptly sent Bell to Basra , which British forces had captured in November 1914 , to advise Chief Political Officer Percy Cox regarding an area she knew better than any other Westerner . Cox found her an office in his headquarters , where she was employed for the two days per week she was not at Military GHQ Basra . She drew maps to help the British army reach Baghdad safely . She became the only female political officer in the British forces and received the title of `` Liaison Officer , Correspondent to Cairo '' ( i.e. to the Arab Bureau where she had been assigned ) . She was St. John Philby 's field controller , and taught him the finer arts of behind - the - scenes political manoeuvering . I went out last week along the light railway 25 miles into the desert it 's the Nasariyeh Railway - ... it was so curious to travel 50 minutes by rail and find ... General Maude , our new army commander , has just arrived . I 've made his acquaintance ... '' Armenian Genocide ( edit ) While in the Middle East , Gertrude Bell was a witness to the Armenian Genocide . Contrasting them with previous massacres , she wrote that the massacres of preceding years `` were not comparable to the massacres carried out in 1915 and the succeeding years . '' Bell also reported that in Damascus , `` Turks sold Armenian women openly in the public market . '' In an intelligence report , Bell wrote : The battalion left Aleppo on 3 February and reached Ras al - Ain in twelve hours ... some 12,000 Armenians were concentrated under the guardianship of some hundred Kurds ... These Kurds were called gendarmes , but in reality mere butchers ; bands of them were publicly ordered to take parties of Armenians , of both sexes , to various destinations , but had secret instructions to destroy the males , children and old women ... One of these gendarmes confessed to killing 100 Armenian men himself ... the empty desert cisterns and caves were also filled with corpses ... No man can ever think of a woman 's body except as a matter of horror , instead of attraction , after Ras al - Ain . '' Creation of Iraq ( edit ) After British troops took Baghdad on 10 March 1917 , Bell was summoned by Cox to Baghdad and given the title of `` Oriental Secretary . '' As the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire was finalised by the end of the war in late January 1919 , Bell was assigned to conduct an analysis of the situation in Mesopotamia . Due to her familiarity and relations with the tribes in the area she had strong ideas about the leadership needed in Iraq . She spent the next ten months writing what was later considered a masterly official report , `` Self Determination in Mesopotamia '' . The British Commissioner in Mesopotamia , Arnold Wilson , had different ideas of how Iraq should be run , preferring an Arab government to be under the influence of British officials who would retain real control , as he felt , from experience , that Mesopotamian populations were not yet ready to govern and administer the country efficiently and peacefully . On 11 October 1920 , Percy Cox returned to Baghdad and asked her to continue as Oriental Secretary , acting as liaison with the forthcoming Arab government . Gertrude Bell essentially played the role of mediator between the Arab government and British officials . Bell often had to mediate between the various groups of Iraq including a majority population of Shias in the southern region , Sunnis in central Iraq , and the Kurds , mostly in the northern region , who wished to be autonomous . Keeping these groups united was essential for political balance in Iraq and for British imperial interests . Iraq not only contained valuable resources in oil but would act as a buffer zone , with the help of Kurds in the north as a standing army in the region to protect against Turkey , Persia ( Iran ) , and Syria . British officials in London , especially Churchill , were highly concerned about cutting heavy costs in the colonies , including the cost of quashing tribal infighting . Another important project for both the British and new Iraqi rulers was creating a new identity for these people so that they would identify themselves as one nation . British officials quickly realised that their strategies in governing were adding to costs . Iraq would be cheaper as a self - governing state . The Cairo Conference of 1921 was held to determine the political and geographic structure of what later became Iraq and the modern Middle East . Significant input was given by Gertrude Bell in these discussions thus she was an essential part of its creation . At the Cairo Conference Bell and Lawrence highly recommended Faisal bin Hussein , ( the son of Hussein , Sherif of Mecca ) , former commander of the Arab forces that helped the British during the war and entered Damascus at the culmination of the Arab Revolt . He had been recently deposed by France as King of Syria , and British officials at the Cairo Conference decided to make him the first King of Iraq . They believed that due to his lineage as a Hashemite and his diplomatic skills he would be respected and have the ability to unite the various groups in the country . Shias would respect him because of his lineage from Muhammad . Sunnis , including Kurds , would follow him because he was Sunni from a respected family . Keeping all the groups under control in Iraq was essential to balance the political and economic interests of the British Empire . Upon Faisal 's arrival in 1921 , Bell advised him on local questions , including matters involving tribal geography and local business . She also supervised the selection of appointees for cabinet and other leadership posts in the new government . Referred to by Arabs as `` al - Khatun '' ( a Lady of the Court who keeps an open eye and ear for the benefit of the State ) , she was a confidante of King Faisal of Iraq and helped ease his passage into the role , amongst Iraq 's other tribal leaders at the start of his reign . He helped her to found Baghdad 's Iraqi Archaeological Museum from her own modest artefact collection and to establish The British School of Archaeology , Iraq , for the endowment of excavation projects from proceeds in her will . The stress of authoring a prodigious output of books , correspondence , intelligence reports , reference works , and white papers ; of recurring bronchitis attacks brought on by years of heavy smoking in the company of English and Arab cohorts ; of bouts with malaria ; and finally , of coping with Baghdad 's summer heat all took a toll on her health . Somewhat frail to start with , she became emaciated . Some consider the present troubles in Iraq to be derived from the political boundaries Bell conceived to create its borders . Her reports , however , indicate that problems were foreseen , and that it was clearly understood that there were just not many ( if any ) permanent solutions for calming the divisive forces at work in that part of the world . Throughout the early 1920s Bell was an integral part of the administration of Iraq . The new Hashemite monarchy used the Sharifian flag , which consisted of a black stripe representing the Abbasid caliphate , white stripe representing the Umayyad caliphate , and a green stripe for Fatimid Dynasty , and lastly a red triangle to set across the three bands symbolising Islam . Bell felt it essential to customise it for Iraq by adding a gold star to the design . Faisal was crowned king of Iraq on 23 August 1921 , but he was not completely welcomed . Utilizing Shi'ite history to gain support for Faisal , during the holy month of Muharram , Bell compared Faisal 's arrival in Baghdad to Husayn , grandson of Muhammad . However , she did not find working with the new king to be easy : `` You may rely upon one thing -- I 'll never engage in creating kings again ; it 's too great a strain . '' 1921 Conference ( edit ) Bell , Cox and Lawrence were among a select group of `` Orientalists '' convened by Winston Churchill to attend a 1921 Conference in Cairo to determine the boundaries of the British mandate ( e.g. , `` the British Partitions '' ) and nascent states such as Iraq . Gertrude is supposed to have described Lawrence as being able `` to ignite fires in cold rooms '' . Throughout the conference , she , Cox and Lawrence worked tirelessly to promote the establishment of the countries of Transjordan and Iraq to be presided over by the Kings Abdullah and Faisal , sons of the instigator of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire ( ca . 1915 -- 1916 ) , Hussein bin Ali , Sharif and Emir of Mecca . Until her death in Baghdad , she served in the Iraq British High Commission advisory group there . Bell opposed the Zionist movement , on the grounds that it would be unfair to impose Jewish rule on Arab inhabitants of Palestine . She wrote that she regarded the Balfour Declaration with `` the deepest mistrust '' and that `` It 's like a nightmare in which you foresee all the horrible things which are going to happen and can ` t stretch out your hand to prevent them '' . Mark Sykes , the British diplomat responsible for the Sykes -- Picot Agreement , was not fond of her . National Library of Iraq ( edit ) In November 1919 , Bell was an invited speaker at a meeting for the promotion of a public library in Baghdad , and subsequently served on its Library Committee , as President from 1921 to 1924 . The Baghdad Peace Library ( Maktabat al - Salam ) was a private , subscription library , but in c. 1924 was taken over by the Ministry of Education and became known as the Baghdad Public Library ( or sometimes as the General Library ) . In 1961 , this became the National Library of Iraq . Baghdad Archaeological Museum ( edit ) Further information : National Museum of Iraq Gertrude Bell 's first love had always been archaeology , thus she began forming what became the Baghdad Archaeological Museum , later renamed the Iraqi Museum . Her goal was to preserve Iraqi culture and history which included the important relics of Mesopotamian civilizations , and keep them in their country of origin . She also supervised excavations and examined finds and artifacts . She brought in extensive collections , such as from the Babylonian Empire . The museum was officially opened in June 1926 , shortly before Bell 's death . After her death , at the Emir 's suggestion , the right wing of the Museum was named as a memorial to her . Final years ( edit ) When Bell briefly returned to Britain in 1925 , she faced family problems and ill health . Her family 's fortune had begun to decline due to the onset of post-World War I strikes by workers in Britain and economic depression in Europe . She returned to Baghdad and soon developed pleurisy . When she recovered , she heard that her younger half brother Hugh had died of typhoid . On 12 July 1926 , Bell was discovered dead , of an apparent overdose of sleeping pills . There is much debate on her death , but it is unknown whether the overdose was an intentional suicide or accidental since she had asked her maid to wake her . In her final years she became acquainted with Kinahan Cornwallis who later wrote an introduction to the posthumously published book The Arab War , Confidential Information for General Headquarters from Gertrude Bell , Being Despatches Reprinted from the Secret `` Arab Bulletin '' . She was buried at the British cemetery in Baghdad 's Bab al - Sharji district . Her funeral was a major event , attended by large numbers of people including her colleagues , British officials and the King of Iraq . It was said King Faisal watched the procession from his private balcony as they carried her coffin to the cemetery . Legacy and tributes ( edit ) Contemporary ( edit ) An obituary written by her peer D.G. Hogarth expressed the respect British officials held for her . Hogarth honoured her by saying , No woman in recent time has combined her qualities -- her taste for arduous and dangerous adventure with her scientific interest and knowledge , her competence in archaeology and art , her distinguished literary gift , her sympathy for all sorts and condition of men , her political insight and appreciation of human values , her masculine vigour , hard common sense and practical efficiency -- all tempered by feminine charm and a most romantic spirit . Modern ( edit ) Gertrude Bell is remembered in Iraq in the 21st century . The British diplomat , travel writer and Member of Parliament Rory Stewart wrote : When I served as a British official in southern Iraq in 2003 , I often heard Iraqis compare my female colleagues to `` Gertrude Bell . '' It was generally casual flattery , and yet the example of Bell and her colleagues was unsettling . More than ten biographies have portrayed her as the ideal Arabist , political analyst , and administrator . -- Rory Stewart Stewart notes that Bell was `` both more lively and more honest '' than political statements in his time . He quotes six examples of her writing , the shortest of which is `` No one knows exactly what they do want , least of all themselves , except that they do n't want us . '' He quotes Bell 's colleague , T. E. Lawrence ( of Arabia ) , as saying that she was `` not a good judge of men or situations '' , and observes that `` If there was no ideal solution , however , there were still clear mistakes . Bell should never have acquiesced in the inclusion of the Kurdish - dominated province of Mosul in Iraq . '' However , Stewart praises her 1920 White Paper , comparing it to General Petraeus 's report to the US Congress . Film ( edit ) In 1992 , Bell was portrayed by Gillian Barge in the ITV television film A Dangerous Man : Lawrence After Arabia . In 2015 , Werner Herzog released Queen of the Desert . The film chronicles much of Bell 's life and in it she is portrayed by Nicole Kidman . In 2016 , the documentary Letters from Baghdad based on Gertrude Bell 's and her contemporaries ' own writings was released . The film was directed and produced by Zeva Oelbaum and Sabine Krayenbühl . The quotations from Bell 's letters were read by Tilda Swinton . Posthumous tributes ( edit ) Gertrude Bell 's work was specially mentioned in the British Parliament , and she was awarded the Order of the British Empire . A stained - glass window dedicated to her memory , made by Douglas Strachan , was erected in St Lawrence 's Church , East Rounton , North Yorkshire . It depicts Magdalen College , Oxford , and Khadimain , Baghdad . The inscription reads : This window is in remembrance of Gertrude Versed in the learning of the east and of the west Servant of the state Scholar Poet Historian Antiquary Gardener Mountaineer Explorer Lover of nature of flowers and of animals Incomparable friend sister daughter . Museum ( edit ) In 2016 , a campaign was launched to transform Bell 's family estate , Red Barns , into a memorial and museum . The family were patrons to the Arts and Crafts movement in England , and the home , located in Redcar , features wallpaper by movement leader William Morris . The building is Grade II * listed among historical buildings , however it has lacked upkeep in recent years . Turning the building into a memorial to Gertrude is partially the result of a popular 2015 exhibition about her at the Great North Museum in Newcastle . The exhibition moved to the Kirkleatham Museum in Redcar after its run in Newcastle . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daughter of John Shield of Newcastle - on - Tyne . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bell , Gertrude ( 1927 ) . Bell , Florence , ed . The Letters of Gertrude Bell . London . Jump up ^ Bell , Gertrude Lowthian . O'Brien , Rosemary , ed . Gertrude Bell : The Arabian Diaries , 1913 - 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Getrude Bell '' . The Dictionary of National Biography . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Meyer , Karl E. ; Brysac , Shareen B. ( 2008 ) , Kingmakers : The Invention of the Modern Middle East , New York : W.W. Norton & Co. , p. 162 Jump up ^ Del Testa , David W. , ed. ( 2001 ) . `` Bell , Gertrude '' . Government Leaders , Military Rulers , and Political Activists . Westport , Connecticut : Oryx Press . p. 20 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ O'Brien , Rosemary , ed. ( 2000 ) , Gertrude Bell : The Arabian Diaries , 1913 -- 1914 , Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press Jump up ^ https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/74e845fa-b746-3598-8c8e-cebd02f786b7 ^ Jump up to : Howell , Georgina ( 2008 ) . Gertrude Bell : Queen of the Desert , Shaper of Nations ( Paperback ed . ) . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 53135 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` LMH , Oxford - Prominent Alumni '' . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Georgina ( 2007 ) . Queen of the Desert : The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell ( Paperback ed . ) . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4472 - 8626 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Greenwood , Alice Drayton ( 1862 -- 1935 ) , historian Oxford Dictionary of National Biography '' . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 9780198614128.001. 0001 / odnb - 9780198614128 - e-59037 . Jump up ^ Lady Bell ( 1927 ) . The Letters Of Gertrude Bell ( vol - I ) . Jump up ^ Barlow , Henry S. ( 1995 ) . Swettenham . Kuala Lumpur : Southdene . pp. 654 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Barlow , Henry S. ( 1997 ) . `` Malaysia : Swettenham 's Legacy '' . Asian Affairs . 28 ( 3 ) : 333 . ^ Jump up to : Lukitz , Liora ( 3 March 2006 ) . A Quest in the Middle East : Gertrude Bell and the Making of Modern Iraq . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 415 - 3 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gertrude Bell and the Birth of Iraq '' . theava.com. 15 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2004 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Berry , Helen ( September 2013 ) . `` Gertrude Bell : adventurer , diplomat , mountaineer and anti-suffragette '' . BBC History Magazine . BBC . Retrieved 16 May 2017 -- via cloudfront.net . Jump up ^ Cohen , Getzel M. ; Sharp Joukowsky , Martha ( 2006 ) . Breaking Ground : Pioneering Women Archaeologists . University of Michigan Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03174 - 0 . Jump up ^ Alfred Werner Maurer . Mumbaqat 1977 report on the resources of the University of Saarbrücken , undertaken by the German Oriental Society excavation . Philologus Verlag , Basel , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bell , Gertrude ( 1927 ) . Bell , Florence , ed . `` To Herbert Baker , Basrah , June 25 , 1916 '' . The Letters of Gertrude Bell , Volume 1 . London . p. 379 . He is going to give me a room in his office where I shall go two or three mornings a week ... the other days I shall go on working at GHQ ... Sir Percy 's office is a quarter of an hour away . Jump up ^ Bell , Gertrude ( 1927 ) . Bell , Florence , ed . `` To Florence Bell , August 27 , 1916 '' . The Letters of Gertrude Bell , Volume 1 . London : 386 . He is going to give me a room in his office where I shall go two or three mornings a week ... the other days I shall go on working at GHQ ... Sir Percy 's office is a quarter of an hour away . Jump up ^ Townshend , Charles ( 2011 ) . Desert Hell : The British Invasion of Mesopotamia . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press . p. 494 . ISBN 0674061349 . Jump up ^ Rich , Paul J. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Iraq and Gertrude Bell 's The Arab of Mesopotamia . Lanham : Lexington Books . p. 144 . ISBN 1461633664 . Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Great War for Civilisation : the Conquest of the Middle East . London : Alfred Knopf . p. 327 . ISBN 1 - 84115 - 007 - X . Jump up ^ Sobel , Andrew ; Sheth , Jagdish ( 2001 ) . Clients for Life Clients for Life : How Great Professionals Develop Breakthrough Relationships ( Reprint ed . ) . Simon and Schuster . p. 64 . ISBN 9780743215091 . ^ Jump up to : Wallach , Janet ( 1996 ) . Desert Queen . Bantam Doubleday Dell . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74436 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bell , Gertrude ( 20 May 2009 ) . `` Friday July 8 . ( 8 July 1921 ) '' . The Letters . Gertrude Bell Archive , Newcastle University . Archived from the original on 20 May 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mowla , Khondakar Golam ( 2008 ) . `` The Judgment Against Imperialism , Fascism and Racism Against Caliphate and Islam '' . AuthorHouse . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 1438910956 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel ( 3 September 2006 ) . `` Putting the dons on their mettle '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Howell , Georgina ( 2006 ) . Gertrude Bell : Queen of the Desert , Shaper of Nations . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 353 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 3401 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` How Gertrude Bell caused a desert storm '' . The Telegraph . 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchan , James ( 12 March 2003 ) . `` Miss Bell 's lines in the sand '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ H.D.G. ( 1926 ) . `` Obituary : Gertrude Lowthian Bell '' . The Geographical Journal . 68 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 368 . JSTOR 1783440 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Rory ( 25 October 2007 ) . `` The Queen of the Quagmire '' . New York Review of Books . p. 1 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Rory ( 25 October 2007 ) . `` The Queen of the Quagmire '' . New York Review of Books . p. 2 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the Desert '' . Metacritic. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Letters from Baghdad '' . Between the Rivers Productions . 2016 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Letters from Baghdad '' . IMDb.com . International Movie Database . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pevsner , Nikolaus ( 1966 ) . The Buildings of England : Yorkshire : The North Riding . Vol. 30 . Penguin . Jump up ^ `` pictures of the memorial in East Rounton Church '' . Flickr.com . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Yale , Pat ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Gertrude of Arabia : the great adventurer may finally get her museum '' . The Guardian . Bibliography ( edit ) Writings by Bell ( edit ) Bell , Gertrude ( 1892 ) . Poems from the Divan of Hafiz . London . Bell , Gertrude ( 1907 ) . The Desert and the Sown . Bell , Gertrude ( 1910 ) . Mountains of the Servants of God . Bell , Gertrude ( 1911 ) . Amurath to Amurath . Bell , Gertrude ( 1914 ) . The Palace and Mosque of Ukhaidir : a Study in Early Mohammadan Architecture . Bell , Gertrude ( 1961 ) . Gertrude Bell : From Her Personal Papers 1914 -- 1926 . London : Ernest Benn Ltd . Bell , Gertrude ( 2015 ) . A Woman in Arabia : The Writings of the Queen of the Desert . London : Penguin . Gertrude Lowthian Bell ; Gertrude Bell ( 1919 ) ( 1907 ) . The Desert and the Sown : Travels in Palestine and Syria . W. Heinemann . p. 340 . Gertrude Bell ( 1911 , rep. 1924 ) From Amurath to Amurath , complete text with illustrations . Works by Gertrude Bell at Project Gutenberg Australia The letters of Gertrude Bell , selected and edited by Lady Bell , 1927 ( plain text and HTML ) The Arabian Report Arab Bulletin Biographies of Bell ( edit ) Adams , Amanda ( 2010 ) . Ladies of the Field : Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure . Greystone Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 641 - 8 . Bodley , R.V.C. ; Hearst , L. ( 1940 ) . Gertrude Bell . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 258 - 44101 - 2 . Howell , Georgina ( 2006 ) . Gertrude Bell : Queen of the Desert , Shaper of Nations . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 3401 - 5 . ; also issued as Daughter of the Desert : the remarkable life of Gertrude Bell . Macmillan , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 4050 - 4587 - 6 -- - ( paperback edition , Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 2008 ) ISBN 0 - 374 - 53135 - 8 Lukitz , Liora ( 2004 ) . `` Gertrude Bell '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . 4 . Lukitz , Liora ( 3 March 2006 ) . A Quest in the Middle East : Gertrude Bell and the Making of Modern Iraq . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 415 - 3 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Wallach , Janet ( 1996 ) . Desert Queen . Bantam Doubleday Dell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74436 - 4 . Winstone , H.V.F. ( 2004 ) . Gertrude Bell . Barzan Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9547728 - 0 - 2 . Other sources ( edit ) Bell ( ed . ) , Lady Florence ( 1927 ) . The Letters of Gertrude Bell . 2 vols . London : Ernest Benn Ltd . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hogarth , David G. `` Obituary : Gertrude Lowthian Bell '' . The Geographical Journal 68.4 ( 1926 ) : pp. 363 -- 368 . JSTOR. 28 October 2009 . Meyer , Karl E. ; Brysac , S.B. ( 2008 ) . Kingmakers : The Invention of the Modern Middle East . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33770 - 9 . O'Brien , R. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Gertrude Bell : The Arabian Diaries , 1913 -- 1914 . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0672 - 7 . Satia , Priya ( 2008 ) . Spies in Arabia : The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain 's Covert Empire in the Middle East . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199715985 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gertrude Bell . Wikisource has original works written by or about : Gertrude Bell The Gertrude Bell Project based at Newcastle University Library Gertrude Bell Biography also Gertrude Bell on her translations of Hafiz `` Archival material relating to Gertrude Bell '' . UK National Archives . British `` Queen of Iraq '' rests in Baghdad cemetery Gertrude Bell , a Masterful Spy and Diplomat `` Gertrude of Arabia '' . The Economist. 7 September 2006 . Review of Daughter of the Desert : The Remarkable Life of Gertrude Bell by Georgina Howell Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia , London : H.M. Stationery Office . 1920 Works by Gertrude Bell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Gertrude Bell at Internet Archive Works by Gertrude Bell at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Poems from the Divan of Hafiz . Translated by Gertrude Lowthian Bell . 1897 . The Arab war ; confidential information for General headquarters from Gertrude Bell , being despatches from the secret `` Arab bulletin '' . Golden Cockerel Press . 1940 . The Rountons : The Bell Family ( photographs ) Lifestory of Gertrude Bell , from `` Lives of the First World War '' Newspaper clippings about Gertrude Bell in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) WorldCat Identities BNE : XX957112 BNF : cb12286528n ( data ) CiNii : DA00875505 GND : 118658026 ISNI : 0000 0000 8096 8759 LCCN : n50082912 NDL : 00511964 NKC : xx0023632 NLA : 35016937 PIC : 268199 SELIBR : 177195 SNAC : w6vx3zz5 SUDOC : 031699367 ULAN : 500080338 VIAF : 17391032 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Bell&oldid=866254123 '' Categories : 1868 births 1926 deaths Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford English Arabists Commanders of the Order of the British Empire English archaeologists English explorers English mountain climbers English travel writers Explorers of Arabia Explorers of Asia Female wartime spies Interwar period spies People educated at Queen 's College , London People from Washington , Tyne and Wear British women in World War I Women archaeologists Women travel writers World War I spies for the United Kingdom People from County Durham Holy Land travellers Female explorers Burials in Iraq Victorian women writers 20th - century British women writers 19th - century English writers 20th - century English writers 20th - century archaeologists Female climbers 19th - century British women writers Witnesses of the Armenian Genocide Women geographers 20th - century geographers People from Middlesbrough Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Subscription required using via EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles with hCards CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 15 elements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 07 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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Periodic table

Periodic table - wikipedia Periodic table Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the table used in chemistry and physics . For other uses , see Periodic table ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( superactinide ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals reactive nonmetals noble gases By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( Allen , Pauling ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number , electron configuration , and recurring chemical properties , whose adopted structure shows periodic trends . Generally , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals on the left , and non-metals on the right , with the elements having similar chemical behaviours being placed in the same column . Table rows are commonly called periods and columns are called groups . Six groups have accepted names as well as assigned numbers : for example , group 17 elements are halogens ; and group 18 are noble gases . Also displayed are four simple rectangular areas or blocks associated with the filling of different atomic orbitals . Importantly , the organization of the periodic table can be utilized to derive relationships between various element properties , but also predicted chemical properties and behaviours of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements . Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was first to publish a recognizable periodic table in 1869 , developed mainly to illustrate periodic trends of the then - known elements . He also predicted some properties of unidentified elements that were expected to fill gaps within this table . Most of his forecasts proved to be correct . Mendeleev 's idea has been slowly expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and by developing new theoretical models to explain chemical behaviour . The modern periodic table now provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical reactions , and continues to be widely adopted in chemistry , nuclear physics and other sciences . All elements ranging from atomic numbers 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) have been either discovered or synthesized , completing the first seven rows of the periodic table . The first 98 elements exist naturally , although some are found only in trace amounts and were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature . Atomic numbers for elements 99 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors . The synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is currently being pursued : these elements would begin an eighth row , and theoretical work has been done to suggest possible appearances for this extension . Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Grouping methods 2.1 Groups 2.2 Periods 2.3 Blocks 2.4 Metals , metalloids and nonmetals 3 Periodic trends and patterns 3.1 Electron configuration 3.2 Atomic radii 3.3 Ionization energy 3.4 Electronegativity 3.5 Electron affinity 3.6 Metallic character 3.7 Linking or bridging groups 4 History 4.1 First systemization attempts 4.2 Mendeleev 's table 4.3 Second version and further development 5 Different periodic tables 5.1 The long - or 32 - column table 5.2 Tables with different structures 6 Open questions and controversies 6.1 Placement of hydrogen and helium 6.2 Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 6.2. 1 Lanthanum and actinium 6.2. 2 Lutetium and lawrencium 6.2. 3 Lanthanides and actinides 6.3 Groups included in the transition metals 6.4 Elements with unknown chemical properties 6.5 Further periodic table extensions 6.6 Element with the highest possible atomic number 6.7 Optimal form 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Overview For a more detailed periodic table , see Periodic table ( large cells ) . hide Periodic table Group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Period Hydrogen 1H ​ 7000100800000000000 ♠ 1.008 Helium 2He ​ 7000400260000000000 ♠ 4.0026 Lithium 3Li ​ 7000694000000000000 ♠ 6.94 Beryllium 4Be ​ 7000901220000000000 ♠ 9.0122 Boron 5B ​ 7001108100000000000 ♠ 10.81 Carbon 6C ​ 7001120110000000000 ♠ 12.011 Nitrogen 7N ​ 7001140070000000000 ♠ 14.007 Oxygen 8O ​ 7001159990000000000 ♠ 15.999 Fluorine 9F ​ 7001189980000000000 ♠ 18.998 Neon 10 Ne ​ 7001201800000000000 ♠ 20.180 Sodium 11 Na ​ 7001229899999999999 ♠ 22.990 Magnesium 12 Mg ​ 7001243050000000000 ♠ 24.305 Aluminium 13 Al ​ 7001269820000000000 ♠ 26.982 Silicon 14 Si ​ 7001280850000000000 ♠ 28.085 Phosphorus 15 P ​ 7001309740000000000 ♠ 30.974 Sulfur 16 S ​ 7001320600000000000 ♠ 32.06 Chlorine 17 Cl ​ 7001354500000000000 ♠ 35.45 Argon 18 Ar ​ 7001399480000000000 ♠ 39.948 Potassium 19 K ​ 7001390980000000000 ♠ 39.098 Calcium 20 Ca ​ 7001400780000000000 ♠ 40.078 Scandium 21 Sc ​ 7001449560000000000 ♠ 44.956 Titanium 22 Ti ​ 7001478670000000000 ♠ 47.867 Vanadium 23 V ​ 7001509420000000000 ♠ 50.942 Chromium 24 Cr ​ 7001519960000000000 ♠ 51.996 Manganese 25 Mn ​ 7001549380000000000 ♠ 54.938 Iron 26 Fe ​ 7001558450000000000 ♠ 55.845 Cobalt 27 Co ​ 7001589330000000000 ♠ 58.933 Nickel 28 Ni ​ 7001586930000000000 ♠ 58.693 Copper 29 Cu ​ 7001635460000000000 ♠ 63.546 Zinc 30 Zn ​ 7001653800000000000 ♠ 65.38 Gallium 31 Ga ​ 7001697230000000000 ♠ 69.723 Germanium 32 Ge ​ 7001726300000000000 ♠ 72.630 Arsenic 33 As ​ 7001749220000000000 ♠ 74.922 Selenium 34 Se ​ 7001789710000000000 ♠ 78.971 Bromine 35 Br ​ 7001799040000000000 ♠ 79.904 Krypton 36 Kr ​ 7001837980000000000 ♠ 83.798 5 Rubidium 37 Rb ​ 7001854680000000000 ♠ 85.468 Strontium 38 Sr ​ 7001876200000000000 ♠ 87.62 Yttrium 39 Y ​ 7001889060000000000 ♠ 88.906 Zirconium 40 Zr ​ 7001912240000000000 ♠ 91.224 Niobium 41 Nb ​ 7001929060000000000 ♠ 92.906 Molybdenum 42 Mo ​ 7001959500000000000 ♠ 95.95 Technetium 43 Tc ​ ( 98 ) Ruthenium 44 Ru ​ 7002101070000000000 ♠ 101.07 Rhodium 45 Rh ​ 7002102910000000000 ♠ 102.91 Palladium 46 Pd ​ 7002106420000000000 ♠ 106.42 Silver 47 Ag ​ 7002107870000000000 ♠ 107.87 Cadmium 48 Cd ​ 7002112410000000000 ♠ 112.41 Indium 49 In ​ 7002114820000000000 ♠ 114.82 Tin 50 Sn ​ 7002118710000000000 ♠ 118.71 Antimony 51 Sb ​ 7002121760000000000 ♠ 121.76 Tellurium 52 Te ​ 7002127600000000000 ♠ 127.60 Iodine 53 I ​ 7002126900000000000 ♠ 126.90 Xenon 54 Xe ​ 7002131289999999999 ♠ 131.29 6 Caesium 55 Cs ​ 7002132910000000000 ♠ 132.91 Barium 56 Ba ​ 7002137330000000000 ♠ 137.33 Lanthanum 57 La ​ 7002138910000000000 ♠ 138.91 Hafnium 72 Hf ​ 7002178490000000000 ♠ 178.49 Tantalum 73 Ta ​ 7002180950000000000 ♠ 180.95 Tungsten 74 W ​ 7002183840000000000 ♠ 183.84 Rhenium 75 Re ​ 7002186210000000000 ♠ 186.21 Osmium 76 Os ​ 7002190230000000000 ♠ 190.23 Iridium 77 Ir ​ 7002192220000000000 ♠ 192.22 Platinum 78 Pt ​ 7002195080000000000 ♠ 195.08 Gold 79 Au ​ 7002196970000000000 ♠ 196.97 Mercury 80 Hg ​ 7002200590000000000 ♠ 200.59 Thallium 81 Tl ​ 7002204380000000000 ♠ 204.38 Lead 82 Pb ​ 7002207200000000000 ♠ 207.2 Bismuth 83 Bi ​ 7002208980000000000 ♠ 208.98 Polonium 84 Po ​ ( 209 ) Astatine 85 At ​ ( 210 ) Radon 86 Rn ​ ( 222 ) 7 Francium 87 Fr ​ ( 223 ) Radium 88 Ra ​ ( 226 ) Actinium 89 Ac ​ ( 227 ) Rutherfordium 104 Rf ​ ( 267 ) Dubnium 105 Db ​ ( 268 ) Seaborgium 106 Sg ​ ( 269 ) Bohrium 107 Bh ​ ( 270 ) Hassium 108 Hs ​ ( 270 ) Meitnerium 109 Mt ​ ( 278 ) Darmstadtium 110 Ds ​ ( 281 ) Roentgenium 111 Rg ​ ( 282 ) Copernicium 112 Cn ​ ( 285 ) Nihonium 113 Nh ​ ( 286 ) Flerovium 114 Fl ​ ( 289 ) Moscovium 115 Mc ​ ( 290 ) Livermorium 116 Lv ​ ( 293 ) Tennessine 117 Ts ​ ( 294 ) Oganesson 118 Og ​ ( 294 ) Cerium 58 Ce ​ 7002140120000000000 ♠ 140.12 Praseodymium 59 Pr ​ 7002140910000000000 ♠ 140.91 Neodymium 60 Nd ​ 7002144240000000000 ♠ 144.24 Promethium 61 Pm ​ ( 145 ) Samarium 62 Sm ​ 7002150360000000000 ♠ 150.36 Europium 63 Eu ​ 7002151960000000000 ♠ 151.96 Gadolinium 64 Gd ​ 7002157250000000000 ♠ 157.25 Terbium 65 Tb ​ 7002158930000000000 ♠ 158.93 Dysprosium 66 Dy ​ 7002162500000000000 ♠ 162.50 Holmium 67 Ho ​ 7002164930000000000 ♠ 164.93 Erbium 68 Er ​ 7002167260000000000 ♠ 167.26 Thulium 69 Tm ​ 7002168930000000000 ♠ 168.93 Ytterbium 70 Yb ​ 7002173050000000000 ♠ 173.05 Lutetium 71 Lu ​ 7002174970000000000 ♠ 174.97 Thorium 90 Th ​ 7002232040000000000 ♠ 232.04 Protactinium 91 Pa ​ 7002231040000000000 ♠ 231.04 Uranium 92 U ​ 7002238030000000000 ♠ 238.03 Neptunium 93 Np ​ ( 237 ) Plutonium 94 Pu ​ ( 244 ) Americium 95 Am ​ ( 243 ) Curium 96 Cm ​ ( 247 ) Berkelium 97 Bk ​ ( 247 ) Californium 98 Cf ​ ( 251 ) Einsteinium 99 Es ​ ( 252 ) Fermium 100 Fm ​ ( 257 ) Mendelevium 101 Md ​ ( 258 ) Nobelium 102 No ​ ( 259 ) Lawrencium 103 Lr ​ ( 266 ) 1 ( red ) = Gas 3 ( black ) = Solid 80 ( green ) = Liquid 109 ( gray ) = Unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element Standard atomic weight ( A ) Ca : 7001400780000000000 ♠ 40.078 -- Formal short value , rounded ( no uncertainty ) Po : ( 209 ) -- mass number of the most stable isotope Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Each chemical element has a unique atomic number ( Z ) representing the number of protons in its nucleus . Most elements have differing numbers of neutrons among different atoms , with these variants being referred to as isotopes . For example , carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes : all of its atoms have six protons and most have six neutrons as well , but about one per cent have seven neutrons , and a very small fraction have eight neutrons . Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table ; they are always grouped together under a single element . Elements with no stable isotopes have the atomic masses of their most stable isotopes , where such masses are shown , listed in parentheses . In the standard periodic table , the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z ( the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ) . A new row ( period ) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron . Columns ( groups ) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom ; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns ( e.g. oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they both have four electrons in the outermost p - subshell ) . Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table , although in the f - block , and to some respect in the d - block , the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties , as well . Thus , it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it . As of 2016 , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements , from element 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) . Elements 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 , the most recent discoveries , were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in December 2015 . Their proposed names , nihonium ( Nh ) , moscovium ( Mc ) , tennessine ( Ts ) and oganesson ( Og ) respectively , were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016 . The first 94 elements occur naturally ; the remaining 24 , americium to oganesson ( 95 -- 118 ) , occur only when synthesized in laboratories . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 83 are primordial and 11 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements . No element heavier than einsteinium ( element 99 ) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form , nor has astatine ( element 85 ) ; francium ( element 87 ) has been only photographed in the form of light emitted from microscopic quantities ( 300,000 atoms ) . Grouping methods Groups Main article : Group ( periodic table ) A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table . Groups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocks , explained below . Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in their valence shell . Consequently , elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number . In some parts of the periodic table , such as the d - block and the f - block , horizontal similarities can be as important as , or more pronounced than , vertical similarities . Under an international naming convention , the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column ( the alkali metals ) to the rightmost column ( the noble gases ) . Previously , they were known by roman numerals . In America , the roman numerals were followed by either an `` A '' if the group was in the s - or p - block , or a `` B '' if the group was in the d - block . The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today 's naming convention ( e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB , and the group 14 elements were group IVA ) . In Europe , the lettering was similar , except that `` A '' was used if the group was before group 10 , and `` B '' was used for groups including and after group 10 . In addition , groups 8 , 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple - sized group , known collectively in both notations as group VIII . In 1988 , the new IUPAC naming system was put into use , and the old group names were deprecated . Some of these groups have been given trivial ( unsystematic ) names , as seen in the table below , although some are rarely used . Groups 3 -- 10 have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers or by the name of the first member of their group ( such as `` the scandium group '' for group 3 ) , since they display fewer similarities and / or vertical trends . Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius , ionization energy , and electronegativity . From top to bottom in a group , the atomic radii of the elements increase . Since there are more filled energy levels , valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus . From the top , each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound . Similarly , a group has a top - to - bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus . There are exceptions to these trends : for example , in group 11 , electronegativity increases farther down the group . hide Groups in the Periodic table IUPAC group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Mendeleev ( I -- VIII ) IA II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII B IB II B III B IV B VB VI B VII B CAS ( US , A-B-A ) IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA old IUPAC ( Europe , A-B ) IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIII B IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB 0 Trivial name Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Coinage metals Triels Tetrels Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Name by element Lithium group Beryllium group Scandium group Titanium group Vanadium group Chromium group Manganese group Iron group Cobalt group Nickel group Copper group Zinc group Boron group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Fluorine group Helium or Neon group Period 1 He Period 2 Li Be O Ne Period 3 Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Period 4 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Period 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Period 6 Cs Ba La Ce -- Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Period 7 Fr Ra Ac Th -- Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Group 3 has scandium ( Sc ) and yttrium ( Y ) . For the rest of the group , sources differ as either being ( 1 ) lutetium ( Lu ) and lawrencium ( Lr ) , or ( 2 ) lanthanum ( La ) and actinium ( Ac ) , or ( 3 ) the whole set of 15 + 15 lanthanides and actinides . IUPAC has initiated a project to standardize the definition as either ( 1 ) Sc , Y , Lu and Lr , or ( 2 ) Sc , Y , La and Ac . Group 18 , the noble gases , were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev 's original table . Later ( 1902 ) , Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence , and they could be placed in a new `` group 0 '' , consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle . Group name as recommended by IUPAC . Hydrogen ( H ) , while placed in group 1 , is not considered to be part of the alkali metals . Periods Main article : Period ( periodic table ) A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table . Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends , there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends , such as the f - block , where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements . Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius , ionization energy , electron affinity , and electronegativity . Moving left to right across a period , atomic radius usually decreases . This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron , which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus . This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase when moving from left to right across a period . The more tightly bound an element is , the more energy is required to remove an electron . Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus . Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a period . Metals ( left side of a period ) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals ( right side of a period ) , with the exception of the noble gases . Blocks Main article : Block ( periodic table ) Left to right : s - , f - , d - , p - block in the periodic table Specific regions of the periodic table can be referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled . Each block is named according to the subshell in which the `` last '' electron notionally resides . The s - block comprises the first two groups ( alkali metals and alkaline earth metals ) as well as hydrogen and helium . The p - block comprises the last six groups , which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC group numbering ( 3A to 8A in American group numbering ) and contains , among other elements , all of the metalloids . The d - block comprises groups 3 to 12 ( or 3B to 2B in American group numbering ) and contains all of the transition metals . The f - block , often offset below the rest of the periodic table , has no group numbers and comprises lanthanides and actinides . Metals , metalloids and nonmetals Metals , metalloids , nonmetals , and elements with unknown chemical properties in the periodic table . Sources disagree on the classification of some of these elements . According to their shared physical and chemical properties , the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals , metalloids and nonmetals . Metals are generally shiny , highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt - like ionic compounds with nonmetals ( other than noble gases ) . A majority of nonmetals are coloured or colourless insulating gases ; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals , feature covalent bonding . In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids , which have intermediate or mixed properties . Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non-metallic properties , when going left to right in the rows . The metals may be subdivided into the highly reactive alkali metals , through the less reactive alkaline earth metals , lanthanides and actinides , via the archetypal transition metals , and ending in the physically and chemically weak post-transition metals . Nonmetals may be simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals , being nearer to the metalloids and show some incipient metallic character ; the essentially nonmetallic diatomic nonmetals , nonmetallic and the almost completely inert , monatomic noble gases . Specialized groupings such as refractory metals and noble metals , are examples of subsets of transition metals , also known and occasionally denoted . Placing elements into categories and subcategories based just on shared properties is imperfect . There is a large disparity of properties within each category with notable overlaps at the boundaries , as is the case with most classification schemes . Beryllium , for example , is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or post-transition metal . Radon is classified as a nonmetallic noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is characteristic of metals . Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories , or crystalline structures . Categorizing the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be placed on the periodic table to show elements having shared properties , such as metals , nonmetals , or gaseous elements . Periodic trends and patterns Main article : Periodic trends Electron configuration Main article : Electronic configuration Approximate order in which shells and subshells are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule The electron configuration or organisation of electrons orbiting neutral atoms shows a recurring pattern or periodicity . The electrons occupy a series of electron shells ( numbered 1 , 2 , and so on ) . Each shell consists of one or more subshells ( named s , p , d , f and g ) . As atomic number increases , electrons progressively fill these shells and subshells more or less according to the Madelung rule or energy ordering rule , as shown in the diagram . The electron configuration for neon , for example , is 1s 2s 2p . With an atomic number of ten , neon has two electrons in the first shell , and eight electrons in the second shell ; there are two electrons in the s subshell and six in the p subshell . In periodic table terms , the first time an electron occupies a new shell corresponds to the start of each new period , these positions being occupied by hydrogen and the alkali metals . Periodic table trends ( arrows show an increase ) Since the properties of an element are mostly determined by its electron configuration , the properties of the elements likewise show recurring patterns or periodic behaviour , some examples of which are shown in the diagrams below for atomic radii , ionization energy and electron affinity . It is this periodicity of properties , manifestations of which were noticed well before the underlying theory was developed , that led to the establishment of the periodic law ( the properties of the elements recur at varying intervals ) and the formulation of the first periodic tables . Atomic radii Main article : Atomic radius Atomic number plotted against atomic radius Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table . For instance , the radii generally decrease along each period of the table , from the alkali metals to the noble gases ; and increase down each group . The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period . These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory . The electrons in the 4f - subshell , which is progressively filled across the lanthanide series , are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub-shells further out . The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii that are smaller than would be expected and that are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them . Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius ( and chemistry ) as zirconium , and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium , and so forth . This is known as the lanthanide contraction . The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum ( element 78 ) , after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect . The d - block contraction , which is a similar effect between the d - block and p - block , is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause . Ionization energy Ionization energy : each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals , and ends at a maximum for the noble gases Main article : Ionization energy The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove one electron from an atom , the second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a second electron from the atom , and so on . For a given atom , successive ionization energies increase with the degree of ionization . For magnesium as an example , the first ionization energy is 738 kJ / mol and the second is 1450 kJ / mol . Electrons in the closer orbitals experience greater forces of electrostatic attraction ; thus , their removal requires increasingly more energy . Ionization energy becomes greater up and to the right of the periodic table . Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when removing an electron from a noble gas ( complete electron shell ) configuration . For magnesium again , the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium given above correspond to removing the two 3s electrons , and the third ionization energy is a much larger 7730 kJ / mol , for the removal of a 2p electron from the very stable neon - like configuration of Mg . Similar jumps occur in the ionization energies of other third - row atoms . Electronegativity Main article : Electronegativity Graph showing increasing electronegativity with growing number of selected groups Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus . The higher its electronegativity , the more an element attracts electrons . It was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1932 . In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements , while caesium is the least , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available . There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d - block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d - electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , particularly when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection and data availability . Methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements . Electron affinity Main article : Electron affinity Dependence of electron affinity on atomic number . Values generally increase across each period , culminating with the halogens before decreasing precipitously with the noble gases . Examples of localized peaks seen in hydrogen , the alkali metals and the group 11 elements are caused by a tendency to complete the s - shell ( with the 6s shell of gold being further stabilized by relativistic effects and the presence of a filled 4f sub shell ) . Examples of localized troughs seen in the alkaline earth metals , and nitrogen , phosphorus , manganese and rhenium are caused by filled s - shells , or half - filled p - or d - shells . The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion . Although electron affinity varies greatly , some patterns emerge . Generally , nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals . Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron . The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been measured conclusively , so they may or may not have slightly negative values . Electron affinity generally increases across a period . This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the atom ; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a group 1 atom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable . A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected . The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus . As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added . In going down a group , around one - third of elements are anomalous , with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors . Largely , this is due to the poor shielding by d and f electrons . A uniform decrease in electron affinity only applies to group 1 atoms . Metallic character The lower the values of ionization energy , electronegativity and electron affinity , the more metallic character the element has . Conversely , nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties . Given the periodic trends of these three properties , metallic character tends to decrease going across a period ( or row ) and , with some irregularities ( mostly ) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons , and relativistic effects , tends to increase going down a group ( or column or family ) . Thus , the most metallic elements ( such as caesium and francium ) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements ( oxygen , fluorine , chlorine ) at the top right . The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair - shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables , and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line , or elements adjacent to those elements , as metalloids . Linking or bridging groups Sc , Y , La , Ac , Lu , Lr , Cu , Ag , Au , Zn , Cd , Hg , He , Ne , Ar , Kr , Xe , Rn Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson 32 - column periodic table showing , from left to right , the location of group 3 ; lutetium and lawrencium ; groups 11 -- 12 ; and the noble gases From left to right across the four blocks of the long - or 32 - column form of the periodic table are a series of linking or bridging groups of elements , located approximately between each block . These groups , like the metalloids , show properties in between , or that are a mixture of , groups to either side . Chemically , the group 3 elements , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals or , more generally , s block metals but have some of the physical properties of d block transition metals . Lutetium and lawrencium , at the end of the end of the f block , may constitute another linking or bridging group . Lutetium behaves chemically as a lanthanide but shows a mix of lanthanide and transition metal physical properties . Lawrencium , as an analogue of lutetium , would presumable display like characteristics . The coinage metals in group 11 ( copper , silver , and gold ) are chemically capable of acting as either transition metals or main group metals . The volatile group 12 metals , zinc , cadmium and mercury are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block . Notionally they are d block elements but they have few transition metal properties and are more like their p block neighbors in group 13 . The relatively inert noble gases , in group 18 , bridge the most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table -- the halogens in group 17 and the alkali metals in group 1 . History Main article : History of the periodic table First systemization attempts The discovery of the elements mapped to significant periodic table development dates ( pre - , per - and post - ) In 1789 , Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements , grouping them into gases , metals , nonmetals , and earths . Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme . In 1829 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties . Lithium , sodium , and potassium , for example , were grouped together in a triad as soft , reactive metals . Döbereiner also observed that , when arranged by atomic weight , the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third ; this became known as the Law of Triads . German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system , and by 1843 he had identified ten triads , three groups of four , and one group of five . Jean - Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals . Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements , they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all . In 1857 , German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it . Methane , for example , has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms . This concept eventually became known as valency ; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms . In 1862 , Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , published an early form of periodic table , which he called the telluric helix or screw . He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals . His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements . His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram ; as a result , it received little attention until the work of Dmitri Mendeleev . In 1864 , Julius Lothar Meyer , a German chemist , published a table with 44 elements arranged by valency . The table showed that elements with similar properties often shared the same valency . Concurrently , English chemist William Odling published an arrangement of 57 elements , ordered on the basis of their atomic weights . With some irregularities and gaps , he noticed what appeared to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with `` their usually received groupings '' . Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it . He subsequently proposed ( in 1870 ) a valence - based classification of the elements . Newlands ' periodic table , as presented to the Chemical Society in 1866 , and based on the law of octaves English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight , similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music . This so termed Law of Octaves was ridiculed by Newlands ' contemporaries , and the Chemical Society refused to publish his work . Newlands was nonetheless able to draft a table of the elements and used it to predict the existence of missing elements , such as germanium . The Chemical Society only acknowledged the significance of his discoveries five years after they credited Mendeleev . In 1867 , Gustavus Hinrichs , a Danish born academic chemist based in America , published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights , and chemical similarities . His work was regarded as idiosyncratic , ostentatious and labyrinthine and this may have militated against its recognition and acceptance . Mendeleev 's table Dmitri Mendeleev , watercolour by Ilya Repin Mendeleev 's periodic table from his book An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether A version of Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table : An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities . This early arrangement presents the periods vertically , and the groups horizontally . Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870 , respectively . Mendeleev 's table was his first published version ; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his ( Meyer 's ) table of 1864 . They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat . The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev 's table came from two decisions he made . The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered . Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so , but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements , such as gallium and germanium . The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements , such as tellurium and iodine , to better classify them into chemical families . Mendeleev published in 1869 , using atomic weight to organize the elements , information determinable to fair precision in his time . Atomic weight worked well enough to allow Mendeleev to accurately predict the properties of missing elements . Following the discovery , in 1911 , by Ernest Rutherford of the atomic nucleus , it was proposed that the integer count of the nuclear charge is identical to the sequential place of each element in the periodic table . In 1913 , Henry Moseley using X-ray spectroscopy confirmed this proposal experimentally . Moseley determined the value of the nuclear charge of each element , and showed that Mendeleev 's ordering actually places the elements in sequential order by nuclear charge . Nuclear charge is identical to proton count , and determines the value of the atomic number ( Z ) of each element . Using atomic number gives a definitive , integer - based sequence for the elements . Moseley predicted , in 1913 , that the only elements still missing between aluminium ( Z = 13 ) and gold ( Z = 79 ) were Z = 43 , 61 , 72 , and 75 , all of which were later discovered . The atomic number is the absolute definition of an element , and gives a factual basis for the ordering of the periodic table . The periodic table is used to predict the properties of new synthetic elements before they are produced and studied . Second version and further development Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table with eight groups of elements . Dashes represented elements unknown in 1871 . Eight - column form of periodic table , updated with all elements discovered to 2016 In 1871 , Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form , with groups of similar elements arranged in columns rather than in rows , and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element 's oxidation state . He also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing , but should exist . These gaps were subsequently filled as chemists discovered additional naturally occurring elements . It is often stated that the last naturally occurring element to be discovered was francium ( referred to by Mendeleev as eka - caesium ) in 1939 . Plutonium , produced synthetically in 1940 , was identified in trace quantities as a naturally occurring element in 1971 . The popular periodic table layout , also known as the common or standard form ( as shown at various other points in this article ) , is attributable to Horace Groves Deming . In 1923 , Deming , an American chemist , published short ( Mendeleev style ) and medium ( 18 - column ) form periodic tables . Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming 's 18 - column medium table , in 1928 , which was widely circulated in American schools . By the 1930s Deming 's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry . It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent - Welch Scientific Company . With the development of modern quantum mechanical theories of electron configurations within atoms , it became apparent that each period ( row ) in the table corresponded to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . Larger atoms have more electron sub-shells , so later tables have required progressively longer periods . Glenn T. Seaborg , in 1945 , suggested a new periodic table showing the actinides as belonging to a second f - block series . In 1945 , Glenn Seaborg , an American scientist , made the suggestion that the actinide elements , like the lanthanides , were filling an f sub-level . Before this time the actinides were thought to be forming a fourth d - block row . Seaborg 's colleagues advised him not to publish such a radical suggestion as it would most likely ruin his career . As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute , he published anyway . Seaborg 's suggestion was found to be correct and he subsequently went on to win the 1951 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesizing actinide elements . Although minute quantities of some transuranic elements occur naturally , they were all first discovered in laboratories . Their production has expanded the periodic table significantly , the first of these being neptunium , synthesized in 1939 . Because many of the transuranic elements are highly unstable and decay quickly , they are challenging to detect and characterize when produced . There have been controversies concerning the acceptance of competing discovery claims for some elements , requiring independent review to determine which party has priority , and hence naming rights . In 2010 , a joint Russia -- US collaboration at Dubna , Moscow Oblast , Russia , claimed to have synthesized six atoms of tennessine ( element 117 ) , making it the most recently claimed discovery . It , along with nihonium ( element 113 ) , moscovium ( element 115 ) , and oganesson ( element 118 ) , are the four most recently named elements , whose names all became official on 28 November 2016 . Different periodic tables The long - or 32 - column table The periodic table in 32 - column format The modern periodic table is sometimes expanded into its long or 32 - column form by reinstating the footnoted f - block elements into their natural position between the s - and d - blocks . Unlike the 18 - column form this arrangement results in `` no interruptions in the sequence of increasing atomic numbers '' . The relationship of the f - block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see . Jensen advocates a form of table with 32 columns on the grounds that the lanthanides and actinides are otherwise relegated in the minds of students as dull , unimportant elements that can be quarantined and ignored . Despite these advantages the 32 - column form is generally avoided by editors on account of its undue rectangular ratio ( compared to a book page ratio ) , and the familiarity of chemists with the modern form ( as introduced by Seaborg ) . Tables with different structures Main article : Alternative periodic tables Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev 's table in 1869 it has been estimated that around 700 different periodic table versions were published . As well as numerous rectangular variations , other periodic table formats have been shaped , for example , like a circle , cube , cylinder , building , spiral , lemniscate , octagonal prism , pyramid , sphere , or triangle . Such alternatives are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables . Theodor Benfey 's spiral periodic table A popular alternative structure is that of Theodor Benfey ( 1960 ) . The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral , with hydrogen at the centre and the transition metals , lanthanides , and actinides occupying peninsulas . Most periodic tables are two - dimensional ; three - dimensional tables are known to as far back as at least 1862 ( pre-dating Mendeleev 's two - dimensional table of 1869 ) . More recent examples include Courtines ' Periodic Classification ( 1925 ) , Wringley 's Lamina System ( 1949 ) , Giguère 's Periodic helix ( 1965 ) and Dufour 's Periodic Tree ( 1996 ) . Going one further , Stowe 's Physicist 's Periodic Table ( 1989 ) has been described as being four - dimensional ( having three spatial dimensions and one colour dimension ) . The various forms of periodic tables can be thought of as lying on a chemistry -- physics continuum . Towards the chemistry end of the continuum can be found , as an example , Rayner - Canham 's `` unruly '' Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table ( 2002 ) , which emphasizes trends and patterns , and unusual chemical relationships and properties . Near the physics end of the continuum is Janet 's Left - Step Periodic Table ( 1928 ) . This has a structure that shows a closer connection to the order of electron - shell filling and , by association , quantum mechanics . A somewhat similar approach has been taken by Alper , albeit criticized by Eric Scerri as disregarding the need to display chemical and physical periodicity . Somewhere in the middle of the continuum is the ubiquitous common or standard form of periodic table . This is regarded as better expressing empirical trends in physical state , electrical and thermal conductivity , and oxidation numbers , and other properties easily inferred from traditional techniques of the chemical laboratory . Its popularity is thought to be a result of this layout having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size , and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends . hide Left - step periodic table ( by Charles Janet ) f f f f f f f f f f f f f f d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p s s 1s He 2s Li Be 2p 3s O Ne Na Mg 3p 4s Al Si Cl Ar Ca 3d 4p 5s Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 4d 5p 6s Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba 4f 5d 6p 7s La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra 5f 6d 7p 8s Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 119 120 f - block d - block p - block s - block This form of periodic table is more congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to the Madelung rule , as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin ( read from top to bottom , left to right ) . In reality , the filling of electron shells is characterized by a number of irregularities . Open questions and controversies Placement of hydrogen and helium Simply following electron configurations , hydrogen ( electronic configuration 1s ) and helium ( 1s ) should be placed in groups 1 and 2 , above lithium ( 1s 2s ) and beryllium ( 1s 2s ) . While such a placement is common for hydrogen , it is rarely used for helium outside of the context of electron configurations : When the noble gases ( then called `` inert gases '' ) were first discovered around 1900 , they were known as `` group 0 '' , reflecting no chemical reactivity of these elements known at that point , and helium was placed on the top of that group , as it did share the extreme chemical inertness seen throughout the group . As the group changed its formal number , many authors continued to assign helium directly above neon , in group 18 ; one of the examples of such placing is the current IUPAC table . Hydrogen 's chemical properties are not very close to those of the alkali metals , which occupy group 1 . On this basis it is sometimes placed elsewhere . A common alternative is at the top of group 17 given hydrogen 's strictly univalent and largely non-metallic chemistry , and the strictly univalent and non-metallic chemistry of fluorine ( the element otherwise at the top of group 17 ) . Sometimes , to show hydrogen has properties corresponding to both those of the alkali metals and the halogens , it is shown at the top of the two columns simultaneously . Another suggestion is above carbon in group 14 : placed that way , it fits well into the trends of increasing ionization potential values and electron affinity values , and is not too far from the electronegativity trend , even though hydrogen can not show the tetravalence characteristic of the heavier group 14 elements . Finally , hydrogen is sometimes placed separately from any group ; this is based on how general properties of hydrogen differ from that of any group . The other period 1 element , helium , is sometimes placed separately from any group as well . The property that distinguishes helium from the rest of the noble gases ( even though the extraordinary inertness of helium is extremely close to that of neon and argon ) is that in its closed electron shell , helium has only two electrons in the outermost electron orbital , while the rest of the noble gases have eight . Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 Although scandium and yttrium are always the first two elements in group 3 , the identity of the next two elements is not completely settled . They are commonly lanthanum and actinium , and less often lutetium and lawrencium . The two variants originate from historical difficulties in placing the lanthanides in the periodic table , and arguments as to where the f block elements start and end . It has been claimed that such arguments are proof that , `` it is a mistake to break the ( periodic ) system into sharply delimited blocks '' . A third variant shows the two positions below yttrium as being occupied by the lanthanides and the actinides . Chemical and physical arguments have been made in support of lutetium and lawrencium but the majority of authors seem unconvinced . Most working chemists are not aware there is any controversy . In December 2015 an IUPAC project was established to make a recommendation on the matter . Lanthanum and actinium La and Ac below Y Lanthanum and actinium are commonly depicted as the remaining group 3 members . It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s , with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron . The configurations of caesium , barium and lanthanum are ( Xe ) 6s , ( Xe ) 6s and ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Lanthanum thus has a 5d differentiating electron and this establishes it `` in group 3 as the first member of the d - block for period 6 '' . A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3 : scandium ( Ar ) 3d 4s , yttrium ( Kr ) 4d 5s and lanthanum ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Still in period 6 , ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s and lutetium ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s , `` resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f - block for period 6 '' . Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact ( Xe ) 4f 6s . This meant that ytterbium and lutetium -- the latter with ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s -- both had 14 f - electrons , `` resulting in a d - rather than an f - differentiating electron '' for lutetium and making it an `` equally valid candidate '' with ( Xe ) 5d 6s lanthanum , for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium . Lanthanum has the advantage of incumbency since the 5d electron appears for the first time in its structure whereas it appears for the third time in lutetium , having also made a brief second appearance in gadolinium . In terms of chemical behaviour , and trends going down group 3 for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium are similar to their group 1 -- 2 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the most common ( trivalent ) ions of the f - block elements consistently matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f - block elements are Ce 1 , Pr 2 and Nd 3 . Lutetium and lawrencium Lu and Lr below Y In other tables , lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members . Early techniques for chemically separating scandium , yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so - called `` yttrium group '' whereas La and Ac occurred together in the `` cerium group '' . Accordingly , lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s . Several physicists in the 1950s and ' 60s favoured lutetium , in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum . This arrangement , in which lanthanum is the first member of the f - block , is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f - electrons . It has been argued that this is not valid concern given other periodic table anomalies -- thorium , for example , has no f - electrons yet is part of the f - block . As for lawrencium , its gas phase atomic electron configuration was confirmed in 2015 as ( Rn ) 5f 7s 7p . Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly , regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f - block or the d - block , as the only potentially applicable p - block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p . Chemically , scandium , yttrium and lutetium ( and presumably lawrencium ) behave like trivalent versions of the group 1 -- 2 metals . On the other hand , trends going down the group for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , are similar to those found among their group 4 -- 8 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f - block atoms usually matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the first five f - block elements are La 0 , Ce 1 , Pr 3 , Nd 4 and Pm 5 . Lanthanides and actinides Markers below Y A few authors position all thirty lanthanides and actinides in the two positions below yttrium ( usually via footnote markers ) . This variant emphasizes similarities in the chemistry of the 15 lanthanide elements ( La -- Lu ) , possibly at the expense of ambiguity as to which elements occupy the two group 3 positions below yttrium , and a 15 - column wide f block ( there can only be 14 elements in any row of the f block ) . Groups included in the transition metals The definition of a transition metal , as given by IUPAC , is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell . By this definition all of the elements in groups 3 -- 11 are transition metals . The IUPAC definition therefore excludes group 12 , comprising zinc , cadmium and mercury , from the transition metals category . Some chemists treat the categories `` d - block elements '' and `` transition metals '' interchangeably , thereby including groups 3 -- 12 among the transition metals . In this instance the group 12 elements are treated as a special case of transition metal in which the d electrons are not ordinarily involved in chemical bonding . The 2007 report of mercury ( IV ) fluoride ( HgF ) , a compound in which mercury would use its d electrons for bonding , has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury can be regarded as a transition metal . Other commentators , such as Jensen , have argued that the formation of a compound like HgF can occur only under highly abnormal conditions ; indeed , its existence is currently disputed . As such , mercury could not be regarded as a transition metal by any reasonable interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the term . Still other chemists further exclude the group 3 elements from the definition of a transition metal . They do so on the basis that the group 3 elements do not form any ions having a partially occupied d shell and do not therefore exhibit any properties characteristic of transition metal chemistry . In this case , only groups 4 -- 11 are regarded as transition metals . Though the group 3 elements show few of the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals , they do show some of their characteristic physical properties ( on account of the presence in each atom of a single d electron ) . Elements with unknown chemical properties Although all elements up to oganesson have been discovered , of the elements above hassium ( element 108 ) , only copernicium ( element 112 ) , nihonium ( element 113 ) , and flerovium ( element 114 ) have known chemical properties , and only for copernicium is there enough evidence for a conclusive categorisation at present . The other elements may behave differently from what would be predicted by extrapolation , due to relativistic effects ; for example , flerovium has been predicted to possibly exhibit some noble - gas - like properties , even though it is currently placed in the carbon group . The current experimental evidence still leaves open the question of whether flerovium behaves more like a metal or a noble gas . Further periodic table extensions Main article : Extended periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ununennium Unbinilium Unbiunium Unquadquadium Unquadpentium Unquadhexium Unquadseptium Unquadoctium Unquadennium Unpentnilium Unpentunium Unpentbium Unpenttrium Unpentquadium Unpentpentium Unpenthexium Unpentseptium Unpentoctium Unpentennium Unhexnilium Unhexunium Unhexbium Unhextrium Unhexquadium Unhexpentium Unhexhexium Unhexseptium Unhexoctium Unhexennium Unseptnilium Unseptunium Unseptbium Unbibium Unbitrium Unbiquadium Unbipentium Unbihexium Unbiseptium Unbioctium Unbiennium Untrinilium Untriunium Untribium Untritrium Untriquadium Untripentium Untrihexium Untriseptium Untrioctium Untriennium Unquadnilium Unquadunium Unquadbium Unquadtrium Periodic table with eight rows , extended to element 172 It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8 , or require further adaptations or adjustments . Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly , so that it would include a two - element s - block for elements 119 and 120 , a new g - block for the next 18 elements , and 30 additional elements continuing the current f - , d - , and p - blocks , culminating in element 168 , the next noble gas . More recently , physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule , which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table . There are currently several competing theoretical models for the placement of the elements of atomic number less than or equal to 172 . In all of these it is element 172 , rather than element 168 , that emerges as the next noble gas after oganesson , although these must be regarded as speculative as no complete calculations have been done beyond element 122 . Element with the highest possible atomic number The number of possible elements is not known . A very early suggestion made by Elliot Adams in 1911 , and based on the arrangement of elements in each horizontal periodic table row , was that elements of atomic weight greater than circa 256 ( which would equate to between elements 99 and 100 in modern - day terms ) did not exist . A higher -- more recent -- estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability , which is expected to centre around element 126 , as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by proton and neutron drip lines . Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include at element 128 by John Emsley , at element 137 by Richard Feynman , and at element 155 by Albert Khazan . Bohr model The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137 , as any element with an atomic number greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be travelling faster than c , the speed of light . Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is inaccurate when applied to such an element . Relativistic Dirac equation The relativistic Dirac equation has problems for elements with more than 137 protons . For such elements , the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory rather than bound , and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra , as in the Klein paradox . More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds the limit for elements with more than 173 protons . For heavier elements , if the innermost orbital ( 1s ) is not filled , the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum , resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron . This does not happen if the innermost orbital is filled , so that element 173 is not necessarily the end of the periodic table . Optimal form The many different forms of periodic table have prompted the question of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of periodic table . The answer to this question is thought to depend on whether the chemical periodicity seen to occur among the elements has an underlying truth , effectively hard - wired into the universe , or if any such periodicity is instead the product of subjective human interpretation , contingent upon the circumstances , beliefs and predilections of human observers . An objective basis for chemical periodicity would settle the questions about the location of hydrogen and helium , and the composition of group 3 . Such an underlying truth , if it exists , is thought to have not yet been discovered . In its absence , the many different forms of periodic table can be regarded as variations on the theme of chemical periodicity , each of which explores and emphasizes different aspects , properties , perspectives and relationships of and among the elements . See also Chemistry portal Book : Periodic table Abundance of the chemical elements Atomic electron configuration table Element collecting List of chemical elements List of periodic table - related articles Names for sets of chemical elements Standard model Table of nuclides Template : Spectral lines of the elements The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries Notes Jump up ^ The elements discovered initially by synthesis and later in nature are technetium ( Z = 43 ) , promethium ( 61 ) , astatine ( 85 ) , neptunium ( 93 ) , plutonium ( 94 ) , americium ( 95 ) , curium ( 96 ) , berkelium ( 97 ) and californium ( 98 ) . Jump up ^ An element zero ( i.e. a substance composed purely of neutrons ) , is included in a few alternate presentations , for example , in the Chemical Galaxy . Jump up ^ There is an inconsistency and some irregularities in this convention . Thus , helium is shown in the p - block but is actually an s - block element , and ( for example ) the d - subshell in the d - block is actually filled by the time group 11 is reached , rather than group 12 . Jump up ^ The noble gases , astatine , francium , and all elements heavier than americium were left out as there is no data for them . Jump up ^ While fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements under the Pauling scale , neon is the most electronegative element under other scales , such as the Allen scale . Jump up ^ While Lr is thought to have p rather than d electron in its ground - state electron configuration , and would therefore be expected to be volatile metal capable of forming a + 1 cation in solution , no evidence of either of these properties has been able to be obtained despite experimental attempts to do so . It was originally expected to have ad electron in its electron configuration and this may still be the case for metallic lawrencium , whereas gas phase atomic lawrencium is very likely thought to have ap electron . Jump up ^ An antecedent of Deming 's 18 - column table may be seen in Adams ' 16 - column Periodic Table of 1911 . Adams omits the rare earths and the `` radioactive elements '' ( i.e. the actinides ) from the main body of his table and instead shows them as being `` careted in only to save space '' ( rare earths between Ba and eka - Yt ; radioactive elements between eka - Te and eka - I ) . See : Elliot Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 687 ) . Jump up ^ A second extra-long periodic table row , to accommodate known and undiscovered elements with an atomic weight greater than bismuth ( thorium , protactinium and uranium , for example ) , had been postulated as far back as 1892 . Most investigators considered that these elements were analogues of the third series transition elements , hafnium , tantalum and tungsten . The existence of a second inner transition series , in the form of the actinides , was not accepted until similarities with the electron structures of the lanthanides had been established . See : van Spronsen , J.W. ( 1969 ) . The periodic system of chemical elements . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 315 -- 316 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 40776 - 6 . Jump up ^ See The Internet database of periodic tables for depictions of these kinds of variants . Jump up ^ But for the existence of the lanthanides the composition of group 3 would not have been a source of any special interest , since scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium exhibit the same gradual change in properties as do calcium , strontium , barium and radium in group 2 . Jump up ^ The detachment of the lanthanides from the main body of the periodic table has been attributed to the Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner who , in 1902 , allocated all of them ( `` Ce etc . '' ) to one position in group 4 , below zirconium . This arrangement was referred to as the `` asteroid hypothesis '' , in analogy to asteroids occupying a single orbit in the solar system . Before this time the lanthanides were generally ( and unsuccessfully ) placed throughout groups I to VIII of the older 8 - column form of periodic table . Although predecessors of Brauner 's 1902 arrangement are recorded from as early as 1895 , he is known to have referred to the `` chemistry of asteroids '' in an 1881 letter to Mendeleev . Other authors assigned all of the lanthanides to either group 3 , groups 3 and 4 , or groups 2 , 3 and 4 . In 1922 Niels Bohr continued the detachment process by locating the lanthanides between the s - and d - blocks . In 1949 Glenn T. Seaborg ( re ) introduced the form of periodic table that is popular today , in which the lanthanides and actinides appear as footnotes . Seaborg first published his table in a classified report dated 1944 . It was published again by him in 1945 in Chemical and Engineering News , and in the years up to 1949 several authors commented on , and generally agreed with , Seaborg 's proposal . In that year he noted that the best method for presenting the actinides seemed to be by positioning them below , and as analogues of , the lanthanides . See : Thyssen P. and Binnemans K. ( 2011 ) . `` Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis '' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 94 ; Seaborg G.T. ( 1994 ) . Origin of the Actinide Concept ' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 18 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ For examples of this table see Atkins et al. ( 2006 ) . Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press Myers et al. ( 2004 ) . Holt Chemistry . Orlando : Holt , Rinehart & Winston Chang R. ( 2000 ) . Essential Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Sc - Y - Lu - Lr table see Rayner - Canham G. & Overton T. ( 2013 ) . Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Brown et al. ( 2009 ) . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 11th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education Moore et al. ( 1978 ) . Chemistry . Tokyo : McGraw - Hill Kogakusha Jump up ^ The phenomenon of different separation groups is caused by increasing basicity with increasing radius , and does not constitute a fundamental reason to show Lu , rather than La , below Y . Thus , among the Group 2 alkaline earth metals , Mg ( less basic ) belongs in the `` soluble group '' and Ca , Sr and Ba ( more basic ) occur in the `` ammonium carbonate group '' . Nevertheless , Mg , Ca , Sr and Ba are routinely collocated in Group 2 of the periodic table . See : Moeller et al. ( 1989 ) . Chemistry with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis ( 3rd ed . ) . SanDiego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , pp. 955 -- 956 , 958 . Jump up ^ Even if metallic lawrencium has a p electron , simple modelling studies suggest it will behave like a lanthanide , as do the rest of the late actinides . Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Ln and An table see Housecroft C.E. & Sharpe A.G. ( 2008 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Education Halliday et al. ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Physics ( 7th ed . ) . Hoboken , NewJersey : John Wiley & Sons Nebergall et . al. ( 1980 ) . General Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . Lexington : D.C. Heath and Company Jump up ^ Karol ( 2002 , p. 63 ) contends that gravitational effects would become significant when atomic numbers become astronomically large , thereby overcoming other super-massive nuclei instability phenomena , and that neutron stars ( with atomic numbers on the order of 10 ) can arguably be regarded as representing the heaviest known elements in the universe . See : Karol P.J. ( 2002 ) . `` The Mendeleev -- Seaborg periodic table : Through Z = 1138 and beyond '' . Journal of Chemical Education 79 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scerri , one of the foremost authorities on the history of the periodic table , favoured the concept of an optimal form of periodic table but has recently changed his mind and now supports the value of a plurality of periodic tables . References Jump up ^ `` Chemistry : Four elements added to periodic table '' . BBC News . 4 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements ( New ed . ) . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ IUPAC 2016 , Table 2 , 3 combined ; uncertainty removed . Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw , pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Gray , p. 6 Jump up ^ CNN , Ashley Strickland . `` New elements on the periodic table are named '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery and assignment of elements with atomic numbers 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 30 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hello , Nihonium . Scientists Name 4 New Elements On The Periodic Table '' . NPR.org . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Koppenol , W.H. ( 2002 ) . `` Naming of New Elements ( IUPAC Recommendations 2002 ) '' ( PDF ) . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 74 ( 5 ) : 787 -- 791 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200274050787 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Silva , Robert J. ( 2006 ) . `` Fermium , Mendelevium , Nobelium and Lawrencium '' . In Morss , L.R. ; Edelstein , N.M. ; Fuger , J. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements ( 3rd ed . ) . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3555 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scerri 2007 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Messler , R.W. ( 2010 ) . The essence of materials for engineers . 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Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , W.B. ( 1982 ) . `` Classification , Symmetry and the Periodic Table '' . Computers & Mathematics with Applications . 12B ( 1 / 2 ) : 487 -- 510 ( 498 ) . doi : 10.1016 / 0898 - 1221 ( 86 ) 90167 - 7 . Jump up ^ Leach , M.R. ( 2012 ) . `` Concerning electronegativity as a basic elemental property and why the periodic table is usually represented in its medium form '' . Foundations of Chemistry . 15 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 29 . doi : 10.1007 / s10698 - 012 - 9151 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemans , K. ( 2011 ) . Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Bünzli , J-C. G ; Vecharsky , Bünzli , eds . Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Scerri 2007 , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Weird Words of Science : Lemniscate Elemental Landscapes '' . Fields of Science . fieldofscience.com. 22 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Emsely , J. ; Sharp , R. ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` The periodic table : Top of the charts '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( 1964 ) . `` Plutonium : The Ornery Element '' . Chemistry . 37 ( 6 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Leach. `` 1925 Courtines ' Periodic Classification '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Leach. `` 1949 Wringley 's Lamina System '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mazurs , E.G. ( 1974 ) . Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years . Alabama : University of Alabama Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 3200 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Leach. `` 1996 Dufour 's Periodic Tree '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Leach. `` 1989 Physicist 's Periodic Table by Timothy Stowe '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley , D. ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` At last , a definitive periodic table ? '' . ChemViews Magazine . doi : 10.1002 / chemv. 201000107 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Scerri 2007 , pp. 285 ‒ 86 Jump up ^ Scerri 2007 , p. 285 Jump up ^ Mark R. Leach. `` 2002 Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2013 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2008 ) . `` The role of triads in the evolution of the periodic table : Past and present '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 85 ( 4 ) : 585 -- 89 ( see p. 589 ) . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85 ... 585S . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p585 . Jump up ^ Alper , R. ( 2010 ) . `` The simplified periodic table : elements ordered by their subshells '' . The Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry . 10 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 80 . doi : 10.4024 / 43AL09F. jbpc. 10.02 . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Some comments on the recently proposed periodic table featuring elements ordered by their subshells '' . Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry . 12 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Bent , H.A. ; Weinhold , F. ( 2007 ) . `` Supporting information : News from the periodic table : An introduction to `` Periodicity symbols , tables , and models for higher - order valency and donor -- acceptor kinships '' `` . Journal of Chemical Education . 84 ( 7 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.1021 / ed084p1145 . Jump up ^ Francl , M. ( May 2009 ) . `` Table manners '' ( PDF ) . Nature Chemistry . 1 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2009NatCh ... 1 ... 97F . doi : 10.1038 / nchem. 183 . PMID 21378810 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ IUPAC ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements '' ( PDF ) . iupac.org . IUPAC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( 1945 ) . `` The chemical and radioactive properties of the heavy elements '' . Chemical English Newspaper. 23 ( 23 ) : 2190 -- 2193 . Jump up ^ Cronyn , M.W. ( August 2003 ) . `` The Proper Place for Hydrogen in the Periodic Table '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 80 ( 8 ) : 947 -- 951 . Bibcode : 2003JChEd ... 80 ... 947C . doi : 10.1021 / ed080p947 . Jump up ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw , throughout the book Jump up ^ Lewars , Errol G. ( 5 December 2008 ) . Modeling Marvels : Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 69 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6973 - 4 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemans , K. ( 2011 ) . Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Bünzli , J-C. G ; Vecharsky , Bünzli , eds . Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hevesy , G. ( 1929 ) . Redkie zemeli s tochki zreniya stroeniya atoma ( Rare earths from the point of view of structure of atom ) ( cited in Trifonov 1970 , p. 188 ) ( in Russian ) . Leningrad : NKhTI . Jump up ^ Stewart , P.J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Flyleaf Table : An Alternative '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 85 ( 11 ) : 1490 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1490 S . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1490 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemanns , K. ( 2011 ) . `` 1 : Accommodation of the rare earths in the periodic table : A historical analysis '' . In Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Büzli , J-C. J. ; Pecharsky , V.K. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keeler , J. ; Wothers , P. ( 2014 ) . Chemical Structure and Reactivity : An Integrated Approach . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960413 - 5 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Mendeleev 's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group 3 ? '' . Chemistry International . 34 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1515 / ci. 2012.34. 4.28 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Castelvecchi , D. ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Exotic atom struggles to find its place in the periodic table '' . Nature News . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table '' . IUPAC. 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks ( new ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 651 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : William B. Jensen ( 1982 ) . `` The Positions of Lanthanum ( Actinium ) and Lutetium ( Lawrencium ) in the Periodic Table '' . J. Chem. Educ. 59 ( 8 ) : 634 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1982JChEd ... 59 ... 634J . doi : 10.1021 / ed059p634 . Jump up ^ Trifonov , D.N. ( 1970 ) . Rare - earth elements and their position in the periodic system ( translated from Russian ) . New Delhi : Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre . pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , N.N. ; Harrington , T.J. ( 1973 ) . The chemistry of the transition elements . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 855435 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aylward , G. ; Findlay , T. ( 2008 ) . SI chemical data ( 6th ed . ) . Milton , Queensland : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 81638 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wiberg , N. ( 2001 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . San Diego : Academic Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wulfsberg , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Periodic table : Trends in the properties of the elements '' . Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry . New York : John Wiley & Sons . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 86210 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cotton , S. ( 2007 ) . Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 01006 - 8 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2015 ) . `` Five ideas in chemical education that must die -- part five '' . educationinchemistryblog . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . It is high time that the idea of group 3 consisting of Sc , Y , La and Ac is abandoned Jump up ^ Jensen , W.B. ( 2015 ) . `` Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ Xu , W-H. ; Pyykkö , P. ( 2016 ) . `` Is the chemistry of lawrencium peculiar ? '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 ( 26 ) : 17351 -- 17355 . Bibcode : 2016PCCP ... 1817351X . doi : 10.1039 / C6CP02706G . Jump up ^ King , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements . New York : Wiley - VCH . p. 289 . ISBN 1 - 56081 - 679 - 1 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` transition element '' . Jump up ^ Xuefang , W. ; Andrews , L. ; Riedel , S. ; Kaupp , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Mercury Is a Transition Metal : The First Experimental Evidence for HgF '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 46 ( 44 ) : 8371 -- 8375 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200703710 . PMID 17899620 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , W.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Is Mercury Now a Transition Element ? '' . J. Chem. Educ. 85 ( 9 ) : 1182 -- 1183 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1182 J . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1182 . Jump up ^ Rayner - Canham , G. ; Overton , T. Descriptive inorganic chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : WH Freeman . pp. 484 -- 485 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8963 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schändel , M. ( 2003 ) . The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 1250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Yakushev , Alexander ; Eichler , Robert ( 2016 ) . Gas - phase chemistry of element 114 , flerovium ( PDF ) . Nobel Symposium NS160 -- Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements . doi : 10.1051 / epjconf / 201613107003 . Jump up ^ Fricke , B. ; Greiner , W. ; Waber , J.T. ( 1971 ) . `` The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172 . The chemistry of superheavy elements '' . Theoretica chimica acta . Springer - Verlag. 21 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 260 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01172015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Frazier , K. ( 1978 ) . `` Superheavy Elements '' . Science News . 113 ( 15 ) : 236 -- 238 . doi : 10.2307 / 3963006 . JSTOR 3963006 . Jump up ^ Pyykkö , P. ( 2011 ) . `` A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172 , based on Dirac -- Fock calculations on atoms and ions '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2011PCCP ... 13 ... 161P . doi : 10.1039 / c0cp01575j . PMID 20967377 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 688 ) . doi : 10.1021 / ja02218a004 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( c. 2006 ) . `` transuranium element ( chemical element ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cwiok , S. ; Heenen , P. - H. ; Nazarewicz , W. ( 2005 ) . `` Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei '' . Nature . 433 ( 7027 ) : 705 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433 ... 705C . doi : 10.1038 / nature03336 . PMID 15716943 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , P. ( November 2010 ) . `` Would Element 137 Really Spell the End of the Periodic Table ? Philip Ball Examines the Evidence '' . Chemistry World . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisberg , R. ; Resnick , R. ( 1985 ) . Quantum Physics of Atoms , Molecules , Solids , Nuclei and Particles . Wiley . Jump up ^ Bjorken , J.D. ; Drell , S.D. ( 1964 ) . Relativistic Quantum Mechanics . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Greiner , W. ; Schramm , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Resource Letter QEDV - 1 : The QED vacuum '' . American Journal of Physics. 76 ( 6 ) : 509 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.2820395. , and references therein . ^ Jump up to : Scerri , Eric ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Is there an optimal periodic table and other bigger questions in the philosophy of science '' . ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au . Eric Scerri . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sella , Andrea ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` An elementary history lesson '' . New Scientist ( 2929 ) . Archived from the original on 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Bibliography Ball , P. ( 2002 ) . The Ingredients : A Guided Tour of the Elements . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 284100 - 9 . Chang , R. ( 2002 ) . Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284100 - 1 . Gray , T. ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 814 - 2 . Greenwood , N.N. ; Earnshaw , A. ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . Huheey , J.E. ; Keiter , E.A. ; Keiter , R.L. Principles of structure and reactivity ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Harper Collins College Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 042995 - X . Moore , J.T. ( 2003 ) . Chemistry For Dummies . For Dummies ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Wiley Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5430 - 8 . Scerri , E. ( 2007 ) . The periodic table : Its story and its significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . Scerri , E. ( 2011 ) . The periodic table : A very short introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958249 - 5 . Venable , F.P. ( 1896 ) . The Development of the Periodic Law . Easton , Pennsylvania : Chemical Publishing Company . OCLC 776059614 . External links Find more aboutPeriodic tableat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Periodic table on the IUPAC web site , noting there is no official IUPAC table Dynamic periodic table , with interactive layouts Eric Scerri , leading philosopher of science specializing in the history and philosophy of the periodic table The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables Periodic table of endangered elements Periodic table of samples Periodic table of videos WebElements ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - 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what is the name given to the rows in the periodic table

1214611440828826807

National Park Service

National Park Service - wikipedia National Park Service Jump to : navigation , search National Park Service National Park Service Arrowhead Guidon of the National Park Service Agency overview Formed August 25 , 1916 ; 101 years ago ( 1916 - 08 - 25 ) Jurisdiction United States federal government Headquarters 1849 C Street NW , Washington , D.C. 20240 Employees 15,828 permanent , 1,256 term , 2,984 seasonal ( 2007 ) Annual budget $2.924 billion ( 2009 ) Agency executive Mike Reynolds , Acting Director Parent agency Department of the Interior Website www.NPS.gov The National Park Service ( NPS ) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks , many national monuments , and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations . It was created on August 25 , 1916 , by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior . The NPS is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management , while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment . As of 2014 , the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units , of which 59 are designated national parks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 National parks 2 Directors 3 National Park System 3.1 Holdings 3.2 Criteria 3.3 Special designations 4 Budget 4.1 Discretionary spending 4.2 Resource stewardship 4.3 Visitor services 4.4 Park protection 4.5 Facility maintenance and operations 4.6 Park support 4.7 External administrative costs 4.8 Park partnerships 4.9 Land and Water Conservation Fund ( LWCF ) 4.10 Construction 4.11 Historic preservation fund 4.12 National recreation and preservation 4.13 Offsetting reductions and fixed costs in various accounts 4.14 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 4.15 Great Lakes Restoration Initiative 4.16 Mandatory spending 4.17 Employees and volunteers 4.18 Economic benefits 5 Nomenclature 6 Visitors 7 Youth programs 8 Accessibility 9 Concessions 9.1 Litigation with Delaware North 10 Bookstores 11 Offices 12 Staff and volunteers 12.1 Employees 12.2 Volunteers - In - Parks ( VIP ) 13 Law enforcement 13.1 Jurisdiction 13.2 Law Enforcement Rangers 13.3 Special Agents 13.4 Laws enforced 13.5 United States Park Police 14 Special divisions 15 International affairs 16 Initiatives 16.1 Green Park Plan 16.1. 1 Climate Friendly Parks Program 17 Related acts 18 See also 18.1 Areas 18.2 People 18.2. 1 Individuals 18.2. 2 Roles 18.3 Related organizations 18.4 Other links 19 References 20 Sources 21 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the National Park Service See also : National Park Service Organic Act In 1916 , a portfolio of nine major parks was published to generate interest . Printed on each brochure was a map showing the parks and principal railroad connections . In 1934 , a series of ten postage stamps were issued to commemorate the reorganization and expansion of the National Park Service . National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior . The movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather , as well as J. Horace McFarland . With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard , Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior . They wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational , inspirational , and recreational benefits . This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service . On August 25 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill that mandated the agency `` to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein , and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations . '' Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS . On March 3 , 1933 , President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933 . The act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government . It was n't until later that summer when the new President , Franklin D. Roosevelt , made use of this power . Deputy Director Horace M. Albright had suggested to President Roosevelt that the historic sites from the American Civil War should be managed by the National Park Service , rather than the War Department . President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen . These two executive orders not only transferred to the National Park Service all the War Department historic sites , but also the national monuments managed by the Department of Agriculture and the parks in and around the capital , which had been run by an independent office . In 1951 , Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service and went to work on bringing park facilities up to the standards that the public expected . The demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met . In 1952 , with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower , he began Mission 66 , a ten - year effort to upgrade and expand park facilities for the 50th anniversary of the Park Service . New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded . In 1966 , as the Park Service turned 50 years old , emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery and unique natural features to making parks accessible to the public . Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas . National parks ( edit ) Grand Canyon National Park , south rim of canyon . A National Park Service MD 900 helicopter NPS Preliminary Survey party , Great Smoky Mountains , 1931 Winter at the Gettysburg Battlefield Since its inception in 1916 , the National Park Service has managed each of the United States ' national parks , which have grown in number over the years to 59 . Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States . In 1872 , there was no state government to manage it , so the federal government assumed direct control . Yosemite National Park began as a state park ; the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation . Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership . At first , each national park was managed independently , with varying degrees of success . In Yellowstone , the civilian staff was replaced by the U.S. Army in 1886 . Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures , Stephen Mather petitioned the federal government to improve the situation . In response , Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency , the National Park Service , to manage all national parks and some national monuments . Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916 . Later , the agency was given authority over other protected areas , many with varying designations as Congress created them . Directors ( edit ) Stephen Mather ( center ) and his staff , 1927 or 1928 Jon Jarvis , Former NPS Director Name Term of office Start End Stephen Mather May 16 , 1917 January 8 , 1929 Horace M. Albright January 12 , 1929 August 9 , 1933 Arno B. Cammerer August 10 , 1933 August 9 , 1940 Newton B. Drury August 20 , 1940 March 31 , 1951 5 Arthur E. Demaray April 1 , 1951 December 8 , 1951 6 Conrad L. Wirth December 9 , 1951 January 7 , 1964 7 George B. Hartzog Jr . January 9 , 1964 December 31 , 1972 8 Ronald H. Walker January 7 , 1973 January 3 , 1975 9 Gary Everhardt January 13 , 1975 May 27 , 1977 10 William J. Whalen III July 5 , 1977 May 13 , 1980 11 Russell E. Dickenson May 15 , 1980 March 3 , 1985 12 William Penn Mott Jr . May 17 , 1985 April 16 , 1989 13 James M. Ridenour April 17 , 1989 January 20 , 1993 14 Roger G. Kennedy June 1 , 1993 March 29 , 1997 15 Robert Stanton August 4 , 1997 January 2001 16 Fran P. Mainella July 18 , 2001 October 15 , 2006 17 Mary A. Bomar October 17 , 2006 January 20 , 2009 18 Jonathan Jarvis September 24 , 2009 January 20 , 2017 National Park System ( edit ) This section is missing information about governance , policy decisions etc . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( September 2015 ) Customs House at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site in Salem , Massachusetts . See also : List of the United States National Park System official units and List of areas in the United States National Park System Further information : African - American Heritage Sites ( U.S. National Park Service ) , Hispanic Heritage Site , Native American Heritage Sites ( U.S. National Park Service ) , and Women 's History Sites ( U.S. National Park Service ) The National Park System ( NPS ) includes all properties managed by the National Park Service ( also , confusingly , `` NPS '' ) . The title or designation of a unit need not include the term park ; indeed , most do not . The System as a whole is considered to be a national treasure of the United States , and some of the more famous national parks and monuments are sometimes referred to metaphorically as `` crown jewels '' . The system encompasses approximately 84.4 million acres ( 338,000 km2 ) , of which more than 4.3 million acres ( 17,000 km2 ) remain in private ownership . The largest unit is Wrangell - St. Elias National Park and Preserve , Alaska . At 13,200,000 acres ( 53,000 km2 ) , it is over 16 percent of the entire system . The smallest unit in the system is Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial , Pennsylvania , at 0.02 acre ( 80 m2 ) . In addition to administering its units and other properties , the National Park Service also provides technical and financial assistance to several `` affiliated areas '' authorized by Congress . The largest affiliated area is New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve at 1,164,025 acres ( 4711 km2 ) . The smallest is Benjamin Franklin National Memorial at less than 0.01 acres ( 40 m ) . Although all units of the National Park System in the United States are the responsibility of a single agency , they are all managed under individual pieces of authorizing legislation or , in the case of national monuments created under the Antiquities Act , presidential proclamation . For example , because of provisions within their enabling legislation , Congaree National Park is almost entirely wilderness area devoid of development , yet Yosemite allows unique developments such as the Badger Pass Ski Area and the O'Shaughnessy Dam within its boundaries . Death Valley National Park has an active mine legislated within its boundaries . Such irregularities would not be found in other parks unless specifically provided for with exceptions by the legislation that created them . Holdings ( edit ) For current specifics and a multitude of information , see the Quick Facts section of the NPS website . Type Amount Area of land 84,000,000 acres 340,000 km Area of oceans , lakes , reservoirs 4,502,644 acres 18,222 km Length of perennial rivers and streams 85,049 mi 136,873 km Archeological sites 68,561 Length of shoreline 43,162 mi 69,463 km Historic structures 27,000 Objects in museum collections 121,603,193 Buildings 21,000 Trails 12,250 mi 19,710 km Roads 8,500 mi 13,700 km Criteria ( edit ) Most units of the National Park Service have been established by an act of Congress , with the president confirming the action by signing the act into law . The exception , under the Antiquities Act , allows the president to designate and protect areas as National Monuments by executive order . Regardless of the method used , all parks are to be of national importance . A potential park should meet all four of the following standards : It is an outstanding example of a particular type of resource . It possesses exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the natural or cultural themes of our Nation 's heritage . It offers superlative opportunities for recreation , for public use and enjoyment , or for scientific study . It retains a high degree of integrity as a true , accurate , and relatively unspoiled example of the resource . Special designations ( edit ) Wilderness areas are covered by the US National Wilderness Preservation System , which protects federally managed lands that are of a pristine condition , established by the Wilderness Act ( Public Law 88 - 577 ) in 1964 . The National Wilderness Preservation System originally created hundreds of wilderness zones within already protected federally administered property , consisting of over 9 million acres ( 36,000 km2 ) . Marine Protected Areas ( MPAs ) began with Executive Order 13158 in May 2000 , when official MPAs were established for the first time . The initial listing of U.S. areas was presented in 2010 , consisting of areas already set aside under other legislation . The National Park Service has 19 park units designated as MPAs . See also : § International Affairs Budget ( edit ) See also : United States federal budget and United States budget process As of 2016 , the National Park Service has an annual budget of about $3 billion and an estimated $12 billion maintenance backlog . The National Park Services budget is divided into two primary areas , discretionary and mandatory spending . Within each of these areas , there are numerous specific purposes to which Congress directs the services activities . The budget of the National Park Service includes discretionary spending which is broken out into two portions : the direct operations of the National Parks and the special initiatives . Listed separately are the special initiatives of the service for the year specified in the legislation . For Fiscal Year 2010 , the service has been charged with five initiatives . They include : Stewardship and Education ; Professional Excellence ; Youth Programs ; Climate Impacts ; and Budget Restructure and Realignment . Discretionary spending ( edit ) NPS Operations of the National Parks budget from FY 2001 - FY 2006 Discretionary spending includes the Operations of the National Parks ( ONPS ) , from which all park operations are paid . The United States Park Police funds cover the high - profile law enforcement operations at some of the large parks ; i.e. , Gateway National Recreation Area , Golden Gate National Recreation Area , and the National Mall . The National Recreation and Preservation Program and the Urban Park and Recreation Fund are outreach programs to support state and local outdoor recreational activities . The ONPS section of the budget is divided into five operational areas . These areas include : Resource stewardship ( edit ) These are funds and people directed towards the restoration , preservation , and maintenance of natural and cultural resources . The resource staff includes biologists , geologists , archeologists , preservation specialists and a variety of specialized employees to restore and preserve cultural buildings or natural features . Visitor services ( edit ) Funds go towards providing for public programs and educational programs for the general public and school groups . This area is commonly staffed by park rangers , who are trained in providing walks , talks , and educational programs to the public . There is an increased number of media specialists , who provide for the exhibits along trails , roads and in visitor contact facilities , as well as the written brochures and web - sites . Park protection ( edit ) This includes the staff responding to visitor emergencies ( medical and criminal ) , and the protection of the park 's natural and cultural resources from damage by those persons visiting the park . The staff includes park rangers , park police , criminal investigators , and communication center operators . Facility maintenance and operations ( edit ) This is the cost of maintaining the necessary infrastructure within each park that supports all the services provided . It includes the plows and heavy equipment for road clearing , repairs and construction . There are buildings , trails , roads , docks , boats , utility pipes and wires , and a variety of hidden systems that make a park accessible by the public . The staff includes equipment operators , custodians , trail crews , electricians , plumbers , engineers , architects , and other building trade specialists . Park support ( edit ) This is the staff that provides for the routine logistical needs of the parks . There are human resource specialists , contracting officers , property specialists , budget managers , accountants and information technology specialists . External administrative costs ( edit ) These costs are bills that are paid directly to outside organizations as part of the logistical support needed to run the parks . It includes rent payments to the General Services Administration for building space ; postage payments to the postal machine vendor , and other direct payments . Functional area FY 2010 ( in thousands ) % of total Resource stewardship $347,328 15.3 % Visitor services $247,386 10.9 % Park protection $368,698 16.3 % Facility maintenance and operations $705,220 31.1 % Park support $441,854 19.5 % External administrative costs $155,530 6.9 % Total ( 2010 ) $2,266,016 Park partnerships ( edit ) These funds support the use of partnerships to achieve park preservation. 25 million dollars have been provided for FY 2010 . These funds require matching grants from individuals , foundations , businesses , and the private sector . Land and water Conservation Fund ( LWCF ) ( edit ) The LWCF supports Land Acquisition and State Conservation Assistance grant programs . The 2010 funds are the beginning of an incremental process to fully fund LWCF programs at $900 million . The Department of the Interior and the U.S. Forest Service use these funds to purchase critical lands to protect existing public lands . Grants will be made to states and local communities to preserve and protect Civil War battlefield sites that are not part of the national park system . The NPS State Conservation Assistance program distributes funding to States for land preservation . Construction ( edit ) This segment of the budget provides for the construction of new facilities or the replacement of aging and unsafe facilities . Additionally , there are funds in the recreation fees , park roads funding , and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that provide for other specific facilities / infrastructure work . Additional funds come from the Federal Land Highway Administration for the construction and repair of Park roads . Historic preservation Fund ( edit ) As the nation 's leader in cultural preservation , funds are provided for a variety of programs to meet these needs nationwide . Two specific programs include the Save America 's Treasures and the Preserve America . The Historic Preservation Offices makes grants available to the States , territories , and tribal lands . National Recreation and preservation ( edit ) These funds go to local communities to preserve natural and cultural resources . Among the programs supported are the Rivers , Trails , and Conservation Assistance programs that promote community links to parks , natural resource conservation and outdoor recreation across America . Offsetting reductions and fixed costs in various accounts ( edit ) Within this category are a number of one - time events , which are added or removed as the events require . Notably in the FY 2009 and FY 2010 is the removal of the costs for the presidential inaugural . Other savings are identified through reduced operational costs from energy - efficient retro - fitting and the demolition of structures beyond repair . American Recovery and Reinvestment Act ( edit ) Otherwise known as `` stimulus funds , '' the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides funds to restore and preserve major infrastructures within the national parks . Great Lakes restoration Initiative ( edit ) The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative , is a $475.0 million proposal included in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency budget . The park service will participate through the EPA in restoration activities in those parks that are within the watershed of the Great Lakes . Activities will include such actions as removal of dumps and fuel spills . Park will monitor mercury , lead , DDT , and other contaminants in six parks on the Great Lakes . Work also includes the removal of invasive species and education on how to prevent their spread . There are YouTube videos about the work being done in this field . Mandatory spending ( edit ) Mandatory appropriations are those items created by other congressional legislation that must be paid for . They include the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program , which requires the distribution and expenditure of fees collected by the National Park Service . Other Permanent Appropriations includes special funding categories to non-profit and state entities , which have been assigned to the National Park Service to manage . Miscellaneous Trust Funds includes funding sources that have been created by the federal government or private citizen , where the National Park Service or a specific park have been identified as the beneficiaries . And there is also the L&WCF Contract Authority which is the Land and Water Conservation Fund , a congressionally created source of revenues , managed by the National Park Service . Employees and volunteers ( edit ) Annually , the NPS employs over 20,000 Americans with an additional 221,000 Volunteers - In - Parks who contribute about 6.4 million hours annually . Economic benefits ( edit ) According to a 2011 Michigan State University report prepared for the NPS , for each $1 invested in the NPS , the American public receives $4 in economic value . In 2011 , national parks generated $30.1 billion in economic activity and 252,000 jobs nationwide . Thirteen billion of that amount went directly into communities within 60 miles of a NPS unit . Nomenclature ( edit ) The National Park Service uses over 20 different titles for the park units it manages , including national park and national monument . Classification as of 2009 Number Area Visitors National Military Park , National Battlefield Park , National Battlefield Site , and National Battlefield 25 71,502.49 acres ( 289 km ) 8,360,261 National Historical Park , National Historic Site , and International Historic Site 125 228,260.60 acres ( 924 km ) 34,407,217 National Lakeshore 228,995.14 acres ( 927 km ) 3,728,821 National Memorial 29 10,588.45 acres ( 43 km ) 30,559,258 National Monument 79 2,027,864.58 acres ( 8,206 km ) 22,646,428 National Park 59 52,095,045.71 acres ( 210,821 km ) 62,950,968 National Parkway 177,339.69 acres ( 718 km ) 29,948,911 National Preserve and National Reserve 20 24,191,311.63 acres ( 97,899 km ) 2,956,325 National Recreation Area 18 3,700,277.20 acres ( 14,974 km ) 50,645,414 National River and National Wild and Scenic River and Riverway 15 746,262.99 acres ( 3,020 km ) 5,999,161 National Scenic Trail 239,659.27 acres ( 970 km ) not available National Seashore 10 595,013.55 acres ( 2,408 km ) 17,920,507 Other Designations ( White House , National Mall , etc . ) 11 36,826.96 acres ( 149 km ) 11,156,670 Totals 401 84,331,948.26 acres ( 341,279 km ) 320,309,151 National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) National Parks preserve nationally and globally significant scenic areas and nature reserves . National Monuments preserve a single unique cultural or natural feature . Devils Tower National Monument was the first in 1906 . National Historical Parks of the United States Abraham Lincoln Birthplace Adams Appomattox Court House Blackstone River Valley Boston Cane River Creole Cedar Creek and Belle Grove Chaco Culture Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Colonial Cumberland Gap Dayton Aviation Heritage First State George Rogers Clark Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Harpers Ferry Hopewell Culture Independence Jean Lafitte Kalaupapa Kaloko - Honokōhau Keweenaw Klondike Gold Rush Lewis and Clark Lowell Lyndon B. Johnson Manhattan Project Marsh - Billings - Rockefeller Minute Man Morristown Natchez New Bedford Whaling New Orleans Jazz Nez Perce Palo Alto Battlefield Paterson Great Falls Pecos Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau Rosie the Riveter / World War II Home Front Salt River Bay San Antonio Missions San Francisco Maritime San Juan Island Saratoga Sitka Thomas Edison Tumacácori Valley Forge War in the Pacific Women 's Rights Full alphabetical list National Historic Sites protect a significant cultural resource that is not a complicated site . Examples of these types of parks include Ford 's Theatre National Historic Site and William Howard Taft National Historic Site . National Historical Parks are larger areas with more complex subjects . Appomattox Court House National Historical Park was created in 1940 . George Rogers Clark National Historical Park was dedicated in 1936 . Historic sites may also be protected in national parks , monuments , seashores , and lakeshores . National Military Parks , Battlefield Parks , Battlefield Sites , and Battlefields preserve areas associated with military history . The different designations reflect the complexity of the event and the site . Many of the sites preserve important Revolutionary War battles and Civil War battlefields . Military parks are the sites of larger actions , such as Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park , Vicksburg National Military Park , Gettysburg National Military Park , and Shiloh National Military Park -- the original four from 1890 . Examples of battlefield parks , battlefield sites , and national battlefields include Richmond National Battlefield Park , Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site , and Antietam National Battlefield . United States National Lakeshores , National Seashores , and National Rivers National Lakeshores Apostle Islands Indiana Dunes Pictured Rocks Sleeping Bear Dunes National Seashores Assateague Island Canaveral Cape Cod Cape Hatteras Cape Lookout Cumberland Island Fire Island Gulf Islands Padre Island Point Reyes National Rivers Big South Fork Bluestone River Buffalo River Mississippi River Missouri River New River Gorge Saint Croix National Seashores and National Lakeshores offer preservation of the national coast line , while supporting water -- based recreation . Cape Hatteras National Seashore was created in 1937 . Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore , created in 1966 , were the first national lakeshores . National Rivers and Wild and Scenic Riverways protect free - flowing streams over their length . The riverways may not be altered with dams , channelization , or other changes . Recreational pursuits are encouraged along the waterways . Ozark National Scenic Riverways was established in 1964 . National Recreation Areas of the United States Administered by the National Park Service Amistad Big South Fork Bighorn Canyon Boston Harbor Islands Chattahoochee River Chickasaw Curecanti Delaware Water Gap Gateway Gauley River Glen Canyon Golden Gate Lake Chelan Lake Mead Lake Meredith Lake Roosevelt Mississippi Ross Lake Santa Monica Mountains Whiskeytown - Shasta - Trinity Administered by the US Forest Service Allegheny Arapaho Ed Jenkins Flaming Gorge Grand Island Hells Canyon Jemez Land Between The Lakes Moosalamoo Mount Baker Mount Hood Mount Rogers Oregon Dunes Pine Ridge Rattlesnake Sawtooth Smith River Spring Mountains Spruce Knob - Seneca Rocks Whiskeytown - Shasta - Trinity White Rocks Winding Stair Mountain Administered by the Bureau of Land Management White Mountains National Recreation Areas originally were units ( such as Lake Mead National Recreation Area ) surrounding reservoirs impounded by dams built by other federal agencies . Many of these areas are managed under cooperative agreement with the National Park Service . Now some national recreation areas are in urban centers , because of the recommendations of a Presidential commission , the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission ( ORRRC ) . These include Gateway National Recreation Area and Golden Gate National Recreation Area , which encompass significant cultural as well as natural resources . U.S. National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking The National Trails System preserves long - distance routes across America . The system was created in 1968 and consists of two major components : National Scenic Trails are long - distance trails through some of the most scenic parts of the country . They received official protection in 1968 . The Appalachian Trail and the Continental Divide Trail are the best known . National Historic Trails commemorate the routes of major historic events . Some of the best known are the Trail of Tears , the Mormon Trail , and the Santa Fe Trail . These trails are administered by several federal agencies . National Preserves are for the protection of certain resources . Activities like hunting , fishing , and some mining are allowed . Big Cypress National Preserve and Big Thicket National Preserve were created in 1974 as the first national preserves . National Reserves are similar to national preserves , but the operational authority can be placed with a local government . New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve was the first to be established in 1978 . Visitors ( edit ) The National Park System receives over 280 million visits each year throughout the 413 units , with over 307 million visitors in 2015 . Park visitation ( recreational only ) grew 64 percent between 1979 and 2015 . The 10 most - visited units of the National Park System handle over 28 percent of the visits to the 413 park units . The top 10 percent of parks ( 41 ) handle 62.8 percent of all visits , leaving the remaining 372 units to accommodate 37.2 percent of visits . Park Rank Visits Blue Ridge Parkway 15,054,603 Golden Gate National Recreation Area 14,888,537 Great Smoky Mountains National Park 10,712,674 Lincoln Memorial 9 7,941,771 Lake Mead National Recreation Area 5 7,298,465 George Washington Memorial Parkway 6 7,286,463 Gateway National Recreation Area 6,392,565 Natchez Trace Parkway 7 5,785,812 Vietnam Veterans Memorial 8 5,597,077 Grand Canyon National Park 10 5,520,736 Overnight stays Over 15 million visitors spent a night in one of the National Park Units during 2015 . The largest number ( 3.68 million ) were tent campers . The second largest group ( 3.38 million ) stayed in one of the lodges , followed by Miscellaneous stays ( on boats , group sites -- 2.15 million ) . The last three groups of over-night visitors included RV Campers ( 2.26 million ) , Back country campers ( 2.02 million ) and users of the Concession run campgrounds ( 1.42 million ) . Previous years of statistics are below . Park 2010 Rank 1994 Rank 1979 Rank Lodges Tent campers Misc 5 RV campers Backcountry 5 5 Concession campers 6 6 6 Annually , visitors are surveyed for their satisfaction with services and facilities provided . Services Consistently , the highest ranked service has been Assistance from Park Employees ( 82 % very good , 2007 ) . Facilities Among facilities , the park Visitor Centers obtain a consistent 70 % very good rating ( 73 % in 2007 ) . Youth programs ( edit ) The National Park Service offers a variety of youth oriented programs . They range from the Web Ranger on - line program to many programs in each National Park Unit . The primary work opportunities for youth are through the Youth Corp networks . The oldest serving group is the Student Conservation Association ( SCA ) . It was established in 1957 , committed to conservation and preservation . The SCA 's goal is to create the next generation of conservation leaders . SCA volunteers work through internships , conservation jobs , and crew experiences . Volunteers conduct resource management , historic preservation , cultural resources and conservation programs to gain experience , which can lead to career development and further educational opportunities . The SCA places volunteers in more than 350 national park units and NPS offices each year . The Corps Network , formerly known as the National Association for Service and Corps ( NASCC ) , represents 136 Service and Conservation Corps . These groups have programs in 42 states and the District of Columbia . Corpsmembers are between the ages of 16 -- 25 . Service and Conservation Corps are direct descendants of the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) of the 1930s that built park facilities in the national parks and other public parks around the country . The Corps Network was established in 1985 . Youth Conservation Corps ( ages 15 -- 18 ) The Youth Conservation Corps ( YCC ) , bring young people into a park to restore , preserve and protect a natural , cultural , or historical resources . Enrollees are paid for their work . Public Land Corps ( ages 16 -- 25 ) The Public Land Corps ( PLC ) is a job helping to restore , protect , and rehabilitate a local national parks . The enrollees learn about environmental issues and the park . A dozen non-profit . Programs for Boy Scouts ( ages 7 -- 18 ) The National Park Service works with the Boy Scouts of America . Members can become a Scout Ranger and earn a patch . The Service formerly participated every four years at the BSA Jamboree at Fort A.P. Hill , Virginia . Many scouts have completed their Eagle projects in a National Park helping preserve the resources , while furthering the scouting experience . Programs for Girl Scouts ( ages 5 -- 18 ) Girl Scouts can become a Girl Scout Ranger and earn a patch . The National Park Service works with Girl Scout Troops through their Linking Girls to the Land . Accessibility ( edit ) Access Pass The Access Pass offers free , lifetime admission to federal areas of the National Park Service , Bureau of Land Management , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , U.S. Forest Service , and Tennessee Valley Authority . Service Animals Service animals are allowed in all facilities and on most trails , with the exceptions of stock trails and areas closed by the superintendent to protect park resources . Service animals must always be leashed . Service animals in training and pets are subject to other park regulations . When traveling with an animal , carry water , and allow for stops . Dispose of pet feces in a trash bin . Camping The National Park System offers numerous accessible camping opportunities . In over 120 units , campgrounds have sites specifically designed for tent camper accessibility . Special camp sites are located near restrooms with paved walkways to and from the restroom and water sources . Sites have hardened tenting sites that provide for easy access , but allow for tents to be erected on soil . Many additional units have pull - through trailer sites , providing for motorized use , but may have limited access to the rest of the campground facilities . Trails Many National Park units have fully accessible trails . Visitors should check the park 's web - site to insure that the trail is designed to meet their individual needs . Trails may have a compacted gravel surface , paved with asphalt , or a board walk . Many will have guardrails , others may have a ridge along the edge , detectable by the visually impaired using a cane and capable of stopping a wheelchair . Many have no detectable edge when there is a stable surface . Vistas Parks that are known for their scenic vistas make them available through a variety of designs . Paved overlooks with accessible parking is the most common , and not always identified in written material . Road designs are configured to provide for mountain and landscape vistas from a vehicle . Additional information at `` The Disabled Traveler 's Companion '' . Concessions ( edit ) In an effort to increase visitation and allow for a larger audience to enjoy national park land , the National Park Service has numerous concession contracts with private businesses to bring recreation , resorts and other compatible amenities to their parks . NPS lodging opportunities exist at places such as the Wawona Hotel in Yosemite National Park and the Fort Baker Retreat and Conference Center in Golden Gate National Recreation Area . Adaptive reuses like those at Fort Baker , have raised some controversy from concerns about the historical integrity of these buildings , after extensive renovations and whether such alterations fall within the spirit and / or the letter of the preservation laws they are protected by . Delaware North Corporation at Yosemite National Park , Yellowstone National Park Forever Resorts at Big Bend National Park , Blue Ridge Parkway , Badlands National Park , North Rim of Grand Canyon National Park , Olympic National Park , Lake Mead National Recreation Area , Mammoth Cave National Park , Isle Royale National Park , and Rocky Mountain National Park . Xanterra Parks & Resorts at Bryce Canyon National Park , Crater Lake National Park , Death Valley National Park , South Rim Grand Canyon National Park , Mount Rushmore National Memorial , Painted Desert at Petrified Forest National Park , Yellowstone National Park , and Zion National Park . Litigation with Delaware North ( edit ) In 2015 , Delaware North sued the NPS in the United States Court of Claims for breach of contract , alleging that the NPS had undervalued its trademarks of the names of iconic Yosemite National Park concession facilities . When it offered for bid the contract to operate these facilities , the National Park Service estimated the value of the intangible assets including the names `` Ahwahnee , '' `` Badger Pass , '' `` Curry Village , '' and `` Yosemite Lodge '' at $3.5 million . Delaware North lost the contract , and asserted that the historic names were worth $51 million and maintained that the incoming concessioner had to be paid that amount . The Justice Department and the NPS asserted that this was an `` improper and wildly inflated '' value . Rather than pay Delaware North 's demanded valuation , in January 2016 the NPS instead opted to rename the famous landmarks , effective in March . The Ahwahnee Hotel is slated to become The Majestic Yosemite Hotel , Curry Village will become Half Dome Village , and the Wawona Hotel will become Big Trees Lodge . Widespread public outcry focused on Delaware North 's decision to claim ownership of names within a national park . Bookstores ( edit ) At many Park Service sites a bookstore is operated by a non-profit cooperating association . The largest example is Eastern National , which runs bookstores in 30 states with 178 stores . Eastern National Western National Park Association Park specific : Crater Lake Natural History Association Cuyahoga Valley National Park Association Devils Tower Natural History Association Bookstore Kennesaw Mountain Historical Association Oregon Caves Natural History Association Yellowstone Association Yosemite Conservancy Publisher of National Parks Interpretive Books Books written by individual National Park interpreters or experts on specific parks are published for each park by KC Publications . Offices ( edit ) Main article : Organization of the National Park Service Depicts twelve figures , most in NPS uniforms , shown in occupations from left to right : a lifeguard , a Civil War reenactor , fire management , mounted patrol , researcher and / or natural resources with fish , a female ranger with two visitors , a laborer , a climber / rescuer , and a youth with a male ranger . Headquarters are located in Washington , D.C. , with regional offices in Anchorage , Atlanta , Lakewood , CO ( Denver ) , Omaha , NE , Philadelphia , San Francisco and Seattle . The headquarters building of the National Park Service Southwest Regional Office is architecturally significant and is designated a National Historic Landmark . The National Park Service is a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Interior . The Director is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate . The Director is supported by six senior executives . They manage national programs , policy , and budget from the Washington , DC , headquarters . Under the Deputy Director of Operations are seven regional directors , who are responsible for national park management and program implementation . Together this group is called the National Leadership Council . The national office is located in the Main Interior Building , 1849 C Street NW , several blocks southwest of the White House . The central office is composed of eleven directorates : Director / Deputy Directors ; Business Services ; Workforce Management ; Chief Information Officer ; Cultural Resources ; Natural Resource Stewardship and Science ; Office of the Comptroller ; Park Planning , Facilities , and Lands ; Partnerships and Visitor Experience ; Visitor and Resource Protection ; and the United States Park Police . Staff and volunteers ( edit ) Employees ( edit ) By the mid-1950s , the primary employees of the Service were the Park Rangers , who had broad responsibilities on the parks ' behalf . They cleaned up trash , operated heavy equipment , fought fires , managed traffic , cleared trails and roads , provided information to visitors , managed museums , performed rescues , flew aircraft , and investigated crime . The National Park Service employs many kinds of workers , as shown below . National Park Service Ranger Interpreter Law enforcement Park management ( Superintendent / Deputy ) United States Park Police Emergency management ( Emergency medical providers , search and rescue specialists ) Dispatchers Maintenance ( including carpenters , plumbers , masons , laborers , auto mechanics , motor vehicle operators , heavy equipment operators , electricians ) Park planning Architects , Engineers , and Landscape architects Resource management ( including archeologist , biologist , botanist , aquatics , soil scientist , geologist ) History ( curators , historians , preservation technicians , historic architects , archivists ) Fire management ( managers , weather specialist , firefighters , engine captains , crew superintendents , battalion chiefs ) See also : Wildfire Public Affairs Administration ( human resources , finance , accountants , information technology , budgeting , concessions management ) National Park Service employment levels . Executives : abt 27 ; Gen Sch : 16 -- 17,000 ; Others : 6 -- 7,000 Locations are varied . Parks exist in the nation 's larger cities like New York City ( Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site ) , Atlanta ( Martin Luther King , Jr . National Historic Site ) , and San Diego ( Cabrillo National Monument ) to some of the remotest areas of the continent like Hovenweep National Monument in southeastern Utah , to Aniakchak National Monument in King Salmon , Alaska . Volunteers - in - parks ( vip ) ( edit ) The Volunteers - In - Parks program was authorized in 1969 by the Volunteers in the Parks Act of 1969 . for the purpose of allowing the public to serve in the nations parks providing support and skills for their enhancement and protection . Volunteers come from all walks of life and include professionals , artists , laborers , homemakers and students , performing varied duties . Many come from surrounding communities and some travel significant distances . In a 2005 annual report , the National Park Service reported that , ... 137,000 VIPs contributed 5.2 million hours of service ( or 2500 FTEs ) valued at $91,260,000 based on the private sector value figure of $17.55 as used by AARP , Points of Light Foundation , and other large - scale volunteer programs including many federal agencies . There are 365 separate volunteer programs throughout the National Park Service . Since 1990 , the number of volunteers has increased an average of 2 % per year . FTE stands for Full Time Equivalency or 1 work year . In 2012 , the National Park Service reported that over 221,000 volunteers contributed about 6.4 million hours annually . Additionally , other types of volunteers also conduct offsite NPS public outreach and education , such as the Trails & Rails program guides on board certain segments of long - haul Amtrak routes , who offer passengers insights to the travel area 's natural resources and heritage . Artist - In - Residence Across the nation , there are special opportunities for artists ( visual artists , photographers , sculptors , performers , writers , composers , and crafts ) to live and work in a park . Twenty - nine parks currently participate in the Artist - In - Residence program . Law enforcement ( edit ) National Park Service patrol boat at Rock Harbor , Isle Royale National Park The National Park Service commonly refers to law enforcement operations in the agency as Visitor and Resource Protection . There are several different types of law enforcement employees including Type I and Type II Law Enforcement Rangers and Special Agents . The United States Park Police is a unit of the National Park Service , with jurisdiction in all National Park Service areas and certain other Federal and State lands . Most Law Enforcement Rangers , Park Police Officers , and Special Agents Receive their training through Federal Law Enforcement Training Center ( FLETC ) . Type II Law Enforcement Rangers receive their training through FLETC accredited Seasonal Law Enforcement Academies . Jurisdiction ( edit ) There are several types of National Park Service jurisdiction . Jurisdiction is set by the enabling legislation for each individual unit of the NPS and is considered part of the Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction of the United States . Law enforcement on NPS lands with exclusive jurisdiction is solely conducted by NPS Law Enforcement Rangers ( field officers ) or the US Park Police . Many NPS units have concurrent jurisdiction and share law enforcement authority with their state and / or local county law enforcement agencies . Some National Park Service units have proprietary or partial jurisdiction where law enforcement authority for certain serious incidents lies with the state or county . Most NPS units have memorandums of understanding with outside law enforcement agencies , so that policies are in place when and if outside agency assistance is needed . NPS Photo of Badge worn by Chief Park Rangers Law enforcement Rangers ( edit ) Uniformed Law Enforcement Rangers , Park Police Officers and Special Agents enforce Federal laws and regulations governing NPS lands and resources . These personnel can also enforce some or all state laws on NPS lands . As part of that mission , LEOs carry firearms , defensive equipment , make arrests , execute search warrants , complete reports and testify in court . They establish a regular and recurring presence on a vast amount of public lands , roads , and recreation sites . The primary focus of their jobs is the protection of natural resources , protection of NPS employees and the protection of visitors . To cover the vast and varied terrain under their jurisdiction , NPS employees use numerous types of vehicles , horses , aircraft , UTV / ATV 's , snowmobiles , dirt bikes and boats . Special Agents ( edit ) Special Agents are criminal investigators who plan and conduct investigations concerning possible violations of criminal and administrative provisions of the NPS and other statues under the United States Code and / or Code of Federal Regulations . Special agents can be uniformed or plain clothes officers . Special Agents often carry concealed firearms , and other defensive equipment , make arrests , carry out complex criminal investigations , present cases for prosecution to U.S. Attorneys , and prepare investigative reports . Field agents travel a great deal and typically cover several NPS units and several states . Criminal investigators occasionally conduct internal and civil claim investigations . Laws enforced ( edit ) Generally speaking the laws enforced on NPS lands are covered in Title 36 Code of Federal Regulations . The NPS also enforces United States Code . Title 16 of the United States Code , Title 18 of the United States Code and Title 21 of the United States Code are enforced most commonly . The National Park Service generally also has the authority to enforce any state law not covered already by federal laws under the Assimilative Crimes Act , 18 U.S.C. § 13 . However , by policy the National Park Service can not charge violators with a state offense that has a harsher penalty than an equivalent federal law already on the books . Commissioned National Park Service employees must follow all policies outlined in DOI reference manuals and directors orders in performance of their duties . Badge worn by USPP Officers United States Park Police ( edit ) Main article : United States Park Police The United States Park Police ( USPP ) is the oldest uniformed federal law enforcement agency in the United States . It functions as a full service law enforcement agency with responsibilities and jurisdiction in those National Park Service areas primarily located in the Washington , D.C. , San Francisco , and New York City areas . In addition to performing the normal crime prevention , investigation , and apprehension functions of an urban police force , the Park Police are responsible for policing many of the famous monuments in the United States and share law enforcement jurisdiction in all lands administered by the Service with a force of National Park Rangers tasked with the same law enforcement powers and responsibilities . Special divisions ( edit ) Historic Preservation Training Center Other special NPS divisions include the Archeology Program , Historic American Buildings Survey , National Register of Historic Places , National Natural Landmarks , the Rivers , Trails and Conservation Assistance Program , the Challenge Cost Share Program , the Federal Lands to Parks , the Hydropower Relicensing Program , the Land and Water Conservation Fund , the National Trails System , the Partnership Wild and Scenic Rivers Program , and the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division . Centers The National Park Service operates four archeology - related centers : Harpers Ferry Center in Harpers Ferry , West Virginia , the Midwest Archeological Center in Lincoln , Nebraska , the Southeast Archeological Center in Tallahassee , Florida and the Western Archeological and Conservation Center in Tucson , Arizona . The Harpers Ferry Center specializes in interpretive media development and object conservation . The other three focus to various degrees on archaeological research and museum object curation and conservation . National Park Service training centers include : Horace Albright Training Center , Grand Canyon ; Stephen Mather Training Center , Harpers Ferry , West Virginia ; Historic Preservation Training Center , Frederick , Maryland and Capital Training Center , Washington , D.C. The Submerged Resources Center is the unit responsible for inventory and evaluation of submerged resources throughout the National Park system . The SRC is based out of the Intermountain Region 's headquarters in Lakewood , Colorado . The National Center for Preservation Technology and Training , located in Natchitoches , Louisiana , conducts research and training in the fields of archeology , architecture , landscape architecture and materials conservation . Preservation programs ( HABS / HAER ) Photograph of El Santuario Del Señor Esquipula , Chimayo , New Mexico LaSalle Street Bridge , Chicago , Illinois The oldest federal preservation program , the Historic American Buildings Survey / Historic American Engineering Record ( HABS / HAER ) , produces graphic and written documentation of historically significant architectural , engineering and industrial sites and structures . Dating from 1934 , the Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) was chartered to document historic architecture -- primarily houses and public buildings -- of national or regional significance . Originally a New Deal employment / preservation program , after World War II , HABS employed summer teams of advanced undergraduate and graduate students to carry out the documentation , a tradition followed to this day . Many of the structures they documented no longer exist . HABS / HAER produces measured drawings , large - format photographs and written histories of historic sites , structures and objects , that are significant to the architectural , engineering and industrial heritage of the U.S. Its 25,000 records are part of the Library of Congress . HABS / HAER is administered by the NPS Washington office and five regional offices . Historic American Buildings Survey In 1933 , the National Park Service , Department of the Interior , established the Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) , based on a proposal by Charles E. Peterson , Park Service landscape architect . It was founded as a make - work program for architects , draftsmen and photographers left jobless by the Great Depression . Guided by field instructions from Washington , D.C. , the first recorders were tasked with documenting a representative sampling of America 's architectural heritage . After 70 years , there is now an archive of historic architecture . HABS provided a database of primary source material for the then fledgling historic preservation movement . Historic American Engineering Record Recognizing a similar fragility in our national industrial and engineering heritage , the National Park Service , the Library of Congress and the American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) formed the HAER program in 1969 , to document nationally and regionally significant engineering and industrial sites . A short while later , HAER was ratified by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) , the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ( IEEE ) , the American Institute of Chemical Engineers ( AIChE ) and the American Institute of Mining , Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers ( AIME ) . HAER documentation , in the forms of measured and interpretive drawings , large - format photographs and written histories , is archivally preserved in the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress , where it is readily available to the public . Rivers , Trails and Conservation Assistance Program The RTCA program of the National Park Service is designed to assist local communities and the public in preservation of rivers , trails and greenways . Unlike the mainline National Park Programs , these programs take place on non-federal property at the request of the local community . One of their better known programs is Rails to Trails , where unused railroad right - of - ways are converted into public hiking and biking trails . National Trails System The National Trails System is a joint mission of the National Park Service , the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Forest Service . It was created in 1968 to establish a system of long - distance National Scenic and National Historic Trails , as well as to recognize existing trails in the states as National Recreation Trails . Several additional trails have been established since 1968 , and in 2009 Congress established the first National Geologic Trail . National Heritage Areas National Heritage Areas are a unique blend of natural , cultural , historic , and scenic resources . Having developed out of a shared historic , they create a unique whole . Currently ( 2015 ) there are 49 designated heritage areas . International affairs ( edit ) World Heritage Sites Main article : World Heritage Site World Heritage Sites have enough universally recognized natural and cultural features that they are considered to merit the protection of all the peoples in the world . The National Park Service is responsible for 16 of the 19 World Heritage Sites in the United States . Carlsbad Caverns National Park , New Mexico Chaco Culture National Historical Park , New Mexico Everglades National Park , Florida Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Tennessee and North Carolina Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park , Hawaii Independence Hall , Pennsylvania Kluane / Wrangell - St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini - Alsek Park , Alaska , U.S. / B.C. & Yukon , Canada Mammoth Cave , Kentucky Mesa Verde National Park , Colorado Olympic National Park , Washington Redwood National and State Parks , California Statue of Liberty , New York Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park ( union of Waterton Lakes ( Canada ) and Glacier ( U.S. ) parks ) , Montana & Alberta , Canada Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming , extending into Montana and Idaho Yosemite National Park , California Initiatives ( edit ) 24 - hr all Taxa BioBlitz : A joint venture of the National Geographic Society and the National Park Service . Beginning in 2004 , at Rock Creek Parkway , the National Geographic Society and the National Park Service began a 10 - year program of hosting a major biological survey of ten selected national park units . The intent is to develop public interest in the nations natural resources , develop scientific interest in America 's youth and to create citizen scientist . 2007 : Rock Creek Park , Washington D.C. 661 species 2008 : Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area , Los Angeles , California . 1,700 species and more pending . 2009 : Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , near Chicago in northern Indiana . 1,716 species and still counting . 2010 : Biscayne National Park , Miami , Florida . 810 species were identified during this 24 - hr event . As classification continues , more species will be added to the list . 2011 : Saguaro National Park , Tucson , Arizona . During the 24 - hours , 859 different species were identified , of which more than 400 were previously unknown in the park . 2012 : Rocky Mountain National Park , in Estes Park , In August 2012 489 species were identified . 2013 : Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve , in New Orleans . The BioBlitz will occur on May 17 and 18 , 2013 in the park 's Barataria Preserve . Biological Diversity : Biological Diversity is the vast variety of life as identified through species and genetics . This variety is decreasing as people spread across the globe , altering areas to better meet their needs . Climate Change : Warming of the climate system is unequivocal , as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures , widespread melting of snow and ice , and rising global sea levels . ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007 ) . South Florida Restoration Initiative : Rescuing an Ecosystem in Peril : In partnership with the State of Florida , and the Army Corps of Engineers , the National Park Service is restoring the physical and biological processes of the South Florida ecosystem . Historically , this ecosystem contained some of the most diverse habitats on earth . Vanishing Treasures Initiative : Ruins Preservation in the American Southwest : The Vanishing Treasures Initiative began in FY 1998 to reduce threats to prehistoric and historic sites and structures in 44 parks of the Intermountain Region . In 2002 , the program expanded to include three parks in the Pacific West Region . The goal is to reduce backlogged work and to bring sites and structures up to a condition where routine maintenance activities can preserve them . Wetlands : Wetlands includes marshes , swamps , and bogs . These areas and the plants and animals adapted to these conditions spread from the arctic to the equator . The shrinking wetlands provide habitat for fish and wildlife , help clean water and reduce the impact of storms and floods on the surrounding communities . Wildland Fire : Fires have been a natural part of park eco-systems . Many plants and some animals require a cycle of fire or flooding to be successful and productive . With the advent of human intervention and public access to parks , there are safety concerns for the visiting public . Green Park Plan ( edit ) In September 2010 , the NPS released its Climate Change Response Strategy , followed in April 2012 by the Green Parks Plan . Climate Friendly parks program ( edit ) The Climate Friendly Parks Program is a subset of the Green Parks plan . It was created in collaboration between the National Park Service and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . The program is meant to measure and reduce greenhouse gases to help slow the effects of climate change . Parks in the CFP program create and implement plans to reduce greenhouse gases through reducing energy and water use . Facilities are designed and retrofitted using sustainable materials . Alternative transportation systems are developed to reduce dependency on fossil fuels . Parks in the program offer public education programs about how the parks are already affected . The program provides climate friendly solutions to the visiting public , like using clean energy , reducing waste , and making smart transportation choices . The CFP program can provide technical assistance , tools and resources for the parks and their neighboring communities to protect the natural and cultural resources . The large , isolated parks typically generate their own electricity and heat and must do so without spoiling the values that the visitors have come to experience . Pollution is emitted by the vehicles used to transport visitors around the often - vast expanses of the parks . Many parks have converted vehicles to electric hybrids , and substitute diesel / electric hybrid buses for private automobiles . In 2001 it was estimated that replacement with electric vehicles would eliminate 25 TPY emissions entirely . In 2010 , the National Park Service estimated that reducing bottled water could eliminate 6,000 tons of carbon emissions and 8 million kilowatt hours of electricity every year . The NPS Concessions office voiced concerns about concessions impacts . By 2014 , 23 parks had banned disposable water bottles . In 2015 , the International Bottled Water Association stated the NPS was `` leaving sugary drinks as a primary alternative '' , even though the Park Service provides water stations to refill bottles , `` encouraging visitors to hydrate for free . '' The Water Association made the national parks one of its top lobbying targets and in July 2015 Rep. Keith Rothfus added a `` last - minute '' amendment into Congress 's appropriations bill , blocking the National Park Service from funding or enforcing the program . The National Park Service discontinued its ban on disposable water bottles in August 2017 . Related acts ( edit ) Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 Antiquities Act or Lacy Act of 1906 Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 Endangered Species Act of 1973 Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934 Historic Sites Act of 1935 Lacey Act of 1900 ( Wildlife preservation ) Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 National Park Service General Authorities Act of 1970 National Park Service Organic Act of 1916 National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 ( NEPA ) National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 ( NHPA ) National Wild and Scenic River of 1968 Redwood Act of 1978 , creating one protection standard for the System Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 Wilderness Act of 1964 See also ( edit ) Areas ( edit ) List of National Parks of the United States List of areas in the United States National Park System List of the United States National Park System official units National Heritage Area National Memorial National Monument ( United States ) People ( edit ) Individuals ( edit ) Ansel Franklin Hall , first Chief Naturalist and first Chief Forester of the National Park Service William Kent ( U.S. Congressman ) , donated early parklands to the government John F. Lacey , congressman from Iowa Harry Yount , progenitor of the modern national park ranger Roles ( edit ) National Park People National Park Ranger Related organizations ( edit ) National Park Foundation National Parks Conservation Association Other links ( edit ) Land and Water Conservation Fund National Park Passport Stamps National Park Service Rustic , style of architecture National Park to Park Highway National Park Travelers Club National Park Service uniforms United States Senate Committee on Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game Wilderness preservation systems in the United States Alt National Park Service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the National Park Service '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The National Park Service Organic Act '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Budget Justifications and Performance Information , Fiscal Year 2014 , National Park Service Jump up ^ Sutter , p. 102 Jump up ^ Sutter , p. 104 Jump up ^ Albright , Horace M. as told to Robert Cahn ; The Birth of the National Park Service ; The Founding Years , 1913 -- 33 ; Howe Brothers , Salt Lake City , Utah ; 1985 . ^ Jump up to : The National Parks : Shaping the System ; National Park Service , Dept of the Interior ; 1991 ; pg 24 Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Organic Act '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Directors of the National Park Service '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Press Release : Director Bomar To Retire On Tuesday ; Dave Barna , Press Office , National Park Service ; January 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ Jonathan Jarvis Confirmed As Director , By Hugh Vickery , September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ronald F. ; Family Tree of the National Park System ; Eastern National Parks , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 1972 ; pg 9 -- 12 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service , 2008 Director 's Report ; National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior ; Washington , D.C. ; 2009 Jump up ^ Criteria for Parklands brochure ; Department of the Interior , National Park Service ; 1990 ^ Jump up to : Federal Register , Vol. 75 , No. 100 ; Tuesday , May 25 , 2010 ; pg 29317 Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2016/03/08/466461595/national-parks-have-a-long-to-do-list-but-cant-cover-the-repair-costs ^ Jump up to : FY 2006 President 's Budget , Executive Summary ; National Park Service ; Government Printing Office ; February 7 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Budget Justification and Performance Information , Fiscal Year 2010 , National Park Service , The United States Department of the Interior , 2009 Jump up ^ Budget Justification and Performance Information , Fiscal Year 2010 , National Park Service , The United States Department of the Interior , 2009 @ http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/FY_2010_greenbook.pdf Jump up ^ Gr8LakesRestoration . YouTube . Retrieved on May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.npca.org/assets/pdf/Great_Lakes_GLRI_report.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior , ( 2012 ) . NPS Overview '' . Jump up ^ Yue , Cui ; Mahoney , Ed ; Herbowicz , Teresa ( 2013 ) . `` Economic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . United States . National Park Service , Department of the Interior . Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ The National Parks : Index 2009 -- 2011 , Official Index of the National Park Service , Government Printing Office , Washington D.C. ; March 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` NPS Stats for 2009 '' . Nature.nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Park Service : New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Butch Street . `` Statistical Abstract 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resource Data Series NPS / NRPC / SSD / NRDS -- 2011 / 147 . National Park Service . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Visitation Summary Report for : 2015 '' . NPS.gov . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Reports '' . Nature.nps.gov . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The National Park or Parking System ? . National Parks . July -- August 2001 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Webrangers '' . Webrangers.us . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Youth Programs '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SCA Jump up ^ Corp Networks Jump up ^ YCC Archived November 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ PLC Archived November 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ BSA in NPS Archived November 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ GSA in NPS Archived November 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Yosemite National Park Accessibility Guide ; Merced , California Jump up ^ `` NPS Campground Accessibility '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Accessible trails '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Accessible Vistas '' . Nps.gov . July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service '' . Tdtcompanion.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yosemite National Park The Official Guide to Lodging & Activities . Yosemitepark.com . Retrieved on May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Forever Resorts Team . `` Adventure Vacations - Trips , Travel and Outdoor Family Vacations - Forever Resorts '' . Jump up ^ `` xanterra.com '' . xanterra.com . June 12 , 1981 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware North sues park service over Yosemite dispute '' . www.buffaloNews.com . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service offers Yosemite contract to new company '' . www.fresnobee.com . Jump up ^ `` Amid court battle , Yosemite park plans to change some iconic names '' . www.fresnobee.com . Jump up ^ Doyle , Michael . Public outcry and pressing questions follow Yosemite name changes . The Sacramento Bee , 15 January 2016 Jump up ^ nationalparkbooks.com Jump up ^ `` NPS About US '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Headquarters Organization , March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Washington Contacts '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Park Ranger , The Work , Thrills and Equipment of the National Park Rangers , Colby , C.B. ; Coward - McCann , Inc. , New York , 1955 Jump up ^ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR , National Park Service , Fiscal Year nnnn Budget Justifications ; , where nnnn = 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2006 , and 2009 Jump up ^ Careers in the National Parks ; Gartner , Bob ; The Rosen Publishing Company , New York ; 1993 Jump up ^ `` Director 's Order # 7 : Volunteers in Parks ; June 13 , 2005 ; Department of the Interior , National Park Service '' . Nps.gov . 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Jump up ^ `` 16 USC § 1a -- 6 -- Law enforcement personnel within National Park System Title 16 -- Conservation U.S. Code LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18 USC § 13 -- Laws of States adopted for areas within Federal jurisdiction Title 18 -- Crimes and Criminal Procedure U.S. Code LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ rwcar4 . `` Police Cars '' . Policecarwebsite.net . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Office of Personnel Management '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Director 's Orders and Related Documents / NPS Office of Policy '' . Home.nps.gov . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Director 's Order 9 : Law Enforcement Program '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Park Police '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Archeology Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers , Trails , and Conservation Assistance Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Challenge Cost Share Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Lands to Parks '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hydropower Relicensing Program '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Land and Water Conservation Fund '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Trails System '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Wild & Scenic Rivers '' . National Park Service . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/orgs/1050/index.htm ^ Jump up to : Nimz , J ; Clark , T ( 2012 ) . `` Aquatic Research Opportunities with the National Park Service '' . In : Steller D , Lobel L , eds . Diving for Science 2012 . Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 31st Symposium . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9800423 - 6 - 8 . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NPS brochure A Heritage So Rich Jump up ^ NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ALMANAC , Edited and Compiled by Ben Moffett and Vickie Carson , Rocky Mountain Region -- Public Affairs , 1994 Jump up ^ Rivers , Trails and Conservation Assistance Program brochure ; National Park Service , Department of the Interior Jump up ^ National Trails System Map and Guide ; National Park Service ( DOI ) ; Bureau of Land Management ( DOI ) ; Forest Service ( USDA ) : Government Printing Office , 1993 Jump up ^ U.S. World Heritage Sites ; U.S. Department of the Interior , National Park Service , Washington , D.C. ; brochure ^ Jump up to : `` BioBlitz , Species Inventory Information , Facts '' . National Geographic . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Parks Traveler , May 17th , 2009 ; Kurt Repanshek '' . Nationalparkstraveler.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biscayne BioBlitz page '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arrowhead ; The Newsletter of the Employees & Alumni Association of the National Park Service ; Eastern National ; Spring / Summer 2012 , vol. 19 no . 3 Jump up ^ Braun , David ( August 26 , 2012 ) . `` BioBlitz Finds 489 Species in Rocky Mountain National Park '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BioBlitz 2013 : Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Biological Diversity brochure ; National Park Service ; 1993 Jump up ^ Climate Change in National Parks brochure ; Dept of the Interior , National Park Service ; 2007 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived February 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Wetlands in the National Parks ; Dept of the Interior , National Park Service ; 1998 Jump up ^ Managing Wildland Fire brochure ; Dept of the Interior , National Park Service & National Interagency Fire Center ; 2003 ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( April 2012 ) . `` Green Parks Plan '' . US Dpt of the Interior . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Climate Friendly Parks Program '' . US Dpt of the Interior . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Climate Friendly Parks , Environmental Leadership Program ; National Park Service , Harpers Ferry , WV , 2009 Jump up ^ Seth Shteir ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` The Grange ; Climate Friendly National Parks '' . High Country News . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . `` Explore Climate Friendly Parks '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Don Shepherd Estimating and Reducing Emissions from Within National Parks National Park Service , April 2001 Jump up ^ Shawn Norton , chief for sustainable operations and climate change Plastic Water Bottles in National Parks and the Green Parks Plan , National Park Service , January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly two dozen national park sites ban plastic water bottle sales '' . The Wilderness Society . April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa Rein , How Big Water is trying to stop the National Park Service from cleaning up plastic bottles fouling the parks , Washington Post , July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1207/08-16-2017-water-bottles.htm Sources ( edit ) Albright , Horace M. ( as told to Robert Cahn ) . The Birth of the National Park Service . Salt Lake City : Howe Brothers , 1985 . Albright , Horace M , and Marian Albright Schenck . Creating the National Park Service : The Missing Years . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1999 . Dilsaver , Lary M. , ed . America 's National Park System : The Critical Documents . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 1994 . Everhardt , William C. The National Park Service . New York : Praeger , 1972 . Foresta , Ronald A. America 's National Parks and Their Keepers . Washington : Resources for the Future , 1985 . Freemuth , John . Islands Under Siege : National Parks and the Politics of External Threats . Lawrence : University of Kansas Press , 1991 . Garrison , Lemuel A ; . The Making of a Ranger . Salt Lake City : Howe Brothers , 1983 . Gartner , Bob ; Exploring Careers in the National Parks . New York : The Rosen Publishing Group , Inc. 1993 Hartzog , George B. Jr ; Battling for the National Parks ; Moyer Bell Limited ; Mt . Kisco , New York ; 1988 Ise , John . Our National Park Policy : A Critical History . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1961 . Lee , Ronald F. ; Family Tree of the National Park System ; Eastern National Parks , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 1972 Lowery , William . Repairing Paradise : The Restoration of Nature in America 's National Parks . Washington : Brookings , 2009 Mackintosh , Barry . The National Parks : Shaping the System . Washington : National Park Service , 1991 . National Parks for the 21st Century ; The Vail Agenda ; The National Park Foundation , 1991 National Park Service Almanac , Edited and Compiled by Ben Moffett and Vickie Carson : Rocky Mountain Region , National Park Service , 1991 , revised 2006 The National Parks : Shaping The System ; National Park Service , Washington D.C. 1991 . Rettie , Dwight F. ; Our National Park System ; University of Illinois Press ; Urbana , Illinois ; 1995 Ridenour , James M. The National Parks Compromised : Pork Barrel Politics and America 's Treasures . Merrillville , IN : ICS Books , 1994 . Rothman , Hal K. Preserving Different Pasts : The American National Monuments . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1989 . Runte , Alfred . National Parks , the American Experience , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1987 . Sellars , Richard West . Preserving Nature in the National Parks : A History . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1997 . Shankland , Robert ; Steve Mather of the National Parks ; Alfred A. Knopf , New York ; 1970 Sontag , William H. National Park Service : The First 75 Years . Philadelphia : Eastern National Park & Monument Assn. , 1991 . Sutter , Paul . 2002 . Driven Wild : How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement . Seattle : University of Washington press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98219 - 9 . Swain , Donald . Wilderness Defender : Horace M. Albright and Conservation . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1970 . Udall , Stewart L. , The Quiet Crisis . New York : Holt , Rinehart & Winston , 1963 . Wirth , Conrad L. Parks , Politics , and the People . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press , 1980 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Park Service . Wikiquote has quotations related to : National Park Service NPS official website National Park Service in the Federal Register NPS Research Links / Reference Desk NPS Library Information Center NPS Focus Digital Library & Research Station NPS Historic Photograph Collection NPS B - Roll Video ( public domain ) NPS Digital Image Archives ( public domain ) NPS Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System ( CWSS ) Community Assistance Available from the National Park Service Criteria for inclusion in the National Park System Designation of National Park System Units ( national monument vs national park , etc . ) National Park System Timeline The National Parks : America 's Best Idea from the National Park Service Archeology Program National Park Service Records available in the Archival Research Catalog of the National Archives and Records Administration National Park Service Records available at the National Archives and Records Administration 's Atlanta facility NPS Climate Friendly Parks Other sources . Gallery of all US National Parks ( does not include National Park System units of any other designation ) Gallery of National Park `` Welcome '' Signs National Park Service Meeting Notices and Rule Changes from The Federal Register RSS Feed Records of the National Park Service , including an administrative history and a list of regional offices of the National Park Service up to 1988 National Park Foundation , the Congressionally chartered national charitable partner of America 's National Parks The short film National Parks : An American Legacy ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive U.S. National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Agencies under the United States Department of the Interior Headquarters : Main Interior Building Ryan Zinke , Secretary of the Interior David L. 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History of gravitational theory

History of gravitational theory - wikipedia History of gravitational theory In physics , theories of gravitation postulate mechanisms of interaction governing the movements of bodies with mass . There have been numerous theories of gravitation since ancient times . Contents 1 Antiquity 1.1 Greece 1.2 India 2 Modern era 2.1 Newton 's theory of gravitation 2.2 Mechanical explanations of gravitation 2.3 General relativity 2.4 Gravity and quantum mechanics 3 See also 4 References Antiquity ( edit ) See also : Aristotelian physics Greece ( edit ) In the 4th century BC , the Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that there is no effect or motion without a cause . The cause of the downward motion of heavy bodies , such as the element earth , was related to their nature , which caused them to move downward toward the center of the universe , which was their natural place . Conversely , light bodies such as the element fire , move by their nature upward toward the inner surface of the sphere of the Moon . Thus in Aristotle 's system heavy bodies are not attracted to the Earth by an external force of gravity , but tend toward the center of the universe because of an inner gravitas or heaviness . In Book VII of his De Architectura , the Roman engineer and architect Vitruvius contends that gravity is not dependent on a substance 's `` weight '' but rather on its `` nature '' ( cf . specific gravity ) . If the quicksilver is poured into a vessel , and a stone weighing one hundred pounds is laid upon it , the stone swims on the surface , and can not depress the liquid , nor break through , nor separate it . If we remove the hundred pound weight , and put on a scruple of gold , it will not swim , but will sink to the bottom of its own accord . Hence , it is undeniable that the gravity of a substance depends not on the amount of its weight , but on its nature . India ( edit ) Aryabhata first identified the force to explain why objects do not fall when the Earth rotates , and developed a geocentric solar system of gravitation , with an eccentric elliptical model of the planets , where the planets spin on their axes and follow elliptical orbits , the Sun and the Moon revolving around the Earth in epicycles . Indian astronomer and mathematician Brahmagupta described gravity as an attractive force and used the term `` gurutvākarṣaṇ '' for gravity . Al Hamdānī and Al Biruni quote Brahmagupta saying `` Disregarding this , we say that the earth on all its sides is the same ; all people on the earth stand upright , and all heavy things fall down to the earth by a law of nature , for it is the nature of the earth to attract and to keep things , as it is the nature of water to flow , that of fire to burn , and that of the wind to set in motion . If a thing wants to go deeper down than the earth , let it try . The earth is the only low thing , and seeds always return to it , in whatever direction you may throw them away , and never rise upwards from the earth . '' Modern era ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the 17th century , Galileo found that , counter to Aristotle 's teachings , all objects tend to accelerate equally when falling . The relation of the distance of objects in free fall to the square of the time taken was confirmed by Grimaldi and Riccioli between 1640 and 1650 . They also made a calculation of the gravitational constant by recording the oscillations of a pendulum . In the late 17th century , as a result of Robert Hooke 's suggestion that there is a gravitational force which depends on the inverse square of the distance , Isaac Newton was able to mathematically derive Kepler 's three kinematic laws of planetary motion , including the elliptical orbits for the six then known planets and the Moon : `` I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centres about which they revolve , and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth and found them to answer pretty nearly . '' -- Isaac Newton , 1666 So Newton 's original formula was : F o r c e o f g r a v i t y ∝ m a s s o f o b j e c t 1 × m a s s o f o b j e c t 2 d i s t a n c e f r o m c e n t e r s 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ rm ( Force \ , of \ , gravity ) ) \ propto ( \ frac ( \ rm ( mass \ , of \ , object \ , 1 \ , \ times \ , mass \ , of \ , object \ , 2 ) ) ( \ rm ( distance \ , from \ , centers ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) where the symbol ∝ ( \ displaystyle \ propto ) means `` is proportional to '' . To make this into an equal - sided formula or equation , there needed to be a multiplying factor or constant that would give the correct force of gravity no matter the value of the masses or distance between them . This gravitational constant was first measured in 1797 by Henry Cavendish . In 1907 Albert Einstein , in what was described by him as `` the happiest thought of my life '' , realized that an observer who is falling from the roof of a house experiences no gravitational field . In other words , gravitation was exactly equivalent to acceleration . Between 1911 and 1915 this idea , initially stated as the equivalence principle , was formally developed into Einstein 's theory of general relativity . Newton 's theory of gravitation ( edit ) Main article : Law of universal gravitation In 1687 , English mathematician Sir Isaac Newton published Principia , which hypothesizes the inverse - square law of universal gravitation . In his own words , `` I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve ; and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the Earth ; and found them answer pretty nearly . '' Newton 's theory enjoyed its greatest success when it was used to predict the existence of Neptune based on motions of Uranus that could not be accounted by the actions of the other planets . Calculations by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier both predicted the general position of the planet , and Le Verrier 's calculations are what led Johann Gottfried Galle to the discovery of Neptune . Years later , it was another discrepancy in a planet 's orbit that showed Newton 's theory to be inaccurate . By the end of the 19th century , it was known that the orbit of Mercury could not be accounted for entirely under Newtonian gravity , and all searches for another perturbing body ( such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury ) have been fruitless . This issue was resolved in 1915 by Albert Einstein 's new general theory of relativity , which accounted for the discrepancy in Mercury 's orbit . Paul Dirac developed the hypothesis that gravitation should have slowly and steadily decreased over the course of the history of the universe . Although Newton 's theory has been superseded , most modern non-relativistic gravitational calculations still use it because it is much easier to work with and is sufficiently accurate for most applications . Mechanical explanations of gravitation ( edit ) Main article : Mechanical explanations of gravitation The mechanical theories or explanations of the gravitation are attempts to explain the law of gravity by aid of basic mechanical processes , such as pushes , and without the use of any action at a distance . These theories were developed from the 16th until the 19th century in connection with the aether theories . René Descartes ( 1644 ) and Christiaan Huygens ( 1690 ) used vortices to explain gravitation . Robert Hooke ( 1671 ) and James Challis ( 1869 ) assumed , that every body emits waves which lead to an attraction of other bodies . Nicolas Fatio de Duillier ( 1690 ) and Georges - Louis Le Sage ( 1748 ) proposed a corpuscular model , using some sort of screening or shadowing mechanism . Later a similar model was created by Hendrik Lorentz , who used electromagnetic radiation instead of the corpuscles . Isaac Newton ( 1675 ) and Bernhard Riemann ( 1853 ) argued that aether streams carry all bodies to each other . Newton ( 1717 ) and Leonhard Euler ( 1760 ) proposed a model , in which the aether loses density near the masses , leading to a net force directing to the bodies . Lord Kelvin ( 1871 ) proposed that every body pulsates , which might be an explanation of gravitation and the electric charges . However , those models were overthrown because most of them lead to an unacceptable amount of drag , which is not observed . Other models are violating the energy conservation law and are incompatible with modern thermodynamics . General relativity ( edit ) Main article : Introduction to general relativity In general relativity , the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime curvature instead of to a force . The starting point for general relativity is the equivalence principle , which equates free fall with inertial motion . The issue that this creates is that free - falling objects can accelerate with respect to each other . In Newtonian physics , no such acceleration can occur unless at least one of the objects is being operated on by a force ( and therefore is not moving inertially ) . To deal with this difficulty , Einstein proposed that spacetime is curved by matter , and that free - falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime . ( This type of path is called a geodesic ) . More specifically , Einstein and Hilbert discovered the field equations of general relativity , which relate the presence of matter and the curvature of spacetime and are named after Einstein . The Einstein field equations are a set of 10 simultaneous , non-linear , differential equations . The solutions of the field equations are the components of the metric tensor of spacetime . A metric tensor describes the geometry of spacetime . The geodesic paths for a spacetime are calculated from the metric tensor . Notable solutions of the Einstein field equations include : The Schwarzschild solution , which describes spacetime surrounding a spherically symmetric non-rotating uncharged massive object . For compact enough objects , this solution generated a black hole with a central singularity . For radial distances from the center which are much greater than the Schwarzschild radius , the accelerations predicted by the Schwarzschild solution are practically identical to those predicted by Newton 's theory of gravity . The Reissner -- Nordström solution , in which the central object has an electrical charge . For charges with a geometrized length which are less than the geometrized length of the mass of the object , this solution produces black holes with an event horizon surrounding a Cauchy horizon . The Kerr solution for rotating massive objects . This solution also produces black holes with multiple horizons . The cosmological Robertson -- Walker solution , which predicts the expansion of the universe . General relativity has enjoyed much success because of the way its predictions of phenomena which are not called for by the older theory of gravity have been regularly confirmed . For example : General relativity accounts for the anomalous perihelion precession of the planet Mercury . The prediction that time runs slower at lower potentials has been confirmed by the Pound -- Rebka experiment , the Hafele -- Keating experiment , and the GPS . The prediction of the deflection of light was first confirmed by Arthur Eddington in 1919 , and has more recently been strongly confirmed through the use of a quasar which passes behind the Sun as seen from the Earth . See also gravitational lensing . The time delay of light passing close to a massive object was first identified by Irwin Shapiro in 1964 in interplanetary spacecraft signals . Gravitational radiation has been indirectly confirmed through studies of binary pulsars . In 2016 , the LIGO experiments directly detected gravitational radiation from two colliding black holes , making this the first direct observation of both the gravitational radiation as well as black holes . The expansion of the universe ( predicted by the Robertson -- Walker metric ) was confirmed by Edwin Hubble in 1929 . Gravity and quantum mechanics ( edit ) Main articles : Graviton and Quantum gravity Several decades after the discovery of general relativity it was realized that it can not be the complete theory of gravity because it is incompatible with quantum mechanics . Later it was understood that it is possible to describe gravity in the framework of quantum field theory like the other fundamental forces . In this framework the attractive force of gravity arises due to exchange of virtual gravitons , in the same way as the electromagnetic force arises from exchange of virtual photons . This reproduces general relativity in the classical limit , but only at the linearized level and postulating that the conditions for the applicability of Ehrenfest theorem holds , which is not always the case . Besides , this approach fails at short distances of the order of the Planck length . It is notable that in general relativity , gravitational radiation , which under the rules of quantum mechanics must be composed of gravitons , is created only in situations where the curvature of spacetime is oscillating , such as is the case with co-orbiting objects . The amount of gravitational radiation emitted by the solar system is far too small to measure . However , gravitational radiation has been observed both indirectly , as an energy loss over time in binary pulsar systems such as PSR 1913 + 16 , and directly by the LIGO gravitational wave observatory , whose first detection ( named GW150914 ) occurred on 14 September 2015 and matched theoretical predictions of signals due to the inward spiral and merger of a pair of black holes . It is believed that neutron star mergers ( since detected in 2017 ) and black hole formation may also create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation . See also ( edit ) Gravitation portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edward Grant , The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages , ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 1996 ) , pp. 60 - 1 . Jump up ^ Olaf Pedersen , Early Physics and Astronomy , ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Pr. , 1993 ) , p. 130 Jump up ^ Vitruvius , Marcus Pollio ( 1914 ) . `` 7 '' . In Alfred A. Howard . De Architectura libri decem ( Ten Books on Architecture ) . VII . Herbert Langford Warren , Nelson Robinson ( illus ) , Morris Hicky Morgan . Harvard University , Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 215 . Jump up ^ Pickover , Clifford ( 2008 ) . Archimedes to Hawking : Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 979268 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bose , Mainak Kumar ( 1988 ) . Late classical India . A. Mukherjee & Co . Jump up ^ * Sen , Amartya ( 2005 ) . The Argumentative Indian . Allen Lane . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9687 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alberuni 's India . London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner & Co. , 1910. Electronic reproduction . Vol. 1 and 2 . New York , N.Y. : Columbia University Libraries , 2006 . p. 272 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Kitāb al - Jawharatayn al - ʻatīqatayn al - māʼiʻatayn min al - ṣafrāʼ wa - al - bayḍāʼ : al - dhahab wa - al - fiḍḍah . Cairo : Maṭbaʻat Dār al - Kutub wa - al - Wathāʼiq al - Qawmīyah bi-al - Qāhirah ( Arabic : كتاب الجوهرتين العتيقتين المائعتين من الصفراء والبيضاء : الذهب والفضة ) , 2004 . pp. 43 -- 44 , 87 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ J.L. Heilbron , Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries : A Study of Early Modern Physics ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1979 ) , 180 . Jump up ^ Cohen , I. Bernard ; George Edwin Smith ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Newton . Cambridge University Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65696 - 2 . Jump up ^ Haber , Heinz ( 1967 ) ( 1965 ) . `` Die Expansion der Erde '' ( The expansion of the Earth ) . Unser blauer Planet ( Our blue planet ) . Rororo Sachbuch ( Rororo nonfiction ) ( in German ) ( Rororo Taschenbuch Ausgabe ( Rororo pocket edition ) ed . ) . Reinbek : Rowohlt Verlag . p. 52 . Der englische Physiker und Nobelpreisträger Dirac hat ( ... ) vor über dreißig Jahren die Vermutung begründet , dass sich das universelle Maß der Schwerkraft im Laufe der Geschichte des Universums außerordentlich langsam , aber stetig verringert . '' English : `` The English physicist and Nobel laureate Dirac has ( ... ) , more than thirty years ago , substantiated the assumption that the universal strength of gravity decreases very slowly , but steadily over the course of the history of the universe . Jump up ^ Taylor , W.B. ( 1876 ) . `` Kinetic Theories of Gravitation '' . Smithsonian : 205 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Zenneck , J. ( 1903 ) . `` Gravitation '' . Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen . Leipzig . 5 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 67 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 663 - 16016 - 8_2 . ^ Jump up to : Randall , Lisa ( 2005 ) . Warped Passages : Unraveling the Universe 's Hidden Dimensions . Ecco . ISBN . Jump up ^ Feynman , R.P. ; Morinigo , F.B. ; Wagner , W.G. ; Hatfield , B. ( 1995 ) . Feynman lectures on gravitation . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 62734 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zee , A. ( 2003 ) . Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell . Princeton University Press . ISBN . Jump up ^ Abbott , Benjamin P. ; et al. ( LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration ) ( 2016 ) . `` Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 ( 6 ) : 061102 . arXiv : 1602.03837 . Bibcode : 2016PhRvL. 116f1102A . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 116.061102 . PMID 26918975 . Lay summary ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 848 ( 2 ) : L12. 2017 . arXiv : 1710.05833 . Bibcode : 2017ApJ ... 848L ... 12A . doi : 10.3847 / 2041 - 8213 / aa91c9 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . 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Can't Help Falling in Love

Ca n't Help Falling in Love - wikipedia Ca n't Help Falling in Love Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Single by Elvis Presley from the album Blue Hawaii B - side `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' Released October 1 , 1961 Format 7 '' Recorded March 23 , 1961 , Radio Recorders , Hollywood , California Genre Pop Length 2 : 59 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) Elvis Presley ( Joseph Lilley for Paramount Pictures ) Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Little Sister '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1961 ) `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' ( 1961 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music , Elvis Presley 's publishing company . It was written by Hugo Peretti , Luigi Creatore and George David Weiss . The melody is based on `` Plaisir d'amour '' ( 1784 ) , a popular romance by Jean - Paul - Égide Martini ( 1741 -- 1816 ) . It was featured in Elvis Presley 's 1961 film , Blue Hawaii . During the following four decades , it was recorded by numerous other artists , including Tom Smothers , British reggae group UB40 , whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts , and Swedish pop group A-Teens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Elvis Presley version 1.1 Personnel 1.2 Track listings 2 UB40 version 2.1 Track listings 2.2 Charts and sales 2.2. 1 Weekly charts 2.2. 2 Year - end charts 2.2. 3 Decade - end charts 2.2. 4 Certifications 2.2. 5 Chart successions 3 A-Teens version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Releases 4 Other versions 4.1 Other artists who recorded the song 4.2 Additional versions 5 References 6 External links Elvis Presley version ( edit ) Elvis Presley 's version of the song , which topped the British charts in 1962 , has appeared in numerous other films , including the 2000 film Coyote Ugly , the 2002 Disney film Lilo & Stitch , the 2016 film The Conjuring 2 and the pilot episode of Sons of Anarchy . Other films that feature the song include Overboard , Honeymoon in Vegas , The Thing Called Love , Was It Something I Said ? , Fools Rush In , Love Stinks and Happily Ever After . The single is certified by the RIAA as a Platinum record , for US sales in excess of one million copies . In the United States , the Elvis Presley version of the song peaked at number two on the pop chart and went to number one on the Easy Listening chart for six weeks . During Presley 's late 1960s and 1970s live performances , the song was performed as the show 's finale . Most notably , it was also sung in the live segment of his 1968 NBC television special , and as the closer for his 1973 Global telecast , Aloha from Hawaii . A version with a faster arrangement was used as the closing for Presley 's final TV special , Elvis in Concert . Personnel ( edit ) Elvis Presley -- lead vocals The Jordanaires -- backing vocals Scotty Moore -- electric guitar Floyd Cramer -- piano Bob Moore -- double bass Hal Blaine -- drums Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' Preceded by `` When I Fall in Love '' by the Lettermen Billboard Easy Listening number - one single by Elvis Presley January 13 , 1962 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Little Bitty Tear '' by Burl Ives Preceded by `` The Young Ones '' by Cliff Richard and the Shadows UK number - one single `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' b / w `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love February 22 , 1962 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Wonderful Land '' by the Shadows UB40 version ( edit ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' Single by UB40 from the album Sliver : Music from the Motion Picture and Promises and Lies Released May 10 , 1993 Format 7 '' 10 '' CD MCD Recorded March 3 , 1993 Genre Reggae fusion synthpop Length 3 : 24 Label Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) UB40 UB40 singles chronology `` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 ) `` One in Ten '' ( 1992 ) `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ( 1993 ) `` Higher Ground '' ( 1993 ) In 1993 , British reggae band UB40 recorded the song as the first single from their 1993 album Promises and Lies . The song was released in May 1993 , in the majority of countries worldwide . It eventually climbed to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 after debuting at number 100 and appears in the soundtrack of the movie Sliver , the trailer for Fools Rush In and an episode of Hindsight . It remained at number one in the United States for seven weeks . It was also number one in the United Kingdom , Austria , Netherlands , Sweden , Australia , and New Zealand . The single version of the song has a slightly different backing rhythm and melody . In the US , and on the Sliver soundtrack , the song title was listed as `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love , '' rather than what appeared on the record sleeve . Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 CD maxi `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03 10 '' single `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' ( Extended Mix ) -- 6 : 03 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 7 '' single `` I Ca n't Help Falling in Love with You '' -- 3 : 24 `` Jungle Love '' -- 5 : 09 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( Los 40 Principales ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 11 US Billboard Hot Top 40 Mainstream Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 5 Austrian Singles Chart 5 Dutch Top 40 5 Swiss Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) ( show ) Order of precedence Preceded by `` All That She Wants '' by Ace of Base UK Singles Chart number - one single June 6 , 1993 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreams '' by Gabrielle Preceded by `` What Is Love '' by Haddaway Dutch Top 40 number - one single June 26 , 1993 -- July 17 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Preceded by `` Somebody Dance with Me '' by DJ Bobo Swedish number - one single June 30 , 1993 -- July 28 , 1993 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Informer '' by Snow Australian ( ARIA ) number - one single July 11 , 1993 -- August 22 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The River of Dreams '' by Billy Joel Preceded by `` Mr. Vain '' by Culture Beat Austrian number - one single July 18 , 1993 -- August 8 , 1993 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Preceded by `` Weak '' by SWV Billboard Hot 100 number - one single July 24 , 1993 , -- September 4 , 1993 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Dreamlover '' by Mariah Carey Preceded by `` What Is Love '' '' by Haddaway Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single July 31 , 1993 -- September 21 , 1993 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes A-Teens version ( edit ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' Single by A-Teens from the album Lilo & Stitch and Pop ' til You Drop ! Released October 29 , 2002 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Dance - pop Length 3 : 06 Label Walt Disney Universal Songwriter ( s ) Hugo Peretti Luigi Creatore George David Weiss Producer ( s ) Mark Hammond A-Teens singles chronology `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 ) `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 2001 ) `` Floorfiller '' ( 2002 ) The song was the A-Teens 's first single from their first extended play Pop ' til You Drop ! , as well as for the Lilo & Stitch movie soundtrack , which was originally scheduled to include several Presley tracks , the A-Teens picking it for inclusion in the soundtrack . It was later also featured as a bonus track on their third studio album , New Arrival for the European market . The video had thus tremendous exposure on several television channels , with the A-Teens eventually including the song in their third album . As a result , the song had two music videos , one to promote the Disney movie , the other for the album . It is also shown in the teen pop compilation album , Disney Girlz Rock . The song did not chart in the United States but reached No. 12 in Sweden , No. 16 in Argentina , and No. 41 in Australia . Despite the success of the song overseas , it failed to attract the rest of the Latin American public , due to the fact that there was a Spanish version of the song , performed by the Argentine group , Bandana . In addition , the A-Teens ' version of the song was overshadowed by the promotion of Bandana 's version . Music video ( edit ) The video was directed by Gregory Dark and filmed in Los Angeles , California . It had two different versions . The `` Disney Version '' , as the fans named it , features scenes of the movie , and also new scenes of the A-Teens with beach costumes . The `` A-Teens Version '' of the video , features the A-Teens on the white background with different close - ups and choreography , and scenes with puppies and different costumes . Releases ( edit ) Tracks marked + are not A-Teens tracks . European 2 - track CD single `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 + European / Australian CD maxi `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 06 `` Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride '' -- 3 : 27 + `` He Mele , No Lilo '' -- 2 : 28 + Other versions ( edit ) Other artists who recorded the song ( edit ) Erasure released a cover of this song on their 2003 album Other People 's Songs . Keely Smith , whose cover was on the charts at the same time as Presley 's . The uptempo version by Andy Williams peaked at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1970 . The Al Martino recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 2746 and charted in 1970 , peaking at No. 51 on the Billboard charts and No. 57 on the Cashbox chart . Filipina singer - actress Nora Aunor , released this single 1971 and is part of her Blue Hawaii album . Taiwanese boyband F4 covered the song in Mandarin version for their album Fantasy 4ever which was released in December 2002 . William Control released this single in 2010 inside his second album Noir . Bob Dylan recorded a version of this song for his 1973 cover album , Dylan . The Stylistics ' disco version was a hit in the UK , climbing to No. 4 in June 1976 . Shirley Bassey recorded a version of this song for a 1976 single . Neil Diamond covered the song with orchestration by Elmer Bernstein for the 1998 album The Movie Album : As Time Goes By . Abbey Road Records issued a version by Herb Reed & The Original Platters in 1977 . Lick the Tins included the song on their 1986 album Blind Man on a Flying Horse . It was a minor hit on the British charts , and it was featured in the ending credits of the films Some Kind of Wonderful and The Snapper . In 1987 , Corey Hart 's recording reached No. 1 in his native Canada and No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The cover and song were used with the image of forlorn animals in desperate need of rescue for a fundraising television commercial for the Ontario Humane Society . U2 used the song frequently on the Zoo TV Tour to close the concert . Ingrid Michaelson released an updated version on her album Be OK in 2008 , which was nominated for the American Music Award for Favorite Pop / Rock Single , and Independent Music Award for Best Song -- Cover . Haley Reinhart 's remake of the song was used in a 2015 advert for Extra gum and peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and No. 31 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart . It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on February 17 , 2017 . Twenty One Pilots ' arrangement of the song was released in 2012 as a video cover on their YouTube channel , was recorded for their Holding On To You EP ( UK release ) in 2013 , and is played live on tour . Liela Avila ' version of the song was used in closing credits of the 2008 film The Other End of The Line . Keaton Henson recorded the song in his session called Forts Pt. 2 in the spring of 2012 . Chris Isaak on Beyond the Sun ( 2011 ) . Eels frontman Mark Oliver Everret ( stage name E ) , included a cover of the song on the 2008 album Useless Trinkets : B - Sides , Soundtracks , Rarities and Unreleased 1996 -- 2006 . Doris Day `` Love Him '' album December 1963 Engelbert Humperdinck recorded an uptempo version for his 1979 album `` This Moment In Time '' . Vov Dylan and The Palace Orchestra recorded an instrumental version of this song for the album `` So In Love '' ( 2015 ) Klaus Nomi 's cover of the song was featured on the album Encore , released in 1983 shortly after his death from AIDS Daniel Padilla 's version of the song was used as the theme song of the 2017 Philippine romantic drama film of the same name , also titled Ca n't Help Falling in Love which is starred by him and Kathryn Bernardo . Pentatonix covered the song for their 2017 extended play PTX , Vol. IV - Classics . Beck recorded a version for the Amazon original The Man in the High Castle . Perry Como recorded a version of this song in June 1962 Additional versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is most closely associated as the main supporters ' song of English football club Sunderland whose fans were the first to sing it . Since then other English clubs have adopted it including Swindon Town , Hull City , Huddersfield Town , Preston North End , A.F.C. Wimbledon , Sheffield United , Woking FC and MK Dons and Welsh football club Swansea City A.F.C. . It is also used by Scottish clubs Dundee United , Airdrie United and Raith Rovers , Portland Timbers and Columbus Crew of Major League Soccer , as well as Central Coast Mariners of Hyundai A-League . The English punk band Leatherface ( who are from Sunderland ) released a punk arrangement of the song on a limited edition 7 '' in 1993 . This version would later be used in the final episode of Sons of Anarchy . The Argentine pop group Bandana also featured a Spanish version of the song for the Spanish - speaking countries soundtrack of the same movie . Céline Dion performs a live rendition of the song on her 1995 DVD / VHS release The Colour of My Love Concert . This particular performance has been hailed as one of Dion 's greatest vocal performances ever , live or recorded . She also performed this song at the 2002 Diva 's Live in Las Vegas show . In August 2007 , she performed the song once more during her A New Day ... show . The Who integrated parts of the song into their 2004 single `` Real Good Looking Boy '' . In fact , the song is credited to Pete Townshend , George Weiss , Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore . The 2004 Broadway musical All Shook Up , based on William Shakespeare 's play Twelfth Night with songs by Elvis , has a version of the song . Keele University hockey club in Staffordshire , UK , have adopted this song as their own , changing the `` you '' to `` keele '' . Il Divo cover their song in their compilation album The Greatest Hits . Canadian reggae fusion group Magic ! ( known for their debut single `` Rude '' ) recorded a version of this song . Christina Grimmie performed the song during the sixth season of The Voice in 2014 . Actor Patrick Wilson impersonates Elvis by performing the song in the film The Conjuring 2 . During the first track of the album Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space by the English band Spiritualized , the first verse of `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' is repeated throughout the whole song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love / Rock - A-Hula Baby by Elvis Presley ( Single , Blue Eyed Soul ) : Reviews , Ratings , Credits , Song list '' . Rate Your Music . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Elvis Presley - A Life in Music by Ernst Jorgensen p. 151 - 152 Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Help Falling In Love by Elvis Presley Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 196 . Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 342 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' , in various Singles Chart Lescharts.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de Archived 20090617222452 at WebCite . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 20090603000000 at WebCite . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Italian Single Chart Hit parade Italia ( Retrieved May 31 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Single top 100 over 1993 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love with You '' ub40.co.uk Archived January 31 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard allmusic.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Australian Singles Chart '' . aria . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Austrian Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Swiss Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Swisscharts . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1993 '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade -- The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- UB40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter UB40 in the field Interpret . Enter Ca n't Help Falling in Love in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- UB40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select UB40 and click OK Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( UB40 ; ' Ca n't Help Falling in Love ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- UB40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Ca n't Help Falling in Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- UB - 40 -- Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A * Teens Draft Baha Men , LMNT For Tour '' . Billboard . July 17 , 2002 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` So In Love ( feat . The Palace Orchestra ) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espina , Cheska . `` Daniel serenades Kathryn in ' Ca n't Help Falling In Love ' music video '' . Star Cinema . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Voice ' Recap : The Finals Begin With Performances from Top Three '' . ABC News . 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Links to related articles Elvis Presley singles discography 1950s 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960s 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro ! '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970s 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Book Category Portal WikiProject We Five Beverly Bivens Michael Stewart Jerry Burgan Pete Fullerton Bob Jones Debbie Burgan ' Studio albums You Were on My Mind Make Someone Happy The Return of We Five Catch the Wind Take Each Day as It Comes Singles `` You Were on My Mind '' `` Let 's Get Together '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Walk On By '' `` Catch the Wind '' B - Sides `` Cast Your Fate to the Wind '' `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' `` Somewhere '' `` The First Time '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` Oh Lonesome Me '' Cover Songs `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` The Inch Worm '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Softly As I Leave You '' `` Soon It 's Gonna Rain '' `` Tonight '' Andrea Bocelli singles Il mare calmo della sera `` Il mare calmo della sera '' Bocelli `` Con te partirò '' / `` Vivere '' `` Macchine da Guerra '' `` Per amore '' `` Vivo per lei '' Romanza `` Vivo por ella '' `` Time to Say Goodbye '' `` Ich lebe für sie '' `` Je vis pour elle '' Sogno `` The Prayer '' `` Canto della Terra '' Sacred Arias `` Ave Maria '' Cieli di Toscana `` Melodramma '' `` Mille Lune Mille Onde '' `` L'abitudine '' Andrea `` Dell'amore non si sa '' `` Un nuovo giorno '' Amore `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Because We Believe '' `` Ama Credi E Vai '' Vivere `` Dare to Live ( Vivere ) '' `` Vive Ya '' My Christmas `` White Christmas / Bianco Natale '' `` What Child Is This '' Cinema `` E Più Ti Penso '' Other singles `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Other songs `` The Power of Love '' `` Bésame Mucho '' `` Amapola '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Panis Angelicus '' `` Adeste Fideles '' `` Blue Christmas '' Category Media The Stylistics Airrion Love Herb Murrell Harold Eban Brown Jason Sharpe Russell Thompkins , Jr . James Dunn James Smith Raymond Johnson Van Fields Studio albums The Stylistics Round 2 Rockin ' Roll Baby Let 's Put It All Together Compilation albums The Best of the Stylistics The Best of the Stylistics , Vol. 2 Singles `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Betcha by Golly , Wow '' `` I 'm Stone in Love with You '' `` Break Up to Make Up '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' `` Ca n't Give You Anything ( But My Love ) '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Shame and Scandal in the Family '' `` Always on My Mind '' Related articles Discography Avco Records H&L Records Book : The Stylistics UB40 Jimmy Brown Robin Campbell Earl Falconer Norman Hassan Brian Travers Duncan Campbell Ali Campbell Yomi Babayemi Jimmy Lynn Mickey Virtue Astro Studio albums Signing Off Present Arms UB44 Labour of Love Geffery Morgan Baggariddim Rat in the Kitchen UB40 Labour of Love II Promises and Lies Guns in the Ghetto Labour of Love III Cover Up Homegrown Who You Fighting For ? TwentyFourSeven Labour of Love IV Getting Over the Storm Compilation albums The Singles Album More UB40 Music The UB40 File The Best of UB40 -- Volume One Labour of Love , Volumes I and II The Best of UB40 - Volume Two UB40 Present the Dancehall Album The Very Best of UB40 1980 - 2000 UB40 Present the Fathers of Reggae Labour of Love , Volumes I , II and III - Platinum Collection The Best Of UB40 , Volumes 1 & 2 Love Songs Best of Labour of Love All the Best Live albums UB40 Live UB40 CCCP : Live in Moscow Remix albums Present Arms in Dub Dub Sessions Notable songs `` Food for Thought '' `` One in Ten '' `` Do n't Slow Down '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Cherry Oh Baby '' `` If It Happens Again '' `` Sing Our Own Song '' `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Homely Girl '' `` Kingston Town '' `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love With You '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Reasons '' `` Swing Low '' See also UB40 discography Dep International A-Teens Marie Serneholt Amit Paul Dhani Lennevald Sara Lumholdt Studio albums The ABBA Generation Teen Spirit Pop ' til You Drop ! New Arrival Extended plays Extr - A-Teens Compilation albums Greatest Hits Remix albums The ABBA Generation Remix Singles `` Mamma Mia '' `` Super Trouper '' `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' `` Happy New Year '' `` Dancing Queen '' `` Upside Down '' `` Halfway Around the World '' `` Sugar Rush '' `` Heartbreak Lullaby '' `` Floorfiller '' `` A Perfect Match '' `` Let Your Heart Do All the Talking '' `` I Promised Myself '' Related articles Discography Songs Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related articles Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) Viens m'embrasser ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( 1st wife ) Haley Reinhart Discography Videography Songs Studio albums Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) Better ( 2016 ) EPs American Idol season 10 highlights : Haley Reinhart ( 2011 ) Songs `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Free '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Better '' Concert tours American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Help_Falling_in_Love&oldid=801799237 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1961 singles 1976 singles 1987 singles 1993 singles 2002 singles 1961 songs Songs written by Hugo Peretti Songs written by George David Weiss Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden Music videos directed by Gregory Dark Songs written by Luigi Creatore Pop ballads Rock ballads Soul ballads Reggae fusion songs Dance - pop songs A-Teens songs Andy Williams songs Bob Dylan songs Corey Hart ( singer ) songs Elvis Presley songs Ingrid Michaelson songs Marty Robbins songs The Stylistics songs UB40 songs Songs written for films Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Finnish - language text CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from November 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk More Contents Help About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 22 : 59 . 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Finland

Finland - wikipedia Finland This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the European country . For other uses , see Finland ( disambiguation ) . Republic of Finland Suomen tasavalta ( Finnish ) Republiken Finland ( Swedish ) Flag Coat of arms Anthem : Maamme ( Finnish ) Vårt land ( Swedish ) `` Our Land '' Location of Finland ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) -- ( Legend ) Capital and largest city Helsinki 60 ° 10 ′ N 24 ° 56 ′ E  /  60.167 ° N 24.933 ° E  / 60.167 ; 24.933 Official languages Finnish Swedish Recognised regional languages Sami Religion Evangelical Lutheran Church Orthodox Church Demonym Finnish Finn Government Unitary parliamentary republic President Sauli Niinistö Prime Minister Juha Sipilä Legislature Parliament of Finland Formation Autonomy within Russia 29 March 1809 Independence from the Russian SFSR 6 December 1917 Joined the European Union 1 January 1995 Area Total 338,424 km ( 130,666 sq mi ) ( 64th ) Water ( % ) 10 Population August 2017 estimate 5,509,717 ( 114th ) 2016 official 5,503,297 Density 16 / km ( 41.4 / sq mi ) ( 201st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $239.662 billion Per capita $43,545 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $234.524 billion Per capita $42,611 Gini ( 2014 ) 25.6 low 6th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.895 very high 23rd Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Date format dd. mm. yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 358 Patron saint St Henry of Uppsala ISO 3166 code FI Internet TLD . fi The . eu domain is also used , as it is shared with other European Union member states . Finland ( / ˈfɪnlənd / ( listen ) ; Finnish : Suomi ( suo̯mi ) ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland ( ˈfɪnland ) ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ) , is a sovereign state in Northern Europe . The country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest , Norway to the north , and Russia to the east . To the south is the Gulf of Finland with Estonia on the opposite side . Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia , which also includes Scandinavia . Finland 's population is 5.5 million ( 2016 ) , and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region . 88.7 % of the population is Finnish and speaks Finnish , a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages ; the next group is the Finland - Swedes ( 5.3 % ) . Finland is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital city of Helsinki , local governments in 311 municipalities , and one autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BCE . The first settlers left behind artifacts that present characteristics shared with those found in Estonia , Russia , and Norway . The earliest people were hunter - gatherers , using stone tools . The first pottery appeared in 5200 BCE , when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced . The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BCE may have coincided with the start of agriculture . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions and the sedentary farming inhabitation increased towards the end of Iron Age . At the time Finland had three main cultural areas , Finland proper , Tavastia and Karelia , which is reflected in e.g. contemporary jewellery . From the late 13th century , Finland gradually became an integral part of Sweden through the crusades and the Swedish part - colonisation of coastal Finland , a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status . In 1809 Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland . In 1906 , Finland became the first European state to grant all adult citizens the right to vote , and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office . Following the 1917 Russian Revolution , Finland declared itself independent . In 1918 , the fledgling state was divided by civil war , with the Bolshevik - leaning Red Guard supported by the equally new Soviet Russia , fighting the White Guard , supported by the German Empire . After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom , the country became a republic . During World War II , the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland , with Finland losing parts of Karelia , Salla , Kuusamo , Petsamo and some islands , but retaining independence . Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality . The Finno - Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era . Finland joined the OECD in 1969 , the NATO Partnership for Peace in 1994 , the European Union in 1995 , the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997 , and finally the Eurozone at its inception , in 1999 . Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialisation , remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s . After World War II , the Soviet Union demanded war reparations from Finland not only in money but also in material , such as ships and machinery . This forced Finland to industrialise . It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive welfare state based on the Nordic model , resulting in widespread prosperity and one of the highest per capita incomes in the world . However , Finnish GDP growth was negative in 2012 -- 2014 ( − 0.698 % to − 1.426 % ) , with a preceding nadir of − 8 % in 2009 . Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance , including education , economic competitiveness , civil liberties , quality of life , and human development . In 2015 , Finland was ranked first in the World Human Capital and the Press Freedom Index and as the most stable country in the world during 2011 -- 2016 in the Fragile States Index , and second in the Global Gender Gap Report . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church , and freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Suomi 1.2 Concept 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Swedish era 2.3 Russian Empire era 2.4 Civil war and early independence 2.5 World War II 3 Language 4 Geography 4.1 Biodiversity 4.2 Climate 4.3 Regions 4.4 Administrative divisions 5 Politics 5.1 Constitution 5.2 President 5.3 Parliament 5.4 Cabinet 5.5 Law 5.6 Foreign relations 5.7 Social security 5.8 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Energy 6.2 Transport 6.3 Industry 6.4 Public policy 6.5 Tourism 7 Demographics 7.1 Largest cities 7.2 Religion 7.3 Health 7.4 Education and science 8 Culture 8.1 Literature 8.2 Visual arts , design , and architecture 8.3 Music 8.3. 1 Classical 8.3. 2 Modern 8.4 Cinema and television 8.5 Media and communications 8.6 Cuisine 8.7 Public holidays 8.8 Sports 9 International rankings 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) See also : Finns § Etymology The first known written appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune - stones . Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti ( U 582 ) . The third was found in Gotland . It has the inscription finlandi ( G 319 ) and dates back to the 13th century . The name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns , which is mentioned at first known time AD 98 ( disputed meaning ) . Suomi ( edit ) The name Suomi ( Finnish for `` Finland '' ) has uncertain origins , but a candidate for a source is the Proto - Baltic word * źemē , meaning `` land '' . In addition to the close relatives of Finnish ( the Finnic languages ) , this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian . Alternatively , the Indo - European word * ghm - on `` man '' ( cf . Gothic guma , Latin homo ) has been suggested , being borrowed as * ćoma . The word originally referred only to the province of Finland Proper , and later to the northern coast of Gulf of Finland , with northern regions such as Ostrobothnia still sometimes being excluded until later . Earlier theories suggested derivation from suomaa ( fen land ) or suoniemi ( fen cape ) , and parallels between saame ( Sami , a Finno - Ugric people in Lapland ) , and Häme ( a province in the inland ) were drawn , but these theories are now considered outdated . Concept ( edit ) Hakkapeliitta featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp In the earliest historical sources from the 12th and 13th centuries , the term Finland refers to the coastal region around Turku from Perniö to Uusikaupunki . This region later became known as Finland Proper in distinction from the country name Finland . Finland became a common name for the whole country in a centuries - long process that started when the Catholic Church established missionary diocese in Nousiainen in the northern part of the province of Suomi possibly sometime in the 12th century . In the 15th century , Finland became a common name for the whole land area to the east of the Bothnian Sea , possibly even including the Åland Islands , when the archipelago was seen as belonging to Turku . What the term actually refers to can vary depending on the sources . In addition , the boundaries to the east and the north were not exact . An establishment of sorts of Finland as a united entity , if only in name , was made when John III of Sweden called his duchy the `` Grand Duchy of Finland '' ( about 1580 ) , as a strategy to counter the claims of the Russian tsar . The term became part of the title of the King of Sweden but had little practical meaning . The Finnish land area had the same standing as the area to the west of the Bothnian Sea , and the Finnish part of the realm had the same representation in the parliament as the western part . In 1637 , Queen Christina named Per Brahe the Younger Governor - General of Finland , Åland , and Ostrobothnia ( other parts of Sweden had also had governor generals ) . The modern boundaries of Finland actually came into existence only after the end of Sweden -- Finland . What was signed over to Russia in 1809 was not so much `` Finland '' as six counties , Åland , and a small part of Västerbotten County . The boundary between the new Grand Duchy of Finland and the remaining part of Sweden could have been drawn along the river Kemijoki , the boundary at the time between Västerbotten County and Österbotten County ( Ostrobothnia ) -- as proposed by the Swedes in the peace negotiations -- or along the river Kalix , thereby including the Finnish - speaking part of Meänmaa -- as proposed by the Russians . The actual boundary , which followed the Torne River and the Muonio River to the fells Saana and Halti in the northwest , was a compromise . The area it delineated was to become what was represented by the concept of Finland -- at least after Tsar Alexander I of Russia permitted the parts of Finland located to the east of the Kymi River , which were conquered by Russia in 1721 and 1743 , called `` Old Finland '' , to be administratively included in `` New Finland '' in 1812 . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Finland Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : History of Finland § Prehistory Northern Europe in 814 According to archaeological evidence , the area now comprising Finland was settled at the latest around 8500 BCE during the Stone Age as the ice sheet of the last ice age receded . The artifacts the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia , Russia , and Norway . The earliest people were hunter - gatherers , using stone tools . The first pottery appeared in 5200 BCE , when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced . The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BCE may have coincided with the start of agriculture . Even with the introduction of agriculture , hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy . The Bronze Age ( 1500 -- 500 BCE ) and Iron Age ( 500 BCE -- 1200 CE ) were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions . There is no consensus on when Uralic languages and Indo - European languages were first spoken in the area of contemporary Finland . During the first millennium AD , early Finnish was spoken in agricultural settlements in southern Finland , whereas Sámi - speaking populations occupied most parts of the country . Although distantly related , the Sami are a different people that retained the hunter - gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns . The Sami cultural identity and the Sami language have survived in Lapland , the northernmost province , but the Sami have been displaced or assimilated elsewhere . The 12th and 13th centuries were a violent time in the northern Baltic sea . The Livonian crusade was ongoing and Finnish tribes such as the Tavastians and Karelians were in frequent conflicts with Novgorod and with each other . Also during the 12th and 13th centuries several crusades from the Catholic realms of the Baltic Sea were made against Finnish tribes . According to historical sources , Danes made two crusades to Finland , in 1191 and in 1202 , and Swedes , possibly the so - called second crusade to Finland , in 1249 against Tavastians and the third crusade to Finland in 1293 against the Karelians . The so - called first crusade to Finland , possibly in 1155 , is most likely an unreal event . Also it is possible that Germans made violent conversion of Finnish pagans in 13th century . According to a papal letter in 1241 the king of Norway was also fighting against `` nearby pagans '' at that time . Swedish era ( edit ) Main article : Finland under Swedish rule The Swedish Empire following the Treaty of Roskilde of 1658 . Dark green : Sweden proper , as represented in the Riksdag of the Estates . Other greens : Swedish dominions and possessions . Now lying within Helsinki , Suomenlinna is a UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of an inhabited 18th century sea fortress built on six islands . It is one of Finland 's most popular tourist attractions . As a result of the crusades together and with the colonisation of Finnish coastal areas with Christian Swedish population during the Middle Ages Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden . In the 17th century , Swedish became the dominant language of the nobility , administration , and education ; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry , clergy , and local courts in predominantly Finnish - speaking areas . During the Protestant Reformation , the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism . In the 16th century , Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish . The first university in Finland , the Royal Academy of Turku , was established in 1640 . Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696 -- 1697 , during which about one third of the Finnish population died , and a devastating plague a few years later . In the 18th century , wars between Sweden and Russia twice led to the occupation of Finland by Russian forces , times known to the Finns as the Greater Wrath ( 1714 -- 1721 ) and the Lesser Wrath ( 1742 -- 1743 ) . It is estimated that almost an entire generation of young men was lost during the Great Wrath , due namely to the destruction of homes and farms , and to the burning of Helsinki . By this time Finland was the predominant term for the whole area from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Russian border . Two Russo - Swedish wars in twenty - five years served as reminders to the Finnish people of the precarious position between Sweden and Russia . An increasingly vocal elite in Finland soon determined that Finnish ties with Sweden were becoming too costly , and following Gustav III 's War ( 1788 -- 1790 ) , the Finnish elite 's desire to break with Sweden only heightened . In the late eighteenth century a politically active portion of the Finnish nobility became convinced that , due to Sweden and Russia 's repeated use of Finland as a battlefield , it would be in the country 's best interests to seek autonomy . Even before the Russo - Swedish War of 1788 -- 1790 , there were conspiring Finns , among them Col G.M. Sprengtporten , who had supported Gustav III 's coup in 1772 . Sprengporten fell out with the king and resigned his commission in 1777 . In the following decade he tried to secure Russian support for an autonomous Finland , and later became an adviser to Catherine II . In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson ( 1791 -- 1858 ) , `` we are not Swedes , we do not want to become Russians , let us therefore be Finns '' , the Finnish national identity started to become established . Notwithstanding the efforts of Finland 's elite and nobility to break ties with Sweden , there was no genuine independence movement in Finland until the early twentieth century . As a matter of fact , at this time the Finnish peasantry was outraged by the actions of their elite and almost exclusively supported Gustav 's actions against the conspirators . ( The High Court of Turku condemned Sprengtporten as a traitor c. 1793 . ) Russian Empire era ( edit ) Main article : Grand Duchy of Finland See also : Finland 's language strife and Russification of Finland On 29 March 1809 , having been taken over by the armies of Alexander I of Russia in the Finnish War , Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917 . In 1811 , Alexander I incorporated Russian Vyborg province into the Grand Duchy of Finland . During the Russian era , the Finnish language began to gain recognition . From the 1860s onwards , a strong Finnish nationalist movement known as the Fennoman movement grew . Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland 's national epic -- the Kalevala -- in 1835 , and the Finnish language 's achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892 . Pioneers in Karelia ( 1900 ) by Pekka Halonen The Finnish famine of 1866 -- 1868 killed 15 % of the population , making it one of the worst famines in European history . The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations , and investment rose in following decades . Economic and political development was rapid . The GDP per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain . In 1906 , universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland . However , the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy . For example , the universal suffrage was , in practice , virtually meaningless , since the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament . Desire for independence gained ground , first among radical liberals and socialists . Civil War and early independence ( edit ) Main articles : Finnish Declaration of Independence and Finnish Civil War After the 1917 February Revolution , the position of Finland as part of the Russian Empire was questioned , mainly by Social Democrats . Since the head of state was the tsar of Russia , it was not clear who the chief executive of Finland was after the revolution . The Parliament , controlled by social democrats , passed the so - called Power Act to give the highest authority to the Parliament . This was rejected by the Russian Provisional Government which decided to dissolve the Parliament . New elections were conducted , in which right - wing parties won a slim majority . Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament ( and thus the ensuing elections ) were extralegal . The two nearly equally powerful political blocs , the right - wing parties and the social democratic party , were highly antagonized . White firing squad executing Red soldiers in Länkipohja , Längelmäki , in 1918 . The October Revolution in Russia changed the geopolitical situation anew . Suddenly , the right - wing parties in Finland started to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of highest executive power from the Russian government to Finland , as the Bolsheviks took power in Russia . Rather than acknowledge the authority of the Power Law of a few months earlier , the right - wing government declared independence on 6 December 1917 . On 27 January 1918 , the official opening shots of the war were fired in two simultaneous events . The government started to disarm the Russian forces in Pohjanmaa , and the Social Democratic Party staged a coup . The latter succeeded in controlling southern Finland and Helsinki , but the white government continued in exile from Vaasa . This sparked the brief but bitter civil war . The Whites , who were supported by Imperial Germany , prevailed over the Reds . After the war , tens of thousands of Reds and suspected sympathizers were interned in camps , where thousands died by execution or from malnutrition and disease . Deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and Whites and would last until the Winter War and beyond . The civil war and activist expeditions into Soviet Russia strained Eastern relations . After a brief experimentation with monarchy , Finland became a presidential republic , with Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg elected as its first president in 1919 . The Finnish -- Russian border was determined by the Treaty of Tartu in 1920 , largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga ( Finnish : Petsamo ) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland . Finnish democracy did not see any Soviet coup attempts and survived the anti-Communist Lapua Movement . The relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union was tense . Germany 's relations with democratic Finland cooled also after the Nazis ' rise to power . Army officers were trained in France , and relations to Western Europe and Sweden were strengthened . In 1917 , the population was 3 million . Credit - based land reform was enacted after the civil war , increasing the proportion of capital - owning population . About 70 % of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10 % in industry . The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany . World War II ( edit ) Areas ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union after the Winter War from 1939 to 1940 and the Continuation War from 1941 to 1944 . The Porkkala land lease was returned to Finland in 1956 . Finland covered an area of approximately 385,000 km ( 149,000 sq mi ) before the handover . Main article : Military history of Finland during World War II During World War II , Finland fought the Soviet Union twice : in the Winter War of 1939 -- 1940 after the Soviet Union had attacked Finland ; and in the Continuation War of 1941 -- 1944 , following Operation Barbarossa , during which Finland aligned with Germany following Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union . For 872 days , the German army , aided indirectly by Finnish forces , besieged Leningrad , the USSR 's second largest city . After fighting a major Soviet offensive in June / July 1944 to a standstill , Finland reached an armistice with the Soviet Union . This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944 -- 1945 , when Finland fought against the retreating German forces in northern Finland . The treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included Finnish obligations , restraints , and reparations -- as well as further Finnish territorial concessions in addition to those in the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940 . As a result of the two wars , Finland ceded most of Finnish Karelia , Salla , and Petsamo , which amounted to 10 % of its land area and 20 % of its industrial capacity , including the ports of Vyborg ( Viipuri ) and the ice - free Liinakhamari ( Liinahamari ) . Almost the whole population , some 400,000 people , fled these areas . Finland was never occupied by Soviet forces and it retained its independence , but at the loss of about 93,000 soldiers . Finland rejected Marshall aid , in apparent deference to Soviet desires . However , the United States provided secret development aid and helped the ( non-Communist ) Social Democratic Party in hopes of preserving Finland 's independence . Establishing trade with the Western powers , such as the United Kingdom , and paying reparations to the Soviet Union produced a transformation of Finland from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialised one . For example , the Valmet corporation was founded to create materials for war reparations , but , after the reparations had been paid off , Finland -- which was poor in certain resources necessary for an industrialized nation ( such as iron and oil ) -- continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade . Urho Kekkonen , the eighth president of Finland ( 1956 -- 1982 ) In 1950 , 46 % of Finnish workers worked in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas . The new jobs in manufacturing , services , and trade quickly attracted people to the towns . The average number of births per woman declined from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973 . When baby - boomers entered the workforce , the economy did not generate jobs fast enough , and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden , with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970 . The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors . Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade . Officially claiming to be neutral , Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet Union . The YYA Treaty ( Finno - Soviet Pact of Friendship , Cooperation and Mutual Assistance ) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics . This was extensively exploited by president Urho Kekkonen against his opponents . He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956 on , which was crucial for his continued popularity . In politics , there was a tendency of avoiding any policies and statements that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet . This phenomenon was given the name `` Finlandization '' by the West German press . Despite close relations with the Soviet Union , Finland maintained a market economy . Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets , which explains the widespread support that pro-Soviet policies enjoyed among business interests in Finland . Economic growth was rapid in the postwar era , and by 1975 Finland 's GDP per capita was the 15th highest in the world . In the 1970s and 80s , Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world . Finland negotiated with the EEC ( a predecessor of the European Union ) a treaty that mostly abolished customs duties towards the EEC starting from 1977 , although Finland did not fully join . In 1981 , president Urho Kekkonen 's failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years . Finland reacted cautiously to the collapse of the Soviet Union , but swiftly began increasing integration with the West . On 21 September 1990 , Finland unilaterally declared the Paris Peace Treaty obsolete , following the German reunification decision nine days earlier . Finland joined the European Union in 1995 and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 . Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions , a banking crisis , the collapse of its largest single trading partner ( the Soviet Union ) , and a global economic downturn caused a deep early 1990s recession in Finland . The depression bottomed out in 1993 , and Finland saw steady economic growth for more than ten years . Like other Nordic countries , Finland decentralised its economy since the late 1980s . Financial and product market regulation were loosened . Some state enterprises have been privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts . Finland joined the European Union in 1995 , and the Eurozone in 1999 . Much of the late 1990s economic growth was fueled by the phenomenal success of the mobile phone manufacturer Nokia , which held a unique position of representing 80 % of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange . Language ( edit ) Main articles : Finnish language , Finland Swedish , and Languages of Finland Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland . Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of Åland . The native language of 89 % of the population is Finnish , which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages . The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo - European origin . Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Estonian and more remotely to the Sami languages and Hungarian . Swedish is the native language of 5.3 % of the population ( Swedish - speaking Finns ) . The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially treated in some contexts . Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000 -- 6,000 people , Finnish Romani and Finnish Sign Language are also recognized in the constitution . There are two sign languages : Finnish Sign Language , spoken natively by 4,000 -- 5,000 people , and Finland - Swedish Sign Language , spoken natively by about 150 people . Tatar language is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people who moved to Finland mainly during the Russian rule from the 1870s until the 1920s . The Sami language is an official language to the north , in Lapland or in northern Lapland , where are the Sami people , numbering around 7,000 and recognized as an indigenous people . About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue . The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami , Inari Sami , and Skolt Sami . The rights of minority groups ( in particular Sami , Swedish speakers , and Romani people ) are protected by the constitution . The largest immigrant languages are Russian ( 1.4 % ) , Estonian ( 0.9 % ) , Arabic ( 0.4 % ) , Somali ( 0.3 % ) and English ( 0.3 % ) . English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the third or fifth grade ( at 9 or 11 years of age respectively ) in the comprehensive school ( in some schools other languages can be chosen instead ) . German , French , and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the eighth grade ( at 14 years of age ; some schools may offer other options ) . Geography ( edit ) Detailed map of Finland . ( See also Atlas of Finland . ) Main article : Geography of Finland See also : List of cities and towns in Finland , List of lakes in Finland , List of national parks of Finland , and Environmental issues in Finland Lying approximately between latitudes 60 ° and 70 ° N , and longitudes 20 ° and 32 ° E , Finland is one of the world 's northernmost countries . Of world capitals , only Reykjavík lies more to the north than Helsinki . The distance from the southernmost point -- Hanko in Uusimaa -- to the northernmost -- Nuorgam in Lapland -- is 1,160 kilometres ( 720 mi ) . Finland has about 168,000 lakes ( of area larger than 500 m or 0.12 acres ) and 179,000 islands . Its largest lake , Saimaa , is the fourth largest in Europe . The Finnish Lakeland is the area with the most lakes in the country . The greatest concentration of islands is found in the southwest , in the Archipelago Sea between continental Finland and the main island of Åland . Much of the geography of Finland is a result of the Ice Age . The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in Fennoscandia compared with the rest of Europe . Their eroding effects have left the Finnish landscape mostly flat with few hills and fewer mountains . Its highest point , the Halti at 1,324 metres ( 4,344 ft ) , is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway . The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is Ridnitšohkka at 1,316 m ( 4,318 ft ) , directly adjacent to Halti . The whooper swan , Finland 's national bird The retreating glaciers have left the land with morainic deposits in formations of eskers . These are ridges of stratified gravel and sand , running northwest to southeast , where the ancient edge of the glacier once lay . Among the biggest of these are the three Salpausselkä ridges that run across southern Finland . Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers , terrain in Finland is rising due to the post-glacial rebound . The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia , where land steadily rises about 1 cm ( 0.4 in ) a year . As a result , the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land : the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres ( 2.7 sq mi ) annually . Relatively speaking , Finland is rising from the sea . The landscape is covered mostly by coniferous taiga forests and fens , with little cultivated land . Of the total area 10 % is lakes , rivers and ponds , and 78 % forest . The forest consists of pine , spruce , birch , and other species . Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world . The most common type of rock is granite . It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery , visible wherever there is no soil cover . Moraine or till is the most common type of soil , covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin . Podzol profile development is seen in most forest soils except where drainage is poor . Gleysols and peat bogs occupy poorly drained areas . Biodiversity ( edit ) Main articles : Fauna of Finland and Wildlife of Finland Phytogeographically , Finland is shared between the Arctic , central European , and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom . According to the WWF , the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions : the Scandinavian and Russian taiga , Sarmatic mixed forests , and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands . Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland . On the southwestern coast , south of the Helsinki - Rauma line , forests are characterized by mixed forests , that are more typical in the Baltic region . In the extreme north of Finland , near the tree line and Arctic Ocean , Montane Birch forests are common . The brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) is Finland 's national animal . Similarly , Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna . There are at least sixty native mammalian species , 248 breeding bird species , over 70 fish species , and 11 reptile and frog species present today , many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago . Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear ( the national animal ) , gray wolf , wolverine , and elk . Three of the more striking birds are the whooper swan , a large European swan and the national bird of Finland ; the Western capercaillie , a large , black - plumaged member of the grouse family ; and the Eurasian eagle - owl . The latter is considered an indicator of old - growth forest connectivity , and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation . The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler , common chaffinch , and redwing . Of some seventy species of freshwater fish , the northern pike , perch , and others are plentiful . Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts . The endangered Saimaa ringed seal , one of only three lake seal species in the world , exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland , down to only 300 seals today . It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Finland Köppen climate classification types of Finland Koli National Park in North Karelia Repovesi National Park in southeastern Finland The main factor influencing Finland 's climate is the country 's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent 's coastal zone . In the Köppen climate classification , the whole of Finland lies in the boreal zone , characterized by warm summers and freezing winters . Within the country , the temperateness varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north , showing characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate . Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream . The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same latitude , such as Alaska , Siberia , and southern Greenland . Winters in southern Finland ( when mean daily temperature remains below 0 ° C or 32 ° F ) are usually about 100 days long , and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April , and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki , snow often covers the land from late December to late March . Even in the south , the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) although on coastal areas like Helsinki , temperatures below − 30 ° C ( − 22 ° F ) are very rare . Climatic summers ( when mean daily temperature remains above 10 ° C or 50 ° F ) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September , and in the inland , the warmest days of July can reach over 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . Although most of Finland lies on the taiga belt , the southernmost coastal regions are sometimes classified as hemiboreal . Pyhä - Luosto National Park , Lapland In northern Finland , particularly in Lapland , the winters are long and cold , while the summers are relatively warm but short . The most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall down to − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) . The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover from about mid-October to early May . Summers in the north are quite short , only two to three months , but can still see maximum daily temperatures above 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) during heat waves . No part of Finland has Arctic tundra , but Alpine tundra can be found at the fells Lapland . The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions , while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry . A quarter of Finland 's territory lies within the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels . At Finland 's northernmost point , the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer , and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter . Regions ( edit ) Main article : Regions of Finland Finland consists of 19 regions called maakunta in Finnish and landskap in Swedish . The regions are governed by regional councils which serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of a region . The main tasks of the regions are regional planning and development of enterprise and education . In addition , the public health services are usually organized on the basis of regions . Currently , the only region where a popular election is held for the council is Kainuu . Other regional councils are elected by municipal councils , each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population . In addition to inter-municipal cooperation , which is the responsibility of regional councils , each region has a state Employment and Economic Development Centre which is responsible for the local administration of labour , agriculture , fisheries , forestry , and entrepreneurial affairs . The Finnish Defence Forces regional offices are responsible for the regional defence preparations and for the administration of conscription within the region . Regions represent dialectal , cultural , and economic variations better than the former provinces , which were purely administrative divisions of the central government . Historically , regions are divisions of historical provinces of Finland , areas which represent dialects and culture more accurately . Six Regional State Administrative Agencies were created by the state of Finland in 2010 , each of them responsible for one of the regions called alue in Finnish and region in Swedish ; in addition , Åland was designated a seventh region . These take over some of the tasks of the earlier Provinces of Finland ( the läänis ) , which were abolished . Lapland Northern Ostrobothnia Kainuu North Karelia Northern Savonia Southern Savonia Southern Ostrobothnia Ostrobothnia Pirkanmaa Satakunta Central Ostrobothnia Central Finland Southwest Finland South Karelia Päijänne Tavastia Tavastia Proper Uusimaa Kymenlaakso Åland Islands In English In Finnish In Swedish Capital Regional state administrative agency Lapland Lappi Lappland Rovaniemi Lapland Northern Ostrobothnia Pohjois - Pohjanmaa Norra Österbotten Oulu Northern Finland Kainuu Kainuu Kajanaland Kajaani Northern Finland North Karelia Pohjois - Karjala Norra Karelen Joensuu Eastern Finland Northern Savonia Pohjois - Savo Norra Savolax Kuopio Eastern Finland Southern Savonia Etelä - Savo Södra Savolax Mikkeli Eastern Finland Southern Ostrobothnia Etelä - Pohjanmaa Södra Österbotten Seinäjoki Western and Central Finland Central Ostrobothnia Keski - Pohjanmaa Mellersta Österbotten Kokkola Western and Central Finland Ostrobothnia Pohjanmaa Österbotten Vaasa Western and Central Finland Pirkanmaa Pirkanmaa Birkaland Tampere Western and Central Finland Central Finland Keski - Suomi Mellersta Finland Jyväskylä Western and Central Finland Satakunta Satakunta Satakunta Pori South - Western Finland Southwest Finland Varsinais - Suomi Egentliga Finland Turku South - Western Finland South Karelia Etelä - Karjala Södra Karelen Lappeenranta Southern Finland Päijänne Tavastia Päijät - Häme Päijänne - Tavastland Lahti Southern Finland Tavastia Proper Kanta - Häme Egentliga Tavastland Hämeenlinna Southern Finland Uusimaa Uusimaa Nyland Helsinki Southern Finland Kymenlaakso Kymenlaakso Kymmenedalen Kouvola Southern Finland Åland Islands Ahvenanmaa Åland Mariehamn Åland The region of Eastern Uusimaa was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011 . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Administrative divisions of Finland , Regions of Finland , Sub-regions of Finland , Municipalities of Finland , and Historical provinces of Finland Further information : List of Finnish municipalities , List of Finnish municipalities by population , List of Finnish municipalities by area , and Former municipalities of Finland The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities , which may also call themselves towns or cities . They account for half of public spending . Spending is financed by municipal income tax , state subsidies , and other revenue . As of 2017 , there are 311 municipalities , and most have fewer than 6,000 residents . In addition to municipalities , two intermediate levels are defined . Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen regions . These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers . The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council . In the Kainuu region , there is a pilot project underway with regional elections . Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami native region in Lapland for issues on language and culture . In the following chart , the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality ( kunta / kommun ) , not just in the built - up area . The land area is given in km2 , and the density in inhabitants per km2 ( land area ) . The figures are as of 31 August 2017 . The capital region -- comprising Helsinki , Vantaa , Espoo and Kauniainen -- forms a continuous conurbation of over 1.1 million people . However , common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities , e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council . City Population Land area Density Regional map Population map Helsinki 642,045 213.75 3,003.72 Municipalities ( thin borders ) and regions ( thick borders ) of Finland ( 2009 ) . Population map of Finland Espoo 277,375 312.26 888.28 Tampere 230,537 525.03 439.09 Vantaa 221,821 238.37 930.57 Oulu 201,124 1,410.17 142.62 Turku 188,584 245.67 767.63 Jyväskylä 139,260 1,170.99 118.93 Lahti 119,395 135.05 884.08 Kuopio 117,842 1,597.39 73.77 Kouvola 84,548 2,558.24 33.05 Pori 84,779 834.06 101.65 Joensuu 75,652 2,381.76 31.76 Lappeenranta 72,685 1,433.36 50.71 Hämeenlinna 67,601 1,785.76 37.86 Vaasa 66,876 188.81 354.2 Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Finland See also : List of political parties in Finland and Human rights in Finland Constitution ( edit ) The Constitution of Finland defines the political system ; Finland is a parliamentary republic within the framework of a representative democracy . The Prime Minister is the country 's most powerful person . The current version of the constitution was enacted on 1 March 2000 , and was amended on 1 March 2012 . Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary , municipal , presidential and European Union elections . President ( edit ) Main article : President of Finland The head of state of Finland is President of the Republic of Finland ( in Finnish : Suomen tasavallan presidentti ; in Swedish : Republiken Finlands president ) . Finland has had for most of its independence a semi-presidential system , but in the last few decades the powers of the President have been diminished . In constitution amendments , which came into effect in 1991 or 1992 and also with a new drafted constitution of 2000 , amended in 2012 , the President 's position has become primarily a ceremonial office . However , the President still leads the nation 's foreign politics together with the Council of State and is the chief - in - command of the Defence Forces . The position still does entail some powers , including responsibility for foreign policy ( excluding affairs related to the European Union ) in cooperation with the cabinet , being the head of the armed forces , some decree powers , and some appointive powers . Direct , one - or two - stage elections are used to elect the president for a term of six years and for a maximum of two consecutive terms . The current president is Sauli Niinistö ; he took office on 1 March 2012 . Former presidents were K.J. Ståhlberg ( 1919 -- 1925 ) , L.K. Relander ( 1925 -- 1931 ) , P.E. Svinhufvud ( 1931 -- 1937 ) , Kyösti Kallio ( 1937 -- 1940 ) , Risto Ryti ( 1940 -- 1944 ) , C.G.E. Mannerheim ( 1944 -- 1946 ) , J.K. Paasikivi ( 1946 -- 1956 ) , Urho Kekkonen ( 1956 -- 1982 ) , Mauno Koivisto ( 1982 -- 1994 ) , Martti Ahtisaari ( 1994 -- 2000 ) , and Tarja Halonen ( 2000 -- 2012 ) . The current president was elected from the ranks of the National Coalition Party for the first time since 1946 . The presidency between 1946 and the present was instead held by a member of the Social Democratic Party or the Centre Party . Parliament ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Finland The Parliament of Finland 's main building . The 200 - member unicameral Parliament of Finland ( Finnish : Eduskunta , Swedish : Riksdag ) exercises supreme legislative authority in the country . It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws , dismiss the cabinet , and override presidential vetoes . Its acts are not subject to judicial review ; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament 's constitutional law committee . The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within a number of multi-seat constituencies through open list multi-member districts . Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation . The speaker of the parliament is Maria Lohela ( sin . ) . Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906 , the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party ( former Agrarian Union ) , the National Coalition Party , and the Social Democrats . These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support , and their combined vote has totalled about 65 -- 80 % of all votes . Their lowest common total of MPs , 121 , was reached in the 2011 elections . For a few decades after 1944 , the Communists were a strong fourth party . Due to the electoral system of proportional representation , and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties , the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another . However , there have been some long - term trends , such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War ; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberals and its predecessors from 1906 to 1980 ; and the rise of the Green League since 1983 . In the 2011 elections , the Finns Party achieved exceptional success , increasing its representation from 5 to 39 seats , surpassing the Centre Party . The autonomous province of Åland , which forms a federacy with Finland , elects one member to the parliament , who traditionally joins the parliamentary group of the Swedish People 's Party of Finland . ( The province also holds elections for its own permanent regional council , and in the 2011 elections , Åland Centre was the largest party . ) Republic of Finland This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Finland State ( show ) Constitution Declaration of Independence Human rights Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Sauli Niinistö Prime Minister ( list ) Juha Sipilä Cabinet Executive departments Legislative ( show ) 37th Parliament Speaker : Maria Lohela Judiciary ( show ) General Courts Supreme Court Courts of Appeal District Courts Administrative Courts Supreme Administrative Court Regional Administrative Courts Prosecutor General Matti Kuusimäki Chancellor of Justice Jaakko Jonkka Recent elections ( show ) Parliamentary : 2007 2011 2015 Presidential : 2000 2006 2012 European : 2004 2009 2014 Political parties ( show ) Centre Party ( KESK ) Christian Democrats ( KD ) Green League ( VIHR ) Finns Party ( PS ) Blue Reform ( SIN ) Left Alliance ( VAS ) National Coalition Party ( KOK ) Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) Swedish People 's Party ( RKP ) Administrative divisions ( show ) Regions ( Maakunnat , Landskap ) Sub-regions ( Seutukunnat , Ekonomiska regioner ) Municipalities ( Kunnat , Kommuner ) Foreign relations ( show ) Ambassadors Other countries Atlas The Parliament can be dissolved by a recommendation of the Prime Minister , endorsed by the President . This procedure has never been used , although the parliament was dissolved eight times under the pre-2000 constitution , when this action was the sole prerogative of the president . After the parliamentary elections on 19 April 2015 , the seats were divided among eight parties as follows : Party Seats Net gain / loss % of seats % of votes Centre Party 49 + 14 24.5 21.1 Finns Party 38 − 1 19.0 17.7 National Coalition Party 37 − 7 18.5 18.2 Social Democratic Party 34 − 8 17.0 16.5 Green League 15 + 5 7.5 8.5 Left Alliance 12 − 2 6.0 7.1 Swedish People 's Party 9 0 4.5 4.9 Christian Democrats 5 − 1 2.5 3.5 Others 1 0 0.5 0.6 Province of Åland 's representative . Cabinet ( edit ) After parliamentary elections , the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet ( the Finnish Government ) , which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament . The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence , although this rarely happens ( the last time in 1957 ) , as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament . The cabinet exercises most executive powers , and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on . It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland , and consists of him or her , of other ministers , and of the Chancellor of Justice . The current prime minister is Juha Sipilä ( Centre Party ) . Each minister heads his or her ministry , or , in some cases , has responsibility for a subset of a ministry 's policy . After the prime minister , the most powerful minister is the minister of finance . The incumbent Minister of Finance is Petteri Orpo . As no one party ever dominates the parliament , Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions . As a rule , the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest . Law ( edit ) Main articles : Law of Finland and Judicial system of Finland The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration . Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense , civil law or Roman law . The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts ( käräjäoikeus , tingsrätt ) , regional appellate courts ( hovioikeus , hovrätt ) , and the Supreme Court ( korkein oikeus , högsta domstolen ) . The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts ( hallinto - oikeus , förvaltningsdomstol ) and the Supreme Administrative Court ( korkein hallinto - oikeus , högsta förvaltningsdomstolen ) . In addition to the regular courts , there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration . There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high - ranking officeholders . Around 92 % of residents have confidence in Finland 's security institutions . The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context . Some crime types are above average , notably the highest homicide rate in Western Europe . A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding . Finland has successfully fought against government corruption , which was more common in the 1970s and 80s . For instance , economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished . Today , Finland has a very low number of corruption charges ; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe . In 2008 , Transparency International criticized the lack of transparency of the system of Finnish political finance . According to GRECO in 2007 , corruption should be taken into account in the Finnish system of election funds better . A scandal revolving around campaign finance of the 2007 parliamentary elections broke out in spring 2008 . Nine Ministers of Government submitted incomplete funding reports and even more of the members of parliament . The law includes no punishment of false funds reports of the elected politicians . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Finland Martti Ahtisaari receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 2008 According to the 2012 constitution , the president ( currently Sauli Niinistö ) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government , except that the president has no role in EU affairs . In 2008 , president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Finland was considered a cooperative model state , and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy . This was reversed in the 2000s , when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland 's official policy to resist other EU members ' plans for common defence . Social security ( edit ) Main article : Social security in Finland Finland has one of the world 's most extensive welfare systems , one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents , Finns , and non-citizens . Since the 1980s the social security has been cut back , but still the system is one of the most comprehensive in the world . Created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II , the social security system was an outgrowth of the traditional Nordic belief that the state was not inherently hostile to the well - being of its citizens , but could intervene benevolently on their behalf . According to some social historians , the basis of this belief was a relatively benign history that had allowed the gradual emergence of a free and independent peasantry in the Nordic countries and had curtailed the dominance of the nobility and the subsequent formation of a powerful right wing . Finland 's history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries , but not harsh enough to bar the country from following their path of social development . Military ( edit ) Sisu Nasu NA - 110 tracked transport vehicle of the Finnish Army . Most conscripts receive training for warfare in winter , and transport vehicles such as this give mobility in heavy snow . Main articles : Finnish Defence Forces and Military history of Finland See also : List of wars involving Finland The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers ( mainly officers and technical personnel ) , currently serving conscripts , and a large reserve . The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform , of which 25 % are professional soldiers . A universal male conscription is in place , under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian ( non-armed ) service . Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular , and troops serve around the world in UN , NATO , and EU missions . Approximately 500 women choose voluntary military service every year . Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms including front - line infantry and special forces . The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units . The army defends the national territory and its military strategy employs the use of the heavily forested terrain and numerous lakes to wear down an aggressor , instead of attempting to hold the attacking army on the frontier . Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union . The Finnish military doctrine is based on the concept of total defence . The term total means that all sectors of the government and economy are involved in the defence planning . The armed forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence ( currently General Jarmo Lindberg ) , who is directly subordinate to the president in matters related to military command . The branches of the military are the army , the navy , and the air force . The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness . Even while Finland has n't joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the country has joined the NATO Response Force , the EU Battlegroup , the NATO Partnership for Peace and in signed a NATO Memorandum of Understanding , thus forming a practical coalition . In 2015 , the Finland - NATO ties were strengthened with a host nation support agreement allowing assistance from NATO troops in emergency situations . Finland has been active participant in the Afghanistan and Kosovo . Recently Finland has been more eager to discuss about its current and planned roles in Syria , Iraq and war against ISIL . On 21 December 2012 Finnish military officer Atte Kaleva was reported to have been kidnapped and later released in Yemen for ransom . At first he was reported be a casual Arabic student , however only later it was published that his studies were about jihadists , terrorism , and that he was employed by the military . As response to French request for solidarity , Finnish defence minister commented in November that Finland could and is willing to offer intelligence support . In May 2015 , Finnish Military sent nearly one million letters to all relevant males in the country , informing them about their roles in the war effort . It was globally speculated that Finland was preparing for war -- however Finland claimed that this was a standard procedure , yet something never done before in Finnish history . Mr Hypponen however said that this is not an isolated case , but bound to the European security dilemma . The NATO Memorandum of Understanding signed earlier bestows an obligation e.g. to report on internal capabilities and the availability thereof to NATO . Economy ( edit ) Angry Birds , a mobile phone game developed in Finland , has become a commercial hit both domestically and internationally . Main article : Economy of Finland See also : List of companies of Finland and Helsinki Stock Exchange The economy of Finland has a per capita output equal to that of other European economies such as those of France , Germany , Belgium , or the UK . The largest sector of the economy is the service sector at 66 % of GDP , followed by manufacturing and refining at 31 % . Primary production represents 2.9 % . With respect to foreign trade , the key economic sector is manufacturing . The largest industries in 2007 were electronics ( 22 % ) ; machinery , vehicles , and other engineered metal products ( 21.1 % ) ; forest industry ( 13 % ) ; and chemicals ( 11 % ) . The gross domestic product peaked in 2008 . As of 2015 , the country 's economy is at the 2006 level . Finland has significant timber , mineral ( iron , chromium , copper , nickel , and gold ) , and freshwater resources . Forestry , paper factories , and the agricultural sector ( on which taxpayers spend around 3 billion euros annually ) are important for rural residents so any policy changes affecting these sectors are politically sensitive for politicians dependent on rural votes . The Greater Helsinki area generates around one third of Finland 's GDP . In a 2004 OECD comparison , high - technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland . Knowledge - intensive services have also resulted in the smallest and slow - growth sectors -- especially agriculture and low - technology manufacturing -- being ranked the second largest after Ireland . The overall short - term outlook was good and GDP growth has been above that of many EU peers . Finland GDP growth from 2000 till 2013 Finland is highly integrated into the global economy , and international trade produces one third of GDP . Trade with the European Union makes up 60 % of Finland 's total trade . The largest trade flows are with Germany , Russia , Sweden , the United Kingdom , the United States , the Netherlands , and China . Trade policy is managed by the European Union , where Finland has traditionally been among the free trade supporters , except for agricultural policy . Finland is the only Nordic country to have joined the Eurozone . Finland 's climate and soils make growing crops a particular challenge . The country lies between the latitudes 60 ° N and 70 ° N , and it has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frost . However , because the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current moderate the climate , Finland contains half of the world 's arable land north of 60 ° north latitude . Annual precipitation is usually sufficient , but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months , making summer droughts a constant threat . In response to the climate , farmers have relied on quick - ripening and frost - resistant varieties of crops , and they have cultivated south - facing slopes as well as richer bottomlands to ensure production even in years with summer frosts . Most farmland was originally either forest or swamp , and the soil has usually required treatment with lime and years of cultivation to neutralize excess acid and to improve fertility . Irrigation has generally not been necessary , but drainage systems are often needed to remove excess water . Finland 's agriculture has been efficient and productive -- at least when compared with farming in other European countries . Finland is part of the Eurozone , the Schengen Area , and the EU single market . Forests play a key role in the country 's economy , making it one of the world 's leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood - processing industries . As in agriculture , the government has long played a leading role in forestry , regulating tree cutting , sponsoring technical improvements , and establishing long - term plans to ensure that the country 's forests continue to supply the wood - processing industries . To maintain the country 's comparative advantage in forest products , Finnish authorities moved to raise lumber output toward the country 's ecological limits . In 1984 , the government published the Forest 2000 plan , drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . The plan aimed at increasing forest harvests by about 3 % per year , while conserving forestland for recreation and other uses . Private sector employees amount to 1.8 million , out of which around a third with tertiary education . The average cost of a private sector employee per hour was 25.1 euros in 2004 . As of 2008 , average purchasing power - adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy , Sweden , Germany , and France . In 2006 , 62 % of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49 % of total business turnover and had the strongest rate of growth . The female employment rate is high . Gender segregation between male - dominated professions and female - dominated professions is higher than in the US . The proportion of part - time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999 . In 2013 , the 10 largest private sector employers in Finland were Itella , Nokia , OP - Pohjola , ISS , VR , Kesko , UPM - Kymmene , YIT , Metso , and Nordea . The unemployment rate was 9.4 % in 2015 , having risen from 8.7 % in 2014 . Youth unemployment rate rose from 16.5 % in 2007 to 20.5 % in 2014 . A fifth of residents are outside the job market at the age of 50 and less than a third are working at the age of 61 . As of today , nearly one million people are living with minimal wages or unemployed not enough to cover their costs of living . As of 2006 , 2.4 million households reside in Finland . The average size is 2.1 persons ; 40 % of households consist of a single person , 32 % two persons and 28 % three or more persons . Residential buildings total 1.2 million , and the average residential space is 38 square metres ( 410 sq ft ) per person . The average residential property without land costs 1,187 euro per sq metre and residential land 8.6 euro per sq metre. 74 % of households had a car . There are 2.5 million cars and 0.4 million other vehicles . Around 92 % have a mobile phone and 83.5 % ( 2009 ) Internet connection at home . The average total household consumption was 20,000 euro , out of which housing consisted of about 5,500 euro , transport about 3,000 euro , food and beverages excluding alcoholic beverages at around 2,500 euro , and recreation and culture at around 2,000 euro . According to Invest in Finland , private consumption grew by 3 % in 2006 and consumer trends included durables , high quality products , and spending on well - being . Energy ( edit ) The two existing units of the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant . On the far left is a visualization of a third unit , which , when completed , will become Finland 's fifth commercial nuclear reactor . See also : Nordic energy market and Nuclear power in Finland Anyone can enter the free and largely privately owned financial and physical Nordic energy markets traded in NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot exchanges , which have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries . As of 2007 , Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the EU - 15 ( equal to France ) . In 2006 , the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter . This means that the energy consumption per capita is around 7.2 tons of oil equivalent per year . Industry and construction consumed 51 % of total consumption , a relatively high figure reflecting Finland 's industries . Finland 's hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood . About 10 -- 15 % of the electricity is produced by hydropower , which is low compared with more mountainous Sweden or Norway . In 2008 , renewable energy ( mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy ) was high at 31 % compared with the EU average of 10.3 % in final energy consumption . Supply and total consumption of electricity in Finland Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18 % of the country 's energy and one research reactor at the Otaniemi campus . The fifth AREVA - Siemens - built reactor -- the world 's largest at 1600 MWe and a focal point of Europe 's nuclear industry -- has faced many delays and is currently scheduled to be operational by 2018 -- 2020 , a decade after the original planned opening . A varying amount ( 5 -- 17 % ) of electricity has been imported from Russia ( at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity ) , Sweden and Norway . Energy companies are about to increase nuclear power production , as in July 2010 the Finnish parliament granted permits for additional two new reactors . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Finland Icebreakers enable shipping even during severe winters . The state - owned VR Group operates a railway network serving all major cities . The extensive road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic . The annual state operated road network expenditure of around 1 billion euro is paid with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around 1.5 billion euro and 1 billion euro . The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki Airport with about 17 million passengers in 2016 . Oulu Airport is the second largest , whilst another 25 airports have scheduled passenger services . The Helsinki Airport - based Finnair , Blue1 , and Nordic Regional Airlines , Norwegian Air Shuttle sell air services both domestically and internationally . Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle ( i.e. the shortest and most efficient ) routes between Western Europe and the Far East . Despite low population density , the Government spends annually around 350 million euro in maintaining 5,865 kilometres ( 3,644 mi ) of railway tracks . Rail transport is handled by state owned VR Group , which has 5 % passenger market share ( out of which 80 % are urban trips in Greater Helsinki ) and 25 % cargo market share . Since 12 December 2010 , Karelian Trains , a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR ( Finnish Railways ) , has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high - speed services between Saint Petersburg 's Finlyandsky and Helsinki 's Central railway stations . These services are branded as `` Allegro '' trains . The journey from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg takes only three and a half hours . The majority of international cargo utilizes ports . Port logistics prices are low . Vuosaari Harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port after completion in 2008 and others include Kotka , Hamina , Hanko , Pori , Rauma , and Oulu . There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku , which have ferry connections to Tallinn , Mariehamn , and Stockholm . The Helsinki - Tallinn route , one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world , has also been served by a helicopter line . Industry ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Finland Former headquarters of electronics corporation Nokia in Espoo . Finnair Airbus A350 XWB . Finland was rapidly industrialized after World War II , achieving GDP per capita levels equal to that of Japan or the UK in the beginning of the 1970s . Initially , most development was based on two broad groups of export - led industries , the `` metal industry '' ( metalliteollisuus ) and `` forest industry '' ( metsäteollisuus ) . The `` metal industry '' includes shipbuilding , metalworking , the car industry , engineered products such as motors and electronics , and production of metals ( steel , copper and chromium ) . The world 's biggest cruise ships are built in Finnish shipyards . The `` forest industry '' ( metsäteollisuus ) includes forestry , timber , pulp and paper , and is a logical development based on Finland 's extensive forest resources ( 77 % of the area is covered by forest , most of it in renewable use ) . In the pulp and paper industry , many of the largest companies are based in Finland ( Ahlstrom , Metsä Board , and UPM ) . However , the Finnish economy has diversified , with expansion into fields such as electronics ( e.g. Nokia ) , metrology ( Vaisala ) , transport fuels ( Neste ) , chemicals ( Kemira ) , engineering consulting ( Pöyry ) , and information technology ( e.g. Rovio Entertainment , known for Angry Birds ) , and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry . Likewise , the structure has changed , with the service sector growing , with manufacturing reducing in importance ; agriculture is only a minor part . Despite this , production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe , thus making Finland more vulnerable to global economic trends . In an Economist Intelligence Unit report released in September 2011 , Finland clinched the second place after the United States on Benchmarking IT Industry Competitiveness 2011 which scored on 6 key indicators : overall business environment , technology infrastructure , human capital , legal framework , public support for industry development , and research and development landscape . Public policy ( edit ) See also : Nordic model Finnish politicians have often emulated other Nordics and the Nordic model . Nordics have been free - trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century , though in Finland immigration is relatively new . The level of protection in commodity trade has been low , except for agricultural products . Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas . Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and 9th in Europe . While the manufacturing sector is thriving , the OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements . The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive . The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive . In both indicators , Finland 's performance was next to Germany , and significantly higher than most European countries . In the Business competitiveness index 2007 -- 2008 Finland ranked third in the world . Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets . According to the OECD , only four EU - 15 countries have less regulated product markets ( UK , Ireland , Denmark and Sweden ) and only one has less regulated financial markets ( Denmark ) . Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy , postal , and other markets in Europe . The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries . Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured . Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index and 13th in the Ease of doing business index . This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading ( 5th ) , contract enforcement ( 7th ) , business closure ( 5th ) , tax payment ( 83rd ) , and low worker hardship ( 127th ) . Finnish law forces all workers to obey the national contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level . The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50 % of the employees support it , in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union . The unionization rate is high ( 70 % ) , especially in the middle class ( AKAVA -- 80 % ) . A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception . Santa Claus village in Rovaniemi . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Finland This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eckerö Line Finlandia , one of the Baltic Sea cruiseferries In 2005 , Finnish tourism grossed over € 6.7 billion with a 5 % increase from the previous year . Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalisation and modernisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness . There are many attractions in Finland which attracted over 8 million visitors in 2013 . The Finnish landscape is covered with thick pine forests and rolling hills , and complemented with a labyrinth of lakes and inlets . Much of Finland is pristine and virgin as it contains 40 national parks from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland . Finland also has urbanised regions with many cultural events and activities . Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region , including Helsinki , Turku , Tallinn , Stockholm , and Travemünde , play a significant role in the local tourism industry . Finland is locally regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus , living in the northern Lapland region . Above the Arctic Circle , in midwinter , there is a polar night , a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks , or even months , and correspondingly , midnight sun in the summer , with no sunset even at midnight ( for up to 73 consecutive days , at the northernmost point ) . Lapland is so far north that the Aurora Borealis , fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind , is seen regularly in the fall , winter , and spring . Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing , golf , fishing , yachting , lake cruises , hiking , and kayaking , among many others . Wildlife is abundant in Finland . Bird - watching is popular for those fond of avifauna , however hunting is also popular . Elk and hare are common game in Finland . Olavinlinna in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Finland Population of Finland by age group and sex in 2013 The population of Finland is currently about 5.5 million inhabitants and is aging with the birth rate at 10.42 births per 1,000 population per year , or a fertility rate of 1.8 with a median age of 42.7 years . Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old . Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre . This is the third - lowest population density of any European country , behind those of Norway and Iceland , and the lowest population density in the EU . Finland 's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country , a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th - century urbanisation . The largest cities in Finland are those of the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area -- Helsinki , Espoo , and Vantaa . Other cities with population over 100,000 are Tampere , Turku , Oulu , Jyväskylä , Kuopio , and Lahti . As of 2014 , there were 322,700 people with a foreign background living in Finland ( 5.9 % of the population ) , most of whom are from Russia , Estonia , Somalia , Iraq and Yugoslavia . The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship , as Finnish nationality law practices and maintain jus sanguinis policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship . If they are born in Finland and can not get citizenship of any other country , they become citizens . Additionally , certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of Soviet Union , retain the right of return , a right to establish permanent residency in the country , which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship . Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Finland http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/sq/9af9ca56-9eea-4969-9714-db194f6847e5 Rank Name Region Pop . Rank Name Region Pop . Helsinki Espoo Helsinki Uusimaa 635,591 11 Pori Satakunta 85,002 Tampere Vantaa Espoo Uusimaa 274,522 12 Joensuu North Karelia 75,881 Tampere Pirkanmaa 228,173 13 Lappeenranta South Karelia 72,773 Vantaa Uusimaa 219,196 14 Hämeenlinna Tavastia Proper 67,867 5 Oulu Northern Ostrobothnia 200,071 15 Vaasa Ostrobothnia 67,598 6 Turku Finland Proper 187,564 16 Rovaniemi Lapland 62,246 7 Jyväskylä Central Finland 138,780 17 Seinäjoki Southern Ostrobothnia 62,053 8 Lahti Päijänne Tavastia 119,377 18 Mikkeli Southern Savonia 54,494 9 Kuopio Northern Savonia 112,980 19 Kotka Kymenlaakso 54,160 10 Kouvola Kymenlaakso 85,231 20 Salo Finland Proper 53,556 Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Finland Religion in Finland year Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland Finnish Orthodox Church Other No religious affiliation 1950 95.0 % 1.7 % 0.5 % 2.8 % 1980 90.3 % 1.1 % 0.7 % 7.8 % 87.8 % 1.1 % 0.9 % 10.2 % 2000 85.1 % 1.1 % 1.1 % 12.7 % 78.3 % 1.1 % 1.4 % 19.2 % 2014 73.9 % 1.1 % 1.6 % 23.5 % 2015 73.0 % 1.1 % 1.6 % 24.3 % 2016 72.0 % 1.1 % 1.6 % 25.3 % The Evangelical Lutheran Helsinki Cathedral With slightly under four million members , the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world and is also by far Finland 's largest religious body ; at the end of 2016 , 71.9 % of Finns were members of the church . 7 out of 10 Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , which was disestablished in 1869 by the Church Act . It was the first state church to be disestablished in the Nordic countries , to be followed by the Church of Sweden in 2000 . The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland sees its share of the country 's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years . The decline has been due to both church membership resignations and falling baptism rates . The second largest group , accounting for 25.3 % of the population in 2016 , has no religious affiliation . The irreligious group rose quickly from just below 13 % in the year 2000 . A small minority belongs to the Finnish Orthodox Church ( 1.1 % ) . Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church are significantly smaller , as are the Muslim , Jewish , and other non-Christian communities ( totalling 1.6 % ) . The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are national churches of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools . In 1869 , Finland was the first Nordic country to disestablish its Evangelical Lutheran church by introducing the Church Act . Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state , it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament . Finland 's state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809 . As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia 1809 -- 1917 , Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system , and a state church separate from Sweden , later named the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , was established . It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869 . After Finland had gained independence in 1917 , religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919 and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922 . Through this arrangement , the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church , whose position however is not codified in the constitution . In 2016 , 69.3 % of Finnish children were baptized and 82.3 % were confirmed in 2012 at the age of 15 , and over 90 % of the funerals are Christian . However , the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies , weddings , and funerals . The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8 % of its members attend church services weekly . The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two . According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll , 33 % of Finnish citizens responded that `` they believe there is a God '' ; 42 % answered that `` they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force '' ; and 22 % that `` they do not believe there is any sort of spirit , God , or life force '' . According to ISSP survey data ( 2008 ) , 8 % consider themselves `` highly religious '' , and 31 % `` moderately religious '' . In the same survey , 28 % reported themselves as `` agnostic '' and 29 % as `` non-religious '' . Health ( edit ) Main article : Healthcare in Finland Life expectancy has increased from 71 years for men and 79 years for women in 1990 to 78 years for men and 84 years for women in 2012 . The under - five mortality rate has decreased from 51 per 1,000 live births in 1950 to 3 per 1,000 live births in 2012 ranking Finland 's rate among the lowest in the world . The fertility rate in 2014 stood at 1.71 children born / per woman and has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 since 1969 . With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age , the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014 . There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century . Lifestyle - related diseases are on the rise . More than half a million Finns suffer from diabetes , type 1 diabetes being globally the most common in Finland . Many children are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . The number of musculoskeletal diseases and cancers are increasing , although the cancer prognosis has improved . Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland . One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders , in particular depression . There are 307 residents for each doctor . About 19 % of health care is funded directly by households and 77 % by taxation . A recent study by The Lancet medical journal found that Finland has the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries , including the UK , France , and New Zealand . In April 2012 , Finland was ranked 2nd in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute . Education and science ( edit ) Auditorium in Aalto University 's main building , designed by Alvar Aalto . Pupils at the school of Torvinen in Sodankylä , Finland , in the 1920s Main article : Education in Finland See also : List of universities in Finland and List of schools in Finland Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at municipal level . Even though many or most schools were started as private schools , today only around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools ( mostly specialist language and international schools ) , much less than in Sweden and most other developed countries . Pre-school education is rare compared with other EU countries and formal education is usually started at the age of 7 . Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years . Most schools are managed by municipal officials . The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and the Education Board . Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16 . After lower secondary school , graduates may either enter the workforce directly , or apply to trade schools or gymnasiums ( upper secondary schools ) . Trade schools offer a vocational education : approximately 40 % of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school . Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for Abitur and tertiary education . Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education . In tertiary education , two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found : the profession - oriented polytechnics and the research - oriented universities . Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through student benefits . There are 20 universities and 30 polytechnics in the country . The University of Helsinki is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010 . The World Economic Forum ranks Finland 's tertiary education No. 1 in the world . Around 33 % of residents have a tertiary degree , similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada ( 44 % ) , United States ( 38 % ) and Japan ( 37 % ) . The proportion of foreign students is 3 % of all tertiary enrollments , one of the lowest in OECD , while in advanced programs it is 7.3 % , still below OECD average 16.5 % . More than 30 % of tertiary graduates are in science - related fields . Forest improvement , materials research , environmental sciences , neural networks , low - temperature physics , brain research , biotechnology , genetic technology , and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact . Finland has a long tradition of adult education , and by the 1980s nearly one million Finns were receiving some kind of instruction each year . Forty percent of them did so for professional reasons . Adult education appeared in a number of forms , such as secondary evening schools , civic and workers ' institutes , study centres , vocational course centres , and folk high schools . Study centres allowed groups to follow study plans of their own making , with educational and financial assistance provided by the state . Folk high schools are a distinctly Nordic institution . Originating in Denmark in the nineteenth century , folk high schools became common throughout the region . Adults of all ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from handicrafts to economics . Finland is highly productive in scientific research . In 2005 , Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries . In 2007 , 1,801 patents were filed in Finland . In addition , 38 percent of Finland 's population has a university or college degree , which is among the highest percentages in the world . In 2010 a new law was enacted considering the universities , which defined that there are 16 of them as they were excluded from the public sector to be autonomous legal and financial entities , however enjoying special status in the legislation . As result many former state institutions were driven to collect funding from private sector contributions and partnerships . The change caused deep rooted discussions among the academic circles . English language is important in Finnish education . There are a number of degree programs that are taught in English , which attracts thousands of degree and exchange students every year . Culture ( edit ) Mikael Agricola , a Lutheran Protestant reformer and the father of the Finnish written language . Main article : Culture of Finland Literature ( edit ) Main article : Finnish literature Written Finnish could be said to have existed since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish during the Protestant Reformation , but few notable works of literature were written until the nineteenth century and the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement . This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as the Kalevala , the Finnish national epic . The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish , notably Aleksis Kivi and Eino Leino . Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish , such as the national poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Zachris Topelius . After Finland became independent , there was a rise of modernist writers , most famously the Finnish - speaking Mika Waltari and Swedish - speaking Edith Södergran . Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939 . World War II prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought , characterized by Väinö Linna . Besides Kalevala and Waltari , the Swedish - speaking Tove Jansson is the most translated Finnish writer . Popular modern writers include Arto Paasilinna , Ilkka Remes , Kari Hotakainen , Sofi Oksanen , and Jari Tervo , while the best novel is annually awarded the prestigious Finlandia Prize . Akseli Gallen - Kallela , The Defense of the Sampo , 1896 , Turku Art Museum . Visual arts , design , and architecture ( edit ) See also : Architecture of Finland and Art in Finland The visual arts in Finland started to form their individual characteristics in the 19th century , when Romantic nationalism was rising in autonomic Finland . The best known of Finnish painters , Akseli Gallen - Kallela , started painting in a naturalist style , but moved to national romanticism . Finland 's best - known sculptor of the twentieth century was Wäinö Aaltonen , remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures . Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design : among the internationally renowned figures are Timo Sarpaneva , Tapio Wirkkala and Ilmari Tapiovaara . Finnish architecture is famous around the world , and has contributed significantly to several styles internationally , such as Jugendstil ( or Art Nouveau ) , Nordic Classicism and Functionalism . Among the top twentieth - century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are Eliel Saarinen and his son Eero Saarinen . Architect Alvar Aalto is regarded as among the most important twentieth - century designers in the world ; he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland , but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an organic style . Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture , lamps , textiles and glassware , which were usually incorporated into his buildings . Music ( edit ) The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius ( 1865 -- 1957 ) , a significant figure in the history of classical music . Main articles : Music of Finland , Rock music in Finland , and Sami music Classical ( edit ) Much of Finland 's classical music is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics , as comprised in the Kalevala . Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs , less influenced by Germanic influence than the Nordic folk dance music that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition . Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades , and has become a part of popular music . The people of northern Finland , Sweden , and Norway , the Sami , are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik . The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs , though this is technically incorrect . The first Finnish opera was written by the German - born composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852 . Pacius also wrote the music to the poem Maamme / Vårt land ( Our Country ) , Finland 's national anthem . In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread , and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo . He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician . In 1899 he composed Finlandia , which played its important role in Finland gaining independence . He remains one of Finland 's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation . Today , Finland has a very lively classical music scene and many of Finland 's important composers are still alive , such as Magnus Lindberg , Kaija Saariaho , Kalevi Aho , and Aulis Sallinen . The composers are accompanied by a large number of great conductors such as Esa - Pekka Salonen , Osmo Vänskä , Jukka - Pekka Saraste , and Leif Segerstam . Some of the internationally acclaimed Finnish classical musicians are Karita Mattila , Soile Isokoski , Pekka Kuusisto , Olli Mustonen , and Linda Lampenius . Modern ( edit ) Perttu Kivilaakso of Apocalyptica . Iskelmä ( coined directly from the German word Schlager , meaning `` hit '' ) is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song . Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music ; tango , a style of Argentine music , is also popular . The light music in Swedish - speaking areas has more influences from Sweden . Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent rock bands , jazz musicians , hip hop performers , dance music acts , etc . During the early 1960s , the first significant wave of Finnish rock groups emerged , playing instrumental rock inspired by groups such as The Shadows . Around 1964 , Beatlemania arrived in Finland , resulting in further development of the local rock scene . During the late 1960s and 1970s , Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish . During the decade , some progressive rock groups such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland . This was also the fate of the rock and roll group Hurriganes . The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in the 1980s . Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that inspired the American hard rock group Guns N ' Roses , among others . Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition . HIM and Nightwish are some of Finland 's most internationally known bands . HIM 's 2005 album Dark Light went gold in the United States . Apocalyptica are an internationally famous Finnish group who are most renowned for mixing strings - led classical music with classic heavy metal . Other well - known metal bands are Amorphis , Children of Bodom , Impaled Nazarene , Korpiklaani , Sentenced , Sonata Arctica , Stratovarius , Turisas , Finntroll , Ensiferum , Insomnium , Moonsorrow , Wintersun , Poets of the Fall , and Waltari . After Finnish hard rock / heavy metal band Lordi won the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest , Finland hosted the competition in 2007 . Cinema and television ( edit ) Main articles : Cinema of Finland and Television in Finland See also : Lists of Finnish films In the film industry , notable directors include Aki Kaurismäki , Mauritz Stiller , Spede Pasanen , and Hollywood film director and producer Renny Harlin . Around twelve feature films are made each year . Finland 's most internationally successful TV shows are the backpacking travel documentary series Madventures and the reality TV show The Dudesons , about four childhood friends who perform stunts and play pranks on each other ( in similar vein to the American TV show Jackass ) . Media and Communications ( edit ) Linus Torvalds , the Finnish software engineer best known for creating the popular open - source kernel Linux . See also : Telecommunications in Finland and List of newspapers in Finland Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights , Finland 's press has been rated the freest in the world . Today , there are around 200 newspapers , 320 popular magazines , 2,100 professional magazines , 67 commercial radio stations , three digital radio channels and one nationwide and five national public service radio channels . Each year , around 12,000 book titles are published and 12 million records are sold . Sanoma publishes the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat ( its circulation of 412,000 making it the largest ) , the tabloid Ilta - Sanomat , the commerce - oriented Taloussanomat and the television channel Nelonen . The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines , including the newspaper Aamulehti , tabloid Iltalehti and commerce - oriented Kauppalehti . Worldwide , Finns , along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese , spend the most time reading newspapers . Yle , the Finnish Broadcasting Company , operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages . Yle is funded through a mandatory television license and fees for private broadcasters . All TV channels are broadcast digitally , both terrestrially and on cable . The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting ( Bonnier and Proventus Industrier ) . In regards to telecommunication infrastructure , Finland is the highest ranked country in the World Economic Forum 's Network Readiness Index ( NRI ) -- an indicator for determining the development level of a country 's information and communication technologies . Finland ranked 1st overall in the 2014 NRI ranking , unchanged from the year before . This is shown in its penetration throughout the country 's population . Around 79 % of the population use the Internet . Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants . All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers and most residents have a mobile phone . Value - added services are rare . In October 2009 , Finland 's Ministry of Transport and Communications committed to ensuring that every person in Finland would be able to access the Internet at a minimum speed of one megabit - per - second beginning July 2010 . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Finnish cuisine Karelian pasty ( karjalanpiirakka ) is a traditional Finnish dish made from a thin rye crust with a filling of rice . Butter , often mixed with boiled egg ( eggbutter or munavoi ) , is spread over the hot pastries before eating . Finnish cuisine is notable for generally combining traditional country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary style cooking . Fish and meat play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes from the western part of the country , while the dishes from the eastern part have traditionally included various vegetables and mushrooms . Refugees from Karelia contributed to foods in eastern Finland . Finnish foods often use wholemeal products ( rye , barley , oats ) and berries ( such as bilberries , lingonberries , cloudberries , and sea buckthorn ) . Milk and its derivatives like buttermilk are commonly used as food , drink , or in various recipes . Various turnips were common in traditional cooking , but were replaced with the potato after its introduction in the 18th century . According to the statistics , red meat consumption has risen , but still Finns eat less beef than many other nations , and more fish and poultry . This is mainly because of the high cost of meat in Finland . Finland is the top world consumer of coffee per capita . Public holidays ( edit ) Main articles : Public holidays in Finland and Flag days in Finland All official holidays in Finland are established by Acts of Parliament . Christian holidays include Christmas , New Year 's Day , Epiphany , Easter , Ascension Day , Pentecost , Midsummer Day ( St. John 's Day ) , and All Saints ' Day , while secular holidays include May Day , Independence Day , New Year 's Day , and Midsummer . Christmas is the most extensively celebrated , and at least 24 to 26 December is taken as a holiday . Sports ( edit ) Finland 's men 's national ice hockey team is ranked as one of the best in the world . The team has won two world championship titles ( in 1995 & 2011 ) and six Olympic medals . Main article : Sport in Finland Various sporting events are popular in Finland . Pesäpallo , resembling baseball , is the national sport of Finland , although the most popular sports in terms of spectators is ice hockey . Ice Hockey World Championships 2016 final Finland - Canada , 69 % Finnish people watched that game on TV . Other popular sports include athletics , cross-country skiing , ski jumping , football and basketball . While ice hockey is the most popular sports when it comes to attendance at games , association football is the most played team sport in terms of the amount of players in the country and is also the most appreciated sports in Finland . In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita , Finland is the best performing country in Olympic history . Finland first participated as a nation in its own right at the Olympic Games in 1908 , while still an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire . At the 1912 Summer Olympics , great pride was taken in the three gold medals won by the original `` Flying Finn '' Hannes Kolehmainen . Finland was one of the most successful countries at the Olympic Games before World War II . At the 1924 Summer Olympics , Finland , a nation then of only 3.2 million people , came second in the medal count . In the 1920s and 1930s , Finnish long - distance runners dominated the Olympics , with Paavo Nurmi winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1920 and 1928 and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931 . Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time . For over 100 years , Finnish male and female athletes have consistently excelled at the javelin throw . The event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals , five world championships , five European championships , and 24 world records . In addition to Kolehmainen and Nurmi , some of Finland 's most internationally well - known and successful sportspeople are long - distance runners Ville Ritola and Lasse Virén ; ski - jumpers Matti Nykänen and Janne Ahonen ; cross-country skiers Veikko Hakulinen , Eero Mäntyranta , Marja - Liisa Kirvesniemi and Mika Myllylä ; rower Pertti Karppinen ; gymnast Heikki Savolainen ; professional skateboarder Arto Saari ; ice hockey players Kimmo Timonen , Jari Kurri , Teemu Selänne , and Saku Koivu ; football players Jari Litmanen and Sami Hyypiä ; basketball player Hanno Möttölä ; alpine skiers Kalle Palander and Tanja Poutiainen ; Formula One world champions Keke Rosberg , Mika Häkkinen and Kimi Räikkönen ; four - time World Rally champions Juha Kankkunen and Tommi Mäkinen ; and 13 - time World Enduro Champion Juha Salminen , seven - time champion Kari Tiainen , and the five - time champions Mika Ahola , biathlete Kaisa Mäkäräinen and Samuli Aro . Finland is also one of the most successful nations in bandy , being the only nation beside Russia and Sweden to win a Bandy World Championship . The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki . Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics . Finland also has a notable history in figure skating . Finnish skaters have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating , and Finland is considered one of the best countries at the sport . Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball , Nordic walking , running , cycling , and skiing ( alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , and ski jumping ) . Floorball , in terms of registered players , occupies third place after football and ice hockey . According to the Finnish Floorball Federation , floorball is the most popular school , youth , club and workplace sport . As of 2016 , the total number of licensed players reaches 57,400 . Especially since the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup , Finland 's national basketball team has received widespread public attention . More than 8,000 Finns travelled to Spain to support their team . Overall , they chartered more than 40 airplanes . International rankings ( edit ) The following list contains international comparisons of national performance . The list has a maximum of three years per survey . For a more comprehensive list , see International rankings of Finland . International rankings of Finland Organisation Survey Year Rank Out of ( countries ) Ref Notes A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index ( website ) 2007 18 72 2006 13 62 2005 10 62 Yale University / Columbia University Environmental Performance Index ( website ) 2008 149 2006 133 Heritage Foundation / The Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom ( website ) 2008 16 165 2007 16 165 2006 16 165 IMD International World Competitiveness Yearbook ( website ) 2008 15 55 * * economies ( countries and regions ) 2007 17 55 2006 10 61 NationMaster Technological Achievement 68 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ) ( website ) 2006 → 57 rank 1 in science and ability to use scientific knowledge ; rank 2 in reading literacy ; rank 2 in mathematics 2003 → 41 rank 1 in science ( tied with Japan ) ; rank 1 in reading literacy ; rank 2 in problem solving ; rank 2 in mathematics 2000 → 43 rank 1 in reading performance Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index ( website ) ( ( dead link date = March 2011 ) ) 2008 173 tied with Estonia and Ireland 2007 5 169 tied with Belgium and Sweden 2006 168 tied with Iceland , Ireland and Netherlands Save the Children State of the World 's Mothers 7 43 Compared against 42 other developed countries 2003 5 117 117 developed and developing countries The Economist Intelligence Unit Global Peace Index ( website ) 2008 8 140 2007 6 121 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ( website ) 2008 5 180 tied with Switzerland 2007 179 tied with Denmark and New Zealand 2006 163 tied with Iceland and New Zealand United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) Human Development Index ( website ) 2007 -- 2008 11 177 2006 11 177 2005 13 177 World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report ( website ) 2008 -- 2009 6 134 2007 -- 2008 6 131 2006 -- 2007 125 Networked Readiness Index ( Global Information Technology Report ) ( website ) 2012 142 2013 144 WorldAudit.org World Democracy Audit 2008 150 2006 150 See also ( edit ) Finland portal Arctic portal European Union portal List of Finland - related topics Outline of Finland Bibliography of Finland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The names for Finland in its Sami languages are : Suopma ( Northern Sami ) , Suomâ ( Inari Sami ) and Lää _́ ddjânnam ( Skolt Sami ) . See Geonames.de . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Formerly a semi-presidential republic , it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter , First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University . In his `` Scandinavian Politics Today '' ( Manchester University Press , revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538 ) , he quotes Nousiainen , Jaakko ( June 2001 ) . `` From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government : political and constitutional developments in Finland '' . Scandinavian Political Studies . Wiley . 24 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 109 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9477.00048 . as follows : `` There are hardly any grounds for the epithet ' semi-presidential ' . '' Arter 's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced : `` The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed - term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament ( Elgie 2004 : 317 ) '' . According to the Finnish Constitution , the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval , and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire . Finland is actually represented by its prime minister , and not by its president , in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union . The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the president even further . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's preliminary population figure 5,509,717 at the end of August '' . Tilastokeskus.fi . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's population was 5,503,297 at the turn of the year '' . Tilastokeskus.fi . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . IMF . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of Finland '' , or `` Suomen tasavalta '' in Finnish , `` Republiken Finland '' in Swedish , and `` Northern Sami : Suoma dásseváldi '' in Sami , is the long protocol name , which is however not defined by law . Legislation recognises only the short name . ^ Jump up to : `` Finland in Figures : Population '' ( in Finnish ) . Population Register Centre . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kotisivu - Kuntaliiton Kunnat.net '' ( in Finnish ) . Suomen Kuntaliitto . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Georg Haggren , Petri Halinen , Mika Lavento , Sami Raninen and Anna Wessman ( 2015 ) . Muinaisuutemme jäljet . Helsinki : Gaudeamus . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 952 - 495 - 363 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Herkules.oulu.fi . People , material , culture and environment in the north . Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference , University of Oulu , 18 -- 23 August 2004 Edited by Vesa - Pekka Herva Gummerus Kirjapaino ^ Jump up to : Dr. Pirjo Uino of the National Board of Antiquities , ThisisFinland -- `` Prehistory : The ice recedes -- man arrives '' . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : History of Finland and the Finnish People from stone age to WWII . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Professor Frank Horn of the Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law University of Lappland writing for Virtual Finland on National Minorities of Finland . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Georg Haggren , Petri Halinen , Mika Lavento , Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman ( 2015 ) . Muinaisuutemme jäljet . Helsinki : Gaudeamus . p. 339 . ISBN 9789524953634 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Parliament of Finland . `` History of the Finnish Parliament '' . eduskunta.fi . Jump up ^ Finland was the first nation in the world to give all ( adult ) citizens full suffrage , in other words the right to vote and to run for office , in 1906 . New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all ( adult ) citizens the right to vote , in 1893 . But women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature , until 1919 . ^ Jump up to : Relations with Finland . NATO ( 13 January 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Finland '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ GDP growth ( annual % ) Data Graph . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finland : World Audit Democracy Profile '' . WorldAudit.org . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tertiary education graduation rates -- Education : Key Tables from OECD '' . OECD iLibrary. 14 June 2010 . doi : 10.1787 / 20755120 - table1 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Her er verdens mest konkurransedyktige land -- Makro og politikk '' . E24.no. 9 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index '' . Prosperity.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Capital Report 2015 '' . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fragile States Index 2016 '' . Fundforpeace.org . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gender Gap Report ( PDF ) . WEF . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report 2004 '' . U.S. Department of State . 15 September 2004 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National Archives Service , Finland ( in English ) '' . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ SUOMI ( TTAVIA ETYMOLOGIOITA ) . kotikielenseura.fi Jump up ^ Salo , Unto ( 2004 ) . Suomen museo 2003 : `` The Origins of Finland and Häme '' . Helsinki : Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistys . p. 55 . ISBN 951 - 9057 - 55 - 2 . Jump up ^ Georg Haggren , Petri Halinen , Mika Lavento , Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman ( 2015 ) . Muinaisuutemme jäljet . Helsinki : Gaudeamus . p. 380 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tarkiainen , Kari ( 2010 ) . Ruotsin itämaa . Helsinki : Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland . p. 88 . Jump up ^ Compiled by Martti Linna ( 1989 ) . Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä . Historian aitta . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Tarkiainen , Kari ( 2010 ) . Ruotsin itämaa . Helsinki : Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland . pp. 104 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Finland . `` History of Finland . Finland chronology '' . Europe-cities.com . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finland and the Swedish Empire '' . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Byron J. ( 2000 ) . Scandinavia Since 1500 . Minneapolis , US : University of Minnesota Press . p. 142 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2098 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Nordstrom , Byron J. ( 2000 ) . Scandinavia Since 1500 . Minneapolis , US : University of Minnesota Press . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2098 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneers in Karelia -- Pekka Halonen -- Google Arts & Culture '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Growth and Equity in Finland '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Jump up ^ Mickelsson , Rauli ( 2007 ) . Suomen puolueet -- Historia , muutos ja nykypäivä . Vastapaino . Jump up ^ The Finnish Civil War , Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Country Study : Finland -- The Finnish Civil War '' . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Finland 1917 -- 2007 ( 20 February 2007 ) . `` From slash - and - burn fields to post-industrial society -- 90 years of change in industrial structure '' . Stat.fi . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Jones ( 2013 ) . `` Leningrad : State of Siege '' . Basic Books . p. 38 . ISBN 0786721774 Jump up ^ Hidden help from across the Atlantic Archived 29 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Helsingin Sanomat ^ Jump up to : Finland 1917 -- 2007 ( 5 December 2007 ) . `` Population development in independent Finland -- greying Baby Boomers '' . Stat.fi . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Suurlähettiläs Jaakko Blomberg : Kylmän sodan päättyminen , Suomi ja Viro -- Ulkoasiainministeriö : Ajankohtaista . Formin.finland.fi . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix table 2 . Population according to language 1980 -- 2015 '' . Official Statistics of Finland ( OSF ) : Population structure . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Statistics Finland , Population Retrieved on 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forskningscentralen för de inhemska språken -- Teckenspråken i Finland '' ( in Swedish ) . Archived from the original on 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Minorities of Finland , The Tatars '' . Forum.hunturk.net . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ According to the Finnish Population Registry Centre and the Finnish Sami parliament , the Sami population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003 . See Regional division of Sami people in Finland by age in 2003 ( in Finnish ) . Jump up ^ `` The population of Finland in 2006 '' . Statistics Finland . 31 December 2006 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Finland , 17 § and 121 § '' ( PDF ) . FINLEX Data Bank . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Finland , Environment and Natural Resources '' . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in sea level variability '' . Finnish Institute of Marine Research . 24 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Finland . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Euroopan metsäisin maa '' . Luke ( in Finnish ) . 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nutritional and genetic adaptation of galliform birds : implications for hand - rearing and restocking '' . Oulu University Library ( 2000 ) . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BirdLife Finland '' . BirdLife International ( 2004 ) Birds in Europe : population estimates , trends and conservation status . Cambridge , UK . ( BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12 ) . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SOS : Save our seals '' . this is Finland ( Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland ) . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finland 's climate '' . Finnish Meteorological Institute . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The climate in Finland ( finnish ) '' . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Havas , Paavo . `` Pohjoiset alueet / yleiskuvaus '' ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Finland 's Northern Conditions : Challenges and Opportunities for Agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , Finland . pp. 1 -- 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tervetuloa aluehallintoviraston verkkosivuille ! '' ( in Finnish ) . State Provincial Office . 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Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland Jump up ^ Finland 's participation in Mediterranean crisis management operation , Ukraine as well as Syria , Iraq and ISIL discussed by the President of the Republic and the Ministerial Committee on Foreign and Security Policy -- Article -- Valtioneuvoston kanslia . Vnk.fi ( 23 October 2015 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Yemen kidnappers free Finnish couple , Austrian . Reuters ( 9 May 2013 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tutkija Atte Kaleva : Jihadismi on tullut Suomeen jäädäkseen Yle Uutiset . yle.fi . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Näin Ranskan avunpyyntö otettiin vastaan Suomessa -- kooste tiistain vaiheista Yle Uutiset . yle.fi ( 17 November 2015 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Amid Russia Tensions , Finland Calls Up 18,000 Reservists For Military Training . Ibtimes.com . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finland in Figures -- National Accounts '' . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 26 April 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Sigfried Giedion , Space , Time and Architecture : The Growth of a New Tradition , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Mass. , 2nd edition , 1949 . Jump up ^ Shah , Neil ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses Can Agree on at Least One Thing : This Finnish Saxophonist Rocks '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eurovision Song Contest 2007 Final Eurovision Song Contest '' . Eurovision.tv . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media moves '' . ThisisFINLAND ( Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland ) . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ 2010 Freedom of the Press Survey Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( retrieved 4 May 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Circulation Statistics '' . The Finnish Audit Bureau of Circulations ( Levikintarkastus Oy ) . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Press Trends : Newspapers Still Reach More Than Internet '' . World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NRI Overall Ranking 2014 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet used by 79 per cent of the population at the beginning of 2007 '' . Statistics Finland . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Market Review 2 / 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority ( FICORA ) . 31 August 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Information technology has become part of Finns ' everyday life ( Statistics Finland ) . Jump up ^ `` 1Mb Broadband Access Becomes Legal Right '' . YLE. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Google Fusion Tables '' . fusiontables.google.com . Jump up ^ `` Leijonien MM - finaalista historian katsotuin jääkiekko - ottelu Suomessa ! '' . mtv.fi. 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Valta vaihtui urheilussa : Suomalaiset arvostavat nyt enemmän futista kuin jääkiekkoa Jalkapallo HS . Hs.fi ( 27 February 2014 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Jalkapallo nousi arvostetuimmaksi urheilulajiksi Yle Urheilu . yle.fi . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in Finnish ) Jalkapallolla eniten harrastajia -- se lyö lätkän , hiihto on alamäessä Länsiväylä . Lansivayla.fi ( 28 February 2016 ) . Retrieved on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Medals per Capita '' . Jump up ^ Finland , Stuart Allt Web Design , Turku , . `` Finnish Sports : Try the sports Finns love ! '' . www.expat-finland.com . Jump up ^ IFF . `` IFF '' . www.floorball.org . Jump up ^ FIBA ( 31 August 2014 ) . `` Fan power ! Finn power ! The tournament `` begins '' on a winning note for Dettman 's team `` . FIBA.com . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Soon '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Global Top 20 . Foreign Policy November / December 2006 , pp. 74 -- 81 Jump up ^ Measuring Globalisation . The Global Top 20 . Foreign Policy May / June 2005 , pp. 52 -- 60 Jump up ^ `` 2008 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE '' ( PDF ) . Yale University . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index . Yale University , Columbia University and World Economic Forum ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Index of Economic Freedom : Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity The Heritage Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Heritage.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Index of Economic Freedom : Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity The Heritage Foundation '' . Heritage.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : The World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2012 . www.imd.ch Jump up ^ IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook Scoreboard 2006 . www.imd.ch Jump up ^ `` Technological achievement statistics -- countries compared '' . NationMaster . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pisa 2006 . Science Competencies for Tomorrow 's World . Volume 1 : Analysis . Organisation for economic co-operation and development ( 2007 ) pisa.oecd.org Jump up ^ `` PISA 2003 -- Learning for Tomorrow 's World '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Messages From Pisa 2000 . Organisation for economic co-operation and development Jump up ^ `` Reporters Without Borders '' . Rsf.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reporters Without Borders '' . Rsf.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reporters Without Borders '' . Rsf.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` State of the World 's Mothers -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Save the Children . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` State of the World 's Mothers -- 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Save the Children . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ 2008 Methodology , Results & Findings . Global Peace Index . Institute for Economics & Peace Jump up ^ Methodology , Results & Findings . Global Peace Index . Institute for Economics & Peace Jump up ^ Persistently high corruption in low - income countries amounts to an `` ongoing humanitarian disaster '' . Transparency International Jump up ^ Persistent corruption in low - income countries requires global action . Transparency International Jump up ^ Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2006 . Transparency International Jump up ^ Human Development Report 2007 / 2008 . United Nations Development Programme ( 2007 ) Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 54704 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2006 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Finland . The Global Competitiveness Report 2008 -- 2009 . World Economic Forum . weforum.org Jump up ^ `` The Global Competitiveness Report -- Finland '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Table 1 : Global Competitiveness Index rankings and 2005 comparisons . The Global Competitiveness Report 2006 . World Economic Forum . weforum.org Jump up ^ `` GITR 2012 - Data Platform '' . GITR 2012 - Data Platform - World Economic Forum . Jump up ^ `` Global Information Technology Report 2013 '' . Global Information Technology Report 2013 - World Economic Forum . ^ Jump up to : `` World Audit Democracy '' . Worldaudit.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Chew , Allen F. The White Death : The Epic of the Soviet - Finnish Winter War ( ISBN 0 - 87013 - 167 - 2 ) . Engle , Eloise and Paananen , Pauri . The Winter War : The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939 -- 1940 ( ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2433 - 6 ) . Insight Guide : Finland ( ISBN 981 - 4120 - 39 - 1 ) . Jakobson , Max . Finland in the New Europe ( ISBN 0 - 275 - 96372 - 1 ) . Jutikkala , Eino ; Pirinen , Kauko . A History of Finland ( ISBN 0 - 88029 - 260 - 1 ) . Klinge , Matti . Let Us Be Finns : Essays on History ( ISBN 951 - 1 - 11180 - 9 ) . Lavery , Jason . The History of Finland , Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations , Greenwood Press , 2006 ( ISBN 0 - 313 - 32837 - 4 , ISSN 1096 - 2905 ) . Lewis , Richard D. Finland : Cultural Lone Wolf ( ISBN 1 - 931930 - 18 - X ) . Lonely Planet : Finland ( ISBN 1 - 74059 - 791 - 5 ) Mann , Chris . Hitler 's Arctic War : The German Campaigns in Norway , Finland , and the USSR 1940 -- 1945 ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 31100 - 1 ) . Rusama , Jaakko . Ecumenical Growth in Finland ( ISBN 951 - 693 - 239 - 8 ) . Singleton , Fred . A Short History of Finland ( ISBN 0 - 521 - 64701 - 0 ) . Subrenat , Jean - Jacques . Listen , there 's music from the forest ; a brief presentation of the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival ( ISBN 952 - 92 - 0564 - 3 ) . Swallow , Deborah . Culture Shock ! Finland : A Guide to Customs and Etiquette ( ISBN 1 - 55868 - 592 - 8 ) . Trotter , William R. A Frozen Hell : The Russo - Finnish Winter War of 1939 -- 1940 ( ISBN 1 - 56512 - 249 - 6 ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFinlandat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Finland '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Finland at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Finland profile from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for Finland from International Futures Population in Finland 1750 -- 2010 Appendix figure 2 . The largest groups by native language 2001 and 2011 ( Statistics Finland ) Official statistical information about Finland from Findicator . 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I Have a Dream

I Have a Dream - wikipedia I Have a Dream Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Have a Dream ( disambiguation ) . Martin Luther King Jr. delivering `` I Have a Dream '' at the 1963 Washington D.C. Civil Rights March . External audio I Have a Dream , August 28 , 1963 , Educational Radio Network `` I Have a Dream '' is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 , in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights . Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , the speech was a defining moment of the Civil Rights Movement . Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation , which freed millions of slaves in 1863 , King observes that : `` one hundred years later , the Negro still is not free '' . Toward the end of the speech , King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme `` I have a dream '' , prompted by Mahalia Jackson 's cry : `` Tell them about the dream , Martin ! '' In this part of the speech , which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous , King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred . Jon Meacham writes that , `` With a single phrase , Martin Luther King Jr. joined Jefferson and Lincoln in the ranks of men who 've shaped modern America '' . The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Speech title and the writing process 2 Speech 2.1 Similarities and allusions 3 Rhetoric 4 Responses 5 Legacy 6 Copyright dispute 7 Original copy of the speech 8 References 9 External links Background View from the Lincoln Memorial toward the Washington Monument on August 28 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was partly intended to demonstrate mass support for the civil rights legislation proposed by President Kennedy in June . Martin Luther King and other leaders therefore agreed to keep their speeches calm , also , to avoid provoking the civil disobedience which had become the hallmark of the Civil Rights Movement . King originally designed his speech as a homage to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , timed to correspond with the 100 - year centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation . Speech title and the writing process King had been preaching about dreams since 1960 , when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) called `` The Negro and the American Dream '' . This speech discusses the gap between the American dream and reality , saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream , and that `` our federal government has also scarred the dream through its apathy and hypocrisy , its betrayal of the cause of justice '' . King suggests that `` It may well be that the Negro is God 's instrument to save the soul of America . '' In 1961 , he spoke of the Civil Rights Movement and student activists ' `` dream '' of equality -- `` the American Dream ... a dream as yet unfulfilled '' -- in several national speeches and statements , and took `` the dream '' as the centerpiece for these speeches . On November 27 , 1962 , King gave a speech at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount , North Carolina . That speech was longer than the version which he would eventually deliver from the Lincoln Memorial . And while parts of the text had been moved around , large portions were identical , including the `` I have a dream '' refrain . After being rediscovered , the restored and digitized recording of the 1962 speech was presented to the public by the English department of North Carolina State University . Martin Luther King had also delivered a `` dream '' speech in Detroit , in June 1963 , when he marched on Woodward Avenue with Walter Reuther and the Reverend C.L. Franklin , and had rehearsed other parts . The March on Washington Speech , known as `` I Have a Dream Speech '' , has been shown to have had several versions , written at several different times . It has no single version draft , but is an amalgamation of several drafts , and was originally called `` Normalcy , Never Again '' . Little of this , and another `` Normalcy Speech '' , ended up in the final draft . A draft of `` Normalcy , Never Again '' is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection of the Robert W. Woodruff Library , Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College . The focus on `` I have a dream '' comes through the speech 's delivery . Toward the end of its delivery , noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd , `` Tell them about the dream , Martin . '' King departed from his prepared remarks and started `` preaching '' improvisationally , punctuating his points with `` I have a dream . '' The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones in Riverdale , New York City . Jones has said that `` the logistical preparations for the march were so burdensome that the speech was not a priority for us '' and that , `` on the evening of Tuesday , Aug. 27 , ( 12 hours before the march ) Martin still did n't know what he was going to say '' . Leading up to the speech 's rendition at the Great March on Washington , King had delivered its `` I have a dream '' refrains in his speech before 25,000 people in Detroit 's Cobo Hall immediately after the 125,000 - strong Great Walk to Freedom in Detroit , June 23 , 1963 . After the Washington , D.C. March , a recording of King 's Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroit 's Gordy Records as an LP entitled `` The Great March To Freedom '' . Speech Widely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric , King 's speech invokes pivotal documents in American history , including the Declaration of Independence , the Emancipation Proclamation , and the United States Constitution . Early in his speech , King alludes to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address by saying `` Five score years ago ... '' In reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation , King says : `` It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity . '' Anaphora ( i.e. , the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences ) is employed throughout the speech . Early in his speech , King urges his audience to seize the moment ; `` Now is the time '' is repeated three times in the sixth paragraph . The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase `` I have a dream '' , which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience . Other occasions include `` One hundred years later '' , `` We can never be satisfied '' , `` With this faith '' , `` Let freedom ring '' , and `` free at last '' . King was the sixteenth out of eighteen people to speak that day , according to the official program . I still have a dream , a dream deeply rooted in the American dream -- one day this nation will rise up and live up to its creed , `` We hold these truths to be self evident : that all men are created equal . '' I have a dream ... `` '' Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) Among the most quoted lines of the speech include `` I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin , but by the content of their character . I have a dream today ! '' According to U.S. Representative John Lewis , who also spoke that day as the president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , `` Dr. King had the power , the ability , and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized . By speaking the way he did , he educated , he inspired , he informed not just the people there , but people throughout America and unborn generations . '' The ideas in the speech reflect King 's social experiences of ethnocentric abuse , the mistreatment and exploitation of blacks . The speech draws upon appeals to America 's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people , and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God 's will . Thus , the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins . King describes the promises made by America as a `` promissory note '' on which America has defaulted . He says that `` America has given the Negro people a bad check '' , but that `` we 've come to cash this check '' by marching in Washington , D.C. Similarities and allusions Further information : Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues King 's speech used words and ideas from his own speeches and other texts . For years , he had spoken about dreams , quoted from Samuel Francis Smith 's popular patriotic hymn `` America '' ( `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' ) , and of course referred extensively to the Bible . The idea of constitutional rights as an `` unfulfilled promise '' was suggested by Clarence Jones . The final passage from King 's speech closely resembles Archibald Carey Jr. 's address to the 1952 Republican National Convention : both speeches end with a recitation of the first verse of `` America '' , and the speeches share the name of one of several mountains from which both exhort `` let freedom ring '' . King also is said to have used portions of Prathia Hall 's speech at the site of a burned - down African American church in Terrell County , Georgia , in September 1962 , in which she used the repeated phrase `` I have a dream '' . The church burned down after it was used for voter registration meetings . The speech also alludes to Psalm 30 : 5 in the second stanza of the speech . Additionally , King quotes from Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 ( `` I have a dream that every valley shall be exalted ... '' ) and Amos 5 : 24 ( `` But let justice roll down like water ... '' ) . He also alludes to the opening lines of Shakespeare 's Richard III ( `` Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer ... '' ) when he remarks that `` this sweltering summer of the Negro 's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn ... '' Rhetoric King at the Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C The `` I Have a Dream '' speech can be dissected by using three rhetorical lenses : voice merging , prophetic voice , and dynamic spectacle . Voice merging is the combining of one 's own voice with religious predecessors . Prophetic voice is using rhetoric to speak for a population . A dynamic spectacle has origins from the Aristotelian definition as `` a weak hybrid form of drama , a theatrical concoction that relied upon external factors ( shock , sensation , and passionate release ) such as televised rituals of conflict and social control . '' Voice merging is a common technique used amongst African American preachers . It combines the voices of previous preachers and excerpts from scriptures along with their own unique thoughts to create a unique voice . King uses voice merging in his peroration when he references the secular hymn `` America '' . The rhetoric of King 's speech can be compared to the rhetoric of Old Testament prophets . During King 's speech , he speaks with urgency and crisis giving him a prophetic voice . The prophetic voice must `` restore a sense of duty and virtue amidst the decay of venality . '' An evident example is when King declares that , `` now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God 's children . '' Why King 's speech was powerful is debated , but essentially , it came at a point of many factors combining at a key cultural turning point . Executive speechwriter Anthony Trendl writes , `` The right man delivered the right words to the right people in the right place at the right time . '' `` Given the context of drama and tension in which it was situated '' , King 's speech can be classified as a dynamic spectacle . A dynamic spectacle is dependent on the situation in which it is used . It can be considered a dynamic spectacle because it happened at the correct time and place : during the Civil Rights Movement and the March on Washington . Responses The speech was lauded in the days after the event , and was widely considered the high point of the March by contemporary observers . James Reston , writing for The New York Times , said that `` Dr. King touched all the themes of the day , only better than anybody else . He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi , and the cadences of the Bible . He was both militant and sad , and he sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile . '' Reston also noted that the event `` was better covered by television and the press than any event here since President Kennedy 's inauguration '' , and opined that `` it will be a long time before ( Washington ) forgets the melodious and melancholy voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. crying out his dreams to the multitude . '' An article in The Boston Globe by Mary McGrory reported that King 's speech `` caught the mood '' and `` moved the crowd '' of the day `` as no other '' speaker in the event . Marquis Childs of The Washington Post wrote that King 's speech `` rose above mere oratory '' . An article in the Los Angeles Times commented that the `` matchless eloquence '' displayed by King -- `` a supreme orator '' of `` a type so rare as almost to be forgotten in our age '' -- put to shame the advocates of segregation by inspiring the `` conscience of America '' with the justice of the civil - rights cause . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , which viewed King and his allies for racial justice as subversive , also noticed the speech . This provoked the organization to expand their COINTELPRO operation against the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , and to target King specifically as a major enemy of the United States . Two days after King delivered `` I Have a Dream '' , Agent William C. Sullivan , the head of COINTELPRO , wrote a memo about King 's growing influence : In the light of King 's powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders above all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes . We must mark him now , if we have not done so before , as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism , the Negro and national security . The speech was a success for the Kennedy administration and for the liberal civil rights coalition that had planned it . It was considered a `` triumph of managed protest '' , and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred . Kennedy had watched King 's speech on television and been very impressed . Afterwards , March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with President Kennedy . Kennedy felt the March bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill . Meanwhile , some of the more radical Black leaders who were present condemned the speech ( along with the rest of the march ) as too compromising . Malcolm X later wrote in his autobiography : `` Who ever heard of angry revolutionaries swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily pad pools , with gospels and guitars and ' I have a dream ' speeches ? '' Legacy The location on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial from which King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance its civil rights legislation in Congress . The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , published posthumously in 2007 , suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators , it might undermine his civil rights efforts . In the wake of the speech and march , King was named Man of the Year by TIME magazine for 1963 , and in 1964 , he was the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . The full speech did not appear in writing until August 1983 , some 15 years after King 's death , when a transcript was published in The Washington Post . In 1990 , the Australian alternative comedy rock band Doug Anthony All Stars released an album called Icon . One song from Icon , `` Shang - a-lang '' , sampled the end of the speech . In 1992 , the band Moodswings , incorporated excerpts from Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech in their song `` Spiritual High , Part III . on the album Moodfood '' . In 2002 , the Library of Congress honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry . In 2003 , the National Park Service dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King 's speech at the Lincoln Memorial . The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial was dedicated in 2011 . The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King 's `` I Have A Dream '' speech : `` Out of a mountain of despair , a stone of hope . '' A 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) - high relief of King named the `` Stone of Hope '' stands past two other pieces of granite that symbolize the `` mountain of despair . '' On August 26 , 2013 , UK 's BBC Radio 4 broadcast `` God 's Trombone '' , in which Gary Younge looked behind the scenes of the speech and explored `` what made it both timely and timeless '' . On August 28 , 2013 , thousands gathered on the mall in Washington D.C. where King made his historic speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occasion . In attendance were former U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter , and incumbent President Barack Obama , who addressed the crowd and spoke on the significance of the event . Many of King 's family were in attendance . On October 11 , 2015 , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution published an exclusive report about Stone Mountain officials considering installation of a new `` Freedom Bell '' honoring King and citing the speech 's reference to the mountain `` Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia . '' Design details and a timeline for its installation remain to be determined . The article mentioned inspiration for the proposed monument came from a bell - ringing ceremony held in 2013 in celebration of the 50th anniversary of King 's speech . On April 20 , 2016 , Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew announced that the U.S. $5 bill , which has featured the Lincoln Memorial on its back , would undergo a redesign prior to 2020 . Lew said that a portrait of Lincoln would remain on the front of the bill , but the back would be redesigned to depict various historical events that have occurred at the memorial , including an image from King 's speech . In October 2016 Science Friday in a segment on its crowd sourced update to the Voyager Golden Record included the speech . Copyright dispute Because King 's speech was broadcast to a large radio and television audience , there was controversy about its copyright status . If the performance of the speech constituted `` general publication '' , it would have entered the public domain due to King 's failure to register the speech with the Register of Copyrights . However , if the performance only constituted `` limited publication '' , King retained common law copyright . This led to a lawsuit , Estate of Martin Luther King , Jr. , Inc. v. CBS , Inc. , which established that the King estate does hold copyright over the speech and had standing to sue ; the parties then settled . Unlicensed use of the speech or a part of it can still be lawful in some circumstances , especially in jurisdictions under doctrines such as fair use or fair dealing . Under the applicable copyright laws , the speech will remain under copyright in the United States until 70 years after King 's death , therefore until 2038 . Original copy of the speech As King waved goodbye to the audience , he handed George Raveling the original typewritten `` I Have a Dream '' speech . Raveling , an All - American Villanova Wildcats college basketball player , had volunteered as a security guard for the event and was on the podium with King at that moment . In 2013 , Raveling still had custody of the original copy , for which he had been offered $3,000,000 , but he has said he does not intend to sell it . References Jump up ^ `` Special Collections , March on Washington , Part 17 '' . Open Vault . at WGBH . August 28 , 1963 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 177 . Jump up ^ I Have a Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Future of Multicultural America , James Echols -- 2004 ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Alvarez , `` Martin Luther King 's ' I Have a Dream ' : The Speech Event as Metaphor '' , Journal of Black Studies 18 ( 3 ) ; doi : 10.1177 / 002193478801800306 . Jump up ^ See Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaus Mills , `` What Really Happened at the March on Washington ? '' , Dissent , Summer 1988 ; reprinted in Civil Rights Since 1787 : A Reader on the Black Struggle , ed . Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor , New York : New York University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` One Man '' . Time . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Stephen Lucas and Martin Medhurst ( December 15 , 1999 ) . `` I Have a Dream Speech Leads Top 100 Speeches of the Century '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Have a Dream ( 28 August 1963 ) '' . The Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther King Jr. , `` The Negro and the American Dream '' , speech delivered to the NAACP in Charlotte , NC , 25 September 1960 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Jim ( 2003 ) . The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 0195158210 . ^ Jump up to : Stringer , Sam ; Brumfield , Ben . `` New recording : King 's first ' I have a dream ' speech found at high school '' . CNN.com . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Crook , Samantha ; Bryant , Christian . `` How Langston Hughes Led To A ' Dream ' MLK Discovery '' . WKBW.com . The E.W. Scripps Co . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha . `` Recording of MLK 's 1st ' I Have a Dream ' speech found '' . DetroitNews.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Martin Luther King III '' . CNN . August 22 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The original name of the speech was `` Cashing a Cancelled Check '' , but the aspired ad lib of the dream from preacher 's anointing brought forth a new entitlement , `` I Have A Dream '' . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection , 2009 `` Notable Items '' Retrieved December 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Jones , Clarence Benjamin ( 1931 -- ) '' . Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle ( Stanford University ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jones , Clarence B. ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) . `` On Martin Luther King Day , remembering the first draft of ' I Have a Dream ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Kevin ( May 1 , 2007 ) , Detroit 's Walk To Freedom , Michigan History Magazine Jump up ^ Garrett , Bob , Martin Luther King Jr. and the Detroit Freedom Walk , Michigan Department of Natural Resources -- Michigan Library and Historical -- Center Michigan Historical Center , retrieved February 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ward , Brian ( 1998 ) , Recording the Dream , 48 ( 4 ) , History Today Jump up ^ `` Document for August 28th : Official Program for the March on Washington '' . Archives.gov . Jump up ^ Edwards , Willard . ( August 29 , 1963 ) . 200,000 Roar Plea for Negro Opportunity in Rights March on Washington . Chicago Tribune , p. 5 Jump up ^ Excel HSC Standard English , p. 108 , Lloyd Cameron , Barry Spurr -- 2009 Jump up ^ `` A `` Dream '' Remembered `` . NewsHour . August 28 , 2003 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Exploring Religion and Ethics : Religion and Ethics for Senior Secondary Students , p 192 , Trevor Jordan -- 2012 Jump up ^ See David A. Bobbitt , The Rhetoric of Redemption : Kenneth Burke 's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' Speech ( Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 2004 ) Jump up ^ John , Derek ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Long lost civil rights speech helped inspire King 's dream '' . WBEZ . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow : Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Digital Library : Film ( 2 : 30 ) Jump up ^ `` Psalm 30 : 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Amos 5 : 24 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream Speech '' . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Thomas B. ( 1989 ) . `` Media Rhetoric as Social Drama : The Winter Olympics of 1984 '' . Critical Studies in Mass Communication . 6 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 160 . doi : 10.1080 / 15295038909366742 . Jump up ^ Darsey , James ( 1997 ) . The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America . New York : New York University Press . pp. 10 , 19 , 47 . Jump up ^ Trendl , Anthony . `` I Have a Dream Analysis '' . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream '' Speech `` . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 : 55 . Jump up ^ `` The News of the Week in Review : March on Washington -- Symbol of intensified drive for Negro rights , '' The New York Times ( September 1 , 1963 ) . The high point and climax of the day , it was generally agreed , was the eloquent and moving speech late in the afternoon by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , ( ... ) . Jump up ^ James Reston , `` ' I Have a Dream ... ' : Peroration by Dr. King sums up a day the capital will remember '' , The New York Times ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Mary McGrory , `` Polite , Happy , Helpful : The Real Hero Was the Crowd '' , The Boston Globe ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Marquis Childs , `` Triumphal March Silences Scoffers '' , The Washington Post ( August 30 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Max Freedman , `` The Big March in Washington Described as ' Epic of Democracy ' '' , Los Angeles Times ( Sep. 9 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Tim Weiner , Enemies : A history of the FBI , New York : Random House , 2012 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Memo hosted by American Radio Works ( American Public Media ) , `` The FBI 's War on King '' . Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard , President Kennedy : Profile of Power , 1993 , pp. 580 -- 584 Jump up ^ Clayborne Carson `` King , Obama , and the Great American Dialogue '' , American Heritage , Spring 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther King '' . The Nobel Foundation . 1964 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2002 '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` We Shall Overcome , Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement : Lincoln Memorial '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tears Fall At The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial '' . WUSA . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Trombone : Remembering King 's Dream '' . bbc.co.uk. 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Zeke J ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` In Commemorative MLK Speech , President Obama Recalls His Own 2008 Dream '' . Swampland.time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Jim ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` A monument to MLK will crown Stone Mountain '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Record '' . Science Friday . 2016 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie . `` ' I Have a Dream ' speech still private property '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Xavier L. Suarez ( 27 October 2011 ) . Democracy in America : 2010 . AuthorHouse . pp. 10 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 6056 - 4 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Karen Price Hossell ( 5 December 2005 ) . I Have a Dream . Heinemann - Raintree Library . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4034 - 6811 - 6 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom George Raveling owns MLK 's ' I have a dream ' speech . USA Today , February 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas ( 2003 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Guardian of The Dream '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . External links African - Americans portal Discrimination portal 1960s portal Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : I Have a Dream ( in the public domain in Canada ) Full text at the BBC Video of `` I Have a Dream '' speech , from LearnOutLoud.com `` I Have a Dream '' Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com Deposition concerning recording of the `` I Have a Dream '' speech Lyrics of the traditional spiritual `` Free At Last '' MLK : Before He Won the Nobel -- slideshow by Life magazine Chiastic outline of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech ( hide ) Martin Luther King Jr . ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis Sanitation Strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( colleague ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historic Site King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil Rights Movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream Sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi Wade - Ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis Sanitation Strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Neal Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 21.48 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 0.40 '' W  /  38.8893000 ° N 77.0501111 ° W  / 38.8893000 ; - 77.0501111 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Have_a_Dream&oldid=804011498 '' Categories : 1963 in the United States American political catchphrases History of African - American civil rights Speeches by Martin Luther King Jr . United States historical documents Speeches United States National Recording Registry recordings 1963 in Washington , D.C. August 1963 events Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with Wikilivres links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Forbes' list of the world's highest-paid athletes

Forbes ' list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes - wikipedia Forbes ' list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes This is a list of the highest - paid athletes in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine . Contents 1 2017 list 2 2016 list 3 2015 list 4 2014 list 5 2013 list 6 2012 list 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2017 list The 2017 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $93 million $58 million $35 million LeBron James Basketball United States $86.2 million $31.2 million $55 million Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $80 million $53 million $27 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $64 million $6 million $58 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $60.6 million $26.6 million $34 million 6 Andrew Luck American football United States $50 million $47 million $3 million 6 Rory McIlroy Golf Northern Ireland $50 million $16 million $34 million 8 Stephen Curry Basketball United States $47.3 million $12.3 million $35 million 9 James Harden Basketball United States $46.6 million $26.6 million $20 million 10 Lewis Hamilton Auto racing England $46 million $38 million $8 million 2016 list The 2016 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $88 million $56 million $32 million Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $81.4 million $53.4 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $77.2 million $23.2 million $54 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67.8 million $7.8 million $60 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $56.2 million $20.2 million $36 million 6 Novak Djokovic Tennis Serbia $55.8 million $21.8 million $34 million 7 Cam Newton American football United States $53.1 million $41.1 million $12 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $52.9 million $2.9 million $50 million 9 Jordan Spieth Golf United States $52.8 million $20.8 million $32 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $50 million $25 million $25 million 2015 list The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $300 million $285 million $15 million Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $160 million $148 million $12 million Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $79.6 million $52.6 million $27 million Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $73.8 million $51.8 million $22 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67 million $9 million $58 million 6 LeBron James Basketball United States $64.8 million $20.8 million $44 million 7 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $54.1 million $19.1 million $35 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $50.8 million $2.8 million $48 million 9 Tiger Woods Golf United States $50.6 million $0.6 million $50 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $49.5 million $23.5 million $26 million 2014 list The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $105 million $105 million $0 Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $80 million $52 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $72.3 million $19.3 million $53 million Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $64.7 million $41.7 million $23 million 5 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.5 million $30.5 million $31 million 6 Tiger Woods Golf United States $61.2 million $6.2 million $55 million 7 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $56.2 million $4.2 million $52 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $53.2 million $5.2 million $48 million 9 Rafael Nadal Tennis Spain $44.5 million $14.5 million $30 million 10 Matt Ryan American football United States $43.8 million $42 million $1.8 million 2013 list The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Tiger Woods Golf United States $78.1 million $13.1 million $65 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $71.5 million $6.5 million $65 million Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.9 million $27.9 million $34 million LeBron James Basketball United States $59.8 million $17.8 million $42 million 5 Drew Brees American football United States $51 million $40 million $11 million 6 Aaron Rodgers American football United States $49 million $43 million $6 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $48.7 million $4.7 million $44 million 8 David Beckham Association football England $47.2 million $5.2 million $42 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $44 million $23 million $21 million 10 Lionel Messi Association football Argentina $41.3 million $20.3 million $21 million 2012 list The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012 . Rank Name Sport Nationality Total earnings Salary / winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $85 million $85 million $0 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $62 million $56 million $6 million Tiger Woods Golf United States $59.4 million $4.4 million $55 million LeBron James Basketball United States $53 million $13 million $40 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $52.7 million $7.7 million $45 million 6 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $52.3 million $20.3 million $32 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $47.8 million $4.8 million $43 million 8 David Beckham Association football England $46 million $9 million $37 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Association football Portugal $42.5 million $20.5 million $22 million 10 Peyton Manning American football United States $42.4 million $32.4 million $10 million See also List of professional sports leagues by revenue References Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Announces 2015 List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather Heads 2014 List Of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2013 : Behind The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayweather Tops List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . External links The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes List - Forbes Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 Forbes 500 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Major League Soccer 's most valuable teams Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_athletes&oldid=856839212 '' Categories : Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Lists of sports superlatives Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 21 : 04 ( UTC ) . 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Siege of Charleston

Siege of Charleston - wikipedia Siege of Charleston Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the siege during the American Revolutionary War . For the 1776 British attempt to capture Charleston , see Battle of Sullivan 's Island . For the American Civil War sieges , see Battle of Charleston ( disambiguation ) . Siege of Charleston Part of the American Revolutionary War Siege of Charleston 1780 by Alonzo Chappel Date March 29 , 1780 -- May 12 , 1780 Location Charleston , South Carolina 32 ° 47 ′ 39.12 '' N 79 ° 56 ′ 31.26 '' W  /  32.7942000 ° N 79.9420167 ° W  / 32.7942000 ; - 79.9420167 Coordinates : 32 ° 47 ′ 39.12 '' N 79 ° 56 ′ 31.26 '' W  /  32.7942000 ° N 79.9420167 ° W  / 32.7942000 ; - 79.9420167 Result British victory City surrendered to British Belligerents Great Britain Loyalists Hesse United States France Commanders and leaders Sir Henry Clinton Lord Cornwallis Alexander Leslie Mariot Arbuthnot Benjamin Lincoln William Moultrie James Hogun William Woodford Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Abraham Whipple Louis Duportail Strength 12,847 regulars and militia 4,500 sailors 6 ships of the line 8 frigates 4 armed galleys 90 transports 6,577 regulars , sailors and militia 3 frigates 5 sloops 1 schooner 1 brig 3 armed galleys Casualties and losses 76 killed , 189 wounded 89 killed , 138 wounded 3,371 captured Southern theater 1780 -- 83 Charleston Moncks Corner Lenud 's Ferry Waxhaws Mobley 's Meeting House Ramsour 's Mill Huck 's Defeat Colson 's Mill Rocky Mount Hanging Rock Camden Fishing Creek Musgrove Mill Wahab 's Plantation Black Mingo Charlotte Kings Mountain Shallow Ford Fishdam Ford Blackstock 's Farm Richmond Cowpens Cowan 's Ford Torrence 's Tavern Pyle 's Massacre Wetzell 's Mill Guilford Court House Fort Watson Hobkirk 's Hill Fort Motte Augusta Ninety - Six House in the Horseshoe Eutaw Springs Lindley 's Mill Videau 's Bridge Wambaw Combahee River James Island Chesapeake Bay The Siege of Charleston was a major engagement fought between March 29 to May 12 , 1780 during the American Revolutionary War . The British , following the collapse of their northern strategy and their withdrawal from Philadelphia , shifted their focus to the American Southern Colonies . After approximately six weeks of siege , Major General Benjamin Lincoln , commanding the Charleston garrison , surrendered his forces to the British , resulting in one of the worst American defeats of the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Siege 3 Aftermath 4 Order of Battle 4.1 British forces 4.2 Franco - American forces 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) See also : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War By late 1779 , two major British strategic efforts had failed . An army invading from Quebec under John Burgoyne had surrendered to the Americans under Horatio Gates at the Battles of Saratoga , compelling the Kingdom of France and Spain to declare war on Great Britain in support of the Americans . Meanwhile , a strategic effort led by Sir William Howe to capture the Revolutionary capital of Philadelphia had met with limited success . Having replaced his superior as Commander - in - Chief of the American Station , Sir Henry Clinton withdrew all his forces back to New York City to reinforce the city against a possible Franco - American attack . Detail of a 1780 map drawn by a British engineer showing the Charleston defenses Stymied by the Fabian strategy adopted by George Washington , and , under increasing political pressure to deliver victory , the British turned to launching their `` Southern Strategy '' for forcing a capitulation of the Americans . The British were persuaded that there was a strong Loyalist sentiment in the south . It was expected that these Loyalists would rise against the American Patriots in large numbers . The opening British move was the Capture of Savannah , Georgia in December 1778 . After repulsing an assault on Savannah by a combined Franco - American force in October 1779 , the British planned to capture Charleston , South Carolina , intending to use the city as a base for further operations in the southern colonies . Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Newport , Rhode Island in Oct. 1779 , and left the substantial garrison of New York City under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen . In December , the day after Christmas 1779 , Clinton and his second in command Charles Cornwallis , sailed southward with 8,500 troops and 5,000 sailors on 90 troopships and 14 warships . After a very stormy voyage , the fleet anchored in Savannah River on 1 Feb. 1780 . By 12 Feb. , Clinton had landed his army 30 miles south of Charleston on Simmons Island . By 24 Feb. , the British had crossed the Stono River onto James Island , and by 10 March , Lord Cornwallis had made it to the mainland . By 22 March , they had advanced to Middleton Place and Drayton Hall , and on 29 March 1780 , crossed the Ashley River . Siege ( edit ) Charleston map showing the distribution of British forces during the siege Cutting the city off from relief , Clinton began a siege of the city on April 1 , 800 yards from the American fortifications located at today 's Marion Square . Whipple , deciding the bar was undefendable , ended up scuttling his fleet at the mouth of the Cooper River . Then Arbuthnot , on 8 April , brought his 14 vessels safely into the harbor , past the roaring guns of Fort Moultrie , the same day Woodford arrived with 750 Virginia Continentals . In order to consolidate British control of the immediate area , Clinton dispatched Banastre Tarleton and Patrick Ferguson to capture Monck 's Corner on 14 April . On 18 April , Lt. Col. Lord Rawdon arrived with 2,500 men , including the 42nd Highlanders , the Hessian von Ditfurth Regiment , the Queen 's Rangers , Prince of Wales American Volunteers , and the Volunteers of Ireland . Charleston was then completely surrounded . Governor John Rutledge escaped on 13 April , before Cornwallis crossed the Cooper River , and joined Webster in blocking escape from the left bank . On 21 April , Lincoln requested a surrender with `` Honours of war '' , which was rejected by Clinton . On 25 April , civilians led by Christopher Gadsden prevented any action on Lincoln 's part in withdrawing the Continental regiments . On 6 May , Tarleton won another engagement in the Battle of Lenud 's Ferry , while the British siege works had advanced far enough towards the Charleston fortifications to drain the canal in front . On 7 May , Fort Moultrie surrendered without a fight . On May 8 , Clinton called for Lincoln 's unconditional surrender , but Lincoln again attempted to negotiate for the honours of war . On May 11 , Gadsden and other citizens asked Lincoln to surrender . While on the same day , the British fired heated shot into the city , burning several homes , compelling Lincoln to call for a parlay to negotiate terms for surrender . On May 12 , Lincoln formally surrendered 3,371 men to the British . When word reached the back - country , the American troops holding Ninety - Six and Camden also surrendered to the British . Aftermath ( edit ) Prison hulks awaited the majority of the 2,571 Continental prisoners , while parole was granted to the militia and civilians who promised not to take up arms . However , this also meant there no longer existed an American army in the South . The British captured some 5,266 prisoners , 311 artillery pieces , 9,178 artillery rounds , 5,916 muskets , 33,000 rounds of ammunition , 15 Regimental colours , 49 ships and 120 boats , plus 376 barrels of flour , and large magazines of rum , rice and indigo . Following the surrender , the captured ordnance was brought to a powder magazine . A Hessian officer warned that some of the guns might still be loaded , but he was ignored . One prematurely fired , detonating 180 barrels of powder , further discharging 5,000 muskets in the magazine . The accident killed approximately 200 people and destroyed six houses . The prisoners of the siege were diverted to multiple locations , including prison shops , the old barracks where the College of Charleston is today , and the Old Exchange and Provost `` Dungeon '' . The defeat was a serious blow to the American cause . It was the largest surrender of an American force under arms , until the 1862 surrender of Union troops at Harper 's Ferry during the Antietam Campaign . The surrender left no substantial army in the South , and the colonies were wide open for a British advance . The British troops consolidated their hold , and had driven the remaining Continental Army troops from South Carolina consequent to the May 29 Battle of Waxhaws . During their surrender the American forces were denied honours of war , leading General George Washington to deny the same to the British during their surrender at the Siege of Yorktown , with Washington saying `` The same Honors will be granted to the Surrendering Army as were granted to the Garrison of Charles Town . '' On June 5 , Clinton sailed back to New York City , believing his presence necessary to defend against a potential Franco - American attack , leaving command of the southern theatre to Lord Cornwallis , with orders to reduce opposition in North Carolina . Though the effects of the surrender at Charleston was substantial , the British err in strategy soon became apparent . There was no popular uprising of Loyalists that the British command had been assured would happen , making control of the countryside difficult . Instead , resistance in South Carolina degenerated into a period of chaotic guerrilla warfare in the outlying areas . Order of Battle ( edit ) British forces ( edit ) The joint British naval - army forces were led overall by Sir Henry Clinton , with his subordinate , Lord Cornwallis as his second - in - command . The British regular troops were led by Brigadier General Alexander Leslie . The ground and naval forces were composed thus : ( hide ) British Order of Battle 1st Battalion of Light Infantry , composed of the Light Companies of the 7th , 22nd , 33rd , 37th , 42nd , 54th , 63rd , 70th and the 74th Regiments of Foot ( 640 ) . 2nd Battalion of Light Infantry , composed of the Light Companies of the 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 57th , 64th , 76th , 80th , and the 84th Regiments of Foot ( 637 ) . 1st Battalion of Grenadiers , composed of the Grenadier Companies of the 7th , 17th , 23rd , 33rd , 37th , 38th , 42nd , and the 43rd Regiments of Foot ( 611 ) . 2nd Battalion of Grenadiers , composed of the Grenadier Companies of the 22nd , 54th , 57th , 63rd , 64th , 70th , and the 74th Regiments of Foot ( 526 ) . 7th Regiment of Foot ( 463 ) . 23rd Regiment of Foot ( 400 ) . 33rd Regiment of Foot ( 450 ) . 63rd Regiment of Foot ( 400 ) . 64th Regiment of Foot ( 350 ) . 2nd Battalion of the 60th Regiment of Foot ( 45 ) . A Brigade of four battalions of Hessian Grenadiers ( 1,525 ) . King 's American Regiment of Loyalists ( 167 ) . A Corps of Hessian Jaegers ( 224 ) . Royal Regiment of Artillery - No. 1 and 6 Companies of the 3rd Battalion , No 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 8 Companies of the 4th Battalion ( 200 ) , and Hesse - Kassel artillery . A detachment of Royal Navy artillery with 47 guns . A detachment of Slaves employed in the Artillery batteries ( 154 ) . A Corps of guides and Pioneers ( 72 ) . A Brigade of Engineers and Black Pioneers A Brigade of British reinforcements from Georgia , composed of ; 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 71st Highlanders ( 869 ) . Light companies of the 16th and the 71st ( 243 ) . Light company of the 3rd Battalion , New Jersey Volunteers . 17th Regiment of Light Dragoons ( 73 ) . A Brigade of Engineers and Black Pioneers ( 206 ) . The British Legion Cavalry ( 211 ) . The British Legion Infantry ( 287 ) . Patrick Ferguson 's Battalion of American volunteers ( 335 ) . Two battalions of The South Carolina Royalists South Carolina Loyalist ( 372 ) . Royal North Carolina Regiment of Loyalists . A company of Georgia loyalist militia ( 32 ) . A squadron of Georgia loyalist dragoons ( 40 ) . New York volunteers . A Brigade of British reinforcements from New York City , composed of ; Two Battalions of the 42nd Regiment of Foot . A Hessian regiment of Fusiliers . The Prince of Wales American Regiment ( 334 ) . Queen 's Rangers Regiment of Loyalists ( 200 ) . The Volunteers of Ireland Regiment of Loyalists ( ~ 423 ) . The British naval forces that accompanied the invasion were commanded by Vice Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot , and were composed thus : 4,500 personnel Ships HMS Europa ( 500 men , 64 guns ) HMS Raisonnable ( 500 men , 64 guns ) HMS Renown ( 350 men , 50 guns ) HMS Romulus ( 280 men , 44 guns ) HMS Rainbow ( 350 men , 44 guns ) HMS Roebuck ( 280 men , 44 guns - Flagship ) HMS Blonde ( 220 men , 32 guns ) HMS Perseus ( 20 guns ) HMS Camilla ( 160 men , 20 guns ) HMS Raleigh ( 220 men , 32 guns ) HMS Virginia ( 200 men , 28 guns ) HMS Richmond ( 220 men , 32 guns ) HMS Vigilant ( 160 men , 22 guns - later burnt as unfit ) HM armed ship Germaine ( 125 men , 20 guns ) Armed galleys HM galley Comet ( 40 men , 7 guns ) HM galley Scourge HM galley Vindictive HM galley Viper 90 transport ships accompanied the fleet , including : HMS Polly Aeolus Apollo Diana Russia Merchant Silver Eel Franco - American forces ( edit ) The Franco - American garrison of Charleston was overall led by Benjamin Lincoln . The Continental Army troops were nominally led by Brigadier General William Moultrie The ground and naval forces were composed thus : ( hide ) Franco - American Order of Battle A brigade of South Carolina Continentals : 1st South Carolina Regiment ( 231 ) . 2nd South Carolina Regiment ( 266 ) . 3rd South Carolina Regiment ( 302 ) . Pulaski 's Legion of Infantry . A brigade of North Carolina Continentals : 1st North Carolina Regiment ( 260 ) . 2nd North Carolina Regiment ( 244 ) . 3rd North Carolina Regiment ( ~ 94 ) . A Corps of South Carolina light infantry ( 175 ) . 2nd Virginia brigade : 1st Virginia Detachment ( 258 ) . 2nd Virginia Detachment ( 323 ) . A squadron of the 1st and 3rd Continental Light Dragoons ( 31 ) . A squad of Armand 's Legion ( 4 ) . A squadron of the Georgia Regiment of Horse Rangers ( 41 ) . A group of Georgia continental officers ( 6 ) . A battalion of North Carolina Light Infantry ( 202 ) . A detachment of North Carolina Light Dragoons A brigade of Continental Artillery consisting of 391 guns A brigade of Engineers ( 7 men , 600 slaves ) 1st brigade of South Carolina militia : Beaufort District Regiment of Militia 1st Battalion of the Charles Town District Regiment of Militia ( 302 ) . 2nd Battalion of the Charles Town District Regiment of Militia ( 485 ) . Granville County Regiment of Militia Colleton County Regiment of Militia Berkeley County Regiment of Militia 2nd brigade of South Carolina militia : Camden District Regiment of Militia Fairfield Regiment of Militia 1st Spartan Regiment of Militia 2nd Spartan Regiment of Militia New Acquisition District Regiment of Militia 3rd brigade of South Carolina militia : Upper Ninety - Six District Regiment of Militia Lower Ninety - Six District Regiment of Militia Lower District Regiment of Militia Little River District Regiment of Militia Orangeburgh District Regiment of Militia 4th brigade of South Carolina militia : Cheraws District Regiment of Militia Georgetown District Regiment of Militia Lower Craven County Regiment of Militia Upper Craven County Regiment of Militia Kingstree Regiment of Militia A brigade of North Carolina militia : 1st North Carolina Regiment of Militia 2nd North Carolina Regiment of Militia 3rd North Carolina Regiment of Militia 4th North Carolina Regiment of Militia A brigade of Virginia militia : Amelia County Militia A company of the Chasseurs - Volontaires de Saint - Domingue ( 43 ) . A Spanish company of militia ( 42 ) . 1st Virginia Brigade of Continentals , arrived as reinforcements on April 8 : 1st Virginia Regiment ( 336 ) . 2nd Virginia Regiment ( 306 ) . 3rd Virginia Regiment ( 252 ) . The Franco - American naval forces that accompanied the defence of the city were commanded by Commodore Abraham Whipple , and were composed thus : Continental Navy ships : USS Ranger ( 35 Marines , 20 guns ) USS Queen of France ( 50 marines , 28 guns ) USS Providence ( 16 marines , 32 guns ) USS Boston ( 50 marines , 30 guns ) South Carolina state ships : Bricole ( 44 guns ) General Moultrie ( 20 guns ) Notre Dame ( 16 guns ) Marquis de Britigney ( 7 guns ) Lee ( 4 guns ) Revenge ( 7 guns ) French Navy ships : L'Aventure ( 26 guns ) Truite ( 26 guns ) Zephyr ( 18 guns ) See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.landofthebrave.info/battle-of-charleston.htm ^ Jump up to : http://www.carolana.com/SC/Revolution/revolution_siege_of_charleston.html ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , John ( 1997 ) . The Road to Guilford Courthouse . New York : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780471327165 . Jump up ^ David B. Mattern ( 1998 ) . Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution . Univ of South Carolina Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 260 - 8 . Jump up ^ Carl P. Borick ( 2003 ) . A Gallant Defense . Univ of South Carolina Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 487 - 9 . Jump up ^ J.E. Kaufmann ( 2004 ) . Fortress America . Tomasz Idzikowski ( illus . ) . Da Capo Press . pp. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81294 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Washington on General Cornwallis ' Surrender at Yorktown '' . The American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 . Library of Congress . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Beeton , Naval and Military Memoreess of Great Britain , from 1727 to 1783 , London : shortman , Hurst , Rees and Orme , 1804 , vol. 6 , pp. 203 - 206 Jump up ^ * Rene Chartrand ( 1992 ) The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey Publishing ISBN 9781855321670 Chartrand , p. 3 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Original papers relating to the siege of Charleston , 1780 By Benjamin Lincoln 1898 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Charleston&oldid=825696560 '' Categories : Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving France History of Charleston , South Carolina South Carolina in the American Revolution 1780 in South Carolina Conflicts in 1780 Sieges of the Anglo - French War ( 1778 -- 83 ) Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Français Norsk Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 21 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who won the battle of charleston in the revolutionary war

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Peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system - wikipedia Peripheral nervous system Jump to : navigation , search Peripheral nervous system The human nervous system . Blue is PNS ; yellow is CNS . Identifiers Acronym ( s ) PNS TA A14. 2.00. 001 FMA 9903 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) is one of the two components of the nervous system , the other part is the central nervous system ( CNS ) . The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord . The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs , essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body . Unlike the CNS , the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull , or by the blood -- brain barrier , which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries . The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system . In the somatic nervous system , the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve ( cranial nerve II ) , along with the retina . The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon . Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS . However , the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS . The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands . The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states : sympathetic and parasympathetic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Somatic nervous system 1.1. 1 Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) 1.1. 2 Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) 1.1. 3 Lumbosacral plexus ( L1 -- Co1 ) 1.2 Autonomic nervous system 1.2. 1 Sympathetic nervous system 1.2. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system 2 Disease 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system , and the autonomic nervous system . The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control , and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscle s . The sensory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and transmits signals from senses such as taste and touch ( including fine touch and gross touch ) to the spinal cord and brain . The autonomic nervous system is a ' self - regulating ' system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control , such as the heart rate , or the functions of the digestive system . Somatic nervous system ( edit ) See also : List of nerves of the human body The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves , and many nerves which hold both functions . In the head and neck , cranial nerve s carry somatosensory data . There are twelve cranial nerves , ten of which originate from the brainstem , and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions . The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerve s lie in the forebrain and thalamus , respectively , and are thus not considered to be true cranial nerves . One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve , which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen . The accessory nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles , neither of which being exclusively in the head . For the rest of the body , spinal nerves are responsible for somatosensory information . These arise from the spinal cord . Usually these arise as a web ( `` plexus '' ) of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves . These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body . In humans , there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves : 8 cervical , 12 thoracic , 5 lumbar , 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal . These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to . In the cervical region , the spinal nerve roots come out above the corresponding vertebrae ( i.e. , nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1 ) . From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region , the spinal nerve roots come out below the corresponding vertebrae . It is important to note that this method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7 and T1 ( so it is called spinal nerve root C8 ) . In the lumbar and sacral region , the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina . Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) ( edit ) Further information : Cervical plexus The first 4 cervical spinal nerves , C1 through C4 , split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head . Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve , which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull . C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck , providing both sensory and motor control . These include the greater occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the back of the head , the lesser occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the area behind the ears , the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve . The phrenic nerve is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3 , C4 and C5 . It supplies the thoracic diaphragm , enabling breathing . If the spinal cord is transected above C3 , then spontaneous breathing is not possible . Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) ( edit ) Further information : Brachial plexus The last four cervical spinal nerves , C5 through C8 , and the first thoracic spinal nerve , T1 , combine to form the brachial plexus , or plexus brachialis , a tangled array of nerves , splitting , combining and recombining , to form the nerves that subserve the upper - limb and upper back . Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled , it is highly organized and predictable , with little variation between people . See brachial plexus injuries . Lumbosacral plexus ( l1 -- co1 ) ( edit ) The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves , sacral nerves , and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus , the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic . For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts : lumbar plexus sacral plexus pudendal plexus Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions . The brain and spinal cord from the central nervous system are connected with organs that have smooth muscle , such as the heart , bladder , and other cardiac , exocrine , and endocrine related organs , by ganglionic neurons . The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation , and salivation of saliva . The autonomic nervous system is always activated , but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state . Depending on the situation , one state can overshadow the other , resulting in a release of different kinds of neurotransmitters . There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the enteric nervous system . Located only around the digestive tract , this system allows for local control without input from the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches , though it can still receive and respond to signals from the rest of the body . The enteric system is responsible for various functions related to gastrointestinal system . Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) The sympathetic system is activated during a `` fight or flight '' situation in which great mental stress or physical danger is encountered . Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine , and epinephrine are released , which increases heart rate and blood flow in certain areas like muscle , while simultaneously decreasing activities of non-critical functions for survival , like digestion . The systems are independent to each other , which allows activation of certain parts of the body , while others remain rested . Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) Primarily using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ( ACh ) as a mediator , the parasympathetic system allows the body to function in a `` rest and digest '' state . Consequently , when the parasympathetic system dominates the body , there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion , while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease . Unlike the sympathetic system , humans have some voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system . The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation . Disease ( edit ) Main article : Peripheral neuropathy Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific to one or more nerves , or affect the system as a whole . Any peripheral nerve or nerve root can be damaged , called a mononeuropathy . Such injuries can be because of injury or trauma , or compression . Compression of nerves can occur because of a tumour mass or injury . Alternatively , if a nerve is in an area with a fixed size it may be trapped if the other components increase in size , such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome . Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain and numbness in the thumb , index and middle finger . In peripheral neuropathy , the function one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means . Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes ( diabetic neuropathy ) , alcohol , heavy metals or other toxins ; some infections ; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis . Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a `` glove and stocking '' distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards , and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain . Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves , but the autonomic nervous system too ( autonomic neuropathy ) . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peripheral nervous system . Connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system Preferential motor reinnervation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` peripheral nervous system '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Slide show : How your brain works - Mayo Clinic '' . mayoclinic.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Board Review Series : Neuroanatomy , 4th Ed. , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , Maryland 2008 , p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7245 - 7 . Jump up ^ James S. White ( 21 March 2008 ) . Neuroscience . McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 1 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149623 - 0 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Laight , David ( September 2013 ) . `` Overview of peripheral nervous system pharmacology '' . Nurse Prescribing . ISSN 1479 - 9189 . ^ Jump up to : Matic , Agnella Izzo ( 2014 ) . `` Introduction to the Nervous System , Part 2 : The Autonomic Nervous System and the Central Nervous System '' . AMWA Journal : American Medical Writers Association Journal ( AMWA J ) . ISSN 1075 - 6361 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Peripheral nervous system photomicrographs Peripheral Neuropathy from the US NIH Neuropathy : Causes , Symptoms and Treatments from Medical News Today Peripheral Neuropathy at the Mayo Clinic ( hide ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peripheral_nervous_system&oldid=813541119 '' Categories : Peripheral nervous system Neuroscience Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 23 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

which of the following are components of the pns

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Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing

Come Thou Fount of every blessing - wikipedia Come Thou Fount of every blessing Jump to : navigation , search For the album by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , see Come , Thou Fount of Every Blessing ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' Hymn Written 1757 ( 1757 ) Text by Robert Robinson Meter 8.7. 8.7 Melody by John Wyeth `` Nettleton '' `` Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' is a Christian hymn written by the 18th century pastor and hymnist Robert Robinson . Robert Robinson penned the words at age 22 in the year 1757 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tunes 2 Cover versions 3 Lyrics 4 Notes 5 External links Tunes ( edit ) In the United States , the hymn is usually set to an American folk tune known as `` Nettleton '' , composed by printer John Wyeth , or possibly by Asahel Nettleton . In the United Kingdom , the hymn is also often set to the tune `` Normandy '' by C Bost . The `` Nettleton '' tune is used extensively in partial or full quotation by the American composer Charles Ives , in such works as the First String Quartet and the piano quintet and song `` The Innate '' . The `` Nettleton '' tune is also quoted at the end of `` My Trundle Bed '' by Tullius C. O'Kane . A shape note song called `` Warrenton '' also has been sung with a chorus being in 4 / 4 time or 2 / 2 cut time ; to fit the text to this melody , the second half of each verse is omitted and replaced with a refrain of `` I am bound for the kingdom , will you come to glory with me ? / Hallelujah , praise the Lord ! '' Cover versions ( edit ) It has been covered by the David Crowder Band on their 1999 album All I Can Say . Christian rock band Jars of Clay has also covered the song , as well as veteran Christian artist Scott Wesley Brown . Sufjan Stevens recorded a version for his Hark ! Songs for Christmas album , which reached 122 in the US charts and is featured in the closing minutes of the season four premiere episode of Friday Night Lights . Gateway Worship performed the song on their album Living for You and added a chorus to the song , calling it `` Come Thou Fount , Come Thou King '' . It also appears on Phil Wickham 's album ' sing - a-long ' . This song is also sung by Clark Davis in the film Love Comes Softly and is a recurring background music in the film . Mumford & Sons have covered it in a small amount of their live shows . Leigh Nash has covered it in Hymns and Sacred Songs . Additionally , the Mormon Tabernacle Choir recorded this hymn as part of their album titled The Sound of Glory , and frequently sing it in their live performances . Christian punk pop band Eleventyseven covered the hymn in their Good Spells EP . Gospel recording artist Anthony Brown and group therAPy covered the first verse of the hymn in the song `` Without You '' on their sophomore album Everyday Jesus . Pop musician Adam Young posted his version on his Soundcloud page Lyrics ( edit ) This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikisource . If the section can be edited into encyclopedic content , rather than merely a copy of the source text , please do so and remove this message . Otherwise , you can help by formatting it per the Wikisource guidelines in preparation for the duplication . The lyrics , which dwell on the theme of divine grace , are based on 1 Samuel 7 : 12 , in which the prophet Samuel raises a stone as a monument , saying , `` Hitherto hath the Lord helped us '' ( KJV ) . The English transliteration of the name Samuel gives to the stone is Ebenezer , meaning Stone of Help . The unusual word Ebenezer commonly appears in hymnal presentations of the lyrics ( verse 2 ) . The original text of the hymn `` Come Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' : It has been revised and now appears in modern hymnals as the following : The following version was adapted by E. Margaret Clarkson in 1973. : The following version appears in Nazarene hymnals and those of the Holiness movement . It replaces `` wandering '' with `` yielded , '' and `` prone to wander '' with `` let me know Thee in Thy fullness ''. : Many choirs , including the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , sing it as follows , in an arrangement by Mack Wilberg . It is essentially the modern hymnal version , except that verse 2 is split into two parts and the last half of verse 3 is appended to each part to form two verses : 1 . Come , Thou Fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount , I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 1 . Come Thou Fount of every blessing Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of God 's unchanging love . 1 . Come Thou fount of every blessing Tune my heart to sing Thy grace Streams of mercy never ceasing Call for songs of loudest praise Teach me some melodious sonnet Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise His Name I 'm fixed upon it Name of God 's redeeming love . 1 . Come , Thou Fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 1 . Come , Thou Fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 2 . Sorrowing I shall be in spirit , Till released from flesh and sin , Yet from what I do inherit , Here Thy praises I 'll begin ; Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Here by Thy great help I 've come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Hither by Thy help I 'm come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . 2 . Hitherto Thy love has blessed me Thou has brought me to this place And I know Thy hand will bring me Safely home by Thy good grace Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Bought me with His precious blood . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Hither by Thy help I 'm come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Hither by Thy help I 've come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; Seal it for Thy courts above . 3 . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood ; How His kindness yet pursues me Mortal tongue can never tell , Clothed in flesh , till death shall loose me I can not proclaim it well . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let that grace now like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for Thy courts above . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let Thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee : Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; Seal it for Thy courts above . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let that grace , now , like a fetter , Bind my yielded heart to Thee . Let me know Thee in Thy fullness ; Guide me by Thy mighty hand Till , transformed , in Thine own image In Thy presence I shall stand . 3 . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; Seal it for Thy courts above . 4 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let Thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for Thy courts above . 4 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let Thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee : Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; Seal it for Thy courts above . 5 . O that day when freed from sinning , I shall see Thy lovely face ; Clothèd then in blood washed linen How I 'll sing Thy sovereign grace ; Come , my Lord , no longer tarry , Take my ransomed soul away ; Send thine angels now to carry Me to realms of endless day . This version , titled `` O Thou Fount of Every Blessing '' and attributed to Robert Robinson , is found in several shape - note hymnals of the American South . The melody is attributed to A. Nettleton : This version is found in America 's 25 Hymns Vol 2 and International 25 Favorite Hymns Volume 2 both Arranged by Don Marsh This version is found in Michael Card 's album Hymns This version is found in `` Songs of Worship and Praise , '' a new compilation of songs made by Jose T. Guerra , August 2013 . 1 . O Thou Fount of ev'ry blessing , Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me ever to adore Thee ; May I still Thy goodness prove ; While the hope of endless glory , Fills my heart with joy and love . 1 . Come , thou fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise His name I 'm fixed upon it , Name of God 's redeeming love . 1 . Come Thou Fount of every blessing Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 1 . Come , O fount of every blessing , Tune my heart to sing your grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above ; Praise his name -- I 'm fixed upon it ! Name of God 's redeeming love . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer : Hither by Thy help I 've come ; And I hope by Thy good pleasure Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wand'ring from the fold of God ; He to rescue me from danger Interposed His precious blood . 2 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for thy courts above . 2 . Here I raise my Ebenezer ; Hither by Thy help I 'm come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . 2 . Thus far your love has blessed me , You have brought me to this place ; And I know your hand will lead me , Safely home by your good grace . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Bought me with his precious blood . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let Thy goodness like a fetter Bind my wand'ring heart to Thee . Never let me wander from Thee , Never leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for Thy courts above . Gateway Worship added a chorus to the song for their album `` Living For You '' but left the verses untouched Come , Thou Fount , come , Thou King ; Come , Thou precious Prince of Peace Hear Your bride , to You we sing , Come , Thou Fount of our blessing Come , Thou Fount , come , Thou King ; Come , Thou precious Prince of Peace Hear Your bride , to You we sing , Come , Thou Fount of our blessing . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let thy goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for thy courts above . 3 . O to grace how great a debtor , Daily I 'm convinced it 's true ! Let your goodness , like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to you ; Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O , take and seal it ; Seal it for your courts above . This version was written in 1758 by Robert Robinson This version is song by Thomas Miller and Bethel Music . 1 . Come , thou Fount of every blessing , tune my heart to sing thy grace ; streams of mercy , never ceasing , call for songs of loudest praise . Teach me some melodious sonnet , sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount I 'm fixed upon it mount of God 's redeeming love . 1 . Come Thou Fount of every blessing Tune my heart to sing Thy grace ; Streams of mercy , never ceasing , Call for songs of loudest praise Teach me some melodious sonnet , Sung by flaming tongues above . Praise the mount ! I 'm fixed upon it , Mount of Thy redeeming love . 2 . Here I find my greatest treasure ; hither by thy help I 've come ; and I hope , by thy good pleasure , safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , wandering from the fold of God ; he , to rescue me from danger , bought me with his precious blood . 2 . Here I raise to thee an altar ; Hither by Thy help I 'm come ; And I hope , by Thy good pleasure , Safely to arrive at home . Jesus sought me when a stranger , Wandering from the fold of God ; He , to rescue me from danger , Interposed His precious blood . 3 . Oh , to grace how great a debtor daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let thy goodness , like a fetter , bind my wandering heart to thee : prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , prone to leave the God I love ; here 's my heart , O take and seal it ; seal it for thy courts above . 3 . I was lost in utter darkness ; ' Til You came and rescued me ; I was bound by all my sin , when Your love came and set me free . Now my soul can sing a new song , Now my heart has found a home ; Now Your grace is always with me , And I 'll never be alone . 4 . O to grace how great a debtor Daily I 'm constrained to be ! Let that grace now like a fetter , Bind my wandering heart to Thee . Prone to wander , Lord , I feel it , Prone to leave the God I love ; Here 's my heart , O take and seal it , Seal it for Thy courts above . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Did Robert Robinson Wander as He Had Feared ? , Christian History Institute , 2006 Jump up ^ John Wyeth , biography at the Cyber Hymnal Archived 2011 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christian Worship Appendix I : Worship That Is Biblical , Reformed , and General Assembly Relevant Archived 2010 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . on Worldwide Classroom , Mark Dalbey , pcsnews.com , 2003 Jump up ^ Hymns and Psalms , Methodist Publishing House , London , 1983 , no. 517 Jump up ^ Frank Garlock , ed. ( 1997 ) . Majesty Hymns . Majesty Music . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Lyrics at the Cyber Hymnal Archived 2011 - 10 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lyrics at igracemusic.com Jump up ^ Center for Christian Music Archived 2007 - 08 - 11 at Archive.is External links ( edit ) Words , Guitar Chords , Lead Sheet Story of Hymn Asahel Nettleton : The Forgotten Evangelist , by Jim Ehrhard Link to midi file for tune ' Normandy ' Link to midi file for tune ' Nettleton ' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Thou_Fount_of_Every_Blessing&oldid=799351688 '' Categories : Copy section to Wikisource English Christian hymns Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Add links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who wrote the song come thou fount of every blessing

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A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)

A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - Wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second series was ordered in April 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in March 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2019 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He possesses a spyglass with the structure of an eye similar to his tattoo on his left ankle . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides the quasi-nonsensical lines of Sunny . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor and wife of Jerome Squalor , who is also the student and potential love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan and Quigley Quagmire , Isadora 's two brothers who are twins . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and the Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest Introduced in season 1 Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in personal anecdotes . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidexterous `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at the Caligari Carnival . Allison Williams as a yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 7 TBC Season 1 ( 2017 ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . Finding Esmé alone and Jerome drugged , the Baudelaires try to warn her of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city as an item in an upcoming auction . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . As Esmé and Olaf start the auction , the Baudelaires , the Poes , and the secret society 's volunteers converge on Veblen Hall and start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which the Baudelaires believe contains the Quagmires . Though the Baudelaires win the auction , they find the box contains only very fancy doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with a red herring statue -- the real auction item that holds the Quagmires . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively ( in reality , they just want the children to do all their chores ) . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name and warn the rest of the hospital to watch out for Klaus and Sunny , identifying them as murderers . To find Violet , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually find the patient list and deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . He then convinces everyone that the Baudelaires started it . The Baudelaires successfully escape the hospital during the mass evacuation , and as there are police around , they realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Unbeknownst to them , Olaf is headed to the Caligari Carnival , where Madame Lulu the psychic promises to shed light on the survivor . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with Madame Lulu about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . She also suggests that the children head to the Mortmain Mountains , where the V.F.D. headquarters is located , to find their surviving parent . While Violet arranges for transportation , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled . Esmé convinces the other freaks to push Lulu into the lion pit , with the promise that they can join Olaf 's troupe . The next day , Olaf starts the show and selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , reveals her true identity , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path , causing the caravan to careen backward and hang off a cliff 's edge . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival , and Lemony informs us that he knows her well . Season 3 ( 2019 ) The third season plans to adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will adapt the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in this season . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 16 `` The Slippery Slope : Part 1 '' TBC TBC TBC 17 `` The Slippery Slope : Part 2 '' TBC TBC TBC 18 `` The Grim Grotto : Part 1 '' TBC TBC TBC 19 `` The Grim Grotto : Part 2 '' TBC TBC TBC 20 5 `` The Penultimate Peril : Part 1 '' TBC TBC TBC 21 6 `` The Penultimate Peril : Part 2 '' TBC TBC TBC 22 7 `` The End '' TBC TBC TBC Production Development The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In season two , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . Visual effects Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response Season 1 The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 10 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaire 's adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery ^ Jump up to : https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.creativebc.com/crbc-services/motion-picture-services/in-production/films.php?type=series Jump up ^ http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2017/09/vancouver-film-production-update.html ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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a series of unfortunate events season 1 episode 2

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Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Speaker of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia Speaker of the Lok Sabha This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the Lok Sabha State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Sumitra Mahajan Style The Honourable Appointer Members of the Lok Sabha Term length During the life of the Lok Sabha ( five years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India . The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections . Serving for a term of five years , the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha , and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance . The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha . She is the second woman to hold the office , after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar . Contents 1 Powers and functions of the Speaker 2 Removal of the Speaker 3 Pro tem Speaker 4 List of Speakers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Powers and functions of the Speaker ( edit ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house ; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them . They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President . Further , all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker . The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament . The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman , who is the Vice President of India . In the warrant of precedence , the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India . Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India. The speaker is answerable to the house . Both the speaker and deputy speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members . Removal of the Speaker ( edit ) Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96 . Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . This would arise out of speaker 's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution . When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill , it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker 's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122 Pro tem Speaker ( edit ) After a general election and the formation of a new government , a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs , who selects a pro tem speaker . The appointment has to be approved by the president . The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker . In absence of the Speaker , the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority . Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha 1 ) He or She must be a citizen of India . 2 ) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age . 3 ) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India , or the Government of any other state . List of Speakers ( edit ) No . Name Portrait Term Party From To Length Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952 27 February 1956 3 years , 288 days 1st Indian National Congress M.A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 1 year , 63 days 11 May 1957 16 April 1962 4 years , 340 days 2nd Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 4 years , 333 days 3rd Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 2 years , 124 days 4th 5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon -- 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 1 year , 221 days 22 March 1971 1 December 1975 4 years , 254 days 5th 6 Bali Ram Bhagat -- 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 1 year , 69 days ( 4 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 109 days 6th Janata Party 7 K.S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 2 years , 184 days 8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 3 years , 358 days 7th Indian National Congress 16 January 1985 18 December 1989 4 years , 336 days 8th 9 Rabi Ray -- 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 1 year , 202 days 9th Janata Dal 10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 4 years , 317 days 10th Indian National Congress 11 P.A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 1 year , 304 days 11th 12 G.M.C. Balayogi -- 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 1 year , 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party 22 October 1999 3 March 2002 2 years , 132 days 13th 13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 2 years , 23 days Shiv Sena 14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 4 years , 361 days 14th Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 5 years , 0 days 15th Indian National Congress 16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 4 years , 144 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party See also ( edit ) Parliament of India President of India Vice-President of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha '' . speakerloksabha.nic.in . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sumitra Mahajan : Did you know she is listed as ' Tai ' even in Lok Sabha '' . India Today . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , Representation of the People Act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar Act as Money Bill : Why the Lok Sabha is n't Immune from Judicial Review '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court '' . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashok , Akash Deep ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Pro tem Speaker : All you need to know about this parliamentary post '' . India Today . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Speakers of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Gurdial Singh Dhillon Bali Ram Bhagat K.S. Hegde Balram Jakhar Rabi Ray Shivraj Patil P.A. Sangma G.M.C. Balayogi Manohar Joshi Somnath Chatterjee Meira Kumar Sumitra Mahajan Parliament of India President President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) 17th LS ( 2019 -- 24 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=866078125 '' Categories : Lists of legislative speakers in India Speakers of the Lok Sabha Lists of political office - holders in India Lists of members of the Lok Sabha Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 03 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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William G. Morgan

William G. Morgan - wikipedia William G. Morgan Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William G. Morgan William George Morgan ( 1870 - 01 - 23 ) January 23 , 1870 Lockport , New York , U.S. December 27 , 1942 ( 1942 - 12 - 27 ) ( aged 72 ) Lockport , New York , U.S. Alma mater Springfield College Occupation Educator Known for Inventor of volleyball Spouse ( s ) Mary King Caldwell ( divorced ) Children William George Morgan ( January 23 , 1870 -- December 27 , 1942 ) was the inventor of volleyball , originally called `` Mintonette '' , a name derived from the game of badminton which he later agreed to change to better reflect the nature of the sport . He was born in Lockport , New York , US . He met James Naismith , inventor of basketball , while Morgan was studying at Springfield College in 1892 . Like Naismith , Morgan pursued a career in Physical Education at the YMCA . Influenced by Naismith and basketball , in 1895 , in Holyoke , Massachusetts , Morgan invented `` Mintonette '' a less vigorous team sport more suitable for older members of the YMCA but one that still required athletic skill . Later Alfred S. Halstead watched it being played and renamed it `` Volleyball '' , because the point of the game is to volley the ball back and forth over the net . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Creating the sport 3 Introducing the sport 4 Aftermath 5 Later life 6 Credits 7 References Early life ( edit ) William George Morgan graduated high school at Northfield Mount Hermon School and moved on to attend the YMCA International Training School ( Later renamed Springfield College ) in Massachusetts with James Naismith , the inventor of basketball . Both Morgan and Naismith pursued careers in Physical Education at the YMCA ( Young Men 's Christian Association ) . Auburn , Maine , at the YMCA , was where Morgan spent one year working prior to graduating from Springfield College . During the summer of 1895 , Morgan moved to Holyoke , Massachusetts , where he continued to work for the YMCA , becoming the Director of Physical Education . With Morgan being the Director , it allowed him to devise workout plans and teach sports in depth to the young male adult . Creating the sport ( edit ) As William Morgan worked as the Director of Physical Education at the YMCA in Holyoke , he started to notice that the game of basketball was not meant for everyone to play . The weaker young men , non-athletic adults , and the older adults were not able to keep up with running up and down the court , along with the amount of contact they would occasionally run into . Morgan then had to think of a game in where everyone would have an equal amount of participation but also had similar objectives to basketball . He wanted to create a game which everyone could play , no matter their age or physical ability . Between trying to run classes at the YMCA and creating a new sport suitable for all , Morgan decided it was best that he use ideas from various sports such as handball , tennis , and badminton , and his own knowledge from sports training methods and experience , to create this new sport . He decided that the game would involve a six - foot , six - inch net in the middle dividing the 2 separate playing areas , and that it would be played on a 30 ft. × 60 ft. court , so that it could be played in gyms anywhere across the nation . After creating some ground rules , William Morgan had to experiment with his game . First , he had to decide which ball to use . A basketball was too heavy while the basketball bladder was too light . After testing all of the balls he had available , he had come to the conclusion that his best option was to ask A.G. Spalding & Bros. to make him a ball . A young A.G. Spalding & Bros. equipment designer and master marine cloth tailor , Dale Callaghan , developed and produced the first prototype volleyball . Morgan was very pleased with Spalding & Bros. work . They created Morgan the perfect ball for his sport , which was covered in leather , with the circumference of 25 -- 27 inches . The ball was also the perfect weight for Morgan 's sport . The ball weighed 9 -- 12 ounces . This new ball that had been made for Morgan 's sport was the perfect finishing touch to the basics of the sport . The last thing that had to be done by Morgan was to create a name . Morgan came up with `` Mintonette '' as the new name for his game . Introducing the sport ( edit ) The first time Morgan revealed his sport to the other Directors of Physical was at the YMCA located in Springfield , in 1896 . He presented his new , creative idea to Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick ( director of the professional physical education training school ) and the rest of the YMCA Directors of Physical Education . Dr. Gulick was so pleased that he asked Morgan to present his sport at the school 's new stadium . In preparation for his big debut , Morgan created 2 teams of 5 men , who would help in demonstrating `` Mintonette '' in front of the conference delegates in the East Gymnasium at Springfield College . On February 9 , 1895 , William Morgan presented his new sport to the world . When Morgan was explaining the game before the demonstration , he named a few key guidelines in the game of `` Mintonette '' such as that the game was created so that it could be played in open air and in gyms as well as the objective of the game was to keep the ball in action as it goes from one side of the high net , to the other . One of the conference delegates , Professor Alfred T. Halsted , loved the game of Mintonette , but he felt like something was just not right . Professor Halsted suggested that the name of the game should be Volleyball , since the main point of the game was to `` volley '' the ball to a player or over the net . Morgan agreed with Halsted 's idea and since then the original game of `` Mintonette '' has been referred to as Volleyball . Morgan continued to tweak the rules of the game until July 1896 , where his sport was added into the first official handbook of the North American YMCA Athletic League . Aftermath ( edit ) On July 7 , 1896 , the first game of volleyball was played at Springfield College . In 1900 , Spalding started to produce a special ball , which was designed specifically for the sport -- A volleyball . In 1920 , new rules were instigated which included the three hits per side and the back row attack rules . In 1964 , at the Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo , was where Volleyball was introduced to the Olympics . Later life ( edit ) William Morgan left his job at the YMCA in 1897 to start a new career with General Electric and Westinghouse . He stayed in touch with Springfield College and stated that he was `` content in the knowledge that the game brought a richer life to millions of people throughout the world . '' Morgan died on December 27 , 1942 . Credits ( edit ) In 1995 , The Morgan Trophy Award was created . The Award is presented annually to the most outstanding male and female collegiate volleyball player in the US . An elementary school in Holyoke , William Morgan School , bears his name . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In 1895 , William Morgan Invents Mintonette '' . New England Historical Society . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Putting his mind to the challenge , Morgan examined the rules of sports such as baseball , basketball , handball and badminton . Taking pieces from each , he created a game he called Mintonette , deriving the name from badminton Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Game '' . Fivb.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Daven Hiskey ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) . `` February 9th : William G. Morgan Invents a Game Called Mintonette that is Better Known Today as Volleyball '' . Todayifoundout.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Bellis , Mary . `` Invention and History of Volleyball by William Morgan '' . Inventors.about.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` VOLLEYBALL HISTORY - Page 1 of 2 Court & Field Dimension Diagrams in 3D , History , Rules '' . Sportsknowhow.com. 2015 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Volleyball Court Dimensions Court & Field Dimension Diagrams in 3D , History , Rules '' . Sportsknowhow.com. 2015 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The History Of Volleyball . Where Volleyball Started '' . Athleticscholarships.net . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_G._Morgan&oldid=824739625 '' Categories : Volleyball American inventors American men 's volleyball players American educators American people of Welsh descent 1870 births 1942 deaths Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 05 : 00 . About Wikipedia

who is said be the father of volleyball

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Winter Olympic Games

Winter Olympic Games - wikipedia Winter Olympic Games Jump to : navigation , search For a list of Winter Olympic Games , see the list below . `` Winter Olympics '' redirects here . For the TV episode of the The Goodies , see Winter Olympics ( The Goodies ) . For the video game , see Winter Olympics ( video game ) . Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated Winter Olympic Games The Olympic flame in PyeongChang during the 2018 Winter Olympics Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 Sports ( details ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross ‐ country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating The Winter Olympic Games ( French : Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice . The first Winter Olympics , the 1924 Winter Olympics , were held in Chamonix , France . The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games , which were held in Olympia , Greece , from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD . Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1894 , leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens , Greece in 1896 . The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement , with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority . The original five Winter Olympics sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh , curling , ice hockey , Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping ) , and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ) . The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936 , interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II , and resumed in 1948 . Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years , but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four - year cycles in alternating even - numbered years , the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994 . The Winter Games have evolved since their inception . Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them , such as Alpine skiing , luge , short track speed skating , freestyle skiing , skeleton , and snowboarding , have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme . Some others , including curling and bobsleigh , have been discontinued and later reintroduced ; others have been permanently discontinued , such as military patrol , though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it . Still others , such as speed skiing , bandy and skijoring , were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports . The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games . It generated income via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising , which has become lucrative for the IOC . This allowed outside interests , such as television companies and corporate sponsors , to exert influence . The IOC has had to address numerous criticisms over the decades like internal scandals , the use of performance - enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians , as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics . Nations have used the Winter ( as well as Summer ) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems . The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries . The Games have been held four times in the United States ( in 1932 , 1960 , 1980 and 2002 ) ; three times in France ( in 1924 , 1968 and 1992 ) ; and twice each in Austria ( 1964 , 1976 ) , Canada ( 1988 , 2010 ) , Japan ( 1972 , 1998 ) , Italy ( 1956 , 2006 ) , Norway ( 1952 , 1994 ) , and Switzerland ( 1928 , 1948 ) . Also , the Games have been held just once each in Germany ( 1936 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1984 ) , Russia ( 2014 ) and South Korea ( 2018 ) . The IOC has selected Beijing , China , to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019 . As of 2018 , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold - weather - dependent Winter Olympics , which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer . To date , twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States . Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , Norway , Sweden and the United States . The only country to have earned a gold medal at every Winter Olympics is the United States . Norway leads the all - time medal table for the Winter Olympics both on number of gold and overall medals , followed by the United States and Germany . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.1. 1 1900 to 1912 1.1. 2 World War I 1.1. 3 1920 to 1936 1.1. 4 World War II 1.1. 5 1948 to 1960 1.1. 6 1964 to 1980 1.1. 7 1984 to 1998 1.2 21st century 1.2. 1 2002 to 2010 1.2. 2 2014 to 2018 1.2. 3 Future 2 Controversy 2.1 Host city legacy 2.2 Doping 3 Politics 3.1 Cold War 3.2 Boycott 4 Sports 4.1 Current sports 4.2 Demonstration events 5 Ten most successful nations 6 List of Winter Olympic Games 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History 20th century 1900 to 1912 Ulrich Salchow at the 1908 Olympics . A predecessor , the Nordic Games , were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm , Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926 . Balck was a charter member of the IOC and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin . He attempted to have winter sports , specifically figure skating , added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Four figure skating events were contested , at which Ulrich Salchow ( 10 - time world champion ) and Madge Syers won the individual titles . Three years later , Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden . The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports . World War I The idea was resurrected for the 1916 Games , which were to be held in Berlin , Germany . A winter sports week with speed skating , figure skating , ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned , but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of World War I . 1920 to 1936 The first Olympics after the war , the 1920 Summer Olympics , were held in Antwerp , Belgium , and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament . Germany , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the Games . At the IOC Congress held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the 1924 Summer Olympics , France , would host a separate `` International Winter Sports Week '' under the patronage of the IOC . Chamonix was chosen to host this `` week '' ( actually 11 days ) of events . The Games proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events . Athletes from Finland and Norway won 28 medals , more than the rest of the participating nations combined . Germany remained banned until 1925 , and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele , starting with the winter edition of 1922 ( which predated the first Winter Olympics ) . In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics . St. Moritz , Switzerland , was appointed by the IOC to host the second Winter Games in 1928 . Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts . The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the Games . Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed - skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled . The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 Games : Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15 . She became the youngest Olympic champion in history , a distinction she held for 70 years . The next Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid , New York , was the first to be hosted outside of Europe . Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated . This was less than in 1928 , as the journey to Lake Placid , United States , was long and expensive for most competitors , who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression . The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports . Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games , and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January . Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title , and Eddie Eagan of the United States , who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920 , won the gold medal in the men 's bobsleigh event to become the first , and so far only , Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games , held on 6 -- 16 February . This was the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year . Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut , but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals . Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games . World War II World War II interrupted the holding of the Winter Olympics . The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo , Japan , but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China . The Games were then to be held at Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany , but the 1940 Games were cancelled following the German invasion of Poland in 1939 . Due to the ongoing war , the 1944 Games , originally scheduled for Cortina D'Ampezzo , Italy , were cancelled . 1948 to 1960 The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war Games in 1948 . Switzerland 's neutrality had protected the town during World War II , and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games , which made St. Moritz a logical choice . It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice . Twenty - eight countries competed in Switzerland , but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited . Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived , both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative . The Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp was stolen , as was its replacement . There was unprecedented parity at these Games , during which 10 countries won gold medals -- more than any Games to that point . The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo , was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim , and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis . Bandy , a popular sport in the Nordic countries , was featured as a demonstration sport , though only Norway , Sweden , and Finland fielded teams . Norwegian athletes won 17 medals , which outpaced all the other nations . They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition . After not being able to host the Games in 1944 , Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics . At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer , Guido Caroli , entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates . As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell , nearly extinguishing the flame . He was able to recover and light the cauldron . These were the first Winter Games to be televised , and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience , though no television rights were sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events . The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact , winning more medals than any other nation . Soviet immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' . The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full - time . Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom . The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley , United States . It was an undeveloped resort in 1955 , so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $80,000,000 . The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney . The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first Winter Games to have a dedicated athletes ' village , the first to use a computer ( courtesy of IBM ) to tabulate results , and the first to feature female speed skating events . The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time due to the cost of building a bobsleigh run . 1964 to 1980 The Herb Brooks Arena in Lake Placid ( c. 2007 ) , site of the `` Miracle on Ice '' in 1980 The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964 . Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort , warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice to the sports venues . Soviet speed - skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by winning all four speed skating events . Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes . Luge was first contested in 1964 , but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run . Held in the French town of Grenoble , the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour . There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events . French alpine ski racer Jean - Claude Killy became only the second person to win all the men 's alpine skiing events . The organising committee sold television rights for US $2 million , which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games . Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes ' villages . The organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances , however critics disputed this , alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes ' expense . The 1972 Winter Games , held in Sapporo , Japan , were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe . The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at Mammoth Mountain in the United States ; three days before the opening ceremony , IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes . Eventually only Austrian Karl Schranz , who earned more than the other skiers , was excluded from the competition . Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues . Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first ( and , as of 2018 , only ) Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the slalom . The 1976 Winter Olympics had initially been awarded in 1970 to Denver , Colorado in the United States . These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado 's centennial and the United States Bicentennial . However , in November 1972 the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3 : 2 margin . The IOC responded by offering the Games to Vancouver - Garibaldi , British Columbia , which had previously been an official candidate for the 1976 Games . However , a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid , so the IOC 's offer was rejected . Salt Lake City , previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics , then put itself forward , but the IOC opted instead to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games , as most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games had been maintained . Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games , Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973 . Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games . The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track , in neighbouring Igls . The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal . In 1980 the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid , which had hosted the 1932 Games . The first boycott of a Winter Olympics took place at these Games , when Taiwan refused to participate after an edict by the IOC mandated that they change their name and national anthem . This was an attempt by the IOC to accommodate China , who wished to compete using the same name and anthem as those used by Taiwan . As a result , China participated for the first time since 1952 . American speed - skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five events in which he competed , winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics ( both Summer and Winter ) . Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country , Liechtenstein , became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist . In the `` Miracle on Ice '' , the American hockey team composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union , and progressed to eventually win the gold medal . 1984 to 1998 Alberto Tomba , winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary , Albertville and Lillehammer Sapporo , Japan , and Gothenburg , Sweden , were front - runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics . It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , was selected as host . The Games were well - organised and not affected by the run - up to the war that engulfed the country eight years later . A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events . Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won silver in the giant slalom . Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ; their Boléro routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression , earning them the gold medal . The Olympic Torch from the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary In 1988 , the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span three weekends , lasting for a total of 16 days . New events were added in ski - jumping and speed skating , while future Olympic sports curling , short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their debut appearance as demonstration sports . The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time , on the Olympic Oval . Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals and set two world records , beating skaters from the favoured East German team in every race . Her medal total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen , who won all three events in his sport . Alberto Tomba , an Italian skier , made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom . East German Christa Rothenburger won the women 's 1,000 metre speed skating event . Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul , to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year . The 1992 Winter Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games . They were hosted in the French Savoie region , with 18 events held in the city of Albertville and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie . Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France : this was the first Games to be held after the fall of Communism and the fall of the Berlin Wall , and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games ; former Yugoslavian republics Croatia and Slovenia made their debuts as independent nations ; most of the former Soviet republics still competed as a single team known as the Unified Team , but the Baltic States made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II . At 16 years old , Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion . New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women 's slalom . The 1994 Winter Olympics , held in Lillehammer , Norway , were the first Winter Games to be held separately from the Summer Games . This change resulted from the decision reached in the 91st IOC Session ( 1986 ) to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even - numbered years . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and it was the second time the Games were held in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts . The women 's figure skating competition drew media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994 , in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding . Both skaters competed in the Games , but the gold medal was controversially won by Oksana Baiul who became Ukraine 's first Olympic champion , while Kerrigan won the silver medal . Johann Olav Koss of Norway won three gold medals , coming first in all of the distance speed skating events . 13 - year - old Kim Yoon - Mi became the youngest - ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women 's 3,000 meter speed skating relay . Russia won the most events , with eleven gold medals , while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes , collecting the most medals overall on home ground . Juan Antonio Samaranch described Lillehammer as `` the best Olympic Winter Games ever '' in his closing ceremony speech . The 1998 Winter Olympics were held in the Japanese city of Nagano and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes . The men 's ice hockey tournament was opened to professionals for the first time . Canada and the United States were favoured to win the tournament as they both fielded numerous NHL players , but surprisingly neither team won any medals and it was the Czech Republic who prevailed . Women 's ice hockey made its debut and the United States won the gold medal . Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won three gold medals in Nordic skiing , becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete , with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall . Austrian Hermann Maier survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the super-G and the giant slalom . Tara Lipinski of the United States , aged just 15 , became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the Ladies ' Singles , a record that had stood since Sonja Henie of Norway won the same event , also aged 15 , in St. Moritz in 1928 . New world records were set in speed skating largely due to the introduction of the clap skate . 21st century 2002 to 2010 Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City , United States , hosting 77 nations and 2,399 athletes in 78 events in 7 sports . These Games were the first to take place since the September 11 attacks of 2001 , which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack . The opening ceremony saw signs of the aftermath of the events of that day , including the flag that flew at Ground Zero , NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing `` God Bless America '' , and honour guards of NYPD and FDNY members . German Georg Hackl won a silver in the singles luge , becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics . Canada achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men 's and women 's ice hockey gold medals . Canada became embroiled with Russia in a controversy that involved the judging of the pairs figure skating competition . The Russian pair of Yelena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze competed against the Canadian pair of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier for the gold medal . The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition , yet the Russians were awarded the gold . The judging broke along Cold War lines with judges from former Communist countries favouring the Russian pair and judges from Western nations voting for the Canadians . The only exception was the French judge , Marie - Reine Le Gougne , who awarded the gold to the Russians . An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated ; in return the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition . The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second medal ceremony held later in the Games . Australian Steven Bradbury became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short - track speed skating event . Close - up of the Olympic Flame during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics . It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games . South Korean athletes won 10 medals , including 6 gold in the short - track speed skating events . Sun - Yu Jin won three gold medals while her teammate Hyun - Soo Ahn won three gold medals and a bronze . In the women 's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one of her poles and , when he saw her dilemma , Norwegian coach Bjørnar Håkensmoen decided to lend her a pole . In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team , who finished fourth . On winning the Super-G , Kjetil - Andre Aamodt of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals . He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three different Olympics , winning the Super-G in 1992 , 2002 and 2006 . Claudia Pechstein of Germany became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals . In February 2009 , Pechstein tested positive for `` blood manipulation '' and received a two - year suspension , which she appealed . The Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the 2010 German Olympic team . This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal , which overturned the lower court 's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver . A memorial to Nodar Kumaritashvili in Whistler , photographed on 20 March 2010 In 2003 the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver , thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics . With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games . Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events . The death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the Whistler Sliding Centre changing the track layout on safety grounds . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women 's programme . She finished the Olympics with three golds , a silver and a bronze . The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the Russian athletes . From their first Winter Olympics in 1956 to the 2006 Games , a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal - winning nations , but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals . President Dmitry Medvedev called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games . Russia 's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi . The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under - performing Russian team , with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries . In 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals , three of which were gold . In Vancouver the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty - one , with eleven of them being gold . The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea , Japan and China . 2014 to 2018 Sochi , Russia , was selected as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg , Austria , and Pyeongchang , South Korea . This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics . The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014 . A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events . The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast . All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana . The Games were the most expensive so far , with a cost of £ 30 billion ( USD 51 billion ) . On the snow , Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13 , overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time . Another Norwegian , cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen took three golds ; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals , alongside Raisa Smetanina and Stefania Belmondo . Snowboarder Ayumu Hirano became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the halfpipe competition at the age of fifteen . On the ice , the Dutch dominated the speed skating events , taking 23 medals , four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events . Ireen Wüst was their most successful competitor , taking two golds and three silvers . In figure skating , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first skater to break the 100 - point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal . Among the sledding disciplines , luger Armin Zöggeler took a bronze , becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games . Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games , and an investment of £ 600 million in elite sport , Russia initially topped the medal table , taking 33 medals including thirteen golds . However Grigory Rodchenkov , the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory , subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games , and that he had been assisted by the Russian Federal Security Service in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with `` clean '' urine . A subsequent investigation commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency led by Richard McLaren concluded that a state - sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from `` at least late 2011 to 2015 '' across the `` vast majority '' of Summer and Winter Olympic sports . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect and by the end of 2017 the IOC Disciplinary Commission had disqualified 43 Russian athletes , stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table , thus putting Norway in the lead . On 6 July 2011 , Pyeongchang , South Korea , was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich , Germany , and Annecy , France . This was the first time that South Korea had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018 . More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events . The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . The lead - up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the tensions between North and South Korea and the ongoing Russian doping scandal . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) but they were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . The Games saw the addition of big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the programme . On the ice , the Netherlands again dominated the speed skating , winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . On the snow , Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing , with Marit Bjørgen winning bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . Johannes Høsflot Klæbo became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the men 's sprint at age 21 . Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norway led the total medal standings with 39 , the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics . Future The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics , is Beijing in northern China , elected on 31 July 2015 , at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur . Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The 2022 Winter Olympics will take place between 4 and 20 February 2022 . Controversy Main article : Olympic Games scandals and controversies § Winter Olympics Juan Antonio Samaranch , former IOC president , was implicated in a bidding scandal for the 2002 Winter Olympics . The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games . Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to curry favour with IOC officials . Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City 's bid . These gifts included medical treatment for relatives , a college scholarship for one member 's son and a land deal in Utah . Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles valued at $2,000 . Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since , as president , he was a non-voting member . The subsequent investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Olympics ( both Summer and Winter ) since 1988 . For example , the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano 's bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as `` astronomical '' . Although nothing strictly illegal had been done , the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support . The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10 . New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership , and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee . Stricter rules for future bids were imposed , with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities . Host city legacy According to the IOC , the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for `` ... establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games , such as sports planning , venues , finance , technology , accommodation , catering , media services , etc. , as well as operations during the Games . '' Due to the cost of hosting the Games , most host cities never realise a profit on their investment . For example , the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , cost $3.6 billion to host . By comparison , the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , cost $12.5 billion . The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the bullet train service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag . The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics , and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo , would benefit the local economy for years afterwards . In actual fact , Nagano 's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two , but the long - term effects have not materialised as anticipated . The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities , as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs into the future with no appreciable post-Olympic value . The Winter Olympics has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location ; the men 's downhill needs an 800 meter altitude difference along a suitable course . As this is a focal event that is central to the Games , the IOC will not agree to it taking place a great distance from the main host city . The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena . Due to cost issues , the only candidate cities for the 2022 Winter Olympics were in dictatorship countries , and a number of European countries declined due to political doubt over costs . Both the 2006 and 2010 Games , which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions , had lower costs since more venues and transport infrastructure already existed . The IOC has enacted several initiatives to mitigate these concerns . Firstly , the commission has agreed to fund part of the host city 's budget for staging the Games . Secondly , the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting the region or nation ; this consequently rules out a large portion of the developing world . Finally , any prospective host city planning to bid for the Games is required to add a `` legacy plan '' to their proposal , with a view to the long - term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have on the region . Doping In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols . They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics . The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was Alois Schloder , a West German hockey player , but his team was still allowed to compete . During the 1970s testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance - enhancing drugs . The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures , which undermined the credibility of the tests . It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug - testing protocols . The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) in November 1999 . The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of blood doping , the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as Erythropoietin ( EPO ) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue . The Italian police conducted a raid on the Austrian cross-country ski team 's residence during the Games where they seized blood - doping specimens and equipment . This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of haemoglobin , which is evidence of blood doping . The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi 's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 ( later increased to 46 ) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi , Russia , acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with . Politics Cold War A postage stamp issued by East Germany in 1968 in commemoration of their first Winter Olympics as an independent country The Winter Olympics have been an ideological front in the Cold War since the Soviet Union first participated at the 1956 Winter Games . It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the ' 90s . The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers . The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC . Because of its role in World War II , Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics . In 1950 the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee , and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games . East Germany declined the invitation and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany . In 1955 the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state , thereby giving more credibility to East Germany 's campaign to become an independent participant at the Olympics . The IOC agreed to provisionally accept the East German National Olympic Committee with the condition that East and West Germans compete on one team . The situation became tenuous when the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1962 and western nations began refusing visas to East German athletes . The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC officially split the teams and threatened to reject the host - city bids of any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes . Boycott The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid . Prior to the Games the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952 . China was given permission to compete as the `` People 's Republic of China '' ( PRC ) and to use the PRC flag and anthem . Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name `` Republic of China '' ( ROC ) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem . The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the `` Republic of China '' . The IOC renamed the island `` Chinese Taipei '' and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem , stipulations that Taiwan would not agree to . Despite numerous appeals and court hearings the IOC 's decision stood . When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted . They subsequently left the Olympics in protest , just before the opening ceremonies . Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei . The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal . The agreement remains in place to this day . Sports The Olympic Charter limits winter sports to `` those ... which are practised on snow or ice . '' Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme ; which include short track speed skating , snowboarding , freestyle and moguls skiing . The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America . While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports , countries such as South Korea , Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports . The results are : more parity in the national medal tables ; more interest in the Winter Olympics ; and higher global television ratings . Current sports Sport Years Events Medal events contested in 2014 Alpine skiing Since 1936 11 Men 's and women 's downhill , super G , giant slalom , slalom , and combined , and parallel slalom . Biathlon Since 1960 11 Sprint ( men : 10 km ; women : 7.5 km ) , the individual ( men : 20 km ; women : 15 km ) , pursuit ( men : 12.5 km ; women : 10 km ) , relay ( men : 4x7. 5 km ; women : 4x6 km ; mixed : 2x7. 5 km + 2x6 km ) , and the mass start ( men : 15 km ; women : 12.5 km ) . Bobsleigh Since 1924 ( except 1960 ) Four - man race , two - man race and two - woman race . Cross-country skiing Since 1924 12 Men 's sprint , team sprint , 30 km pursuit , 15 km , 50 km and 4x10 km relay ; women 's sprint , team sprint , 15 km pursuit , 10 km , 30 km and 4x5 km relay . Curling 1924 , since 1998 Men 's , women 's and mixed doubles . tournaments . Figure skating Since 1924 5 Men 's and women 's singles ; pairs ; ice dancing and team event . Freestyle skiing Since 1992 10 Men 's and women 's moguls , aerials , ski cross , superpipe , and slopestyle . Ice hockey Since 1924 Men 's and women 's tournaments . Luge Since 1964 Men 's and women 's singles , men 's doubles , team relay . Nordic combined Since 1924 Men 's 10 km individual normal hill , 10 km individual large hill and team . Short track speed skating Since 1992 8 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m ; women 's 3000 m relay ; and men 's 5000 m relay . Skeleton 1928 , 1948 , Since 2002 Men 's and women 's events . Ski jumping Since 1924 Men 's individual large hill , team large hill ; men 's and women 's individual normal hill . Snowboarding Since 1998 8 Men 's and women 's parallel , half - pipe , snowboard cross , and slopestyle . Speed skating Since 1924 14 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m , 5000 m , mass start , team pursuit ; women 's 3000 m ; men 's 10,000 m . ^ Note 1 . Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 2 . A men 's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 3 . The IOC 's website now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . Demonstration events Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals . Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992 . Military patrol , a precursor to the biathlon , was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928 , 1936 and 1948 , becoming an official sport in 1960 . The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics . Bandy ( Russian hockey ) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia . In the latter it 's considered a national sport . It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games . Ice stock sport , a German variant of curling , was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria . The ski ballet event , later known as ski - acro , was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992 . Skijöring , skiing behind dogs , was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928 . A sled - dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932 . Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics . Winter pentathlon , a variant of the modern pentathlon , was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland . It included cross-country skiing , shooting , downhill skiing , fencing and horse riding . Ten most successful nations Main article : All - time Olympic Games medal table The table below uses official data provided by the IOC . Defunct nation No . Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 23 132 125 111 368 United States ( USA ) 23 105 110 90 305 Germany ( GER ) 12 92 86 60 238 Austria ( AUT ) 23 64 81 87 232 5 Canada ( CAN ) 23 73 64 62 199 6 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 78 57 59 194 7 Finland ( FIN ) 23 43 63 61 167 8 Sweden ( SWE ) 23 57 46 55 158 9 Switzerland ( SUI ) 23 55 46 52 153 10 Netherlands ( NED ) 21 45 44 41 130 List of Winter Olympic Games Games Year Host Dates Nations Competitors Sports Disci - plines Events Top Nation Ref Total Men Women 1924 Chamonix , France 25 January -- 5 February 16 258 247 11 6 9 16 Norway ( NOR ) ( 2 ) II 1928 St. Moritz , Switzerland 11 -- 19 February 25 464 438 26 8 14 Norway ( NOR ) ( 3 ) III 1932 Lake Placid , United States 4 -- 15 February 17 252 231 21 7 14 United States ( USA ) ( 4 ) IV 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany 6 -- 16 February 28 646 566 80 8 17 Norway ( NOR ) ( 5 ) 1940 Awarded to Sapporo , Japan ; cancelled due to World War II 1944 Awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ; cancelled due to World War II V 1948 St. Moritz , Switzerland 30 January -- 8 February 28 669 592 77 9 22 Norway ( NOR ) Sweden ( SWE ) ( 6 ) VI 1952 Oslo , Norway 14 -- 25 February 30 694 585 109 8 22 Norway ( NOR ) ( 7 ) VII 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy 26 January -- 5 February 32 821 687 134 8 24 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 8 ) VIII 1960 Squaw Valley , United States 18 -- 28 February 30 665 521 144 8 27 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 9 ) IX 1964 Innsbruck , Austria 29 January -- 9 February 36 1091 892 199 6 10 34 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 10 ) X 1968 Grenoble , France 6 -- 18 February 37 1158 947 211 6 10 35 Norway ( NOR ) ( 11 ) XI 1972 Sapporo , Japan 3 -- 13 February 35 1006 801 205 6 10 35 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 12 ) XII 1976 Innsbruck , Austria 4 -- 15 February 37 1123 892 231 6 10 37 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 13 ) XIII 1980 Lake Placid , United States 13 -- 24 February 37 1072 840 232 6 10 38 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 14 ) XIV 1984 Sarajevo , Yugoslavia 8 -- 19 February 49 1272 998 274 6 10 39 East Germany ( GDR ) ( 15 ) XV 1988 Calgary , Canada 13 -- 28 February 57 1423 1122 301 6 10 46 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 16 ) XVI 1992 Albertville , France 8 -- 23 February 64 1801 1313 488 6 12 57 Germany ( GER ) ( 17 ) XVII 1994 Lillehammer , Norway 12 -- 27 February 67 1737 1215 522 6 12 61 Russia ( RUS ) ( 18 ) XVIII 1998 Nagano , Japan 7 -- 22 February 72 2176 1389 787 7 14 68 Germany ( GER ) ( 19 ) XIX 2002 Salt Lake City , United States 8 -- 24 February 78 2399 1513 886 7 15 78 Norway ( NOR ) ( 20 ) XX 2006 Turin , Italy 10 -- 26 February 80 2508 1548 960 7 15 84 Germany ( GER ) ( 21 ) XXI Vancouver , Canada 12 -- 28 February 82 2566 1522 1044 7 15 86 Canada ( CAN ) ( 22 ) XXII 2014 Sochi , Russia 7 -- 23 February 88 2873 1714 1159 7 15 98 Russia ( RUS ) ( 23 ) XXIII 2018 Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 92 2922 1680 1242 7 15 102 Norway ( NOR ) ( 24 ) XXIV 2022 Beijing , China 4 -- 20 February Future event ( 25 ) Unlike the Summer Olympics , the cancelled 1940 Winter Olympics and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games . While the official titles of the Summer Games count Olympiads , the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves . Map of Winter Olympics locations . Countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics are shaded green , while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue . See also List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games Lists of Olympic medallists Olympic Games scandals and controversies Winter Paralympic Games Paralympic Games Summer Olympic Games Notes Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games . '' , ( 1 ). ( ... ) ^ Jump up to : The official website of the Olympic Movement now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . However , the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called Nordic Skiing . Jump up ^ At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for ' alpinisme ' ( mountaineering ) , a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments : Pierre de Coubertin presented a prize for ' alpinisme ' to Charles Granville Bruce , the leader of the expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922 . Jump up ^ The US beat the Soviets as part of a medal round that also included Finland and Sweden , so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later . References Jump up ^ `` Biathlon Results - Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Medals , Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 646 : Le Programme ... II . -- Epreuves par équipes - 12 . Ski : Course militaire ( 20 à 30 kilomètres , avec tir ) . ( The Programme ... II . -- Team events - 12 . Skiing : Military Race ( 20 to 30 kilometres , with shooting ) ) . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 664 : CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE . ( Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race ) ^ Jump up to : Edgeworth , Ron ( May 1994 ) . `` The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Winter Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . International Society of Olympic Historians Journal . LA84 Foundation . 2 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 Figure Skating Results '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 11 February 2001 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating History '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2004 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 Chamonix , France '' . CBC Sports . CBC.ca. 18 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 283 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Chamonix Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , pp. 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 290 Jump up ^ `` 1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ Seligmann , Davison , and McDonald ( 2004 ) , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Lund , Mortund ( December 2001 ) . `` The First Four Olympics '' . Skiing Heritage Journal . International Skiing History Association : 21 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallon and Buchanon ( 2006 ) , p. xxxii Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Moritz 1948 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ `` Oslo 1952 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 255 Jump up ^ `` 1952 Oslo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Guttman ( 1986 ) , p. 135 Jump up ^ `` Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Daniel ( 1992 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Schantz , Otto . `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiharu Igaya '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Shipler , Gary ( February 1960 ) . `` Backstage at Winter Olympics '' . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation : 138 . Retrieved 6 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` Innsbruck 1964 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Grenoble 1968 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 13 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 277 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 286 Jump up ^ Fry ( 2006 ) , pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew ; Szemberg , Szymon ( 2008 ) . `` Story # 17 -- Protesting amateur rules , Canada leaves international hockey '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . January 2008 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado only state ever to turn down Olympics '' . denver.rockymountainnews.com . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fry ( 2006 ) , p. 157 ^ Jump up to : `` Innsbruck 1976 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Findling and Pelle ( 1996 ) , p. 299 Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1980 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Huber , Jim ( 22 February 2000 ) . `` A Golden Moment '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LAKE PLACID 1980 - USA ice hockey team '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LAKE PLACID 1980 - Photo - Finland v USA '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Sarajevo '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 18 July 2004 . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarajevo 1984 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calgary 1988 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yvonne van Gennip '' . The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad . Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albertville 1992 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 400 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 402 Jump up ^ `` Lillehammer 1994 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( 27 February 1994 ) . `` Winter Olympics ; In Politics and on ice , neighbors are apart '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harding - Kerrigan timeline '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . 1 March 1999 . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Barshay , Jill J ( 3 March 1994 ) . `` Figure Skating ; It 's Stocks and Bouquets as Baiul returns to Ukraine '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Angus ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` Achievements still burn bright '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johann - Olav Koss '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SPEECH OF THE IOC PRESIDENT AT THE CLOSING CEREMONY OF THE XVII OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES '' ( PDF ) . LA84 Foundation . 22 February 1998 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nagano 1998 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ `` Ten Famous Olympic Skiers '' . 29 Oct 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevius , C.W. ( 5 February 1998 ) . `` '' Clap '' Skate draws boos from traditionalists `` . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Communications Inc . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salt Lake City 2002 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( 17 February 2002 ) . `` The pivotal meeting ; French judge 's early tears indicating controversy to come '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Bose , Mihir ( 17 February 2002 ) . `` Skating scandal that left IOC on thin ice '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australia win first ever gold '' . BBC Sport. 17 February 2002 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turin 2006 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Berglund , Nina ( 20 February 2006 ) . `` Canadians hail Norwegian coach 's sportsmanship '' . Aftenposten . Aftenposten.no . Archived from the original on 17 January 2009 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` Germany 's Claudia Pechstein Tries to Restore Reputation '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` Claudia Pechstein 's Doping Appeal Denied '' . The Huffington Post . HuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Statistics -- Population by selected ethnic origins , by census metropolitan areas ( 2001 Census ) '' . StatCan. 25 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2006 . Retrieved 31 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( 13 February 2010 ) . `` Quick to Blame in Luge , and Showing No Shame '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones , Tom ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Best and worst of the Winter Olympics in Vancouver '' . St. Petersberg Times . Tampabay.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's president calls for resignations '' . ESPN.com. 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Biathlete Gregorin confirmed as athlete who failed Vancouver 2010 doping retest '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Armour , Nancy ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Surprising success bodes well for South Korea '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Winter Olympics : Who will win the most medals ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sochi 2014 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pinsent , Matthew ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Sochi 2014 : A look at Russia 's Olympic city '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Barretto , Lawrence ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Sochi 2014 : Russia top medal table as Olympics come to an end '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia state - sponsored doping across majority of Olympic sports , claims report '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic Flag '' ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Russia Olympic medals stripped ; new Sochi medal standings '' . NBC Sports . November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia toppled from Sochi 2014 medals first place but final count unknown '' . Reuters . November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate = December 12 , 2017 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Rose ; Moore , Niki ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Pyeongchang Beats Munich , Annecy to Host 2018 Winter Olympics '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics corruption probe ordered '' . BBC News . 22 December 1998 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ) , p. 444 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2005 ) , p. 445 Jump up ^ Cashmore ( 2003 ) , p. 307 Jump up ^ Payne ( 2006 ) , p. 232 Jump up ^ Miller , Lawrence and McCay ( 2001 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Abrahamson , Alan ( 6 December 2003 ) . `` Judge Drops Olympic Bid Case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Samaranch reflects on bid scandal with regret '' . Deseret News . WinterSports2002.com . Archived from the original on 26 February 2002 . Retrieved 22 March 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Roles and Responsibilities during the Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . January 2010 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkes , Howard ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Olympic Caveat : Host cities risk debt , scandal '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Bob ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` The Olympic Effect '' . MSNBC.com . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Koba , Mark ( 11 February 2010 ) . `` The money pit that is hosting Olympic Games '' . CNBC.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's looking downhill for Quebec 's Olympic bid '' . December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ) , p. 277 Jump up ^ Preuss ( 2004 ) , p. 284 Jump up ^ Rogge , Jacques ( 12 February 2010 ) . `` Jacques Rogge : Vancouver 's Winter Olympic legacy can last for 60 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games , Sapporo 1972 ( PDF ) . The Organising Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games . 1973 . p. 386 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Thomas M. ( 2007 ) . `` Sports , Drugs , and the Cold War '' ( PDF ) . Olympika , International Journal of Olympic Studie . International Centre for Olympic Studies . 16 ( 1 ) : 22 . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ) , p. 313 Jump up ^ Mottram ( 2003 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Yesalis ( 2000 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ `` A Brief history of anti-doping '' . World Anti-Doping Agency . 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Jump up ^ `` Russian athletics : IAAF upholds ban before Rio Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Schantz , Otto . `` The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses -- from Coubertin to Samaranch '' ( PDF ) . Comité International Pierre De Coubertin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 35 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Hill ( 1992 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ `` History of the Winter Olympics '' . BBC Sport. 5 February 1998 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Brownell ( 2005 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 25 February 2010 ) . `` USA , Canada ride new sports to top of Winter Olympics medal count '' . The Christian Science Monitor . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alpine Skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biathlon '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bobsleigh '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cross Country Skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Curling '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freestyle skiing '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Hockey '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Luge '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nordic Combined '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Sskating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ski Jumping '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snowboard '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Sports '' . Inside The Games . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biathlon history '' . USBiathlon.org . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1908 London Summer Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan '' . Tatar - Inform. 21 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Eric ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Strangest Olympics Sports In History '' . Forbes . Forbes.com . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freestyle Skiing History '' . The National Post . Canadian Broadcasting Company . 4 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( 18 December 1991 ) . `` Hitting the slopes in the fast lane '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ The IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games gives erroneous figure of 77 participated NOCs ; however , one can count 78 nations looking through official results of 2002 Games Part 1 Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 2 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 3 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Probably this error is consequence that Costa Rica 's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony , so 77 nations participated in Opening Ceremony and 78 nations participated in the Games . Bibliography Barry , Tim ; Crawford , Dee ( 2002 ) . Revise for Advanced PE for Edexcel . Oxford , United Kingdom : Heinemann Educational Publishers . ISBN 0 - 435 - 10045 - 9 . Brownell , Susan ( 2008 ) . Beijing 's games : What the Olympics mean to China . Plymouth , United Kingdom : Rowman & Littlefield publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5640 - 9 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2005 ) . Making sense of sports . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34853 - 6 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2003 ) . Sports culture . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 18169 - 0 . Cooper - Chen , Anne ( 2005 ) . Global entertainment media . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5168 - 2 . Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . Findling , John ; Pelle , Kimberly ( 1996 ) . Historical dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28477 - 6 . Fry , John ( 2006 ) . The story of modern skiing . Lebanon , New Hampshire : University Press of New England . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 489 - 6 . Gershon , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . Telecommunications Management : Industry structures and planning strategies . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3002 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1986 ) . Sports Spectators . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06401 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1992 ) . The Olympics , a history of the modern games . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02725 - 6 . Hazan , Barukh ( 1982 ) . Olympic sports and propaganda games . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Inc . ISBN 0 - 87855 - 436 - X . Hill , Christopher R. ( 1992 ) . Olympic Politics . Manchester , United Kingdom : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3542 - 2 . Judd , Ron C. ( 2008 ) . The Winter Olympics . Seattle , Washington : The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 063 - 1 . Mallon , Bill ; Buchanan , Ian ( 2006 ) . Historical dictionary of the Olympic Movement . Oxford , UK : Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5574 - 7 . Mandell , Richard D. ( 1987 ) . The Nazi Olympics . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01325 - 5 . Miller , Toby ; Lawrence , Geoffrey ; McKay , Jim ( 2001 ) . Globalization and sport . London : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 5968 - 8 . Mottram , David ( 2003 ) . Drugs in sport . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27937 - 2 . Official Report ( 1924 ) of both Summer and Winter Games : ( ed . ) M. Avé , Comité Olympique Français . Les Jeux de la VIII Olympiade Paris 1924 -- Rapport Officiel ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Paris : Librairie de France . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Payne , Michael ( 2006 ) . Olympic turnaround . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99030 - 3 . Preuss , Holger ( 2004 ) . The Economics of Staging the Olympics : A Comparison of the Games 1972 -- 2008 . Cheltenham , United Kingdom : Edward Elgar Publishing Limited . ISBN 1 - 84376 - 893 - 3 . Schaffer , Kay ; Smith , Sidonie ( 2000 ) . Olympics at the Millennium . Piscataway , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2820 - 8 . Seligmann , Matthew S. ; Davison , John ; McDonald , John ( 2003 ) . Daily Life in Hitler 's Germany . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32811 - 7 . Senn , Alfred Erich ( 1999 ) . Power , Politics and the Olympic Games . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 958 - 6 . Wallechinsky , David ; Loucky , Jaime ( 2010 ) . The complete book of the Winter Olympics ( 8th ed . ) . : Greystone Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 502 - 2 . Whannel , Garry ( 1992 ) . Fields in vision television sport and cultural transformation . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05383 - 8 . Yesalis , Charles ( 2000 ) . Anabolic steroids and sports and exercise . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 786 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Olympics . 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St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo 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1900 1904 1908 1920 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Athletics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Badminton 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Baseball 1992 2000 2008 2020 Basketball 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Basque pelota 1900 Beach volleyball 2000 2008 2012 Boxing 1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Canoeing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Cricket 1900 Croquet 1900 Cycling 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Diving 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Equestrian 1900 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Fencing 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Field hockey 1908 1920 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Football 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Golf 1900 1904 2016 2020 Gymnastics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Handball 1936 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Jeu de paume 1908 Judo 1964 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Lacrosse 1904 1908 Modern pentathlon 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Polo 1900 1908 1920 1924 1936 Rackets 1908 Roque 1904 Rowing 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Rugby 1900 1908 1920 1924 2016 2020 Sailing 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Shooting 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Softball 2000 2008 2020 Swimming 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Synchronized swimming 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Table tennis 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Taekwondo 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tennis 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Triathlon 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tug of war 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 Volleyball 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Water motorsports 1908 Water polo 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Weightlifting 1896 1904 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Wrestling 1896 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Winter sports Alpine skiing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Biathlon 1924 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bobsleigh 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Cross-country skiing 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Curling 1924 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Figure skating 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Freestyle skiing 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ice hockey 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Luge 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Nordic combined 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Short track speed skating 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Skeleton 1928 1948 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ski jumping 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Snowboarding 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Speed skating 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : 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Internet in the Philippines

Internet in the Philippines - wikipedia Internet in the Philippines Internet in the Philippines first became available on March 29 , 1994 , with the Philippine Network Foundation ( PHNet ) connecting the country and its people to Sprint in the United States via a 64 kbit / s link . As of 2016 , more than 44,000,000 people used the internet in the country , accounting for 43.5 % of the total population . World map of internet penetration ( number of Internet users as a percentage of a country 's population ) , 2012 World map of internet users , 2012 Contents 1 History 1.1 Timeline 2 Statistics 3 Wireless broadband 3.1 TD - LTE 3.1. 1 Bandwidth caps 3.1. 2 Lock - in period 4 IP peering 5 Internet speed 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) A year after the connection , The Public Telecommunications Act of the Philippines was made into law . Securing a franchise is now optional for value - added service providers . This law enabled many other organizations to establish connections to the Internet , to create Web sites and have their own Internet services or provide Internet service and access to others . However the growth of the Internet in the Philippines was hindered by many obstacles including unequal distribution of Internet infrastructure throughout the country , its cost and corruption in the government . But these obstacles did not altogether halt all the developments . More connection types were made available to more Filipinos . Increasing bandwidth and a growing number of Filipino Internet users were proof of the continuing development of the Internet in the country . The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 , codified as Republic Act No. 10175 , criminalized cybersquatting , cybersex , child pornography , identity theft , illegal access to data and libel . The act has been criticized for its provision on criminalizing libel , which is perceived to be a curtailment in freedom of expression . After several petitions submitted to the Supreme Court of the Philippines questioned the constitutionality of the Act , the Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order on October 9 , 2012 , stopping implementation of the Act for 120 days . A Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom was filed in the Philippine legislature in 2013 to , among others , repeal Republic Act No. 10175 . The Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No 10175 were promulgated on August 12 , 2015 . Timeline ( edit ) The early history of the Internet in the Philippines started with the establishment of Bulletin Board Systems ( BBS ) by computer hobbyist and enthusiast . They were able to link their BBS 's using a dial - up connection protocol enabling them to participate in discussion forums , send messages and share files . 1986 : Establishment of first BBS in the Philippines , Star BBS was formed by Efren Tercias and James Chua of Wordtext Systems . Fox BBS was operated by Johnson Sumpio . First - Fil RBBS a public - access BBS went online with an annual subscription fee of P1 , 000 . A precursor to the local online forum , it ran an open - source BBS software on an IBM XT Clone PC with a 1200bit / s modem and was operated by Dan Angeles and Ed Castañeda . 1987 : The Philippine FidoNet Exchange , a local network for communication between several BBSes in Metro Manila , was formed . 1990 : A committee helmed by Arnie del Rosario of the Ateneo Computer Technology Center was tasked with exploring the possibility of creating an academic network of universities and government institutions by the National Computer Center under Dr. William Torres . Recommendations were made but not implemented . 1991 - 1993 : Emergence of email gateways and services in the Philippines , including some from multinational companies like Intel , Motorola , and Texas Instruments , which used a direct Internet connection , X. 25 , or UUCP protocol . Local firms ETPI , Philcom , and PLDT ( Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company ) also operated commercial X. 25 networks . Another milestone : Local and international email to FidoNet users was introduced . June 1993 : With the support of the Department of Science and Technology and the Industrial Research Foundation , the Philnet project ( now PHNET ) was born . The Philnet technical committee , composed of computer buffs working at the DOST ( MIS ( Joseph Andres ) , PCASTRD ( Merl Opena , Winnefredo Aggabao ) and Advanced Science and Technology Institute ( Miguel Dimayuga ) ) and representatives from the Ateneo de Manila University ( Richie Lozada and Arnie del Rosario ) , De La Salle University ( Kelsey Hartigan - Go ) , University of the Philippines Diliman ( Rodel Atanacio ) , University of the Philippines Los Baños ( Alfonso Carandang ) , Xavier University ( Bombim Cadiz ) and St. Louis University ( Ian Generalao ) ; would eventually play a significant role in connecting the Philippines to the global Internet . July 1993 : Phase one of the Philnet project shifted into full gear after receiving funding from the DOST . It proved to be successful , as students from partner universities were able to send emails to the Internet by routing them through Philnet 's gateway at the Ateneo de Manila University , which was connected to another gateway at the Victoria University of Technology in Australia via IDD Dial - Up ( Hayes Modem ) . November 1993 : An additional P12. 5 - million grant for the first year 's running cost was awarded by the DOST to buy equipment and lease communication lines needed to kickstart the second phase of Philnet , now led by Dr. Rudy Villarica . March 29 , 1994 , 1 : 15 a.m. : Benjie Tan , who was working for ComNet , a company that supplied Cisco routers to the Philnet project , established the Philippine 's first connection to the Internet at a PLDT network center in Makati City . Shortly thereafter , he posted a short message to the Usenet newsgroup soc. culture. filipino to alert Filipinos overseas that a link had been made . His message read : `` As of March 29 , 1994 at 1 : 15 am Philippine time , unfortunately 2 days late due to slight technical difficulties , the Philippines was FINALLY connected to the Internet via SprintLink . The Philippine router , a Cisco 7000 router was attached via the services of PLDT and Sprint communications to SprintLink 's router at Stockton Ca . The gateway to the world for the Philippines will be via NASA Ames Research Center . For now , a 64K serial link is the information highway to the rest of the Internet world . '' March 29 , 1994 , 10 : 18 a.m. : `` We 're in , '' Dr. John Brule , a Professor Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Syracuse University , announced at The First International E-Mail Conference at the University of San Carlos in Talamban , Cebu , signifying that Philnet 's 64 kbit / s connection was live . Statistics ( edit ) Internet café in the Philippines Worldmap of internet browsers . In the Philippines 62.43 % use Google Chrome , 25.15 % Firefox , 6.28 % Internet Explorer , 4.13 % Safari . According to AGB Nielsen Philippines , about one of three Filipinos in the Philippines have access to the internet . Among the findings in this report were : 43.5 % of Filipinos accessed the Internet , five percentage points higher than the Southeast Asian regional average of 38 % . Internet penetration amongst consumers aged 15 to 19 was close to two - thirds ( 65 % ) and nearly half of those in their 20s were online ( 48 % ) . There was still much room for growth for those aged 30 + -- less than one quarter of consumers aged in their 30s ( 24 % ) access the Internet , 13 % of consumers in their 40s , and just 4 % of consumers aged 50 + . 52 % of Filipinos had a computer with high speed Internet connection at home . Home was the most common Internet access point for those aged 30 years and above close to nine in ten Internet users aged 50 years and above ( 86 % ) cite `` home '' as their main point of access . 74 % of 15 -- 19 years identified Internet cafés as their main point of Internet access . Close to one quarter of Filipinos Internet users ( 24 % ) accessed the Internet on a daily basis via a mobile phone and 56 % intend to access the Internet via a mobile phone in the next 12 months . Over two thirds of Filipino digital consumers ( 67 % ) had visited social networking sites , compared to 40 % who used email . The Philippines ranked second highest for the number of people who had ever `` liked '' or followed a brand , company or celebrity on a social networking site ( 75 % ) . 61 % of Filipino Internet users said they trusted consumer opinions posted online , higher than any other market in Southeast Asia and seven points above the regional average . Online product reviews and discussion forums were one of the most trusted sources of recommendations in purchase decision making , second only to recommendations from family and friends . Close to two thirds of digital Filipinos ( 64 % ) used social media as a resource in purchase decision making . Wireless broadband ( edit ) TD - LTE ( edit ) As the number of subscribers grew , both PLDT and Globe Telecom rapidly expanded their Time - Division Duplex - Long Term Evolution ( TD - LTE ) services for Fixed Wireless Broadband . According to PLDT , they spent P2 billion of its P28. 8 billion capital expenditure for 2013 to bring TD - LTE technology to customers ' homes . According to industry data , the Philippines ' TD - LTE network was one of the largest deployments in Asia Pacific with over 200 base stations and an allocated bandwidth of 100 megabits per second ( Mbps ) . In January 2015 , both PLDT and Globe Telecom began phasing out WiMax services in favor for TD - LTE . Bandwidth caps ( edit ) In October 2015 , PLDT introduced so - called `` volume boosters '' ( instead of 30 % bandwidth throttling in 2014 and 256kbit / s bandwidth throttling in 2015 ) when exceeding monthly 30GB to 70GB bandwidth cap for TD - LTE connection plans ( Ultera ) . `` In case your usage exceeds your monthly volume allowance , you can still enjoy the internet by purchasing additional volume boosters . Otherwise , connectivity will be halted until your monthly volume is refreshed on your next billing cycle . '' Globe followed the suit with a similar `` volume boost '' arrangement . Lock - in period ( edit ) In 2015 , PLDT increased lock - in period for TD - LTE connection plans from 24 to 36 months ( 3 years ) with the pre-termination fee equal to the full balance for the remaining period . After the lock - in period the contract is automatically renewed for another 36 months subject to the same terms and conditions . As of now the Globe lock - in period is still 2 years with no pre-termination fee outside of the lock - in period . The PLDT TD - LTE contract allows PLDT to change the terms and conditions at any time with the only way left for subscribers to opt out of the altered service through paying the full pre-termination fee : `` 8.3 Modification . SBI reserves the right at its discretion to modify , delete or add to any of the terms and conditions of this Agreement at any time without further notice . It is the Subscriber 's responsibility to regularly check any changes to these Terms and Conditions . The Subscriber 's continued use of the Service after any such changes constitutes acceptance of the new Terms and Conditions . '' Even as the Consumer Act of the Philippines states `` Unfair or Unconscionable Sales Act or Practice ... the following circumstances shall be considered ... that the transaction that the seller or supplier induced the consumer to enter into was excessively one - sided in favor of the seller or supplier '' , the practice of inducing extremely long term contracts with the ultimate pre-termination penalty has not been legally challenged yet . IP peering ( edit ) The Philippines have six Internet Exchange points in the Country . Philippine Open Internet Exchange ( PhOPENIX ) , Philippine Internet Exchange ( PhIX ) , Philippine Common Routing Exchange ( PHNET CORE ) , Globe Internet Exchange ( GIX ) , Bayan Telecommunications Internet and Gaming Exchange and Manila Internet Exchange ( Manila IX ) . On June 16 , 2016 , Globe Telecom and PLDT agreed on a bilateral domestic IP peering arrangement . Internet speed ( edit ) The Akamai Technologies Q1 2017 State of the Internet report contained information that , though average internet connection speed had increased 20 % year - on - year , the Philippines , at 5.5 Mbit / s , once again had the lowest average connection speeds among surveyed Asia Pacific countries / regions . The report noted that Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte had approved a plan with a three to five - year timeline for completion to deploy a national broadband network at an estimated cost of US $1.5 billion to $4.0 billion . See also ( edit ) Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom Telecommunications in the Philippines Social networking in the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miguel A.L. Paraz : Developing a Viable Framework for Commercial Internet Operations in the Asia - Pacific Region : The Philippine Experience . ISOC , INET 1997 Jump up ^ Jim Ayson ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` The Philippine Internet turns 18 : Is anyone still counting '' . GMA News . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Jose Bimbo F. Santos ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` PHNET - Philippine Internet connection turns 20 years old this month '' . InterAksyon.com . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet Users by Country ( 2016 ) '' . internetlivestats.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000 - 2012 '' , International Telecommunications Union ( Geneva ) , June 2013 , retrieved 22 June 2013 Jump up ^ Philippines - Public Access Landscape Study Archived 2013 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Research Team Emmanuel Lallana , University of Washington Center for Information & Society ( CIS ) , 2009 . Jump up ^ Republic Act No. 10175 , An Act Defining Cybercrime , Providing for the Prevention , Investigation , Suppression and the Imposition of Penalties therefor and for Other Purposes . Approved by President of the Philippines BENIGNO S. AQUINO III on September 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Canlas , Jonas ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Suits pile up assailing anti-cybercrime law '' . The Manila Times . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Torres , Tetch ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` SC issues TRO vs cyber law '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Philippine Daily Inquirer , Inc . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Wisdom of Crowds : Crowdsourcing Net Freedom '' , Jonathan de Santos , Yahoo ! News Philippines , 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No 1017 . Jump up ^ `` RP marks 7th year on the Internet : Digital Life by Chin Wong '' . www.chinwong.com . Jump up ^ `` # 20PHnet : A timeline of Philippine Internet '' . Jump up ^ `` Villarica : The day the Philippines ' discovered ' the world '' , Dr. Rodolfo M. Villarica , Newsbytes.ph , 05 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About PHNET '' . www.ph.net . Jump up ^ Top 5 browsers in Philippines on February 2013 Statcounter Global Stats Jump up ^ One in three consumers in the Philippines are now accessing the Internet . social networking playing an increasing role in consumer purchasing decisions AGB Nielsen Philippines Manila , 12 July 2011 . The report is a pre-release of data from Nielsen 's inaugural Southeast Asia Digital Consumer Report available September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PLDT , Globe in race to modernize networks - The Manila Times Online '' . The Manila Times Online . Jump up ^ `` PLDT HOME Ultera support library , FAQ '' . Jump up ^ `` Globe - FAQ - Volume Boost '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Terms and Conditions '' . Jump up ^ `` Tattoo Free Installation Promo > FAQs '' . Jump up ^ `` REPUBLIC ACT No. 7925 , THE CONSUMER ACT OF THE PHILIPPINES '' . Jump up ^ `` Three ways you will feel the effects of Globe - PLDT IP Peering '' . The Philippine Star . June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ akamai 's ( state of the internet ) Q1 2017 report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Akamai Technologies . pp. 27 , 28 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Internet in the Philippines at Wikimedia Commons Internet in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_the_Philippines&oldid=849687610 '' Categories : Internet in the Philippines Internet by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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Aruna Asaf Ali

Aruna Asaf Ali - Wikipedia Aruna Asaf Ali This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aruna Asaf Ali Aruna Ganguly 16 July 1909 Kalka , Punjab , British India 29 July 1996 ( 1996 - 07 - 29 ) ( aged 87 ) New Delhi , India Nationality Indian Alma mater Sacred Heart Convent Occupation Teacher , socialist , independence activist , politician , newspaper publisher Political party Indian National Congress Communist Party of India Spouse ( s ) Asaf Ali ( m . 1928 ; d . 1953 ) Awards Bharat Ratna ( 1997 ) Aruna Asaf Ali ( 16 July 1909 -- 29 July 1996 ) , born Aruna Ganguly , was an Indian independence activist . She is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement , 1942 . After Independence , she remained active in politics , becoming Delhi 's first mayor in 1958 . In the 1960s , she successfully started a media publishing house . She received India 's highest civilian award , the Bharat Ratna , posthumously in 1997 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Freedom struggle : early days 3 Face of Quit India movement 4 Countdown to Independence 5 Post-Independence 6 Legacy 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Aruna Asaf Ali was born ( Aruna Ganguly ) on 16 July 1909 in Kalka , Punjab , British India ( now in Haryana , India ) into a Bengali Brahmo family . Her father Upendranath Ganguly hailed from Barisal district of Eastern Bengal ( now Bangladesh ) but settled in the United Province . He was a restaurant owner . Her mother Ambalika Devi was the daughter of Trailokyanath Sanyal , a renowned Brahmo leader who wrote many Brahmo hymns . Upendranath Ganguly 's younger brother Dhirendranath Ganguly ( DG ) was one of the earliest film directors . Another brother , Nagendranath , was a university professor who married Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore 's only surviving daughter Mira Devi . Aruna 's sister Purnima Banerjee was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India . Aruna was educated at Sacred Heart Convent in Lahore and then at All Saints ' College in Nainital . After her graduation , she worked as a teacher at the Gokhale Memorial School in Calcutta . She met Asaf Ali , a leader in the Congress party , in Allahabad . They got married in 1928 , despite parental opposition on grounds of religion and age ( he was a Muslim and her senior by more than 20 years ) . My father was no more when Asaf and I married in September 1928 . My paternal uncle Nagendranath Ganguly , a university professor who regarded himself as my guardian , said to relatives and friends that as far as he was concerned I was dead and he had performed my shraddh . -- Aruna Asaf Ali Freedom struggle : early days ( edit ) She was an active member of Congress Party after marrying Asaf Ali and participated in public processions during the Salt Satyagraha . She was arrested on the charge that she was a vagrant and hence not released in 1931 under the Gandhi - Irwin Pact which stipulated release of all political prisoners . Other women co-prisoners refused to leave the premises unless she was also released and gave in only after Mohandas K. Gandhi intervened . A public agitation secured her release . In 1932 , she was held prisoner at the Tihar Jail where she protested the indifferent treatment of political prisoners by launching a hunger strike . Her efforts resulted in an improvement of conditions in the Tihar Jail but she was moved to Ambala and was subjected to solitary confinement . She was politically not very active after her release , but at the ending of 1942 , she took part in the underground movement . She was active in it . Face of Quit India movement ( edit ) On 8 August 1942 , the All India Congress Committee passed the Quit India resolution at the Bombay session . The government responded by arresting the major leaders and all members of the Congress Working Committee and thus tried to pre-empt the movement from success . Young Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the remainder of the session on 9 August and hoisted the Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan . This marked the commencement of the movement . The police fired upon the assembly at the session . Aruna was dubbed the Heroine of the 1942 movement for her bravery in the face of danger and was called Grand Old Lady of the Independence movement in her later years . Despite the absence of direct leadership , spontaneous protests and demonstrations were held all over the country , as an expression of the desire of India 's youth to achieve independence . Countdown to independence ( edit ) An arrest warrant was issued in her name but she went underground to evade the arrest and started an underground movement in the year 1942 . Her property was seized and sold . In the meanwhile , she also edited Inquilab , a monthly magazine of the Congress Party , along with Ram Manohar Lohia . In a 1944 issue , she exhorted youth to action by asking them to forget futile discussions about violence and non-violence and join the revolution . Leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali were described as `` the Political children of Gandhi but recent students of Karl Marx . '' The government announced a reward of 5,000 rupees for her capture . She fell ill and was for a period hiding in Dr. Joshi 's Hospital in Karol Bagh in Delhi . Mahatma Gandhi sent her a hand - written note to her to come out of hiding and surrender herself -- as her mission was accomplished and as she could utilize the reward amount for the Harijan cause . However , she came out of hiding only after the warrant against her was withdrawn in 1946 . She treasured the note from the Mahatma and it adorned her drawing room . However , she also faced criticism from Gandhi for her support of the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny , a movement she saw as the single greatest unifying factor of Hindus and Muslims at a time that was the peak of the movement for Pakistan . Post-independence ( edit ) She was a member of the Congress Socialist Party , a caucus within the Congress Party for activists with socialist leanings . Disillusioned with the progress of the Congress Party on socialism she joined a new party , Socialist Party in 1948 . She , however , left that party along with Edatata Narayanan and they visited Moscow along with Rajani Palme Dutt . Both of them joined the Communist Party of India in the early 1950s . On the personal front , she was bereaved when Asaf Ali died in 1953 . In 1954 , she helped form the National Federation of Indian Women , the women 's wing of CPI but left the party in 1956 following Nikita Khrushchev 's disowning of Stalin . In 1958 , she was elected the first Mayor of Delhi . She was closely associated with social activists and secularists of her era like Krishna Menon , Vimla Kapoor , Guru Radha Kishan , Premsagar Gupta , Rajani Palme Joti , Sarla Sharma and Subhadra Joshi for social welfare and development in Delhi . She and Narayanan started Link publishing house and published a daily newspaper , Patriot and a weekly , Link the same year . The publications became prestigious due to the patronage of leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru , Krishna Menon and Biju Patnaik . Later she moved out of the publishing house due to internal politics , stunned by greed taking over the creed of her comrades . In 1964 , she rejoined the Congress Party but stopped taking part in active politics . Despite reservations about the emergency , she remained close to Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi . She died in New Delhi on 29 July 1996 , aged 87 . Legacy ( edit ) Aruna Asaf Ali was awarded International Lenin Peace Prize for the year 1964 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1991 . She was awarded India 's second highest civilian honour , the Padma Vibhushan in her lifetime in 1992 , and finally the highest civilian award , the Bharat Ratna , posthumously in 1997 . In 1998 , a stamp commemorating her was issued . Aruna Asaf Ali marg in New Delhi was named in her honour . All India Minorities Front distributes the Dr Aruna Asaf Ali Sadbhawana Award annually . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ G.N.S. Raghavan ( 1999 ) . Aruna Asaf Ali : A Compassionate Radical . National Book Trust . ISBN 9788123727622 . Jump up ^ Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson , ed. ( 1997 ) . Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521 - 59018 - 3 . Jump up ^ Radha Kumar ( 1993 ) . The History of Doing : An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women 's Rights and Feminism in India , 1800 - 1990 . Zubaan . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Verinder Grover ( 1993 ) . Great Women of Modern India : Aruna Asaf Ali . Deep & Deep Publications . ISBN 9788171004621 . Jump up ^ Singh , Kuldip ( 31 July 1996 ) . `` Obituary : Aruna Asaf Ali '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lenin Peace Prize '' . The Item. 14 August 1965 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` List of the recipients of the Jawaharlal Nehru Award '' . ICCR website . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards Directory ( 1954 - 2007 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) An Obituary of Mrs. Aruna Asaf Ali by Inder Malhotra in The Guardian A write - up on Aruna Asaf Ali Another write - up on Aruna Asaf Ali Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Ilaiyaraaja Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K.B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M.G.K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T.V. Rajeswar C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao V.K.R.V. Rao Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra Literature and Education V.S.R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D.P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Kuvempu O.N.V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidanda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R.K. Narayan P. Parameswaran Amrita Pritam K.N. Raj C. Rangarajan Raja Rao Ramoji Rao Hormasji Maneckji Seervai Rajaram Shastri Kalu Lal Shrimali Govindbhai Shroff Khushwant Singh Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey Mahadevi Varma Bashir Hussain Zaidi Medicine Jasbir Singh Bajaj B.K. Goyal Purshotam Lal A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar S.I. Padmavati Autar Singh Paintal Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti Balu Sankaran V. Shanta Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar Prakash Narain Tandon Brihaspati Dev Triguna M.S. Valiathan Other Sunderlal Bahuguna B.K.S. Iyengar Rambhadracharya Ravi Shankar Jaggi Vasudev Public Affairs L.K. Advani Montek Singh Ahluwalia Aruna Asaf Ali Fazal Ali Adarsh Sein Anand Madhav Shrihari Aney Parkash Singh Badal Sikander Bakht Milon K. Banerji Mirza Hameedullah Beg P.N. Bhagwati Raja Chelliah Chandra Kisan Daphtary Niren De C.D. Deshmukh Anthony Lancelot Dias Uma Shankar Dikshit Kazi Lhendup Dorjee P.B. Gajendragadkar Benjamin Gilman Zakir Husain V.R. Krishna Iyer Jagmohan Lakshmi Chand Jain Aditya Nath Jha Murli Manohar Joshi Mehdi Nawaz Jung Ali Yavar Jung Vijay Kelkar Hans Raj Khanna V.N. Khare Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jivraj Narayan Mehta V.K. Krishna Menon Hirendranath Mukherjee Ajoy Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee Padmaja Naidu Gulzarilal Nanda Govind Narain Fali Sam Nariman Hosei Norota Nanabhoy Palkhivala K. Parasaran Hari Vinayak Pataskar Sunder Lal Patwa Sharad Pawar Naryana Raghvan Pillai Sri Prakasa N.G. Ranga Ravi Narayana Reddy Y . Venugopal Reddy Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Lakshmi Sahgal P.A. Sangma M.C. Setalvad Karan Singh Nagendra Singh Swaran Singh Walter Sisulu Soli Sorabjee Kalyan Sundaram Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Atal Bihari Vajpayee M.N. 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Medical school

Medical school - wikipedia Medical school Jump to : navigation , search For trade associations for medical professionals , see Medical college . `` Med school '' redirects here . For the experimental music label , see Hospital Records . See also : Medical education and List of medical schools This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A medical school is a tertiary educational institution -- or part of such an institution -- that teaches medicine , and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons . Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS , MBChB , BMBS ) , Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) , or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( DO ) . Many medical schools offer additional degrees , such as a Doctor of Philosophy , Master 's degree , a physician assistant program , or other post-secondary education . Medical schools can also carry out medical research and operate teaching hospitals . Around the world , criteria , structure , teaching methodology , and nature of medical programs offered at medical schools vary considerably . Medical schools are often highly competitive , using standardized entrance examinations , as well as grade point average and leadership roles , to narrow the selection criteria for candidates . In most countries , the study of medicine is completed as an undergraduate degree not requiring prerequisite undergraduate coursework . However , an increasing number of places are emerging for graduate entrants who have completed an undergraduate degree including some required courses . In the United States and Canada , almost all medical degrees are second entry degrees , and require several years of previous study at the university level . Medical degrees are awarded to medical students after the completion of their degree program , which typically lasts five or more years for the undergraduate model and four years for the graduate model . Many modern medical schools integrate clinical education with basic sciences from the beginning of the curriculum ( e.g. ) . More traditional curricula are usually divided into preclinical and clinical blocks . In preclinical sciences , students study subjects such as biochemistry , genetics , pharmacology , pathology , anatomy , physiology and medical microbiology , among others . Subsequent clinical rotations usually include internal medicine , general surgery , pediatrics , psychiatry , and obstetrics and gynecology , among others . Although medical schools confer upon graduates a medical degree , a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority . Licensing may also require passing a test , undergoing a criminal background check , checking references , paying a fee , and undergoing several years of postgraduate training . Medical schools are regulated by each country and appear in the World Directory of Medical Schools which was formed by the merger of the AVICENNA Directory for medicine and the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 1.1 Ghana 1.2 Kenya 1.3 Nigeria 1.4 South Africa 1.5 Sudan 1.6 Tunisia 1.7 Uganda 1.8 Zimbabwe 2 Americas 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Bolivia 2.3 Brazil 2.4 Canada 2.5 Caribbean 2.6 Curaçao 2.7 Chile 2.8 Colombia 2.9 El Salvador 2.10 Guyana 2.11 Haiti 2.12 Panama 2.13 United States 2.14 Uruguay 2.15 Venezuela 3 Asia and Oceania 3.1 Australia 3.2 Bangladesh 3.3 Cambodia 3.4 Hong Kong 3.5 India 3.6 Indonesia 3.7 Iran 3.8 Israel 3.9 Japan 3.10 Jordan 3.11 Kyrgyzstan 3.12 Lebanon 3.13 Malaysia 3.14 Myanmar 3.15 Nepal 3.16 New Zealand 3.17 Pakistan 3.18 People 's Republic of China 3.19 Philippines 3.20 Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 3.21 Saudi Arabia 3.22 Singapore 3.23 South Korea 3.24 Sri Lanka 3.25 Thailand 4 Europe 4.1 Albania 4.2 Austria 4.3 Belarus 4.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.5 Bulgaria 4.6 Croatia 4.7 Czech Republic 4.8 Denmark 4.9 Finland 4.10 France 4.11 Germany 4.12 Greece 4.13 Hungary 4.14 Iceland 4.15 Ireland 4.16 Italy 4.17 Lithuania 4.18 Netherlands and Belgium 4.19 Norway 4.20 Poland 4.21 Portugal 4.22 Romania 4.23 Russia 4.24 Sweden 4.25 Switzerland 4.26 Turkey 4.27 Ukraine 4.28 United Kingdom 5 Medical students 5.1 Bullying 5.2 Burnout and depression 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 External links Africa ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Africa By 2005 there were more than 100 medical schools across Africa , most of which had been established after 1970 . Ghana ( edit ) There are seven medical schools in Ghana : The University of Ghana Medical School in Accra , the KNUST School of Medical Sciences in Kumasi , University for Development Studies School of Medicine in Tamale , University of Cape Coast Medical School and the University of Allied Health Sciences in Ho , Volta Region , the leading private medical school in Ghana - the Accra College of Medicine , and Family Health Medical School another private medical school . Basic Medical education lasts 6 years in all the medical schools . Entry into these medical schools are highly competitive and it is usually based on successful completion of the Senior High School Examinations . The University of Ghana Medical School has however introduced a graduate entry medical program to admit students with mainly science - related degrees into a 4 - year medical school program . Students graduating from any of these medical schools get the MBChB degree and the title `` Dr '' . For the First 3 years Students are awarded BSc in the field of Medical science for University of Ghana medical school ; and Human biology for KNUST and UDS medical schools . The University of Ghana Medical School and KNUST School of Medical Sciences in Kumasi use the Tradition medical education model whiles University for Development Studies School of Medicine uses the Problem - based learning model . Medical graduates are then registered provisionally with the Medical and Dental Council ( MDC ) of Ghana as House Officers ( Interns ) . Upon completion of the mandatory 2 - year housemanship , these medical doctors are permanently registered with the MDC and can practice as medical officers ( General Practitioners ) anywhere in the country . The housemanship training is done only in hospitals accredited for such purposes by the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana Following the permanent registration with the medical and dental council , doctors can specialize in any of the various fields that is organized by either the West African college of Physicians and Surgeons or the Ghana College of Physician and Surgeons . Medical officers are also sometimes hired by the Ghana Health Service to work in the Districts / Rural areas as Primary Care Physicians . Kenya ( edit ) In Kenya , medical school is a faculty of a university . Medical education lasts for 5 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate ( MBChB ) degree . This is followed by a mandatory 12 - month full - time internship at an approved hospital after which one applies for registration with the Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board if they intend to practice medicine in the country . The first two years of medical school cover the basic medical ( preclinical ) sciences while the last four years are focused on the clinical sciences and internship . There are no medical school entry examinations or interviews and admission is based on students ' performance in the high school exit examination ( Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education - KCSE ) . Students who took the AS Level or the SAT can also apply but there is a very strict quota limiting the number of students that get accepted into public universities . This quota does not apply to private universities . There are four established public medical schools : University of Nairobi ( oldest , established 1967 ) Moi University in Eldoret ( established in the 1980s with major support from the Indiana University School of Medicine - USA , and with whom there remain significant ties ) Kenyatta University at Kahawa ( established 2004 ) Egerton University in Nakuru ( established in 2007 ) Jomo Kanyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Maseno University Both Nairobi and Moi Universities run post graduate medical training programs that run over 3 years and lead to the award of master of medicine , MMed , in the respective specialty . There has been progress made by the Aga Khan University in Karachi , Pakistan and the Aga Khan University Hospital ( AKUH ) in Nairobi towards the establishment of a Health Sciences University in Kenya with an associated medical school . AKUH in Nairobi , already offers post graduate MMed programmes . These are run over 4 years . Completion of formal specialty training in Kenya is followed by two years of supervised clinical work before one can apply for recognition as a specialist , in their respective field , by the medical board . Nigeria ( edit ) There are several medical schools in Nigeria . Entrance into these schools is highly competitive . Candidates graduating from high school must attain high scores on the West African Examination Council 's ( WAEC ) Senior School Certificate Exam ( SSCE / GCE ) and high scores in four subjects ( Physics , English , Chemistry , and Biology ) in the University Matriculation Examination ( UME ) . Students undergo rigorous training for 6 years and culminate with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS / MBChB ) . The undergraduate program is six years and one year of work experience in government hospitals . After medical school , graduates are mandated to spend one year of housemanship ( internship ) and one year of community service before they are eligible to be fully licensed by the Medical and Dental Council . South Africa ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in South Africa ; Healthcare in South Africa ; Category : Teaching hospitals in South Africa Related : Dental degree # South Africa There are eight medical schools in South Africa , each under the auspices of a public university . As the country is a former British colony , most of the institutions follow the British - based undergraduate method of instruction , admitting students directly from high school into a 6 or occasionally five - year program . Some universities such as the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg and the University of Cape Town have started offering post-graduate medical degrees that run concurrently with their undergraduate programs . In this instance , a student having completed an appropriate undergraduate degree with basic sciences can enter into a four - year postgraduate program . South African medical schools award the MBChB degree , except the University of the Witwatersrand , which styles its degree MBBCh . Some universities allow students to earn an intercalated degree , completing a BSc ( Medical ) with an additional year of study after the second or third year of the MBChB . The University of Cape Town , in particular , has spearheaded a recent effort to increase the level of medical research training and exposure of medical students through an Intercalated Honours Programme , with the option to extend this to a PhD . Following successful completion of study , all South African medical graduates must complete a two - year internship as well as a further year of community service in order to register with the Health Professions Council and practice as a doctor in the country . Specialisation is usually a five - to seven - year training process ( depending on the specialty ) requiring registering as a medical registrar attached to an academic clinical department in a large teaching hospital with appropriate examinations . The specialist qualification may be conferred as a Fellowship by the independent Colleges of Medicine of South Africa ( CMSA ) , following British tradition , or as a Magisterial degree by the university ( usually the M Med , Master of Medicine , degree ) . The Medical schools and the CMSA also offer Higher Diplomas in many fields . Research degrees are the M. Med and Ph. D. or M.D. , depending on university . Medical students from all over the world come to South Africa to gain practical experience in the country 's many teaching hospitals and rural clinics . The language of instruction is English but a few indigenous languages are studied briefly . The University of the Free State has a parallel medium policy , meaning all English classes are also presented in Afrikaans , therefore students who choose to study in Afrikaans , do so separately from the English class . Sudan ( edit ) In Sudan , medical school is a faculty of a university . Medical school is usually 6 years , and by the end of the 6 years the students acquires a bachelor 's degree of Medicine and Surgery . Post graduating there is a mandatory one - year full - time internship at one of the university or Government Teaching hospitals , then a license is issued . During the first three years the curriculum is completed , and throughout the next three years it is repeated with practical training . Students with high grades are accepted for free in Government Universities . Students who score a grade less than the required would have to pay and must also acquire a still high grade . Students who take foreign examinations other than the Sudanese High School Examination are also accepted in Universities , students taking IGCSE / SATs and other Arabian countries . All medical students who want to be enrolled in internship program , should undergo registration under the Sudanese Medical Council . Tunisia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Tunisia , education is free for all Tunisian citizens and for foreigners who have scholarships . The oldest Medical school is a faculty of the University of Tunis . There are four medicine faculties situated in the major cities of Tunis , Sfax , Sousse and Monastir . Admission is bound to the success and score in the baccalaureate examination . Admission score threshold is very high , based on competition among all applicants throughout the nation . Medical school curriculum consists of five years . The first two years are medical theory , containing all basic sciences related to medicine , and the last three years consists of clinical issues related to all medical specialties . During these last three years , the student gets the status of `` Externe '' . The student has to attend at the university hospital every day , rotating around all wards . Every period is followed by a clinical exam regarding the student 's knowledge in that particular specialty . After those five years , there are two years on internship , in which the student is a physician but under the supervision of the chief doctor ; the student rotates over the major and most essential specialties during period of four months each . After that , student has the choice of either passing the residency national exam or extending his internship for another year , after which he gains the status of family physician . The residency program consists of four to five years in the specialty he qualifies , depending on his score in the national residency examination under the rule of highest score chooses first . Whether the student chooses to be a family doctor or a specialist , he has to make a doctorate thesis , which he will be defending in front of a jury , after which he gains his degree of Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) . Uganda ( edit ) Main article : Medical school in Uganda As of April 2017 , there are nine accredited medical schools in Uganda . Training leading to the award of the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBChB ) lasts five years , if there are no re-takes . After graduating , a year of internship in a hospital designated for that purpose , under the supervision of a specialist in that discipline is required before an unrestricted license to practice medicine and surgery is granted by the Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council ( UMDPC ) . There is Postgraduate training such as the degree of Master of Medicine ( MMed ) which is a three - year programme , available at Makerere University School of Medicine in several disciplines . Makerere University School of Public Health , offers the degree of Master of Public Health ( MPH ) following a twenty - two ( 22 ) - month period of study , which includes field work . Zimbabwe ( edit ) In Zimbabwe there are three medical schools is offering Medical degrees . For undergrads , these are University of Zimbabwe - College of Health Sciences ( MBChB ) , National University of Science and Technology ( NUST ) Medical school ( MBBS ) and Midlands State University ( MSU ) ( MBChB ) . Only UZ is offering postgrad degrees in the Medical faculty . Training lasts 5 1 / 2 years . The curriculum is as follows : Part 1 ( 1 year ) -- Biochemistry , Communication Skills for Academic Purposes , Anatomy , Physiology and Behavioral Sciences . Professional exams are written in the first two and failure to attain a pass in Biochemistry warranties a repeat of first year . Part 2 ( 1 year ) -- Communication Skills for Professional Purposes , Anatomy , Physiology , Behavioral Sciences . Professional exams are written at the end of second year and failure to attain a passmark in any of the last three courses on the list warranties a repeat of the year . Communication Skills can be carried to the next year , but the student should pass the course before graduation . Part 3 ( 1.5 years ) -- Pathology ( Histopathology ) , Medical Microbiology , Chemical Pathology , Hematology , Forensic Pathology , Immunology and Toxicology . A professional exam is written at the end of the third year and the student has to pass to proceed . There are also surgery and medicine rotations during the year . Also , the students cover most of the basic Pharmacology during the third stage of the degrees . Part 4 ( 1 year ) -- Community Medicine , Psychiatry and Clinical Pharmacology Part 5 ( 1 year ) -- Medicine , Surgery , Obstetrics and Gynecology , Pediatrics Internship is 2 years duration , with the first year spent in medicine and surgery and the second year doing pediatrics , anesthesia / psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology . Thereafter one can apply for MMED at the university which last 4 -- 5 years depending on specialty . Currently no subspecialist education is available . Americas ( edit ) Medical student at a laboratory at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education , Mexico City . Argentina ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Argentina Medical degree programs in Argentina typically are six years long , with some universities opting for 7 year programs . Each one of the 3000 medical students who graduate each year in Argentina are required before graduation to dedicate a minimum of 8 months to community service without pay ; although in some provinces ( especially round the more developed south ) there are government - funded hospitals who pay for this work . Some universities have cultural exchange programmes that allow a medical student in their final year to serve their community time overseas . Upon graduation , one of the following degrees is obtained , according to the university : Doctor of Medicine , or both Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Surgery . Public universities usually confer both degrees , and private universities bestow only Doctor of Medicine . In daily practice , however , there is no substantial difference between what a Doctor of Medicine or a Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Surgery are allowed to do . When the degree is obtained , a record is created for that new doctor in the index of the National Ministry of Education ( Ministerio Nacional de Educación ) and the physician is given their corresponding medical practitioner 's ID , which is a number that identifies him and his academic achievements . In addition , there is a provincial ID , i.e. a number to identify doctors in the province they practise medicine in . Doctors wishing to pursue a speciality must take entrance exams at the public / private institution of their choice that offers them . It is easier for students in private Medical Schools to obtain a residency in a Private Hospital , especially when the university has its own hospital , as the university holds positions specifically for its graduates . Speciality courses last about two to five years , depending on the branch of medicine the physician has chosen . There is no legal limit for the number of specialities a doctor can learn , although most doctors choose to do one and then they sub-specialise for further job opportunities and less overall competition , along with higher wages . In Argentina there are public and private medical schools , however the prestige of the public institutions is undeniable and the private institutions do not normally appear in international rankings . A person who can afford to attend a private university , quite expensive for the average Argentinian , will choose that option over public education because of the smaller groups of students in each class and because of the lack of strictness in course evaluation . By law entrance into public institutions is open and tuition - free to all who have a high school diploma , and universities are expressly forbidden from restricting access with difficult entrance exams . Point in case , in 2016 La Universidad Nacional de la Plata was obligated by the governing bodies to stop forcing its students to write an entrance exam . As a result , that university experienced a major increase in the size of its student population . When it comes to educational quality , la Universidad de Buenos Aires , a public university , is widely recognised as the top medical school in the country . Bolivia ( edit ) In Bolivia , all medical schools are faculties within a university and offer a five - year M.D. equivalent . To acquire a license to exercise medical science from the government , all students must also complete 1 year and 3 months of internship . This consists of 3 months each of surgery , internal medicine , gynecology , pediatrics and public health . At least one of the internships must be done in a rural area of the country . After getting the degree and license , a doctor may take a post-graduate residency in order to acquire a specialty . Brazil ( edit ) The Brazilian medical schools follow the European model of a six - year curriculum , divided into three cycles of two years each . The first two years are called basic cycle ( ciclo básico ) . During this time students are instructed in the basic sciences ( anatomy , physiology , pharmacology , immunology etc . ) with activities integrated with the medical specialties , allowing the student an overview of the practical application of such content . After its completion , the students advance to the clinical cycle ( ciclo clinico ) . At this stage contacts with patients intensify and work with tests and diagnostics , putting into practice what was learned in the first two years . The last two are called cycle internship ( ciclo do internato ) . In this last step the students focus on clinical practice , through training in teaching hospitals and clinics . The teaching of this last step respecting an axis of increasing complexity , enabling students to make decisions and participate effectively in form and operative care under the direct supervision of faculty and qualified to act as teaching aids physicians . The performance of the internal develops redemption of ethical and humanistic dimensions of care , causing the student to recognize the values and principles that guide the physician - patient relationship . After six years of training , students graduate and are awarded the title of physician ( Médico ) allowing them to register with the Regional Council of Medicine ( Conselho Regional de Medicina ) . The recent graduate will be able to exercise the medical profession as a general practitioner and may apply to undertake postgraduate training . In 2012 , the Regional Council of Medicine of São Paulo ( Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo ) established that physicians who graduate from this year must pass a test to obtain professional registration . Passing the exam , however , is not linked to obtaining registration . It required only the presence of the candidate and the test performance . Already at the national level , pending in the Senate a bill creating the National Proficiency Examination in Medicine ( Exame Nacional de Proficiência em Medicina ) , which would make the race a prerequisite for the exercise of profession . Physicians who want to join a specialization program must undergo a new selection examination considered as competitive as that required to join a medical school . Works in health institutions under the guidance of medical professionals with high ethical and professional qualification . The specialization programs are divided into two categories : direct access and prerequisite . The specialties with direct access are those in which the doctor can enroll without having any prior expertise . Any physicians can apply to examinations for these specialties , regardless of time of training or prior experience . To apply to proprietary pre-requisite , the doctor should have already completed a specialty prior . The programs may range from 2 to 6 . In Brazil are currently recognized by the Federal Council of Medicine , the Brazilian Medical Association and the National Commission of Medical Residency 53 residency programs . Fully complied with , gives the title of resident physician specialist . Canada ( edit ) Toronto Faculty of Medicine Main article : Medical school in Canada See also : List of medical schools in Canada In 2013 , the Association of American Medical Colleges lists 17 accredited MD - granting medical schools in Canada . In Canada , a medical school is a faculty or school of a university that offers a three - or four - year Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. or M.D.C.M. ) degree . Generally , medical students begin their studies after receiving a bachelor 's degree in another field , often one of the biological sciences . However , admittance can still be granted during third and fourth year . Minimum requirements for admission vary by region from two to four years of post-secondary study . The Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publishes a detailed AFMC.ca , guide to admission requirements of Canadian faculties of medicine on a yearly basis . Admission offers are made by individual medical schools , generally on the basis of a personal statement , undergraduate record ( GPA ) , scores on the Medical College Admission Test ( MCAT ) , and interviews . Volunteer work is often an important criterion considered by admission committees . All four medical schools in Quebec and two Ontario schools ( University of Ottawa , Northern Ontario School of Medicine ) do not require the MCAT . McMaster requires that the MCAT be written , though they only look for particular scores ( 6 or better ) on the verbal reasoning portion of the test . The first half of the medical curriculum is dedicated mostly to teaching the basic sciences relevant to medicine . Teaching methods can include traditional lectures , problem - based learning , laboratory sessions , simulated patient sessions , and limited clinical experiences . The remainder of medical school is spent in clerkship . Clinical clerks participate in the day - to - day management of patients . They are supervised and taught during this clinical experience by residents and fully licensed staff physicians . Students enter into the Canadian Resident Matching Service , commonly abbreviated as CaRMS in the fall of their final year . Students rank their preferences of hospitals and specialties . A computerized matching system determines placement for residency positions . ' Match Day ' usually occurs in March , a few months before graduation . The length of post-graduate training varies with choice of specialty . During the final year of medical school , students complete part 1 of the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination ( MCCQE ) . Upon completion of the final year of medical school , students are awarded the degree of M.D. Students then begin training in the residency program designated to them by CaRMS . Part 2 of the MCCQE , an Objective Structured Clinical Examination , is taken following completion of twelve months of residency training . After both parts of the MCCQE are successfully completed , the resident becomes a Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada . However , in order to practice independently , the resident must complete the residency program and take a board examination pertinent to his or her intended scope of practice . In the final year of residency training , residents take an exam administered by either the College of Family Physicians of Canada or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada , depending on whether they are seeking certification in family medicine or another specialty . Caribbean ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in the Caribbean In 2011 , the International Medical Education Directory listed 59 current medical schools in the Caribbean . 54 grant the MD degree , 3 grant the MBBS degree , and 2 grant either the MD or MBBS degree . 30 of the medical schools in the Caribbean are regional , which train students to practice in the country or region where the school is located . The remaining 29 Caribbean medical schools are known as offshore schools , which primarily train students from the United States and Canada who intend to return home for residency and clinical practice after graduation . At most offshore schools , basic sciences are completed in the Caribbean while clinical clerkships are completed at teaching hospitals in the United States . Several agencies may also accredit Caribbean medical schools , as listed in the FAIMER Directory of Organizations that Recognize / Accredit Medical Schools ( DORA ) . 25 of the 29 regional medical schools in the Caribbean are accredited , while 14 of the 30 offshore medical schools are accredited . Curaçao ( edit ) Curaçao currently ( 2015 ) , has 5 medical schools and one other medical university under construction . The majority are located within the city of Willemstad . All six medical schools on the island of Curaçao , only provide education in Basic Medical Science ( BMS ) which goes towards the degree of Medical Doctor or Doctor of Medicine ( 2016 ) . Presently , none of the medical schools offer other degrees ; such as MBBS or PhD ( 2016 ) . All students after completing their medical school 's Basic Medical Science program in Curaçao ; will then have to apply to either take USMLE Step Exams , The Canadian or UK Board Exams . A large percentage of these medical students who attend these medical schools in Curaçao are either from North America , Africa , Europe or Asia . Chile ( edit ) In Chile , there are 21 medical schools . Principal medical schools are Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in Santiago , Universidad de Chile , Universidad de Concepción and Universidad de Santiago de Chile . The pre-grade studies are distributed in 7 years , where the last 2 are the internship , that include at least surgery , internal medicine , gynecology and pediatrics . After getting the degree of Licenciate in Medicine ( General Medicine ) the M.D. must pass a medicine knowledge exam called National Unic Exam of Medical Knowledge ( EUNACOM `` Examen Único Nacional de Conocimientos de Medicina '' in Spanish ) and can take a direct specialty or work before in primary attention in order to gain access to a residency . Colombia ( edit ) In Colombia , there are 50 medical schools listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools , 27 of which have active programs and are currently registered and accredited as high - quality programs by the Colombian Ministry of Education . The main medical programs are offered by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Universidad del Rosario , Universidad El Bosque , Universidad de los Andes , Universidad del Valle , Universidad de Antioquia , and Universidad de la Sabana . Most programs require between 6 -- 7 years of study , and all offer a Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) degree . In some cases the school also allows for a second degree to be studied for at the same time ( this is chosen by the student , though most students end up needing to do alternate semesters between their degrees , and mostly in careers like microbiology or biomedical engineering ) . For example , the Universidad de los Andes has a program whereby the medical student could graduate with both an MD and a Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) degree , or an MD and a master 's degree in public health . Admission to medical school varies with the school , but is usually dependent on a combination of a general application to the university , an entrance exam , a personal statement or interview , and secondary ( high ) school performance mostly as reflected on the ICFES score ( the grade received on the state exam in the final year of secondary / high school ) . In most medical programs , the first two years deal with basic scientific courses ( cellular and molecular biology , chemistry , organic chemistry , mathematics , and physics ) , and the core medical sciences ( anatomy , embryology , histology , physiology , and biochemistry ) . The following year may change in how it is organized in different schools , but is usually organ system - based pathophysiology and therapeutics ( general and systems pathology , pharmacology , microbiology , parasitology , immunology , and medical genetics are also taught in this block ) . In the first two years , the programs also usually begin the courses in the epidemiology track ( which may or may not include biostatistics ) , a clinical skills track ( semiology and the clinical examination ) , a social medicine / public health track , and a medical ethics and communication skills track . Modes of training vary , but are usually based on lectures , simulations , standardized - patient sessions , problem - based learning sessions , seminars , and observational clinical experiences . By year three , most schools have begun the non-elective , clinical - rotation block with accompanying academic courses ( these include but are not limited to internal medicine , pediatrics , general surgery , anaesthesiology , orthopaedics , gynaecology and obstetrics , emergency medicine , neurology , psychiatry , oncology , urology , physical medicine and rehabilitation , ophthalmology , and otorhinolaryngology ) . Elective rotations are usually introduced in the fourth or fifth year , though as in the case of the non-elective rotations , the hospitals the medical students may be placed in or apply to for a given rotation depend entirely on the medical schools . This is important in terms of the medical training , given the particular distinction of patients , pathologies , procedures , and skills seen and learned in private vs. public hospitals in Colombia . Most schools , however , have placements in both types of hospitals for many specialties . The final year of medical school in Colombia is referred to as the internship year ( `` internado '' ) . The internship year is usually divided into two semesters . The first semester is made up of obligatory rotations that every student does though in different orders , and the medical intern serves in 5 - 7 different specialties , typically including internal medicine , paediatrics , general surgery , anaesthesiology , orthopaedics , gynaecology and obstetrics , and emergency medicine . The extent of the responsibilities of the intern varies with the hospital , as does the level of supervision and teaching , but generally , medical interns in Colombia extensively take , write , and review clinical histories , answer and discuss referrals with their seniors , do daily progress notes for the patients under their charge , participate in the service rounds , present and discuss patients at rounds , serve shifts , assist in surgical procedures , and assist in general administrative tasks . Sometimes , they are charged with ordering diagnostic testing , but , under Colombian law they can not prescribe medication as they are not graduate physicians . This , of course , are to be completed in addition to their academic responsibilities . The second semester is made up of elective rotations , which can be at home or abroad , in the form of clerkships or observerships . A final graduation requirement is to sit a standardized exam , the State Exam for Quality in Higher Education ( `` Examen de Estado de Calidad de la Educación Superior '' or ECAES , also known as SABER PRO ) specific to medicine , which tests , for example , knowledge in public health and primary care . After graduation , the physician is required to register with the Colombian Ministry of Health , in order to complete a year of obligatory social service ( `` servicio social obligatorio '' ) , after which they qualify for a professional license to practice general medicine and apply for a medical residency within Colombia . If , however , the student wishes to practice general medicine abroad or continue onto their postgraduate studies , for example , they can independently begin the appropriate application / equivalency process , without doing their obligatory social service . In this case they would not be licensed to practise medicine in Colombia and if they wish to do so , will have to register with the Ministry of Health . N.B. If the graduate physician gets accepted immediately into a residency within Colombia in internal medicine , paediatrics , family medicine , gynecology and obstetrics , general surgery or anaesthesiology , they are allowed to complete a 6 - month - long social service after their residency . In contrast with most countries , residencies in Colombia are NOT paid positions , since one applies for the program through the university offering the post , which requires a tuition . However , on 9th May , 2017 , legislation was formally introduced in Congress that would seek to regulate payment for medical residents , regulate their tuitions , and advocate for their vacation time and working hours . As in other countries , length of residency training depends upon the specialty chosen , and , following its completion , the physician may choose to apply for a fellowship ( subspecialty ) at home or abroad depending on the availability of their desired training programs , or practice in their specialty . El Salvador ( edit ) The Universidad de El Salvador ( University of El Salvador ) has a program of 8 years for students who want to study medicine . The first six years are organized in a two semesters fashion , the seventh year is used for a rotating internship through the mayor specialty areas in a 10 - week periods fashion ( psychiatry and public health share a period ) and the eighth year is designated for Social service in locations approved by the Ministry of Health ( usually as attending physician in Community Health Centers or non-profit organizations ) . The graduates receive the degree of MD and must register in the Public Health Superior Council ( CSSP ) to get the medical license and a registered national number that allows them to prescribe barbiturates and other controlled drugs . In order to attend further studies ( Surgery , Internal medicine , G / OB , Pediatrics , Psychiatry ) , the students in the year of Social service or graduates of any Salvadorian university must apply independently for the residency to the hospital of choice ; the preliminary selection process is based on the results of clinical knowledge tests , followed by psychiatric evaluations and interviews with the hospital medical and administrative staff . The basic residencies mentioned above commonly last 3 years ; at the last trimester of the third year , the residents can apply to the position of Chief of residents ( 1 year ) or follow further studies as resident ( 3 years ) of a specialty ( for example : orthopedic surgery , urology , neurology , endocrinology ... ) . No further studies are offered to the date ; therefore , specialist looking for training or practice in a specific area ( For example : a neurosurgeon looking for specialty in endovascular neurosurgery , spine surgery or pediatric neurosurgery ) must attend studies in other countries and apply for such positions independently . Guyana ( edit ) In Guyana the medical school is accredited by the National Accreditation Council of Guyana . The medical program ranges from 4 years to 6 years . Students are taught the basic sciences aspect of the program within the first 2 years of medical school . In the clinical sciences program , students are introduced to the hospital setting where they gain hands on training from the qualifying physicians and staff at the various teaching hospitals across Guyana . Texila American University American International School of Medicine University of Guyana Students graduating from the University of Guyana are not required to sit a board exams before practicing medicine in Guyana . Students graduating from the American International School of Medicine sit the USMLE , PLAB or CAMC exams . Haiti ( edit ) Medical schools in Haiti conduct training in French . The universities offering medical training in Haiti are the Université Notre Dame d'Haïti , Université Quisqueya , Université d'Etat d'Haïti and Université Lumière . The Université Notre Dame d'Haïti ( UNDH ) is a private Catholic university established by the Episcopal Conference of Haiti . According to the UNDH website , `` the UNDH is not just about academic degrees , it is mainly the formation of a new type of Haiti , which includes in its culture and moral values of the Gospel , essential for serious and honest people that the country needs today . '' The other two private schools offering medical degrees are Université Quisqueya and Université Lumière . The Université d'Etat d'Haïti is a public school . Attending medical school in Haiti may be less expensive than attending medical universities located in other parts of the world , but the impact of the country 's political unrest should be considered , as it affects the safety of both visitors and Haitians . Duration of basic medical degree course , including practical training : 6 years Title of degree awarded : Docteur en Médecine ( Doctor of Medicine ) Medical registration / license to practice : Registration is obligatory with the Ministère de la Santé publique et de la Population , Palais des Ministères , Port - au - Prince . The license to practice medicine is granted to medical graduates who have completed 1 year of social service . Those who have qualified abroad must have their degree validated by the Faculty of Medicine in Haiti . Foreigners require special authorization to practice . Panama ( edit ) The system of Medical education in Panama usually takes students from high school directly into Medical School for a 6 - year course , typically with a two years internship . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) United States ( edit ) Harvard Medical School Main article : Medical school in the United States See also : List of medical schools in the United States In 2012 , the Association of American Medical Colleges and American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine listed 141 accredited M.D. - granting and 30 accredited D.O. - granting medical schools in the United States . The Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( DO ) are graded to be equivalent to a Professional Doctorate . Admission to medical school in the United States is based mainly on a GPA , MCAT score , admissions essay , interview , clinical work experience , and volunteering activities , along with research and leadership roles in an applicant 's history . While obtaining an undergraduate degree is not an explicit requirement for a few medical schools , virtually all admitted students have earned at least a bachelor 's degree . A few medical schools offer pre-admittance to students directly from high school by linking a joint 3 - year accelerated undergraduate degree and a standard 4 - year medical degree with certain undergraduate universities , sometimes referred to as a `` 7 - year program '' , where the student receives a bachelor 's degree after their first year in medical school . As undergraduates , students must complete a series of prerequisites , consisting of biology , physics , and chemistry ( general chemistry and organic ) . Many medical schools have additional requirements including calculus , genetics , statistics , biochemistry , English , and / or humanities classes . In addition to meeting the pre-medical requirements , medical school applicants must take and report their scores on the MCAT , a standardized test that measures a student 's knowledge of the sciences and the English language . Some students apply for medical school following their third year of undergraduate education while others pursue advanced degrees or other careers prior to applying to medical school . In the nineteenth century , there were over four hundred medical schools in the United States . By 1910 , the number was reduced to one hundred and forty - eight medical schools and by 1930 the number totaled only seventy - six . Many early medical schools were criticized for not sufficiently preparing their students for medical professions , leading to the creation of the American Medical Association in 1847 for the purpose of self - regulation of the profession . Abraham Flexner ( who in 1910 released the Flexner report with the Carnegie Foundation ) , the Rockefeller Foundation , and the AMA are credited with laying the groundwork for what is now known as the modern medical curriculum . The restriction of the supply of physicians that resulted from the Flexner Report has been criticized by classical economists as one of the principal factors in the increased prices relative to quality observed in medicine over the past 100 years . The standard U.S. medical school curriculum is four years long . Traditionally , the first two years are composed mainly of classroom basic science education , while the final two years primarily include rotations in clinical settings where students learn patient care firsthand . Today , clinical education is spread across all four years with the final year containing the most clinical rotation time . The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) has published mandatory rules , obliging on all inpatient and outpatient teaching settings , laying down the guidelines for what medical students in the United States may do , if they have not completed a clerkship or sub-internship . These rules apply to when they are in the clinical setting in school , not when they are , for example , helping staff events or in other non-formal educational settings , even if they are helping provide certain clinical services along with nurses and the supervising physicians - for example , certain basic screening procedures . In the formal clinical setting in school , they can only assist with certain patient evaluation and management tasks , after the vital signs , chief complaint and the history of present illness have been discerned , but prior to the physical examination : reviewing the patient 's signs and symptoms in each body system , and then reviewing the patient 's personal medical , genetic , family , educational / occupational , and psychosocial history . The student 's supervising physician ( or another physician with supervisory privileges if the original doctor is no longer available , for some reason ) must be in the room during the student 's work , and must conduct this same assessment of the patient before performing the actual physical examination , and after finishing and conferring with the student , will review his or her notes and opinion , editing or correcting them if necessary , and will also have his or her own professional notes ; both must then sign and date and I.D. the student 's notes and the medical record . They may observe , but not perform , physical examinations , surgeries , endoscopic or laparoscopic procedures , radiological or nuclear medicine procedures , oncology sessions , and obstetrics . The patient must give consent for their presence and participation in his or her care , even at a teaching facility . Depending on the time they have completed in school , their familiarity with the area of medicine and the procedure , and the presence of their supervisor , and any others needed , in the room or nearby , they may be allowed to conduct certain very minor tests associated with the physical examination , such as simple venipuncture blood draws , and electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms , for learning and experience purposes , especially when there is no intern or resident available . Upon successful completion of medical school , students are granted the title of Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. ) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O. ) . Residency training , which is a supervised training period of three to seven years ( usually incorporating the 1st year internship ) typically completed for specific areas of specialty . Physicians who sub-specialize or who desire more supervised experience may complete a fellowship , which is an additional one to four years of supervised training in their area of expertise . Upon completion of medical school in the United States , students transition into residency programs through the National Resident Match Program ( NRMP ) . Each year , approximately 16,000 US medical school students participate in the residency match . An additional 18,000 independent applicants -- former graduates of U.S. medical schools , U.S. osteopathic medical schools , U.S. podiatry students , Canadian students , and graduates of foreign medical schools -- compete for the approximately 25,000 available residency positions . Unlike those in many other countries , US medical students typically finance their education with personal debt . In 1992 , the average debt of a medical doctor after residency was $25,000 . For the class of 2009 , the average debt of a medical student is $157,990 and 25.1 % of students had debt in excess of $200,000 ( prior to residency ) . For the past decade the cost of attendance has increased 5 - 6 % each year ( roughly 1.6 to 2.1 times inflation ) . Licensing of medical doctors in the United States is coordinated at the state level . Most states require that prospective licensees complete the following requirements : Graduation from an accredited medical school granting the degree of D.O. or M.D. United States and Canada schools must be accredited by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine or the Liaison Committee on Medical Education . Foreign medical school graduates generally must complete some training within the United States . Satisfactory completion of at least one year of an AOA - or ACGME - approved residency . Passing the United States Medical Licensing Examination or the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination ( USMLE , COMLEX , or simply `` the boards '' ) . USMLE and COMLEX both consist of four similar parts : Step or Level I is taken at the end of the second year of medical school and tests students ' mastery of the basic sciences as they apply to clinical medicine . Step II Clinical Knowledge ( CK ) or Level II Cognitive Evaluation ( CE ) is taken during the fourth year of medical school and tests students ' mastery of the management of ill patients . Step II Clinical Skills ( CS ) or Level II Performance Evaluation ( PE ) is taken during the fourth year of medical school and tests students ' mastery of clinical skills using a series of standardized patient encounters . Step or Level III is taken after the first year of a residency program and tests physicians ' ability to independently manage the care of patients . Uruguay ( edit ) The University of Montevideo in Uruguay is the oldest in Latin America , being public and free , co-governed by students , graduates and teachers . The progress of medical and biological sciences in the nineteenth century , the impact of the work of Claude Bernard ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Rudolf Virchow ( 1821 -- 1902 ) Robert Koch ( 1843 -- 1910 ) , Louis Pasteur ( 1822 -- 1895 ) and all the splendor of French medical schools , Vienna , Berlin and Edinburgh , was a stimulus for the creation of a medical school in the country . The basic medical school program lasts seven years . There is also a second medical school in the country , it is private and located in Punta del Este , Maldonado . Venezuela ( edit ) These are the universities with a medical school in Venezuela : Central University of Venezuela . University of the Andes ( Venezuela ) . University of Zulia . University of Carabobo . Universidad de Oriente . Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado . Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda . Universidad Nacional Experimental de Los Llanos Centrales Rómulo Gallegos . Bolivarian University of Venezuela . Asia and oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) See also : Medical education in Australia Historically , Australian medical schools have followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS ) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) for their research training degree , analogous to the PhD , or for their honorary doctorates . Although the majority of Australian MBBS degrees have been graduate programs since the 1990s , under the previous Australian Qualifications Framework ( AQF ) they remained categorised as Level 7 Bachelor degrees together with other undergraduate programs . The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master 's ( Extended ) degrees which permits the use of the term ' Doctor ' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional programs . As a result , various Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees with the MD to resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature . With the introduction of the Master 's level MD , universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates . The University of Melbourne was the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree , and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science ( DMedSc ) . Bangladesh ( edit ) See also : List of medical colleges in Bangladesh In Bangladesh , admission to medical colleges is organized by the Governing Body of University of Dhaka . A single admission test is held for government and private colleges . Due to the highly competitive nature of these exams , the total number of applicants across the country is around 78 times the number of students accepted . Admission is based on the entrance examination , as well as students ' individual academic records . The entrance examination consists carries a time limit of one hour . 100 marks are allocated based on objective questions , in which the mark allocation is distributed between a variety of subjects . Biology questions carry 30 marks , Chemistry carries 25 , Physics carries 20 , English carries 15 , and general knowledge carries 10 . Additionally , students ' previous SSC ( Secondary School Certificate ) and HSC ( Higher Secondary School Certificate ) scores each carry up to 100 marks towards the overall examination result . English students prepare themselves for the admission exam ahead of time . This is because as the GCSE and A-Level exams do not cover parts of the Bangladesh syllabus . The undergraduate program consists of five years study , followed by a one - year internship . The degrees granted are Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( M.B.B.S. ) . Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained in the form of Diplomas or Degrees ( MS or MD ) , M. Phil and FCPS ( Fellowship of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ) . The University of Dhaka launched a new BSc in `` Radiology and Imaging Technology , '' offering 30 students the opportunity to contribute towards their entrance exam grade . For students who have passed the HSC , this course contributes towards 25 % of the mark . The course contributes up to 75 % for Diploma - holding students . The duration of the course is four years ( plus 12 weeks for project submission ) . The course covers a variety of topics , including behavioural science , radiological ethics , imaging physics and general procedure . Cambodia ( edit ) After 6 years of general medical education ( a foundation year + 5 years ) , all students will graduate with Bachelor of Medical Sciences ( BMedSc ) បរិញ្ញាប័ត្រ វិទ្យាសាស្រ្ត វេជ្ជសាស្ត្រ . This degree does not allow graduates to work independently as Physician , but it is possible for those who wish to continue to master 's degrees in other fields relating to medical sciences such as Public Health , Epidemiology , Biomedical Science , Nutrition ... Medical graduates , who wish to be fully qualified as physicians or specialists must follow the rule as below : General Practitioner 's ( GP ) course is of 8 years ( BMedSc + 2 - year internship ) . Clinical rotation in the internship is modulated within 4 main disciplines ( general medicine , surgery , gynecology , pediatrics ). The medical degree awarded is Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) សញ្ញាប័ត្រ វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត ( equivalent to master 's degree ) . After graduating with BMedSc ; any students , who wishes to enter Resodency Training Programs , are required to sit for a rigorous and Entrance Exam . The duration of residency programs lasts from 3 to 4 years after BMedSc ( BMedSc + 3 -- 4 years of specialization ) . Once the graduates , after successfully defense their practicum thesis , are officially awarded the Degree of Specialized Doctor ( MD - with specialization ) សញ្ញាប័ត្រ វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត ឯកទេស `` Professional Doctorate '' . All Medical graduates must complete Thesis Defense and pass the National Exit Exam ប្រឡង ចេញ ថ្នាក់ ជាតិ ក្នុង វិស័យ សុខាភិបាល to become either GPs or Medical or Surgical Specialists . Hong Kong ( edit ) Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine held by HKU is among the oldest western medicine schools in Far East . Main article : Medical education in Hong Kong Hong Kong has only two comprehensive medical faculties , the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine , University of Hong Kong and the Faculty of Medicine , Chinese University of Hong Kong , and they are also the sole two institutes offering medical and pharmacy programs . Other healthcare discipline programs ( like nursing ) are dispersed among some other universities which do not host a medical faculty . Prospective medical students enter either one of the two faculties of medicine available ( held by The University of Hong Kong and The Chinese University of Hong Kong ) from high schools . The medical program consists of 5 years for those who take the traditional Hong Kong 's Advanced Level Examination ( HKALE ) for admission , or 6 years for those who take the new syllabus Hong Kong 's Diploma of Secondary School Education Examination ( HKDSE ) . International students who take examinations other the two mentioned will be assessed by the schools to decide if they will take the 5 - year program or the 6 - year one . The competition of entering the medical undergraduate programs is cut - throat as the number of intake each year is very limited with a quota of 210 from each school ( 420 in total ) and candidates need to attain an excellent examination result and good performance in interview . The schools put a great emphasis on students ' languages ( both Chinese and English ) and communication skills as they need to communicate with other health care professionals and patients or their family in the future . During their studies at the medical schools , students need to accumulate enough clinical practicing hours in addition before their graduation . The education leads to a degree of Bachelor of medicine and Bachelor of surgery ( M.B. , B.S. by HKU or M.B. , Ch. B. by CUHK ) . After a 5 - or 6 - year degree , one year of internship follows in order to be eligible to practice in Hong Kong . Both HKU and CUHK provide a prestigious bachelor of pharmacy course that is popular among local and overseas students . Students of most other health care disciplines have a study duration of 4 years , except nursing programs which require 5 years . India ( edit ) Main article : Medical college in India See also : List of medical Colleges in India Tirunelveli Medical College , Tamil Nadu , India In India , admission to medical colleges is organized both by the central government CBSE as well as the state governments through tests known as entrance examination . Students who have successfully completed their 10 + 2 ( Physics , Chemistry and Biology Marks are considered and PCB is mandatory ) education ( higher secondary school ) can appear for the tests the same year . The All - India Pre Medical / Dental Test for filling up of 15 % of total MBBS seats in India , conducted by CBSE ( Central Board for Secondary Education ) in the month of April / May intakes about only 2,500 students out of a total applicants of over 600,000 . The Supreme Court Of India has mandated the necessity of entrance examination based upon multiple choice questions and negative marking for wrong answers with subsequent merit over 50 % for selection into MBBS as well as higher medical education . The entrance exams are highly competitive . The graduate program consists of three professionals consisting of 9 semesters , followed by one - year internship ( rotating housemanship ) . The degree granted is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( M.B.B.S. ) of five years and six months . The graduate degree of MBBS is divided into 3 professionals , with each professional ending with a professional exam conducted by the university ( a single university may have up to dozens of medical colleges offering various graduate / post-graduate / post-doctoral degrees ) . After clearing this the student moves into the next professional . Each professional exam consists of a theory exam and a practical exam conducted not only by the same college but also external examiners . The exams are tough and many students are unable to clear them , thereby prolonging their degree time . The first professional is for 1 year and includes preclinical subjects , anatomy , physiology and biochemistry . The second professional is for 1 and a half year and has subjects pathology , pharmacology , microbiology ( including immunology ) and forensic medicine . Clinical exposure starts in the second professional . The third professional is divided into two parts . Part 1 consists of ophthalmology , ENT , and PSM ( preventive and social medicine ) and part 2 consists of general - medicine ( including dermatology , psychiatry as short subjects ) , general surgery ( including radiology , anaesthesiology and orthopaedics as short subjects ) and pediatrics and gynaecology and obstetrics . This is followed by one - year of compulsory internship ( rotatory house - surgeonship ) . After internship , the degree of MBBS is awarded by the respective university . Some states have made rural service compulsory for a certain period of time after MBBS . Selection for higher medical education is through entrance examinations as mandated by the Supreme Court Of India . Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained as Post-graduate Diploma of two years residency or Doctoral Degree ( MS : Master of Surgery , or MD ) of three years of residency under the aegis of the Medical Council of India . 50 % of all MD / MS seats in India are filled up through `` All - India Post-Graduate Medical Entrance Examination conducted by AIIMS ( All - India Institute Of Medical Sciences ) under the supervision of the Directorate General Of Health Services . Theses / Dissertations are mandatory to be submitted and cleared by university along with examinations ( written and clinicals ) to obtain MD / MS degree . Further sub-speciality post-doctoral qualification ( DM - Doctorate of Medicine , or MCh - Magister of Chirurgery ) of three years of residency followed by university examinations may also be obtained . PG ( post-graduate ) qualification is equivalent to M.D. / M.S. , consisting of two / three - years residency after MBBS . A PG diploma may also be obtained through the National Board of Examinations ( NBE ) , which also offers three - years residency for sub-specialisation . All degrees by NBE are called DNB ( Diplomate of National Board ) . DNB 's are awarded only after clearance of theses / dissertations and examinations . DNBs equivalent to DM / MCh have to clear examinations mandatorily . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Indonesia A group of Indonesian medical students of Trisakti University trains with an obstetric mannequin . In Indonesia , high school graduates who want to enroll to public medical schools must have their names enlisted by their high school faculty in the `` SNMPTN Undangan '' program , arranged by Directorate General of Higher Education , Ministry of National Education . Depending on the high school accreditation , only the class ' top 10 % - 15 % will be considered for admissions . Fewer places are available through entrance exam conducted autonomously by each university . These exams are highly competitive for medicine , especially in prestigious institutions such as University of Indonesia in Jakarta , Airlangga University in Surabaya , and Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta . For private medical school , almost all places are offered through independently run admission tests . The standard Indonesian medical school curriculum is six years long . The four years undergraduate program is composed mainly of classroom education , continued with the last two years in professional program primarily includes rotations in clinical settings where students learn patient care firsthand . If they pass undergraduate program they will have `` S. Ked '' ( Bachelor of Medicine ) in their title and if they finished the professional program and pass the national examination arranged by IDI ( Indonesian Medical Association ) they will become general physician and receive `` dr . ( doctor ) '' . Upon graduation , a physician planning to become a specialist in specific field of medicine must complete a residency , which is a supervised training with period of three to four years . A physician who sub-specializes or who desires more supervised experience may complete a fellowship , which is an additional one to three years of supervised training in his / her area of expertise Iran ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Iran General medicine education in Iran takes 7 to 7.5 years . Students enter the university after high school . Students study basic medical science ( such as anatomy , physiology , biochemistry , histology , biophysics , embryology , etc . ) for 2.5 years . At the end of this period they should pass a `` basic science '' exam . Those who passed the exam will move on to study physiopathology of different organs in the next 1.5 years . The organ - based learning approach emphasizes critical thinking and clinical application . In the next period of education students enter clinics and educational hospitals for two years . During this period , they will also learn practical skills such as history taking and physical examination . Students should then pass the `` pre-internship '' exam to enter the last 1.5 years of education in which medical students function as interns . During this period , medical students participate in all aspects of medical care of the patients and they take night calls . At the end of these 7.5 years students are awarded an M.D degree . M.D doctors can continue their educations through residency and fellowship . Israel ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Israel There are five university medical schools in Israel : the Technion in Haifa , Ben Gurion University in Be'er Sheva , Tel Aviv University , the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and the Medical school of the Bar - Ilan University in Ramat Gan . These all follow the European 6 - year model except Bar - Ilan University which has a four - year program similar to the US system . The Technion Medical School , Ben Gurion University , and Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine offer 4 - year MD programs for American Bachelor 's graduates who have taken the MCAT , interested in completing rigorous medical education in Israel before returning to the US or Canada . The entrance requirements of the various schools of medicine are very strict . Israeli students require a high school Baccalaureate average above 100 and psychometric examination grade over 700 . The demand for medical education is strong and growing and there is a lack of doctors in Israel . The degree of Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) is legally considered to be equivalent to a Masters degree within the Israeli Educational System . Japan ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Japan In Japan , medical schools are faculties of universities and thus they are undergraduate programs that generally last for six years . Admission is based on an exam taken at the end of high school and an entrance exam at the university itself , which is the most competitive . Medical students study Liberal Arts and Science for the first 1 -- 2 years , which include Physics , Mathematics , Chemistry , and Foreign Languages together with 2 years long Basic Medicine ( Anatomy , Physiology , Pharmacology , Immunology ) , Clinical Medicine , Public health , and Forensics for the next two years . Medical students train in the University Hospital for the last two years . Clinical training is a part of the curriculum . Upon completion of the graduation examination , students are awarded an M.D. Medical graduates are titled as Doctor , as are Ph. D. holders . The University does have an MD / PhD program that enables Doctors of Medicine to become Ph. D. holders , as well . At the end , Medical students take the National Medical License examination and , if they pass it , become a Physician and register in the record in the Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare . The scope of this exam encompasses every aspect of medicine . Jordan ( edit ) The Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery ( MBBS ) degree is awarded in Jordan after completion of six years comprising three years of medical sciences and three clinical years . Currently , four state supported universities include a medical school and grant the degree , which are : Jordan University of Science and Technology in Irbid University of Jordan in Amman Mutah University in Al Karak Hashemite University in Zarqa Further information : Medical education in Jordan Kyrgyzstan ( edit ) In Kyrgyzstan , the Government university Kyrgyz State Medical Academy offers 6 years duration undergraduate ( bachelor 's degree ) program whereas the other institutions mostly private such as the International School of Medicine at the International University of Kyrgyzstan offers a five - year medical program , with a requisite for English knowledge , that is recognized by the World Health Organization , the General Medical Council , and UNESCO . The medical school is also partnered with the University of South Florida School of Medicine , the University of Heidelberg ( Germany ) , the Novosibirsk Medical University ( Russia ) , and the University of Sharjah ( UAE ) . Other medical schools located in Kyrgyzstan include the 5 years duration MD / MBBS undergraduate degree program at International University of Science and Business or Mezhdunarodnyy Universitet Nauki i Biznesa , Kyrgyzstan others are the Asian Medical Institute , Kyrgyzstan and the Medical Institute , Osh State University and so on . Lebanon ( edit ) In Lebanon , there are two programs of medical education followed : the American system ( 4 years ) and the European system ( 6 years ) . Programs are offered in English and French . Admission requirements to the American system requires a candidate to complete a bachelor 's degree along with specific pre-medical courses during the undergraduate years , and writing the MCAT examination . European programs usually requires a candidate to complete 1 year of general science followed by a selection exam by the end of the year . Schools following the American system ( M.D. degree ) are : American University of Beirut : located in Beirut and is the oldest medical school in Lebanon . Training will take place at the American University of Beirut Medical center ( AUBMC ) in Beirut . Lebanese American University ( LAU ) : LAU Medical school is located in Byblos and has a 10 - year affiliation with Partners Harvard Medical International . Training will take place at the University Medical center - Rizk Hospital ( UMC - RH ) located in Beirut . It is also affiliated with Clemenceau Medical Center and Rafik Hariri University Hospital . University of Balamand : located in Koura , north Lebanon . Training will take place at the Saint George University Medical center in Beirut . The language of instruction in all three is English . Schools following the European system ( MBBS degree ) are : Lebanese University : languages of instruction are French and English . Training will take place at the Rafik Hariri University Hospital located in Beirut . Saint Joseph University : language of instruction is French . Training will take place in Hôtel - Dieu de France hospital located in Beirut . Beirut Arab University : language of instruction is English . Training will take place at Hammoud Hospital UMC located in Sidon and Rafik Hariri University Hospital located in Beirut . Holy Spirit University of Kaslik : Located in Jounieh , languages of instruction are French and English . Training will take place at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours located in Byblos . Malaysia ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Malaysia In Malaysia , getting into medical school is regarded as difficult , due to high fees and a rigorous selection process . Some new medical schools do offer a foundation in medicine course before admission into a full - time medical programme . Most government , and some private medical schools offer M.D. , and others mostly offer MBBS degrees . Myanmar ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Myanmar Panorama view of Lanmadaw Campus There are * five medical institutions - UM 1 , UM 2 , DSMA , UM Mdy , and UM Mgy - in Myanmar . ( Now , there are six universities in total . UMTG , University of Medicine Taunggyi - launched since 2015 ) edited by # mm_ymb Myanmar medical schools are government - funded and require Myanmar citizenship for eligibility . No private medical school exists at this moment . In Myanmar , admission to medical colleges is organized under the Department of Health Science , which is the branch of Ministry of Health of Myanmar . ( Now , we have been using as `` Ministry of Health and Sport '' and it is official usage ) edited by # mm_ymb A student can join one of the Five ( * Now six ) medical universities of Myanmar if he gets the highest scores in the science combination of the matriculation examination . This exam is highly competitive . Entrance is solely based on this examination and academic records have very minor consequences on an application . The undergraduate program is five years plus one year for work experience in government hospitals . After medical school , Myanmar medical graduates are under contract to spend one year of internship and three years of tenure in rural areas before they are eligible for most residency positions . The degree granted is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( M.B.B.S. ) . Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained as a Degree ( M. Med . Sc ) and ( Dr.Med.Sc ) . Nepal ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Nepal In Nepal , medical studies start at undergraduate level . As of 2016 , there are twenty institutions recognised by the Nepal Medical Council . There are four main medical bodies in Nepal : Tribhuvan University ( own college : Institute of Medicine Maharajgunj , affiliated colleges : National Medical College , Janaki Medical College , Universal College of Medical Sciences , Gandaki Medical College , Chitwan Medical College , Kist Medical College , Nepal Army Institute of Health Science ) Kathmandu University ( own college : Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences ( KUSMS ) , Affiliated colleges : Manipal College of Medical Sciences , Kathmandu Medical College , Nepal Medical College , Nepalgunj Medical College , College of Medical Sciences , Nobel Medical College , Lumbini Medical College , Birat Medical College , Devdaha Medical College ) B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences . Patan Academy of Health Sciences New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in New Zealand Auckland School of Medicine Otago School of Medicine New Zealand medical programs are undergraduate - entry programs of six years duration . Students are considered for acceptance only after a year of undergraduate basic sciences or , as alternative , following the completion of a bachelor 's degree . There are two main medical schools in New Zealand : the University of Auckland and the University of Otago . Each of these has subsidiary medical schools such as Otago 's Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Auckland 's Waikato Clinical School . The first year of the medical degree is the basic sciences year , which comprises study in chemistry , biology , physics , and biochemistry as well as population health and behavioural sciences . The following two years are spent studying human organ systems and pathological processes in more detail as well as professional and communication development . Toward the end of the third year , students begin direct contact with patients in hospital settings . The clinical years begin fully at the beginning of year 4 , where students rotate through various areas of general clinical medicine with rotation times varying from between two and six weeks . Year 5 continues this pattern , focusing more on specialized areas of medicine and surgery . Final medical school exams ( exit exams ) are actually held at the end of year 5 , which is different from most other countries , where final exams are held near the very end of the medical degree . Final exams must be passed before the student is allowed to enter year 6 . The final year ( Year 6 ) of medical school is known as the `` Trainee Intern '' year , wherein a student is known as a `` Trainee Intern '' ( commonly referred to in the hospitals as a `` T.I. '' ) . Trainee interns repeat most rotations undertaken in years 4 and 5 but at a higher level of involvement and responsibility for patient care . Trainee interns receive a stipend grant from the New Zealand government ( not applicable for international students ) . At the current time , this is $ NZ 26,756 / year ( about $ US 18,500 ) . Trainee interns have responsibility under supervision for the care of about one - third the patient workload of a junior doctor . However , all prescriptions and most other orders ( e.g. , radiology requests and charting of IV fluids ) made by trainee interns must be countersigned by a registered doctor . New Zealand medical schools currently award the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBChB ) . Upon completion of the 6th year , students go on to become `` House Officers , '' also known as `` House Surgeons '' for 1 -- 2 years where they rotate through specialities in the first year and then begin to narrow down to what they 'd like to do for speciality training in the second year . After 2 years of house officer work they apply to get into a training scheme and start to train towards the speciality . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Medical school in Pakistan King Edward Medical University , fourth oldest medical school in South Asia In Pakistan a medical school is more often referred to as a medical college . A medical college is affiliated with a university as a department . There are however several medical universities and medical institutes with their own medical colleges . All medical colleges and universities are regulated by the respective provincial department of health . They however have to be recognized after meeting a set criteria by a central regulatory authority called Pakistan Medical and Dental Council ( PMDC ) in Islamabad . There are almost equal number of government and private medical colleges and universities , with their number exceeding 50 . Admission to a government medical college is highly competitive . Entrance into the medical colleges is based on merit under the guidelines of PMDC . Both the academic performance at the college ( high school , grades 11 - 12 ) level and an entrance test like MCAT are taken into consideration for the eligibility to enter most of the medical colleges . After successfully completing five years of academic and clinical training in the medical college and affiliated teaching hospitals the graduates are awarded a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS ) degree . The graduates are then eligible to apply for a medical license from the PMDC . A house job of one - year duration is mandatory in a teaching hospital after completing five years of academic and clinical training in the medical college . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in the People 's Republic of China Medical education is normally a five - year Bachelor degree , including one - year internship ( or clinical rotation , during which students are actively involved in patient care ) before the final degree is awarded . Clinical specialization usually involves a two - or three - year Master degree . Acceptance is based on the national entrance examination used for all universities . There are a few colleges that teach in English and accept foreign medical students . Some of those universities have increased their course duration to 6 years . The degree conferred is known as Bachelor of Clinical Medicine ( BCM ) . Philippines ( edit ) Main articles : List of medical schools in the Philippines and Medical education in the Philippines The Dominicans , under the Spanish Government , established the oldest medical school in the Philippines in 1871 , known as the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery ( at that time was one with the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy , also considered the oldest pharmacy school in the Philippines ) of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Intramuros , Manila . Medical education in the Philippines became widespread under the American administration . The Americans , led by the insular government 's Secretary of the Interior , Dean Worcester , built the University of the Philippines College of Medicine and Surgery in 1905 . By 1909 , nursing instruction was also begun at the Philippine Normal School . At present there are a number of medical schools in the Philippines , notable examples include the University of the Philippines College of Medicine , Our Lady of Fatima University , Far Eastern University -- Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation , Saint Louis University International School of Medicine , De La Salle Health Sciences Institute , University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery , Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila , UERMMMC College of Medicine , St. Luke 's College of Medicine -- William H. Quasha Memorial , Cebu Doctors ' University , Cebu Institute of Medicine , Mindanao State University College of Medicine , Cagayan State University College of Medicine in Tuguegarao , Southwestern University - Matias H. Aznar Memorial College of Medicine Inc. , West Visayas State University in Iloilo City , University of St. La Salle College of Medicine in Bacolod City , Davao Medical School Foundation in Davao City , Xavier University -- Ateneo de Cagayan , Dr. Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine in Cagayan de Oro , Ago medical educational center AMEC - BCCM in Legazpi , Bicol and University of Northern Philippines in Vigan . In 2007 , the Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health was established . It is the first medical school in the country to offer a double degree program leading to the degrees Doctor of Medicine and Masters in Business Administration . Any college graduate may apply for medical school given that they satisfy the requirements set by the institutions . There is also a test known as the National Medical Admission Test or NMAT . Scores are given on a percentile basis and a high ranking is a must to enter the top medical schools in the country . In most institutions , medical education lasts for four years . Basic subjects are taken up in the first and second years , while clinical sciences are studied in the second and third years . In their fourth year , students rotate in the various hospital departments , spending up to two months each in the fields of internal medicine , surgery , obstetrics and gynecology , and pediatrics , and several weeks in the other specialties . After this , students graduate with a Doctorate in Medicine and apply for postgraduate internship ( PGI ) in an accredited hospital of their choice . After PGI , the student is eligible to take the Medical Licensure Examination . Passing the examinations confers the right to practice medicine as well as to apply in a Residency Training Program . Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Taiwan The medical education in the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) is usually 7 years ( 6 - year learning plus 1 - year internship ) in duration , starting right after high schools . The first 2 years in the 7 - year system is composed of basic sciences and liberal art courses . Doctor - patient classes are emphasized , and most schools require compulsory amounts of volunteer hours . Clinical sciences are compressed into a two - year program in the 3rd and 4th years . The duration of clerkships and internships varies from school to school , but all of them end at the 7th grade . Taiwan 's medical education began in 1897 and is over 100 years old now . Students graduate with a Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) degree . Starting from the year 2013 , incoming students will have a 6 + 2 year curriculum , in which the first 6 years are oriented similarly as before and the last two years are Post Graduate Years ; this change aims to increase primary care capabilities of medical school graduates . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Saudi Arabia In Saudi Arabia medical education is free for all Saudi citizens . A medical student must pass an entrance examination and complete a 1 - year pre-medical course containing some basic medical subjects including : Biology , Organic Chemistry , Inorganic Chemistry , Physics , Medical Biostatistics , and English for medical uses . Passing this year is commonly considered as the most challenging . It offers an MBBS ( Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery ) degree . after one pre-medical course , five medical years and one training year . By 2010 , there are 24 medical schools in KSA - 21 nonprofit and three private medical schools the last college opened was Sulaiman AlRajhi Colleges with its partnership with Maastricht in the Netherlands . Singapore ( edit ) Currently , there are 3 medical schools in Singapore . 2 of them offers undergraduate ( 5 years degree ) and the other offers postgraduate ( 4 years ) entry . South Korea ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in South Korea Currently , there are 41 medical schools in South Korea . Medical programs in South Korea used to be direct - entry programs such as in the UK , taking six years to complete . However , most universities were going through a transition from direct - entry to a 4 + 4 year system , such as those found in the United States and Canada . Recently , about half of the universities are converting back to six years direct - entry program by 2015 , and almost all of the universities are converting it back by 2017 . Sri Lanka ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Sri Lanka There are eight medical schools in Sri Lanka that teach evidence based ( sometimes called `` western '' ) medicine . The oldest medical school is the Faculty of Medicine , University of Colombo , established as Ceylon Medical School in 1870 . There are medical faculties in Peradeniya , Kelaniya , Sri Jayawardanepura , Galle , Batticaloa , Jaffna and Rajarata as well . Kelaniya Medical Faculty initially started as the North Colombo Medical College ( NCMC ) , a private medical institution . It was one of the earliest private higher educational institutions ( 1980 ) . Heavy resistance by the medical professionals , university students and other professionals led to its nationalization and to its renaming as the Kelaniya Medical Faculty . Faculty of Health - Care Sciences is the faculty that offers MBBS together with other para-medical courses . It is an entity of the Eastern University - Sri Lanka . The Open International University for Complementary Medicines ( OIUCM ) , established under World Health Organization teaches various field of Medicines and related program of Environmental Sciences . despite having basic problems of training programme . Postgraduate Institute of Medicine ( PGIM ) is the only institution that provides specialist training of medical doctors . The Institute of Indigenous Medicine of the University of Colombo , the Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurvedhic Medicine Institute of the University of Kelaniya and the Faculty of Siddha Medicine , University of Jaffna teach Ayurvedha / Unani / Siddha Medicine . Thailand ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Thailand The first medical school in Thailand was established back in 1890 at Siriraj Hospital , which is now become Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University . Currently , there are 26 medical programs offered nationwide . Most of the Thai medical schools are government - funded and require Thai citizenship for eligibility . Two private medical schools exist at the moment . Some Thais choose to attend private medical schools or attend a medical school in a foreign country due to relatively few openings and extremely competitive entrance examination scores required for enrollment in public medical schools . The Thai medical education is a six - year system , consisting of 1 year in basic - science , 2 years in pre-clinical training , and 3 years for clinical training . Upon graduation , all medical students must pass national medical licensing examinations and a university - based comprehensive test . After medical school , newly graduated doctors are under contract to spend a year of internship and 2 years of tenure in rural areas before they are eligible for any other residency positions or specialized training , mostly in locations outside Bangkok . Students will receive Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) degree at the end of the process . This degree is equivalent to a master 's degree in Thailand . Europe ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2008 ) Albania ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Albania There are four Medical Schools ( Fakultete te Mjeksise ) in Albania : University of Tirana Faculty of Medicine Kristal University Faculty of Medicine WORLDWIDE University Faculty of Medicine Zonja e Keshillit te Mire These medical schools are usually affiliated with regional hospitals . The course of study lasts 6 years . Students are conferred degree Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. ) upon graduation . Austria ( edit ) Medical University of Vienna Sigmund Freud University Vienna , Medical School Medical University of Graz Medical University of Innsbruck Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg The Faculty of Medicine at the Johannes Kepler University Linz Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences ( Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften ) , Krems Belarus ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Belarus There are 4 Medical Schools ( Medical Universities ) in Belarus : Belarusian State Medical University , Minsk ( belarusian : Беларускі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт ; Russian : Белорусский государственный медицинский университет ) - which contains the famous Bosef Institute for AIDS Research . Gomel State Medical University ( belarusian : Гомельскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт ; Russian : Гомельский государственный медицинский университет ) Grodno State Medical University ( belarusian : Гродненскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт ; Russian : Гродненский государственный медицинский университет ) Vitebsk State Order of Peoples ' Friendship Medical University ( belarusian : Віцебскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт ; Russian : Витебский государственный ордена Дружбы народов медицинский университет ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina There are five Medical Schools ( Medicinski Fakultet ) in Bosnia and Herzegovina : University of Banja Luka School of Medicine University of Sarajevo Medical School University of Tuzla Medical School University of East Sarajevo Medical School ( Foca ) University of Mostar Medical School These medical schools are usually affiliated with regional hospitals . The course of study lasts 6 years or 12 semesters . Students are conferred degree Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. ) upon graduation . Admissions Entry to BH Medical Schools are very competitive due to limited places imposed by the government quota . Students are required to complete Secondary School Leaving Diploma ( Gimnazija - Gymnasium ( school ) or Medicinska skola matura / svedocanstvo / svjedodzba ) . Entrance examination is usually held in June / July . Combined score of Secondary School Diploma assessment ( on scale 1 - 5 , with 2 minimum passing grade and 5 maximum grade ) and entrance examination is taken into consideration . Usually , 5 in Chemistry , Biology , Mathematics , and Physics are required for entry to medicine . Curriculum Course structure is more traditional and divided in pre-clinical ( year 1 - 3 ) / clinical part ( year 3 - 6 ) and subject - based . Practical examinations are held throughout the degree ( Anatomy , Biochemistry , Pathology , Physiology practicals etc . ) . Dissection is part of all medical curricula in Bosnian and Herz . Medical Schools . Bulgaria ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Bulgaria In Bulgaria , a medical school is a type of college or a faculty of a university . The medium of instruction is officially in Bulgarian . A six - to one - year course in Bulgarian language is required prior to admittance to the medical program . For European candidates , an exam in Biology and Chemistry in Bulgarian is also required . While a number of Bulgarian medical schools have now started offering medical programmes in English , Bulgarian is still required during the clinical years . Students join medical school after completing high - school . Admission offers are made by individual medical schools . Bulgarian applicants have to pass entrance examinations in the subjects of Biology and Chemistry . The competitive result of every candidate is the based on their marks these exams plus their secondary - school certificate marks in the same subjects . Those applicants with the highest results achieved are classified for admission . The course of study is offered as a six - year program . The first 2 years are pre-clinical , the next 3 years are clinical training and the sixth year is the internship year , during which students work under supervision at the hospitals . During the sixth year , students have to appear for ' state exams ' in the 5 major subjects of Internal Medicine , Surgery , Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Social Medicine , and Pediatrics . Upon successful completion of the six years of study and the state exams the degree of ' Physician ' is conferred . For specialization , graduates have to appear for written tests and interviews to obtain a place in a specialization program . For specialization in general medicine , general practice lasts three years , cardiology lasts four years , internal medicine lasts five years , and general surgery lasts five years . Croatia ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Croatia In Croatia , there are four out of seven universities that offer a medical degree , the University of Zagreb ( offers medical studies in English ) , University of Rijeka , University of Split ( also offers medical studies in English ) , and the University of Osijek . The Medical schools are a faculties of those four universities . Medical students enroll into medical school after finishing secondary education , typically after a Gymnasium , or after a four - year nursing school , or any other high school lasting four years . During the application process , their high school grades , and the grades of their matriculation exam at the end of high school ( Matura ) and the score at the obligatory admission exam are taken into account , and the best students are enrolled . The course of study lasts 6 years or 12 semesters . During the first 3 years , students are engaged in pre-clinical courses ( Anatomy , Histology , Chemistry , Physics , Cell Biology , Genetics , Physiology , Biochemistry , Immunology , Pathologic Physiology And Anatomy , Pharmacology , Microbiology , etc . ) . Contact with patients begins at the third year . The remaining 3 years are composed of rotations at various departments , such as Internal Medicine , Neurology , Radiology , Dermatology , Psychiatry , Surgery , Pediatrics , Gynecology and Obstetrics , Anesthesiology , and others . During each academic year , students also enroll into two or three elective courses . After each rotation , the students take a total of about 60 exams . In the end , the students must pass a final multiple - choice exam comprising questions about clinical courses , after which they finally gain an MD , and the title of Doctor of Medicine , which they put after their name . Now the doctors must complete a one - year , supervised , paid internship in a hospital of their choice , after which they take the state ( license ) examination , which is an eight - part oral examination containing the eight most important clinical branches . After that , the doctors are eligible to practice medicine as general practitioners . Residencies are offered at various hospitals throughout Croatia , and at numerous medical specialities . Czech Republic ( edit ) Medical study in Czech Republic has a long tradition dating from the 14th century , with the first medical school starting at the First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague in 1348 , making it the 11th oldest in the world and highly prestigious . Students from all over the world are attracted to study medicine in Czech Republic because of the high standards of education provided . Most Czech Universities offer a 6 - year General Medicine program in Czech and in English separately for international students . The admission to medical studies in Czech Republic is based on the performance in high school diploma ( Biology , Chemistry and Physics ) , English proficiency and performance in the entrance exams . Entrance examination is conducted at the university and by some representative offices abroad . The entrance exams are competitive due to students from all over the world fighting to secure a place . After the entrance exams , successful candidates are further scrutinised by conducting interviews . Most of the international students studying medicine in the Czech Republic originate from USA , Canada , UK , Norway , Sweden , Germany , Israel , Malaysia and the Middle East . Most faculties of Medicine in Czech Republic have been approved by the U.S. Department of Education for participation in Federal Student Financial Aid Programs and is listed in the Directory of Postsecondary Institutions published by the U.S. Department of Education . The qualifications are also approved in Canada by the Canadian Ministry of Education and Training , and in the UK by the General Medical Council . Most medical schools are globally recognised and carry a good reputation . There are nine public government owned medical schools in the Czech Republic : First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague Second Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague Third Faculty of Medicine , Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine in Plzeň , Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové , Charles University in Prague Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacký University Olomouc Faculty of Medicine , University of Ostrava There is one military medical school , Faculty of Military Health Sciences , University of Defence . Denmark ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Denmark In Denmark , basic medical education is given in four universities : University of Copenhagen , Aarhus University , University of Southern Denmark and Aalborg University . The duration of basic medical education is six years and the course leads to the degree of Candidate of Medicine ( M.D. ) after swearing the Hippocratic Oath upon graduation . Medical school is usually followed by a year residency called clinical basic education ( Danish : Klinisk basisuddannelse or just KBU ) which upon completion grants the right to practices medicine without supervision . Finland ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Finland In Finland , basic medical education is given in five universities : Helsinki , Kuopio , Oulu , Tampere and Turku . Admission is regulated by an entrance examination . Studies involve an initial two - year preclinical period of mainly theoretical courses in anatomy , biochemistry , pharmacology etc . However , students have contact with patients from the beginning of their studies . The preclinical period is followed by a four - year clinical period , when students participate in the work of various hospitals and health care centres , learning necessary medical skills . Some Finnish universities have integrated clinical and preclinical subjects along the six - year course , diverging from the traditional program . A problem - based learning method is widely used , and inclusion of clinical cases in various courses and preclinical subjects is becoming common . All medical schools have research programs for students who wish to undertake scientific work . The duration of basic medical education is six years and the course leads to the degree of Licentiate of Medicine . France ( edit ) Main article : Medical school in France Medical studies in France are organized as follow : Right after graduating from High School with a Baccalaureat , any student can register at a university of medicine ( there are about 30 of them throughout the country ) . At the end of first year , an internal ranking examination takes place in each of these universities in order to implement the numerus clausus . First year consists mainly of theoretical classes such as biophysics and biochemistry , anatomy , ethics or histology . Passing first year is commonly considered as challenging and requires hard and continuous work . Each student can only try twice . For example , the Université René Descartes welcomes about 2000 students in first year and only 300 after numerus clausus . The second and third year are usually mainly quite theoretical although the teachings are often accompanied by placements in the field ( e.g. internships as nurses or in the emergency room , depending on the university ) . During 4th , 5th and 6th years , medical students get a special status called ' Externe ' ( In some universities , such as Pierre et Marie Curie , the ' Externe ' status is given starting in the 3rd year ) . They work as interns every morning at the hospital plus a few night shifts a month and study in the afternoon . Each internship lasts between 3 and 4 months and takes place in a different department . Med students get 5 weeks off a year . At the end of sixth year , they need to pass a national ranking exam , which will determine their specialty . Indeed , the first student gets to choose first , then the second , etcetera . Usually students work pretty hard during 5th and 6th years in order to train properly for the national ranking exam . During these years , actual practice at the hospital and some theoretical courses are meant to balance the training . Such externs ' average wage stands between 100 and 300 euros a month . After that ranking exams , students can start as residents in the specialty they have been able to pick . That is the point from which they also start getting paid . Towards the end of the medical program , French medical students are provided with more responsibilities and are required to defend a thesis . At the conclusion of the thesis defense , French medical students receive a State Diploma of Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) or `` Diplôme d'Etat de Doctorat en Medecine for general medicine . For those who are in speciality training will also receive a Diploma of Specialized Studies ( DES = Diplôme d'Etudes Specialisees ) to mark their specialties . Some students may also receive a Diploma of Specialized Complementary Studies ( DESC ) = Diplôme d'Etudes Specialisees Complementaires . Germany ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Germany The University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine In Germany , admission to medical schools is currently administered jointly by the Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung ( SfH ) , a centralized federal organization , and the universities themselves . The most important criterion for admission is the Numerus clausus , the final GPA scored by the applicant on the Abitur ( highest secondary school diploma ) . However , in light of the recent gain in influence of medical schools in regards to applicant selection , additional criteria are being used to select students for admission . These criteria vary among medical faculties and the final Abitur GPA is always a core indicator and strongly influences admission . Admission remains highly competitive . A very small number of slots per semester are reserved for selected applicants which already hold a university degree ( Zweitstudium ) and for medical officer candidates ( Sanitätsoffizieranwärter ) . The first two years of medical school consist of the so - called pre-clinical classes . During this time , the students are instructed in the basic sciences ( e.g. physics , chemistry , biology , anatomy , physiology , biochemistry , etc . ) and must pass a federal medical exam ( Erster Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung ) , administered nationally . Upon completion , the students advance to the clinical stage , where they receive three years of training and education in the clinical subjects ( e.g. , internal medicine , surgery , obstetrics and gynecology , pediatrics , pharmacology , pathology , etc . ) . After these three years , they have to pass the second federal medical exam ( Zweiter Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung ) before continuing with the sixth and final year . The last year of medical school consists of the so - called `` practical year '' ( Praktisches Jahr , PJ ) . Students are required to spend three four - month clerkships , two of them in a hospital ( internal medicine and surgery ) as well as one elective , which can be one of the other clinical subjects ( e.g. family medicine , anesthesiology , neurology , pediatrics , radiology etc . ) . After at least six years of medical school , the students graduate with a final federal medical exam ( Dritter Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung ) . Graduates receive the license to practice medicine or dentistry and the professional title of physician ( Arzt ) or dentist ( Zahnarzt ) . The academic degrees Doctor of Medicine ( Dr. med . ) and Doctor of dental Medicine ( Dr. med . dent . ) are awarded if the graduate has , in addition , successfully completed a scientific study and dissertation . It is a doctoral degree and therefore different from the MD or DDS degrees in the U.S. , which as professional degrees are awarded after passing the final exams and do not require additional scientific work . Many medical students opt to perform their thesis during their studies at medical school , but only a fraction of them is able to finish the dissertation - process during their studies . The requirements for getting a Dr. med. degree across the board are not as hard as for the doctor in natural science ( Dr. rer . nat . ) . Therefore , many critics advocate to adopt a system similar to that of the Anglo - Saxon countries with an MD as a professional degree and a PhD showing additional scientific qualification . If physicians wish to open up a doctor 's office , they are required to further complete residency in order to fulfill the federal requirements of becoming Facharzt ( specialized in a certain field of medicine like internal medicine , surgery , pediatrics etc . ) . Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must complete both studies , medicine and dentistry , then afterwards specializing another 5 years . There are 36 medical faculties in Germany . Greece ( edit ) There are seven medical schools in Greece . The most prominent one of them is the University of Athens Medical School . The rest of them are in Patras , Thessaloniki , Ioannina , Larissa , Heraklion , and Alexandroupoli . The duration of the studies in Greece is 6 years . Hungary ( edit ) Hungary has four medical schools , in Budapest , Debrecen , Pécs and Szeged . Medical school takes six years to complete , of which the last year is a practical year . Students receive the degree dr . med . univ. or dr . for short , equivalent to the M.D. degree upon graduation . All Hungarian medical schools have programs fully taught in English . Iceland ( edit ) In Iceland , admission to medical school requires passing an organized test , controlled by the University of Iceland , which anyone with a gymnasium degree can take . Only the top 48 scores on the exam are granted admission each year . Medical school in Iceland takes 6 years to complete . Students receive a cand. med. degree upon graduation . Following this , Icelandic regulations require 12 months of clinical internship before granting a full medical license . This internship consists of internal medicine ( 4 months ) , surgery ( 2 months ) , family medicine ( 3 months ) and a three - month elective period . Upon receiving a license to practice , a physician can start specialist training , in Iceland or abroad . Ireland ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Ireland There are six medical schools in Ireland . They are at Trinity College Dublin , the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , University College Dublin , University College Cork , University of Limerick and the National University of Ireland , Galway ( the National University of Ireland is the degree - awarding institution for all except the University of Limerick and Trinity College ) . Training lasts four , five or six years , with the last two years in the affiliated teaching hospitals ( UCD - St. Vincents University Hospital , Mater Misericordiae University Hospital ) ( Trinity - St. James 's Hospital , Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating the National Children 's Hospital ) ( UCC - Cork University Hospital ) ( RCSI - Beaumont Hospital , Connolly Hospital , Waterford Regional Hospital ) . For Programmes that are six years in length , entry is based on secondary school qualifications . Programmes that are four years in length require previous university degrees . The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and the University of Limerick were the first medical institutions to offer Graduate Entry Medicine of four years in duration in the Ireland . This is now also offered in University College Dublin and University College Cork . The National University of Ireland , Galway also launched a graduate entry programme in 2010 . Medical education is regulated by the Irish Medical Council , the statutory body that is also responsible for maintaining a register of medical practitioners . After graduation with the degrees of BM BS ( Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ) or MB BCh BAO ( Medicinae Baccalaureus , Baccalaureus in Chirurgia , Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia ) , a doctor is required to spend one year as an intern under supervision before full registration is permitted . Graduates of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland also receive the traditional `` Licenciate of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians in Ireland '' ( LRCP&SI ) , which was awarded before the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland became an Affiliate of the National University of Ireland and thus was allowed grant degrees , under the Medical Practitioners Act ( 1978 ) . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , the contents of the medical school admission test is decided each year by the Ministry of Education , Universities and Research ( MIUR ) and consists of eighty questions divided in five categories : logics and `` general education '' ( `` cultura generale '' ) , mathematics , physics , chemistry , and biology . Results are expressed in a national ranking . As a general rule , all state - run medical schools in the country administer it on the same day , whereas all privately run medical schools administer it on another day , so that a candidate may take the test once for state - run schools and once for a private school of his or her choice , but no more . Some universities in Italy provide an international degree course in medicine taught entirely in English for both Italian and non-Italian students . A number of these medical schools are at public universities , and have relatively low tuition fees compared to the English - speaking world , because the cost of the medical education is subsidized by the state for both Italian and non-Italian students . These public medical schools include the International Medical School at the University of Milan , the University of Pavia , Rome `` La Sapienza '' , Rome `` Tor Vergata '' , Naples Federico II , the Second University of Naples , and the University of Bari . These universities require applicants to rank highly on the International Medical Admissions Test . Italy also has private or parochial , more expensive English - language medical schools such as Vita - Salute San Raffaele University and Humanitas University in Milan , and at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome campus . Medicine is one of the university faculties implementing numerus clausus ( `` numero chiuso '' ) : the overall number of medical students admitted every year is constant , as each medical school is assigned a maximum number of new admission per year by MIUR . Medical school lasts 6 years ( 12 semesters ) . Traditionally , the first three years are devoted to `` biological '' subjects ( physics , chemistry , biology , biochemistry , genetics , anatomy , physiology , immunology , pathophysiology , microbiology , and usually English language courses ) , whereas the later three years are devoted to `` clinical '' subjects . However , most schools are increasingly devoting the second semester of the third year to clinical subjects and earlier patient contact . In most schools , there are about 36 exams over the 6 - year cycle , as well as a number of compulsory rotations and elective activities . At the end of the cycle , students have to discuss a final thesis before a board of professors ; the subject of this thesis may be a review of academic literature or an experimental work , and usually takes more than a year to complete , with most students beginning an internato ( internship ) in the subject of their choice in their fifth or sixth year . The title awarded at the end of the discussion ceremony is that of `` Dottore Magistrale '' , styled in English as a Doctor of Medicine , which in accordance with the Bologna process is comparable with a master 's degree qualification or a US MD . After graduating , new doctors must complete a three - month , unpaid , supervised tirocinio post-lauream ( `` post-degree placement '' ) consisting of two months in their university hospital ( one month in a medical service and one in a surgical service ) as well as one month shadowing a general practitioner . After getting a statement of successful completion of each month from their supervisors , new doctors take the esame di stato ( `` state exame '' ) to obtain full license to practise medicine . They will then have to register with one of the branches of the Ordine dei Medici ( `` Order of Physicians '' ) , which are based in each of the Provinces of Italy . Registration makes new doctors legally able to practice medicine without supervision . They will then have to choose between various career paths , each usually requiring a specific admission exam : most either choose to train as general practitioner ( a 3 - year course run by each Region , including both general practice and rotation at non-university hospitals ) , or to enter a Scuola di Specializzazione ( `` specialty school '' ) at a university hospital 4 - year or 5 - year course . Lithuania ( edit ) Lithuania has two medical schools , in Kaunas - LSMU http://lsmuni.lt/ and Vilnius . Studies are of six years , of which the last year is a practical year . All Lithuanian medical schools have ams in English . Since 1990 , LSMU has been the Alma Mater of many international students and 550 full - time foreign students from 42 countries ( mainly Israel , Germany , Finland , Norway , Spain , Sweden , Lebanon , Poland , India , South Korea , Ireland and the United Kingdom ) are currently enrolled here . The Lithuanian University of Health Sciences ( LSMU ) is the largest university - type school in Lithuania preparing the health specialists . It unites the Veterinary Academy and the Medical Academy . LSMU traditions of studies and scientific work go back to the times of the Faculty of Medicine at Vytautas Magnus Universitythat was later turned into Kaunas Institute of Medicine . LSMU collaborates with more than 140 European , American and Asian universities for study and research purposes . The university is a member of numerous international organizations , such as the European University Association ( EUA ) , Association of Schools of Public Health in The European Region ( ASPHER ) , Association of Medical Schools in Europe ( AMSE ) , Association for Medical Education in Europe ( AMEE ) , Organisation for PhD Education in Biomedicine and Health Sciences in the European System ( ORPHEUS ) , European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education ( EAEVE ) , World Veterinary Association , and more . LSMU is also a member of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , where it fulfils the role of a collaboration centre for research and training in epidemiology , as well as for the prevention of cardiovascular and other chronic non-communicable diseases . The study programmes at LSMU meet university education standards applied in EU countries . Netherlands and Belgium ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Netherlands and List of medical schools in Belgium In the Netherlands and Belgium , medical students receive 6 years of university education prior to their graduation . In the Netherlands , students used to receive four years of preclinical training , followed by two years of clinical training ( co-assistentschappen , or co-schappen for short ) in hospitals . However , for a number of medical schools this has recently changed to three years of preclinical training , followed by three years of clinical training . At least one medical faculty , that of the Utrecht University , clinical training already begins in the third year of medical school . After 6 years , students graduate as basisartsen ( comparable to Doctors of Medicine ) . As a result of the Bologna process , medical students in the Netherlands now receive a bachelor 's degree after three years in medical school and a master 's degree upon graduation . Prospective students can apply for medical education directly after finishing the highest level of secondary school , vwo ; previous undergraduate education is not a precondition for admittance . The Belgian medical education is much more based on theoretical knowledge than the Dutch system . In the first 3 years , which are very theoretical and lead to a university bachelor degree , general scientific courses are taken such as chemistry , biophysics , physiology , biostatistics , anatomy , virology , etc . To enter the bachelor course in Flanders , prospective students have to pass an exam , as a result of the numerus clausus . In the French - speaking part of Belgium , only the best students that pass the first year of the bachelor course in medicine are admitted to the second and third year . After the bachelor courses , students are allowed to enter the ' master in medicine ' courses , which consist of 4 years of theoretical and clinical study . In general , the first 2 master years are very theoretical and teach the students in human pathology , diseases , pharmacology . The third year is a year full of internships in a wide range of specialities in different clinics . The seventh , final year serves as a kind of ' pre-specialization ' year in which the students are specifically trained in the specialty they wish to pursue after medical school . This contrasts with the Dutch approach , in which graduates are literally ' basic doctors ' ( basisartsen ) who have yet to decide on a specialty . Norway ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Norway Medical education in Norway begins with a six - to six - and - a-half - year undergraduate university program . Admission requires a very high GPA from secondary school - medicine consistently ranks as the most difficult university programme to be admitted to in Norway . Furthermore , certain high school subjects are required for admission ( chemistry , mathematics and physics ) . Upon completion , students are awarded a candidatus / candidata medicinae ( cand . med . ) degree ( corresponding to e.g. and MD in the USA ) and medical license . Those completing a research programme ( Forskerlinje ) get this added to their degree . Following this , it is required a minimum of 18 months of internship ( turnustjeneste ) before applying on a specialist training in Norway . The internship consist of 6 months of internal medicine , 6 months of surgery and 6 months family medicine . There are currently 43 recognized medical specialties in Norway . Poland ( edit ) See also : Category : Medical schools in Poland . Portugal ( edit ) Universidade do Minho , Braga Universidade do Algarve , Faro Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra , Coimbra Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde , Covilhã Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto , Porto Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute , Porto Romania ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Romania In Romania , medical school is a department of a medical university , which typically includes Dentistry and Pharmacy departments as well . The name facultate is used for departments in their universities too , but the Medicine departments distinguish themselves by the length of studies ( 6 years ) , which grants to graduates a status equivalent to that of a Master in Science . The Medicine departments are also marked by reduced flexibility - in theory , a student in a regular university can take courses from different departments , like Chemistry and Geography ( although it usually does not happen , majors being clearly defined ) , while the medical universities do not have any extra offers for their students , due to their specialization . Admission to medical faculty is usually awarded by passing a Human Biology , Organic Chemistry and / or Physics test . The program lasts 6 years , with first 2 years being preclinical and last 4 years being mostly clinical . After these six years , one has to take the national licence exam ( which consists of mostly clinically oriented questions , but some questions also deal with basic sciences ) and has to write a thesis in any field he / she studied . Final award is Doctor - Medic ( titlu onorific ) ( shortened Dr . ) , which is not an academic degree ( similar to Germany ) . All graduates have to go through residency and specialization exams after that in order to practice , although older graduates had different requirements and training ( e.g. , clinical rotations similar to sub-internship ) and might still be able to practice Family Medicine / General Medicine . Russia ( edit ) See also : List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe § Russia Medical schools in Russia offer a 6 - year curriculum leading to award Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) `` Physician '' . Russian medical authorities reluctantly agrees with inclusion in list of international medical schools FAIMER - IMED . FAIMER ca n't include medical schools without cooperation from Russia . For example , Orel State University Medical Institute is n't included in this list . Sweden ( edit ) See also : List of medical schools in Sweden Medical education in Sweden begins with a five - and - a-half - year undergraduate university program leading to the degree `` Master of Science in Medicine '' ( Swedish : Läkarexamen ) . Following this , the National Board of Health and Welfare requires a minimum of 18 months of clinical internship ( Swedish : Allmäntjänstgöring ) before granting a medical license to be fully qualified as Medical Doctor ( MD ) . This internship consists of surgery ( 3 -- 6 months ) , internal medicine ( 3 -- 6 months ) , psychiatry ( three months ) and family medicine ( six months ) . Upon receiving a license to practice , a physician is able to apply for a post to start specialist training . There are currently 52 recognized medical specialties in Sweden . The specialist training has a duration of minimum five years , which upon completion grants formal qualification as a specialist . Switzerland ( edit ) See also : Healthcare in Switzerland There are five universities granting medical degrees in Switzerland ( plus the University of Fribourg and the ETH Zurich that provide the bachelor but not the master in medicine ) and five university hospitals : Faculty of Medicine of the University of Basel ( see also University Hospital of Basel ) Faculty of Medicine of the University of Bern ( see also University Hospital of Bern ) Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva ( see also University Hospital of Geneva ) Faculty of Biology and Medicine of the University of Lausanne ( see also University Hospital of Lausanne ) Faculty of Medicine of the University of Zürich ( see also University Hospital of Zürich ) Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology of the ETH Zurich Turkey ( edit ) All high school graduates who wish to pursue further education are required to take an MCQ exam . The exam covers most of the high school and secondary school curricula . A student who scores high enough gets a place in a faculty of his / her desire . Entrance to medical schools is extremely competitive , only very top scoring students are accepted to medical schools . Medical education takes six years , first three years being Pre-clinical years and the latter three being Clinical years . Right after graduation , graduates can either work as GPs or take another exam called TUS ( Medical Specialization Examination ) to do residency in a particular department of a particular hospital . Most of the medical schools in Turkey are state schools but the number of private schools is on the rise . MCQ exam ( YGS and LYS ) scores required to be accepted to private medical schools are lower compared to their public counterparts . The language of instruction is , in general , Turkish , but few universities also offer schools with English as the language of instruction . This makes Turkey a popular place to study medicine for students from nearby areas like the Balkans , the Middle East , and to a lesser extent North Africa . Ukraine ( edit ) Medical degrees in Ukraine were offered only in institutions called medical universities , which are separate from traditional universities . However , some medical schools are now associated with classical universities . These include : Ternopil State Medical University Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University Kharkiv National Medical University Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Academy Ivano - Frankivsk National Medical University Bukovinian State Medical University Zaporizhia State Medical University Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy Donetsk National Medical University Bogomolets National Medical University Of Ukraine Crimea State Medical University Luhansk State Medical University Odessa National Medical University National Pirogov Memorial Medical University School of Medicine of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University Medical Faculty of Sumy State University Medical Faculty of Uzhgorod University Medical Faculty of Dnipropetrovsk National University Kyiv Medical Institute of non traditional Medicine United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Medical school in the United Kingdom See also : List of medical schools in the United Kingdom Shepherd 's House , King 's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry at Guy 's Campus in London Due to the UK code for higher education , first degrees in medicine comprise an integrated programme of study and professional practice spanning several levels . While the final outcomes of the qualifications themselves typically meet the Expectations of the descriptor for higher education qualification at level 7 ( the UK master 's degree ) . These degrees may retain , for historical reasons , `` Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery '' and are abbreviated to MBChB or MBBS . There are currently 32 institutions that offer medical degrees in the United Kingdom . Completion of a medical degree in the UK results in the award of the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery . Admission requirements to the schools varies ; most insist on solid A-Levels / Highers , a good performance in an aptitude test such as the UKCAT , the BMAT or the GAMSAT , and usually an interview . As of 2008 the UK has approximately 8000 places for medical students . Methods of education range from courses that offer a problem - based learning approach ( alongside lectures etc . ) , and others having a more traditional pre-clinical / clinical structure . Others combine several approaches in an integrated approach . Following qualification , UK doctors enter a generalised two - year , competency - based `` foundation programme '' , gaining full GMC ( General Medical Council ) registration at the end of foundation year one , and applying for specialist training ( in medicine , surgery , general practice etc . ) after foundation year two . Many medical schools offer intercalated degree programmes to allow students to focus on an area of research outside their medical degree for a year . Some medical schools offer graduate entry programmes , which are four years long . The name refers to the fact that students on these courses already have a degree in another subject ( i.e. they are graduates ) . Due to the shorter length of the course , the timetable of these degrees are more intense and the holidays are shorter , compared to students on the 5 - year course . In terms of entrance requirements , the 4 - year degree restricts entry to those who already hold a first degree , and have previously worked in an area of healthcare . The first degree does n't necessarily have to be a BSc degree ( this is the criteria for some of the medical schools ) , whereas other medical schools specify that the prior degree has to be in a science subject . Competition for this course is fierce , with students having to also sit an entrance exam prior to being considered for an interview . Medical schools typically admit more students into undergraduate programmes than into graduate entry programmes . Medical career grades of the National Health Service Year Current ( Modernising Medical Careers ) Previous Foundation doctor ( FY1 and FY2 ) , 2 years Pre-registration house officer ( PRHO ) , 1 year Senior house officer ( SHO ) , minimum 2 years ; often more Specialty registrar , general practice ( GPST ) , 3 years Specialty registrar , hospital speciality ( SpR ) , minimum 6 years Specialist registrar , 4 -- 6 years GP registrar , 1 year 5 General practitioner , 4 years total time in training 6 -- 8 General practitioner , 5 years total time in training 9 Consultant , minimum 8 years total time in training Consultant , minimum 7 -- 9 years total time in training Optional Training is competency based , times shown are a minimum . Training may be extended by obtaining an Academic Clinical Fellowship for research or by dual certification in another speciality . Training may be extended by pursuing medical research ( usually 2 -- 3 years ) , usually with clinical duties as well Medical students ( edit ) A medical student checking blood pressure on an awareness drive A person accepted into a medical school and enrolled in an educational program in medicine , with the goal of becoming a medical doctor , is referred to as a medical student . Medical students are generally considered to be at the earliest stage of the medical career pathway . In some locations they are required to be registered with a government body . Medical students typically engage in both basic science and practical clinical coursework during their tenure in medical school . Course structure and length vary greatly among countries ( see above ) . Bullying ( edit ) Main article : Bullying in medicine Medical students , perhaps being vulnerable because of their relatively low status in health care settings , commonly experience verbal abuse , humiliation and harassment ( nonsexual or sexual ) . Discrimination based on gender and race is less common . Burnout and depression ( edit ) See also : Stress in medical students A meta - analysis in the American journal JAMA suggested depressive symptoms in 24 % to 29 % of all medical students and 25 % to 33 % of all resident physicians . Burnout in medical students , in addition , seems to be associated with increased likelihood of subsequent suicidal ideation . It has been estimated by a US study that approximately 14 % of medical students have symptoms of moderate to severe depression , and roughly 5 % have suicidal thoughts at some point during training . Internationally depression as well as distress in medical school is widely studied and gained more attention over the years . A recent study among German medical students at international universities displayed the significantly higher risk of depression symptoms being 2.4 times higher than the average population . 23.5 % of these German medical students showed clinically relevant depressive symptoms . In a South Korean study , 40 % of medical students appeared to have depression . Medical students with more severe depression also may be less likely to seek treatment , largely from fear that faculty members would view them as being unable to handle their responsibilities . Students who feel that they lack a social support system are 10 times more likely to be depressed compared with students that consider themselves to have good social support . Approximately 10 % experience suicidal ideation during medical school . Lemon and Stone hypothesised in what has become termed the ' Lemon Stone Hypothesis ' , that medical students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds increase in prevalence during times of national economic adversity . Their hypothesis was a formulation of Becker Maimans ' health belief model and Adaption theory . This hypothesis has to some extent been supported by a series of surveys . See also ( edit ) American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine ( AACOM ) American Medical College Application Service ( AMCAS ) American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine ( AACPM ) Bimaristan ( historical medical schools ) Flexner Report Graduate Australian Medical Schools Admissions Test ( GAMSAT ) ( Australia , Ireland , UK ) International medical graduate List of medical schools Medical College Admission Test ( MCAT ) ( United States , Canada ) Society of General Internal Medicine ( SGIM ) Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test ( UMAT ) ( Australia ) Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown , Menna ; Barnes , Jacob ; Silver , Katie ; Williams , Nicholas ; Newton , Philip M. ( 2015 ) . `` The Educational Impact of Exposure to Clinical Psychiatry Early in an Undergraduate Medical Curriculum '' . Academic Psychiatry . 40 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 281 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0358 - 1 . Jump up ^ Littlewood , S. ( 13 August 2005 ) . `` Early practical experience and the social responsiveness of clinical education : systematic review '' . BMJ. 331 ( 7513 ) : 387 -- 391 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 331.7513. 387 . Jump up ^ https://sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/sphcm/Centres_and_Units/SI_licensing_Report.pdf Jump up ^ `` Accreditation of medical education institutions . Report of a technical meeting. Schæffergården , Copenhagen , Denmark , 4 -- 6 October 2004 '' . WHO - WFME Task Force on Accreditation . p. 2 . ISBN 92 4 159273 7 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Accra College of Medicine , www.acm.edu.gh Jump up ^ Katz , Arieh A ; Futter , Merle ; Mayosi , Bongani M ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` The intercalated BSc ( Med ) Honours / MB ChB and integrated MB ChB / PhD tracks at the University of Cape Town : Models for a national medical student research training programme '' . South African Medical Journal . 104 ( 2 ) : 111 . doi : 10.7196 / SAMJ. 7639 . PMID 24893538 . Jump up ^ `` Resources '' . Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Healthtraining.org Archived 2010 - 05 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , MPH Degree Requirements at Makerere Jump up ^ Dillon , Alfredo . `` Prohíben el arancel y el examen de ingreso en las universidades '' . www.clarin.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings 2016 '' . Top Universities. 2016 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Suarez - Kurtz , Guilherme . `` A brief description of medical school curricula in Brazil '' ( PDF ) . Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ CaRMS - Operations - Future Matches Archived 2007 - 05 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Accreditation of International Medical Schools : An Update from FAIMER and CAAM - HP '' ( PDF ) . michigan.gov . Federation of State Medical Boards. 2009 - 06 - 18 . p. 32 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.how.com/about_4727555_haiti-medical-schools-training.html Jump up ^ `` Medical Schools '' . American Association of Medical Colleges . Archived from the original on 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine '' . AACOM . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` medicine as professional doctorate '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` MD as Professional Doctorate '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Educational System in the USA '' . Jump up ^ Ackerknecht , Erwin . A Short History of Medicine . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1982 . Jump up ^ https://mises.org/library/100-years-medical-robbery Jump up ^ Institute for Good Medicine at the Pennsylvania Medical Society Goodmedicine.org Archived 2012 - 08 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ AAMC.org Jump up ^ AAMC.org Archived 2010 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Additional areas for consideration for accredited education providers proposing implementation of a Masters Degree ( Extended ) level primary medical degree '' ( PDF ) . Australian Medical Council . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) '' . University of Melbourne . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.medicine.careers360.com/articles/aipmt-2014-617-lakh-apply-for-aipmt-55-girls-among-exam-takers Jump up ^ Medical Council of India : Home Page Jump up ^ Natboard.nic.in Jump up ^ `` About Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee Bar - Ilan University '' . Medicine.biu.ac.il . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Home Sackler Faculty of Medicine '' . Sacklermedicine.us. 2013 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Medical degrees in Israeli Educational System '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ IUK-ISM-KG.com Archived 2010 - 09 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IUK-ISM.MEGA.kg Archived 2010 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ International University of Science and Business or Mezhdunarodnyy Universitet Nauki i Biznesa Jump up ^ Asian Medical Institute Archived 2009 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Medical Institute , Osh State University Jump up ^ `` Recognized Institution - Medical - college '' . Nepal Medical Council . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery - The University of Auckland '' . www.auckland.ac.nz . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` How the trainee intern year can ease the transition from undergraduate education to postgraduate practice - New Zealand Medical Journal '' . www.nzma.org.nz . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Trainee Intern Grant '' . Tertiary Education Commission . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Undergraduate study options - The University of Auckland '' . www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ MyTuition . `` A guide to studying medicine in NZ '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Medical Education in Taiwan Jump up ^ `` Directory of Medical Schools in Republic of Korea '' . Institute for International Medical Education . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ KMA.org , Korea Medical Association ( KMA ) website Jump up ^ Graduates from these medical schools revive Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery degree , ( MBBS ) , which takes a period of five to six years plus a residency period of one year for full registration . Due to the limited intake a large number of students go abroad to study medicine , these include commonwealth countries , as well as in recent years Bangladesh , Russia and China . However private medical schools are in the process of being established at present with the South Asian Institute of Technology and Medicine ( SAITM ) . Establishment of private medical schools have been opposed by the section of medical practitioners together with extremist student groups who does not willing to widening the access to medical education for the reasons best known to them . The total university undergraduate population in Sri Lanka is less than 27,000 , of which few hundred students are admitted to the local medical faculties , annually . Thousands who qualifies for higher education have no other option , but to go abroad for higher studies , including for medicine . Annually Sri Lankan parents are spending over 1bn USD to provide education to their children overseas . A well established system to regulate both private and public universities including the medical faculties is required to ensure the quality and relevance of the higher education system and thereby to enable both the public and private institutions to compete for excellence , as in the case of many other countries . This would be `` the option '' available for the authorities to consider , if Sri Lanka is aspiring to become a regional hub for education and a knowledge exporting country . The Higher Education Minister and the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) were criticized by the Government Medical Officers ' Association ( GMOA ) for offering degree awarding status to the South Asian Institute of Technology ( SAITM ) , while turning blind eye to three other medical degree awarding institutions , recently established by the state ; i.e. Rajarata , Eastern and the Defense university ( Fee levying ) , whose quality and standers are certainly not above or in par with to that of SITAM . The dabble standards adopted by the relevant authorities are detrimental to the founding principles of the free education of this country to provide equal access to education to all . It should be noted the fact that `` education is not a privilege of a few , but a right of all '' who want to have access to education at all levels . Jump up ^ `` GMOA Claims SAITM Is Sub-Standard The Sunday Leader '' . Thesundayleader.lk . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ List of medical schools in Thailand Jump up ^ Medical University of Pleven - English Programme Euromedschool.com Archived 2010 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Medical University of Varna - English Programme Euromedschool.com Archived 2010 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Titles in English '' . www.laeger.dk . Danish Medical Association . 5 February 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University and degree systems in France '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` University of Iceland - Faculty of Medicine '' . University of Iceland . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation 305 / 1997 , 13 . May . Regulation on granting medical and speciality training licenses '' . Icelandic Ministry of Health . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Education in Iceland '' . Medscape.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Undergraduate Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Entry requirements - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland '' . www.rcsi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate Entry Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Entry requirements - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland '' . www.rcsi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Graduate Entry Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Why RCSI Dublin ? - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland '' . www.rcsi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . www.medicalcouncil.ie . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` License to practice medicine in Sweden '' . Jump up ^ http://foreign.vnmu.edu.ua Jump up ^ The UK quality code for higher education Jump up ^ UK Medical Schools - www.ukmedicalschools.com Jump up ^ `` Study medicine - British Medical School Statistics '' . Study-medicine.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Internal-optimist.blogspot.com , A UK medical student blog . An example of the mix of science and clinical training in medical school , retrieved on January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coverdale JH , Balon R , Roberts LW Mistreatment of Trainees : Verbal Abuse and Other Bullying Behaviors Academic Psychiatry 33 : Pages 269 - 273 , July - August 2009 Archived 2010 - 07 - 07 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Rotenstein , Lisa S. ; Ramos , Marco A. ; Torre , Matthew ; Segal , J. Bradley ; Peluso , Michael J. ; Guille , Constance ; Sen , Srijan ; Mata , Douglas A. ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Prevalence of Depression , Depressive Symptoms , and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students : A Systematic Review and Meta - Analysis '' . JAMA. 316 ( 21 ) : 2214 -- 2236 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.17324 . ISSN 1538 - 3598 . PMID 27923088 . Jump up ^ Douglas A. Mata ; Marco A. Ramos ; Narinder Bansal ; Rida Khan ; Constance Guille ; Emanuele Di Angelantonio ; Srijan Sen ( 2015 ) . `` Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians : A Systematic Review and Meta - analysis '' . JAMA. 314 ( 22 ) : 2373 -- 2383 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2015.15845 . PMC 4866499 . PMID 26647259 . ^ Jump up to : Dyrbye LN , Thomas MR , Massie FS , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Burnout and suicidal ideation among US medical students '' . Ann Intern Med. 149 : 334 -- 341 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 149 - 5 - 200809020 - 00008 . ^ Jump up to : Schwenk TL , Davis L , Wimsatt LA ( 2010 ) . `` Depression , stigma , and suicidal ideation in medical students '' . JAMA. 304 : 1181 -- 1190 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2010.1300 . Jump up ^ Kamiar - K. Rueckert ( 2016 ) . Depression and Quality of Life in German Medical Students At Foreign Universities . RSU International Conference Health and Social Science . p. 168 . doi : 10.13140 / RG. 2.1. 3727.0008 . ^ Jump up to : Medscape Med Students > Depression in Med School : You 're Not Alone by Kelly Chi , in turn citing : Jeong Y , Kim JY , Ryu JS , Lee KE , Ha EH , Park H. The associations between social support , health - related behaviors , socioeconomic status and depression in medical students . Epidemiol Health . 2010 ; 32 : e2010009 . Jump up ^ Lemon TI , Stone BA Increase in medical students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds - a positive for health care ? Adv Med Educ Pract. 2013 ; 4 : 39 -- 41 . Published online 2013 March 21 . doi : 10.2147 / AMEP. 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Lord of the Flies (1963 film)

Lord of the Flies ( 1963 film ) - wikipedia Lord of the Flies ( 1963 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the novel , see Lord of the Flies . For the 1990 film , see Lord of the Flies ( 1990 film ) . For other uses , see Lord of the Flies ( disambiguation ) . Lord of the Flies Theatrical Release Poster Directed by Peter Brook Produced by Lewis M. Allen Written by Peter Brook Based on Lord of the Flies by William Golding Starring James Aubrey Tom Chapin Hugh Edwards Tom Gaman Music by Raymond Leppard Cinematography Tom Hollyman Edited by Peter Brook Gerald Feil Jean - Claude Lubtchansky Distributed by British Lion ( UK ) Continental Distributing ( US ) Release date May 1963 ( 1963 - 05 ) ( Cannes ) 13 August 1963 ( 1963 - 08 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 92 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $250,000 or £ 80,000 Lord of the Flies is a 1963 British film adaptation of William Golding 's novel of the same name about 30 schoolboys who are marooned on an island where they become savages . It was directed by Peter Brook and produced by Lewis M. Allen . The film was in production for much of 1961 , though the film was not released until 1963 . Golding himself supported the film . When Kenneth Tynan was a script editor for Ealing Studios he commissioned a script of Lord of the Flies from Nigel Kneale , but Ealing Studios closed in 1959 before it could be produced . The novel was adapted into a movie for a second time in 1990 . The 1963 film is generally more faithful to the novel than the 1990 adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Theme 4 Production 4.1 Filming 5 Song 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A group of British schoolboys , living in the midst of a war , are evacuated from England . Their airliner is shot down by briefly - glimpsed fighter planes and ditches near a remote island . The main character , Ralph , is seen walking through a tropical forest . He meets an intelligent and chubby boy , who reveals his school nickname was Piggy , but asks that Ralph not repeat that . The two go to the beach where they find a conch shell , which Ralph blows to rally the other survivors . As they emerge from the jungle , it becomes clear that no adults have escaped the crash . Singing is then heard and a small column of school choir boys , wearing dark cloaks and hats and led by a boy named Jack Merridew , walk toward their direction . The boys decide to appoint a chief . The vote goes to Ralph , not Jack . Initially , Ralph is able to steer the children ( all of whom are aged between about six and fourteen ) towards a reasonably civilized and co-operative society . Only the boy holding the conch is allowed to speak in turns during meetings or `` assemblies '' . The choir boys make wooden spears , creating the appearance that they are warriors within the group . Crucially , Jack has a knife , capable of killing an animal . The boys build shelters and start a signal fire using Piggy 's glasses . With no rescue in sight , the increasingly authoritarian and violence - prone Jack starts hunting and eventually finds a pig . Meanwhile , the fire , for which he and his `` hunters '' are responsible , goes out , losing their chance of being spotted from a passing airplane . Piggy chastises Jack , and Jack strikes him in retaliation , knocking his glasses off , and breaking one lens . Ralph is furious with Jack . Soon some of the children begin to talk of a beast that comes from the water . Jack , obsessed with this imagined threat , leaves the group to start a new tribe , one without rules , where the boys play and hunt all day . Soon , more follow until only a few , including Piggy , are left with Ralph . Events reach a crisis when a boy named Simon finds a sow 's head impaled on a stick , left by Jack as an offering to the Beast . He becomes hypnotized by the head , which has flies swarming all around it . Simon goes to what he believes to be the nest of the Beast and finds a dead pilot under a hanging parachute . Simon runs to Jack 's camp to tell them the truth , only to be killed in the darkness by the frenzied children who mistake him for the Beast . Piggy defends the group 's actions with a series of rationalizations and denials . The hunters raid the old group 's camp and steal Piggy 's glasses . Ralph goes to talk to the new group using the still - present power of the conch to get their attention . However , when Piggy takes the conch , they are not silent ( as their rules require ) but instead jeer . Roger , the cruel torturer and executioner of the tribe , pushes a boulder off a cliff and kills Piggy . Ralph hides in the jungle . Jack and his hunters set fires to smoke him out , and Ralph staggers across the smoke - covered island . Stumbling onto the beach , Ralph falls at the feet of a naval officer who stares in shock at the painted and spear - carrying savages that the children have become , before turning to his accompanying landing party . One of the youngest boys tries to tell the officer his name , but can not remember it . The last scene shows Ralph sobbing as flames spread across the island . Cast ( edit ) James Aubrey as Ralph Tom Chapin as Jack Hugh Edwards as Piggy Roger Elwin as Roger Tom Gaman as Simon David Surtees as Sam Simon Surtees as Eric Nicholas Hammond as Robert Roger Allan as Piers Kent Fletcher as Percival Richard Horne as Lance Timothy Horne as Leslie Andrew Horne as Matthew Peter Davy as Peter David Brujes as Donald Christopher Harris as Bill Alan Heaps as Neville Jonathan Heaps as Howard Burnes Hollyman as Douglas Peter Ksiezopolski as Francis Anthony Mcall - Judson as Maurice Malcolm Rodker as Harold David St. Clair as George Rene Sanfiorenzo Jr. as Charles Jeremy Scuse as Rowland John Stableford as Digby Nicholas Valkenburg as Rupert Patrick Valkenburg as Robin Edward Valencia as Frederick David Walsh as Percy John Walsh as Michael Jeremy Willis as Henry Erik Jordan as Head Clapper Boy Theme ( edit ) As with Golding 's book , the pessimistic theme of the film is that fear , hate and violence are inherent in the human condition -- even when innocent children are placed in seemingly idyllic isolation . The realisation of this is seen as being the cause of Ralph 's distress in the closing shots . Charles Silver , Curator in the Department of Film at MoMA , wrote that the film is `` about anarchy and how that thin veneer we wear of what we refer to as `` civilization '' is threatened by the attractive clarion call of bestiality and its accompanying hatred `` . Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) The parents of those chosen are reported to have been provided copies of the novel , from which a commentary had been physically removed ; those pages included describing the culmination of the hunt of a wild sow as an `` Œdipal wedding night '' . Brook noted that `` time was short ; we were lent the children by unexpectedly eager parents just for the duration of the summer holidays '' . The film was shot entirely in Puerto Rico at Aguadilla , El Yunque and on the island of Vieques . The boys in the cast were all non-professional , had mostly not read the book , and actual scripting was minimal ; scenes were filmed by explaining them to the boys , who then acted them out , with some of the dialogue improvised. . Life magazine journalist Robert Wallace visited them there and observed one of them amusing himself by feeding live lizards into the blades of a rotating fan . Wallace commented : `` One could almost hear William Golding , 4,000 miles away in England , chuckling into his beard . '' The 60 hours of film from the 1961 shoot was edited down to 4 hours , according to editor Gerald Feil . This was further edited down to a 100 - minute feature that was shown at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival ( 9 to 22 May ) , but the cuts necessitated that new audio transitions and some dialog changes be dubbed into the film more than a year after shooting . The voice of James Aubrey , who played Ralph , had dropped three octaves and was electronically manipulated to better approximate his earlier voice , but it is still significantly different . Tom Chapin , who played Jack , had lost his English accent and another boy 's voice was used to dub his parts . The U.S. distributor insisted the film be further edited to 90 minutes , so one fire scene and scenes developing the character Ralph were cut . The NYC premiere of the film was attended by some of the original cast members followed by a photo shoot in Times Square ( picture subsequently published in a Life Magazine article ) and a party at Sardi 's attended by others such as Zero Mostel . In 1996 , Peter Brook organised a reunion for the cast members for a documentary film called Time Flies . Brook was `` curious to know what the years had done to his cast , and what effect the isolated months of filming had had on their lives '' . Although none seemed damaged by their time working on the film , Simon Surtees , one of a pair of twin brothers who played Sam and Eric , `` put his finger unerringly on the ethical dilemma . The problem is that most of us are not trained artists , so I now believe Peter runs the risk of abandoning us to our fate , just as he did in 1961 , when he plucked us from our schools and our homes , put us on the island , then cast us back to live our lives as if nothing would ever change . '' Tom Gaman , who played Simon in Brook 's film , remembered that `` although I did n't think much about it at the time , in hindsight my death scene scares me . It was night , the spears -- those wooden stakes -- were quite real . We were excited , brandishing flaming sticks around a bonfire on the beach in a real storm . I really did emerge from the bushes into the center of a raging crowd , screamed in terror , was stabbed by boys with sharpened sticks , and staggered to the water '' . Song ( edit ) The song , heard throughout the film , of the boys singing is Kyrie Eleison which , translated from Greek , means `` Lord , have mercy '' . It is an expression used in a prayer of the Christian liturgy . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received acclaim from critics . Based on 18 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an overall approval rating of 100 % from critics , with an average score of 8.3 / 10 . However , it has a mixed to positive score from the audience , with 63 % . PopMatters journalist J.C. Maçek III wrote `` The true surprise in Lord of the Flies is how little these child actors actually feel like ' child actors ' . With few exceptions , the acting rarely seems to be forced or flat . This practiced , well - honed craft aids Brook 's vision of a fly on the wall approach that pulls the viewer into each scene . '' Bosley Crowther wrote in The New York Times that `` the picture made from it by the writer - director Peter Brook is a curiously flat and fragmentary visualization of the original . It is loosely and jerkily constructed , in its first and middle phases , at least , and it has a strangely perfunctory , almost listless flow of narrative in most of its scenes '' . Accolades ( edit ) Peter Brook was nominated for the Golden Palm at the 1963 Cannes Film Festival . The film was named one of the Top Ten Films of the year in 1963 by the National Board of Review . Home media ( edit ) The Criterion Collection released it on DVD and Blu - ray Disc in America and Canada . Janus Films also released the DVD in the UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ De la Mare , Richard ; Hatton , Maurice ( 29 November 1962 ) . `` Peter Brook film director '' . The Guardian . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Robert Wallace , Life Magazine 25 October 1963 Jump up ^ Silver , Charles ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Peter Brook 's Lord of the Flies '' . MoMA . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Brook , Peter ( 1998 ) . Threads of time : a memoir ( Paperback . ed . ) . London : Methuen Drama . p. 129 . ISBN 0413733009 . Jump up ^ Michael , Brooke . `` Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) '' . www.screenonline.org.uk . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hollindale , Peter . `` A History of Savages '' . www.tes.co.uk . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hollindale , Peter . `` A History of Savages '' . www.tes.co.uk . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaman , Tom . `` Flies '' . www.forestdata.com . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Maçek III , J.C. ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` Have Mercy : ' Lord of the Flies ' '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley . `` Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) Screen : Agitating Fable of Wild Boys : Savagery Is Depicted in ' Lord of the Flies ' '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Lord of the Flies '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Award Winners '' . www.nationalboardofreview.org . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lord of the Flies at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Lord of the Flies on IMDb Lord of the Flies at AllMovie Lord of the Flies at Rotten Tomatoes Criterion Collection essay by Peter Brook Time flies : A BBC2 TV documentary ( 1996 ) about the making of the 1963 movie , with interviews of Peter Brook and of the actors . Films directed by Peter Brook The Beggar 's Opera ( 1953 ) Seven Days ... Seven Nights ( 1960 ) Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) Marat / Sade ( 1967 ) King Lear ( 1971 ) Meetings with Remarkable Men ( 1979 ) The Mahabharata ( 1989 ) William Golding 's Lord of the Flies Films Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) Alkitrang dugo ( 1975 ) Lord of the Flies ( 1990 ) Other `` Lord of the Flies ( song ) Related `` Das Bus '' Exile VIAF : 119144648592107423604 GND : 4314209 - 6 BNF : cb12005794r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_the_Flies_(1963_film)&oldid=804214942 '' Categories : 1963 films English - language films 1960s drama films British films British drama films British coming - of - age films British Lion Films films Films directed by Peter Brook Adventure drama films British black - and - white films Films based on British novels Films shot in Puerto Rico Films set on uninhabited islands Dystopian films Survival films Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 49 . 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One Hundred and One Dalmatians

One Hundred and One Dalmatians - wikipedia One Hundred and One Dalmatians Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1961 animated film . For other uses , see 101 Dalmatians . One Hundred and One Dalmatians Original theatrical release poster Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Hamilton Luske Clyde Geronimi Produced by Walt Disney Story by Bill Peet Based on The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith Starring Rod Taylor Cate Bauer Betty Lou Gerson Ben Wright Lisa Davis Martha Wentworth Music by George Bruns Edited by Roy M. Brewer , Jr . Donald Halliday Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date January 25 , 1961 ( 1961 - 01 - 25 ) Running time 79 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.6 million Box office $215.8 million One Hundred and One Dalmatians , often abbreviated as 101 Dalmatians , is a 1961 American animated adventure film produced by Walt Disney and based on the 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith . The 17th Disney animated feature film , the film tells the story of a litter of dalmatian puppies who are kidnapped by the villainous Cruella de Vil ( Betty Lou Gerson ) , who wants to use their fur to make into coats . Their parents , Pongo and Perdita , ( Rod Taylor and Cate Bauer respectively ) set out to save their children from Cruella , all the while rescuing 84 additional puppies that were bought in pet shops , bringing the total of dalmatians to 101 . Originally released to theaters on January 25 , 1961 , by Buena Vista Distribution , One Hundred and One Dalmatians was a box office success , pulling the studio out of the financial slump caused by Sleeping Beauty , a costlier production released two years prior . Aside from its box office revenue , its commercial success was due to the employment of inexpensive animation techniques -- such as using xerography during the process of inking and painting traditional animation cels -- that kept production costs down . It was reissued to cinemas four times in 1969 , 1979 , 1985 and 1991 . The 1991 reissue was the twentieth highest earning film of the year for domestic earnings . It was remade into a live action film in 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 Art direction 3.2. 2 Live - action reference 3.2. 3 Character animation 3.3 Casting 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home video 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Legacy 5.3. 1 Remake 5.3. 2 TV series 5.3. 3 Sequel 5.3. 4 Live - action spin - off 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Songwriter Roger Radcliffe lives in a bachelor flat in London , along with his dalmatian , Pongo . Bored with bachelor life , Pongo decides to find a wife for Roger and a mate for himself . While watching various female dog - human pairs out the window , he spots the perfect one , a woman named Anita and her female dalmatian , Perdita . He quickly gets Roger out of the house and drags him through the park to arrange a meeting . He and Anita fall in love and get married . Later , Perdita gives birth to a litter of fifteen puppies . That same night , they are visited by Cruella De Vil , a wealthy former schoolmate of Anita 's . She offers to buy the entire litter , but Roger says they are not for sale . A few weeks later , she hires her henchmen , Jasper and Horace , to steal them . When Scotland Yard is unable to find them , Pongo and Perdita use the `` Twilight bark '' , a canine gossip line , to ask for help from the other dogs in London . Colonel , an old sheepdog , along with his compatriots Captain , a gray horse , and Sergeant Tibbs , a tabby cat , find the puppies in a place called Hell Hall ( Cruella 's abandoned and dilapidated family estate , also known as The De Vil Place ) , along with many other dalmatian puppies that she had bought from various dog stores . When Tibbs learns they are going to be made into dog - skin fur coats , Colonel quickly sends word back to London . Upon receiving the message , Pongo and Perdita leave town to retrieve their puppies . Winter has come , and they have to cross the Stour River which is running fast and laden with slabs of broken ice . Meanwhile , Tibbs overhears Cruella ordering Jasper and Horace to kill the puppies that night out of fear the police will soon find them . In response , Tibbs attempts to rescue them while Jasper and Horace are preoccupied watching television , but they finish their show and come for them before he can get them out of the house . Pongo and Perdita break in and confront Jasper and Horace just as they are about to kill the puppies . While the adult dogs attack them , Colonel and Tibbs guide the puppies from the house . After a happy reunion with their own puppies , Pongo and Perdita realize there are dozens of others with them , 99 altogether including their own . Shocked at Cruella 's plans , they decide to adopt all of them , certain that Roger and Anita would never reject them . They begin making their way back to London through deep snow ; all open water is frozen solid . Other animals help them along the way . Cruella , Jasper , and Horace chase them . In one town , they cover themselves with soot so they appear to be labrador retrievers , then pile inside a moving van bound for London . As it is leaving , melting snow clears off the soot and Cruella sees them . In a rage , she follows the van in her car and rams it , but Jasper and Horace , who try to cut it off from above , end up crashing into her . Both vehicles are smashed to smithereens and fall into a deep ravine ; and battered , bruised and stranded , Cruella and her henchmen are defeated at last . Cruella yells in frustration as the van drives away but Jasper finally gets the courage to tell her to shut up . Back in London , Roger and Anita are attempting to celebrate Christmas and his first big hit , a song about Cruella , but they miss their canine friends . Suddenly , barking is heard outside and , after their nanny opens the door , the house is filled with dogs . After wiping away the rest of the soot , they are delighted to realize their companions have returned home . After counting 84 extra puppies , they decide to use the money from the song to buy a large house in the country so they can keep all 101 dalmatians . Voice cast Role Actor Voice Singer Pongo Rod Taylor Perdita Cate Bauer Cruella De Vil Mary Wickes Betty Lou Gerson Roger Radcliffe Ben Wright Bill Lee Anita Radcliffe Helene Stanley Lisa Davis Nanny / Queenie / Lucy Martha Wentworth Horace / Inspector Craven Frederick Worlock Jasper / Colonel J. Pat O'Malley Captain Thurl Ravenscroft Sergeant Tibbs the Cat David Frankham Rolly Barbara Baird Patch Mickey Maga Penny Sandra Abbott Lucky Mimi Gibson Towser Tudor Owen Danny George Pelling Princess Queenie Leonard Rover Barbara Luddy Duchess Marjorie Bennett Spotty Rickie Sorenson Collie / Quizmaster Tom Conway Mrs. Birdwell Betty Lou Gerson Car Mechanic Paul Wexler Truck Driver Basil Ruysdael Dirty Dawson Paul Frees TV Commercial Singer Lucille Bliss Production Story development Dodie Smith wrote the book The Hundred and One Dalmatians in 1956 . When Walt Disney read it in 1957 , it immediately grabbed his attention , and he promptly acquired the rights . Smith had always secretly hoped that Disney would make it into a film . Disney assigned Bill Peet to write the story , which he did , marking the first time that the story for a Disney animated film was written by a single person . Writing in his autobiography , Peet was tasked by Disney to write a detailed screenplay first before storyboarding . Because Peet never learned to use a typewriter , he wrote the initial draft by hand on large yellow tablets . He condensed elements of the original book while enlarging others , some of which included eliminating Cruella 's husband and cat , as well compressing the two surrogate mother dogs into one character , Perdita . He also retained a scene in which Pongo and Perdita exchange wedding vows in unison with their owners , by which the censor board warned that it might offend certain religious audiences if the animals repeated the exact words of a solemn religious ceremony . The scene was reworked to be less religious with Roger and Anita dressed in formal clothes . Two months later , Peet completed the manuscript and had it typed it , in which Walt said the script was `` great stuff '' and commissioned him to begin storyboarding . Additionally , Peet was charged with the recording of the voice - over process . Although Disney had not been as involved in the production of the animated films as frequently as in previous years , nevertheless he was always present at story meetings . When Peet sent Dodie Smith some drawings of the characters , she wrote back saying that he had actually improved her story and that the designs looked better than the illustrations in the book . Animation Art direction After Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) disappointed at the box - office , there was some talk of closing down the animation department at the Disney studio . During the production of it , Disney told animator Eric Larson : `` I do n't think we can continue , it 's too expensive '' . Despite this , he still had deep feelings towards animation because he had built the company upon it . Ub Iwerks , in charge of special processes at the studio , had been experimenting with Xerox photography to aid in animation . By 1959 , he had modified a Xerox camera to transfer drawings by animators directly to animation cels , eliminating the inking process , thus saving time and money while preserving the spontaneity of the penciled elements . However , because of its limitations , the camera was unable to deviate from a black scratchy outline and lacked the fine lavish quality of hand inking . Disney would first use the Xerox process for a thorn forest in Sleeping Beauty , and the first production to make full use of the process was Goliath II . For One Hundred and One Dalmatians , one of the benefits of the process was that it was a great help towards animating the spotted dogs . According to Chuck Jones , Disney was able to complete the film for about half of what it would have cost if they had had to animate all the dogs and spots . Ken Anderson proposed the use of the Xerox on Dalmatians to Walt , whom by then disenchanted with animation , replied `` Ah , yeah , yeah , you can fool around all you want to . '' For the stylized art direction , Anderson took inspiration from British cartoonist Ronald Searle , whom once advised him to use a Mont Blanc pen and Indian ink for his artwork . In addition to the character animation , Anderson also sought to use Xerography on `` the background painting because I was going to apply the same technique to the whole picture . '' Along with color stylist Walt Peregoy , the two had the line drawings be printed on a separate animation cel before being laid over the background , which gave the appearance similar to the Xeroxed animation . Disney disliked the artistic look of the film and felt he was losing the `` fantasy '' element of his animated films . In a meeting with Anderson and the animation staff concerning future films , Walt said , `` We 're never gon na have one of those goddamned things '' referring to Dalmatians and its technique , and stated , `` Ken 's never going to be an art director again . '' Ken Anderson took this to heart , but Walt eventually forgave him on his final trip to the studio in late 1966 . As Anderson recalled in an interview : He looked very sick , I said `` Gee it 's great to see you Walt '' , and he said `` You know that thing you did on Dalmatians '' . He did n't say anything else , but he just gave me this look and I knew that all was forgiven and in his opinion maybe what I did on Dalmatians was n't so bad . That was the last time I ever saw him . Then , a few weeks later , I learned he was gone . Live - action reference As with the previous Disney films , actors provided live - action reference in order to determine what would work before the animation process begun . Actress Helene Stanley performed the live - action reference for the character of Anita . She did the same work for the characters of Cinderella and Princess Aurora in Sleeping Beauty . Meanwhile , Mary Wickes provided the live - action reference for Cruella de Vil . Character animation Marc Davis was the sole animator on Cruella De Vil . During production , Davis claimed her character was partly inspired by Bette Davis ( no relation ) , Rosalind Russell , and Tallulah Bankhead . He took further influence from her voice actress , Betty Lou Gerson , with whom he added her cheekbones to the character . He later complimented `` ( t ) hat ( her ) voice was the greatest thing I 've ever had a chance to work with . A voice like Betty Lou 's gives you something to do . You get a performance going there , and if you do n't take advantage of it , you 're off your rocker . '' While her hair coloring originated from the illustrations in the novel , Davis found its disheveled style by looking `` through old magazines for hairdos from 1940 till now . '' Her coat was exaggerated to match her over-sized personality , and the lining was red because `` there 's a devil image involved . '' Casting Before starring in high - profile roles such as The Birds and The Time Machine , Australian actor Rod Taylor had extensive radio experience , and was cast as Pongo . The filmmakers deliberately cast dogs with deeper voices than their human owners so they had more power . Walt Disney originally had Lisa Davis read for the role of Cruella De Vil , but she did not think that she was right for the part , and wanted to try reading the role of Anita . Disney agreed with her after the two of them read the script for a second time . Betty Lou Gerson , who was previously the narrator for Cinderella , auditioned for the role of Cruella De Vil in front of Marc Davis and sequence director Wolfgang Reitherman , and landed it . While searching for the right accent of the character , Gerson landed on a `` phony theatrical voice , someone who 's set sail from New York but has n't quite reached England . '' During the recording process , she was thought to be imitating Talluhah Bankhead . However , Gerson disputed , `` Well , I did n't intentionally imitate her ... I was raised in Birmingham , Ala. , and Tallulah was from Jasper , Ala . We both had phony English accents on top of our Southern accents and a great deal of flair . So our voices came out that way . '' In addition to voicing Mrs. Birdwell , Gerson finished recording in fourteen days . Music Unlike many Disney animated features , the film features only three songs , with just one , `` Cruella De Vil '' , playing a big part in it . The other two are `` Kanine Krunchies Jingle '' ( sung by Lucille Bliss , who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney 's 1950 film Cinderella ) , and `` Dalmatian Plantation '' in which only two lines are sung by Roger at its closure . Songwriter Mel Leven had , in fact , written several additional songs for it including `` Do n't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor '' , a cockney chant , meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion , and `` March of the One Hundred and One '' , which the dogs were meant to sing after escaping Cruella by van . Different , longer versions of `` Kanine Krunchies Jingle '' and `` Dalmatian Plantation '' appear on the Disneyland Records read - along album based on the film . Release One Hundred and One Dalmatians was first released in theaters on January 25 , 1961 . The film was re-released theatrically in 1969 , 1979 , 1985 , and 1991 . Home video Τhe film was released on VHS on April 10 , 1992 , as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series . By June 1992 , it had sold 11.1 million copies . At the time , it was the sixth best - selling video of all time . It was re-released on March 9 , 1999 , as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . Due to technical issues , it was never released on Laserdisc and was delayed numerous times before its release on DVD . The film was re-released on VHS , and for the first time on DVD , on December 1999 , as a Walt Disney Limited Issue for a limited sixty - day time period before going into moratorium . A two - disc Platinum Edition DVD was released on March 4 , 2008 . It was released on Blu - ray Disc in the United Kingdom on September 3 , 2012 . A Blu - ray Diamond Edition of it was released in North America on February 10 , 2015 . Reception Box Office On its initial release , the film grossed $6.2 million in domestic rentals . It was also the most popular film of the year in France , with admissions of 14,705,526 . The film grossed $14 million during its initial run . The film was re-released in 1969 , where it earned $15 million . In its 1979 theatrical re-release , it grossed $19 million , and in 1985 , the film grossed $32 million . During its fourth re-release in 1991 , it grossed $60.8 million . The film 's total domestic lifetime gross is $145 million , and its total worldwide gross is $215 million . Adjusted for inflation , and incorporating subsequent releases , the film has a lifetime gross of $888,264,400 . Critical reaction In its initial release , the film received critical acclaim from critics , many of whom hailed it as the studio 's best release since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and the closest to a real `` Disney '' film in many years . Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote , `` While the story moves steadily toward a stark , melodramatic `` chase '' climax , it remains enclosed in a typical Disney frame of warm family love , human and canine . '' However , he later opined that the `` ( s ) ongs are scarce , too . A few more would have braced the final starkness . '' Variety claimed that `` While not as indelibly enchanting or inspired as some of the studio 's most unforgettable animated endeavors , this is nonetheless a painstaking creative effort . '' Time praised the film as `` the wittiest , most charming , least pretentious cartoon feature Walt Disney has ever made . '' Contemporary reviews have remained positive . Reviewing the film during its 1991 re-release , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times , while giving the film three stars out of four , asserted that `` it 's an uneven film , with moments of inspiration in a fairly conventional tale of kidnapping and rescue . This is not one of the great Disney classics - it 's not in the same league with Snow White or Pinocchio - but it 's passable fun , and will entertain its target family audiences . '' Chicago Tribune film critic Gene Siskel , in his 1991 review , also gave the film three stars out of four . Ralph Novak of People wrote `` What it lacks in romantic extravagance and plush spectacle , this 1961 Disney film makes up for in quiet charm and subtlety . In fact , if any movie with dogs , cats and horses who talk can be said to belong in the realm of realistic drama , this is it . '' In 2011 , Craig Berman of MSNBC ranked it and its 1996 remake as two of the worst children 's films of all time saying , `` The plot itself is a bit nutty . Making a coat out of dogs ? Who does that ? But worse than Cruella de Vil 's fashion sense is the fact that your children will definitely start asking for a dalmatian of their own for their next birthday '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported the film received an approval rating of 98 % based on 30 reviews with an average score of 7.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With plenty of pooches and a memorable villain ( Cruella De Vil ) , this is one of Disney 's most enduring , entertaining animated films . '' American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Cruella De Vil -- No. 39 Villain AFI 's 10 Top 10 - Nominated Animated Film Legacy Remake In the years since the original release of the film , Disney has taken the property in various directions . The earliest of these endeavors was the live - action remake , 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) . Starring Glenn Close as Cruella De Vil , none of the animals talked in this version . Its success in theaters led to 102 Dalmatians , released on November 22 , 2000 . Tv series After the first live - action version of the film , a cartoon called 101 Dalmatians : The Series was launched . The designs of the characters were stylized further to allow for economic animation and to appeal to contemporary trends . Sequel 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure , the official sequel to the original animated film , was released direct - to - video on January 21 , 2003 . Live - action spin - off Disney has announced that another live - action film is in development , but it will focus on the origin of Cruella de Vil . Emma Stone is set to play Cruella and Alex Timbers is in negotiations to direct the film . See also Disney portal Cartoon portal Film in the United States portal 1960s portal List of American films of 1961 Second weekend in box office performance § Second - weekend increase References Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( April 22 , 1994 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original ( 2nd ed . ) . Disney Editions . p. 295 . ISBN 978 - 0786860272 . ^ Jump up to : `` 101 Dalmatians '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gebert , , Michael ( 1996 ) . The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 668 - 05308 - 9 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' 101 Dalmatians ' was just the hit a flagging Disney needed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Domestic Grosses # 1 -- 50 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred and One Dalmatians '' . www.allmovie.com . ^ Jump up to : Sincerely Yours , Walt Disney ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Bonus feature ) . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Peet , Bill ( 1989 ) . Bill Peet : An Autobiography . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 163 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0395689820 . ^ Jump up to : Barrier , Michael ( April 8 , 1999 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 566 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 802079 - 0 . Jump up ^ Koeing , David ( January 28 , 2001 ) . Mouse Under Glass : Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks . Bonaventure Press . ISBN 978 - 0964060517 . ^ Jump up to : Redefining the Line : The Making of One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Bonus feature ) . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 1973 ) . `` Chapter 10 : Limited Animation '' . The Art of Walt Disney : From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom ( 1st ed . ) . Harry N. Abrams . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 0810990074 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Chuck Jones '' . Michaelbarrier.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Canemaker , John ( 1996 ) . Before the Animation Begins : The Art and Lives of Disney Inspirational Sketch Artists . Hyperion Books . p. 177 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0786861521 . Jump up ^ Norman , Floyd ( 2013 ) . `` Animated Life : A Lifetime of tips , tricks , techniques and stories from a Disney Legend '' . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0240818054 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` Walt Peregoy , ' 101 Dalmatians ' Color Stylist , RIP '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella Character History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Frank ; Johnston , Ollie ( 1981 ) . The Illusion of Life : Disney Animation . Abbeville Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0786860708 . Jump up ^ Maupin , Elizabethn ( July 24 , 1991 ) . `` Return Of The Dalmatians '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canemaker , John ( 2001 ) . Walt Disney 's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation . Disney Editions . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0786864966 . Jump up ^ Vagg , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Rod Taylor : An Aussie in Hollywood . Bear Manor Media . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1593935115 . Jump up ^ Braun , Amy ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` UltimateDisney. com 's Interview with Lisa Davis , the voice and model for 101 Dalmatians ' Anita Radcliff '' . DVDizzy . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rhetts , Joanne ( December 26 , 1985 ) . `` ' 101 Dalmatians ' : A Classic On All Counts Evil - hearted Cruella The First Name In Nasty '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnhaum , Jane ( August 23 , 1991 ) . `` Cruella De Vil 's voice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( July 20 , 1991 ) . `` Betty Lou Gerson 's Phony Accent Was a Natural for Cruella De Vil '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehrbar , Greg ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) . `` 101 Dalmatians on Records '' . Cartoon Research . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Richard ( August 5 , 1991 ) . `` 30 - Year - Old Film Is a Surprise Hit In Its 4th Re-Release '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( January 17 , 1992 ) . `` Digital Cassette Becomes the Talk of the Town '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Kathryn ( June 12 , 1992 ) . `` A Nose for Profit : ' Pinocchio ' Release to Test Truth of Video Sales Theory '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Going To The Dogs : ' 101 Dalmatians ' To Tube '' . New York Daily News . March 13 , 1996 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Debut Nine Classic Animated Titles on DVD for a Limited Time to Celebrate the Millennium . '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : TheFreeLibrary . Business Wire . August 17 , 1999 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal ( 2006 ) . Walt Disney : The Triumph of the American Imagination . Vintage Books . p. 556 . ISBN 978 - 0679757474 . Jump up ^ `` Box office for 1961 '' . Box Office Story . ^ Jump up to : Darnton , Nina ( January 2 , 1987 ) . `` At the Movies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Yearly Box Office for G Rated Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Box Office : Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc . Walt Disney : Hollywood 's Dark Prince . Birch Lane Press . p. 255 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1559721745 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Howard ( February 11 , 1961 ) . `` Disney Film About Dogs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' One Hundred and One Dalmatians ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Pupcorn '' . Time . February 17 , 1961 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` 101 Dalmatians '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( July 12 , 1991 ) . `` ' Boyz N The Hood ' Visits L.a. 's Mean Streets '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Novak , Ralph ( July 29 , 1991 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : 101 Dalmatians '' . People . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Someone save Bambi 's mom ! Worst kid films '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Afi.com . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure - Special Edition DVD Review Retrieved August 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kit , Boris ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Preps Live - Action Cruella De Vil Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Puts A Slew Of Dates On Hold For ' Jungle Book 2 ' , ' Maleficent 2 ' , ' Dumbo ' , ' Cruella ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Cruella with Emma Stone set for the title role and Kelly Marcel writing Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Cruella ' Finds Director '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : One Hundred and One Dalmatians Official website One Hundred and One Dalmatians at AllMovie One Hundred and One Dalmatians on IMDb One Hundred and One Dalmatians at the TCM Movie Database One Hundred and One Dalmatians at Rotten Tomatoes Links to related articles ( hide ) Dodie Smith 's The Hundred and One Dalmatians Books The Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1956 ) The Starlight Barking ( 1967 ) Animated films One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) Live - action films 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Video games Disney 's Animated Storybook : 101 Dalmatians ( 1997 ) 101 Dalmatians : Escape from DeVil Manor ( 1997 ) 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue ( 2000 ) Miscellaneous One Hundred and One Dalmatians franchise 101 Dalmatians : The Series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Broadway musical Soundtrack Cruella de Vil Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Features One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) Shorts and featurettes The Truth About Mother Goose ( 1957 ) Goliath II ( 1960 ) Aquamania ( 1961 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Hundred_and_One_Dalmatians&oldid=801839636 '' Categories : 1961 films English - language films 1961 animated films 1960s adventure films 1960s American animated films 1960s comedy - drama films 1960s crime drama films 1960s criminal comedy films 101 Dalmatians films American adventure comedy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated films American comedy - drama films American crime drama films American criminal comedy films Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated films about dogs Animated films based on novels Children 's comedy - drama films Films about families Films based on British novels Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wolfgang Reitherman Films produced by Walt Disney Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in London Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 05 : 50 . 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when did disney's 101 dalmations come out

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Smoking in the United States military

Smoking in the United States military - wikipedia Smoking in the United States military OSS camp , Ceylon , 1945 . Invasion of Normandy on `` D - Day , 6 June 1944 . `` No Smoking '' sign on the ramp . Smoking in the United States military has been observed in previous wars , but smoking 's close association with the United States military started in World War I when tobacco companies began to target military personnel through the distribution of cigarettes to servicemen and the eventual inclusion of cigarettes into rations . Although the military has attempted to implement tobacco control initiatives , the association between smoking and military personnel has persisted to the present day as smoking rates remain high , despite declines in civilian rates . Such high rates have led to questions about the effect of smoking from the apparent health risks to troop readiness and training costs . Contents 1 Smoking in the US military from 1918 to 1975 2 Attempts at tobacco control initiatives 2.1 Tobacco industry 's response 3 Present - day smoking in the US military 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Smoking in the US military from 1918 to 1975 ( edit ) Wounded soldiers at Omaha Beach on D - Day With the entrance of the United States into World War I in 1918 , cigarette use increased dramatically among United States military personnel as they were targeted by tobacco companies which touted cigarettes as a way for soldiers to psychologically escape from their current circumstances , boosting overall troop morale . Cigarettes became so integrated into life on the battlefield that these symbols of pleasure and comfort were also used as a form of currency . Although cigarettes had been regarded as a physical and moral hazard by early anti-tobacco movements around this time , by 1918 , previously anti-cigarette organizations and the military began supporting efforts to distribute cigarettes to troops . The New York Times garnered support for these efforts by stating that cigarettes `` lighten ( ed ) the inevitable hardships of war '' , and another popular periodical described cigarettes as the `` last and only solace of the wounded . '' With the rise of World War II , tobacco companies continued to foster this culture of wartime smoking by sending free cigarettes to troops and supporting the inclusion of cigarettes into the soldiers ' rations . Advertisements also encouraged citizens back home to support the troops by sending cigarettes . In 1965 , first during the U.S. Army 's Basic Training Course & later in Pre-Airborne Infantry Training , while being allowed a break from P.T. , or during a long march , it was commonplace for a Drill Sergeant to say `` smoke ' em if you got ' em , do pushups if you do n't '' . Non-smoking soldiers would quickly `` bum '' a cigarette from a friend & they too would soon be smokers . Despite mounting evidence in the 1950s of the adverse health effects of smoking and tobacco use , the military continued to include cigarettes in rations until 1975 . Attempts at tobacco Control initiatives ( edit ) `` Prevent '' course booklet , participant workbook September 2003 , including tobacco issues . With the scientific data about the health risks of smoking and information about the effect of smoking on troop readiness , in 1975 , the United States Department of Defense discontinued the inclusion of cigarettes in K - rations and C - rations . By 1978 , the Department of Defense had implemented basic smoking regulations , including the designation of smoking and nonsmoking areas . In 1985 , the Department of Defense conducted a study that revealed that smoking rates of military personnel ( 47 % ) were significantly higher than that of US civilians ( 30 % ) and concluded that smoking had a negative effect on troop readiness . The report also cited an estimated tobacco - related healthcare costs as high as $209.9 million , and recommended potential methods to curb smoking in the military , including the elimination of tobacco products from stores , raising tobacco prices to civilian levels , and the implementation of an educational program to discourage smoking . In 1986 , the DoD Directive 1010.10 was issued by Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger , who announced , `` an intense anti-smoking campaign ... at all levels of all Services . '' It established a policy on smoking and other health risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption . The policy banned the use of tobacco during basic training , increased the number of designated nonsmoking areas , and prohibited health care providers from smoking on duty . The goal of the policy was to reduce all tobacco use rates to below that of civilians , and to reduce personnel and active duty rates from 52 % to 25 % by 1990 . In 1992 , the DeCA Directive 40 - 13 policy prohibited commissaries and exchanges from participating with promotions by tobacco manufacturers directed specifically at military personnel , and required commissaries to stock cigarettes in the back . In 1993 , the USS Theodore Roosevelt ( CVN - 71 ) became the first smoke - free Navy ship . By 1994 , the Department of Defense had implemented Directive 1010.15 which banned smoking in workplaces , designated outdoor smoking areas , and created the precursor of an education program that sought to distribute information to new personnel on the health effects of smoking and to encourage smokers to quit . Executive Order 13508 in 1997 banned smoking in all government - owned , rented , or leased interior spaces , but the Department of Defense approved a three - year phase - in period for their facilities and eventually implemented the ban on December 7 , 2002 . Despite these attempts , by 1988 , the smoking rate had only decreased to 42 % and far exceeded the rate of civilians . And although prevalence did decrease to 29.9 % from 1980 to 1998 , it has increased since then and appears to still be increasing . Tobacco industry 's response ( edit ) Vietnam War , 1969 . Realizing the opportunities of a worldwide military market due to the young demographics of military personnel and the smoking initiation associated with new recruits , the Tobacco Institute , which served as the tobacco industry 's lobbying organization , and Philip Morris perceived these new tobacco control initiatives as a threat and conceived strategies to circumvent the government policies . Another incentive for the tobacco industry to protect its military market was the recognized phenomenon that consumer product preferences developed during years serving in the military would later translate into civilian market profits as service members left the military or retired . After the implementation of Directive 1010.10 in 1986 , the Tobacco Institute and Philip Morris immediately began seeking the support of tobacco - friendly politicians against the policy , citing that the policy would have a negative impact on military recruitment , retention , and morale . Furthermore , letters sent to Secretary of Defense Weinberger from politicians invoked rhetoric about the infringement of `` personal rights '' and `` an individual 's right to smoke . '' Such political lobbying helped to limit the implementation and the further extension of Directive 1010.10 . Although the Department of Defense had discontinued the practice of free distribution of cigarettes during wartime , tobacco companies began campaigns during the Gulf War ( 1990 - 1991 ) to distribute free cigarettes to soldiers stationed in Saudi Arabia , but would eventually be rebuffed by the Department of Defense . Regardless , Philip Morris then began a campaign of sales through direct mail , and extended promotions to deployed troops that included the delivery of branded goods such as playing cards and cup cozies . Curiously enough , the military actually assisted the tobacco companies in delivering shipments to military stores in Saudi Arabia at government expense . Another controversy arose when it was discovered that RJ Reynolds had placed their company name on the front and a Camel advertisement on the back of donated magazines from Operation Desert News , a civilian project to bring magazines to the troops . In spite of the initial rejection by the Department of Defense due to the advertisement , constant pressure from RJ Reynolds and politicians allowed the magazines to be delivered with the advertisement at government expense , violating military policy that forbade tobacco - branded promotions directed at military personnel . In addition , Philip Morris focused on promoting the Marlboro brand with the goal of fostering corporate good will by initiating the `` Marlboro holiday voice card '' program . Held on 10 military bases , they invited family of deployed personnel to record a message for onto a chip inserted into a greeting card , and later allowed bases to extend the recording of such messages to the public . Despite being in violation of Department of Defense policy concerning tobacco - branded programs directed at military personnel , Philip Morris had received permission to carry out the program from the Defense Logistics Agency , the Morale , Welfare and Recreation headquarters of the services , and base commanders . Furthermore , after troops were withdrawn from the conflict in 1991 , tobacco companies sponsored `` Welcome Home '' events for returning troops featuring extensive brand promotion . Although the Department of Defense had enacted policies to reduce tobacco use amongst personnel , the successful efforts of tobacco companies as well as the cultural factors of smoking in the military have produced a mixed message of tobacco promotion and reduction to military personnel . Present - day smoking in the US military ( edit ) Naval Health Clinic , Hawaii , 2010 . Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay Medical Clinic , 2010 . In 2005 , the smoking rate of military personnel was found to be 32.2 % , compared to the civilian rate of 21 % . The higher smoking rate suggests that certain aspects of military may foster smoking . These factors include peer influence , combat stress , boredom , and easy access to cheap tobacco products . Another factor that may lead to increased tobacco use is deployment . One study found that among nonsmokers , smoking initiation was observed in 1.3 % of nondeployed personnel while 2.3 % were observed in deployed personnel . Among past smokers , resumption of smoking occurred in 28.7 % of non deployed personnel and 39.4 % of deployed personnel , while smoking increased 44 % among the former and 57 % among the latter . US troops in Iraq and Afghanistan have been reported to smoke at twice the rate of other Americans . Even after leaving the service , many veterans continue to smoke as the prevalence of smoking among veterans has been reported to be 27 % during 2003 to 2007 , and military smoking is strongly associated with increased lifelong cigarette consumption . Such high levels of smoking have led to significant costs to the Department of Defense . The costs of smoking among US military health care system beneficiaries have been estimated to be more than $900 million per year in 1995 , with $584 million in direct health care costs and $346 million in lost productivity among active duty personnel . Suicide , which accounts for 13 % of fatalities in the military , has also been tied to smoking , as the risk of suicide among military men was found to increase significantly with the number of cigarettes smoked daily . Smoking also affects training costs as smokers are more likely to be discharged during training , and are associated with $18 million per year in excess training costs for the US Air Force , and over $130 million per year for all service branches . Note that the figures regarding smoking and suicide and manpower losses during training may represent more of a symptomatic relationship than a causative one . Many discharges during basic training result from a series of minor infractions , punished administratively as opposed to by courts - martial , which are seen as an indicator that the trainee can not or will not adjust to military life , rather than any single incident or serious violation of regulations . With smoking now prohibited in basic training , being caught smoking , and perhaps even being caught in the possession of cigarettes , is such an offense which smokers are obviously at risk for while non smokers are not . Regarding suicide , the figures showing increased rates of smoking and resumption of smoking among those deployed indicates that smoking may be a reaction to and indicator or increased stress , and a person who is potentially suicidal would obviously be under a more than typical degree of stress , so increased smoking may be an indicator of that excessive stress rather than a cause for increased risk of suicide . Also , a higher rate of smoking among those discharged during training may also be indicative of individuals for whom training is more than normally stressful , and such persons would likely experience more difficulty in successfully completing training than one who is not unusually ( compared to his / her peers ) stressed by it . In 2008 unauthorized smoking and improper storage of chemicals caused major damage to USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) . The Department of Defense hoped to lower rates of tobacco use to 12 % by the end of 2010 . To achieve their goal , Pentagon health experts have begun to urge the Defense Secretary Robert Gates to ban the use of tobacco by troops and end its sale on military property . The Navy implemented a ban on smoking in submarines by the end of 2010 -- highlighting one of the last loopholes in the indoor smoking ban imposed in 1994 . See also ( edit ) U.S. government and smoking cessation Smoking and Health : Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the United States Operation Sandblast References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brandt , Allan M. 2007 . The Cigarette Century : The Rise , Fall , and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America . New York : Basic Books , pp. 50 -- 53 ^ Jump up to : Goodman , J. ( Ed . ) . ( 2005 ) . Tobacco history and culture : An encyclopedia . Detroit : Scribner 's . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Elizabeth A. ; Malone , Ruth E. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Everywhere the Soldier Will Be ' : Wartime Tobacco Promotion in the US Military '' . American Journal of Public Health . 99 : 1595 -- 1602 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2008.152983 . PMC 2724442 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stahl , R . '' ^ Jump up to : Joseph , Anne M. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` The Cigarette Manufacturers ' Efforts to Promote Tobacco to the U.S. Military '' . Military Medicine . 170 : 874 -- 880 . ^ Jump up to : Arvey , Sarah R. ; Malone , Ruth E. ( 2008 ) . `` Advance and Retreat : Tobacco Control Policy in the U.S. Military '' . Military Medicine . 173 : 985 -- 991 . doi : 10.7205 / milmed. 173.10. 985 . PMC 2794241 . Jump up ^ Offen , Naphtali ; Arvey , Sarah R. ; Smith , Elizabeth A. ; Malone , Ruth E. ( March 2011 ) . `` Forcing the Navy to Sell Cigarettes on Ships : How the Tobacco Industry and Politicians Torpedoed Navy Tobacco Control '' . American Journal of Public Health . 101 ( 3 ) : 404 -- 411 . doi : 10.2105 / ajph. 2010.196329 . PMC 3036696 . PMID 21233435 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Jenenne P. ; Pederson , Linda L. ( 2008 ) . `` Military tobacco use : A synthesis of the literature on prevalence , factors related to use , and cessation interventions '' . Nicotine & Tobacco Research . 10 : 775 -- 790 . doi : 10.1080 / 14622200802027123 . Jump up ^ Smith , Besa ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Cigarette Smoking and Military Deployment '' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 35 : 539 -- 546 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amepre. 2008.07. 009 . Jump up ^ Kirby , A. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Smoking in help - seeking veterans with PTSD returning from Afghanistan and Iraq '' . Addict Behav. 33 : 1448 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / j. addbeh. 2008.05. 007 . PMC 2556875 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , David W ( 2010 ) . `` Smoking prevalence among US veterans '' . J Gen Int Med. 25 : 147 -- 149 . doi : 10.1007 / s11606 - 009 - 1160 - 0 . PMC 2837499 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Cigarette Smoking and Suicide : A Prospective Study of 300,000 Male Activeduty Army Soldiers '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 151 : 1060 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Klesges Robert , C ; Haddock , Keith C. ; Chang , Cyril F. ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The association of smoking and the cost of military training '' . Tobacco Control . 10 : 43 -- 47 . doi : 10.1136 / tc. 10.1. 43 . Jump up ^ `` USS George Washington Investigation Complete , Senior Leadership Relieved '' . www.navy.mil . Commander Naval Air Forces Public Affairs . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoroya , Greg ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Ban on tobacco urged in military '' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bynum , Russ ( 2010 - 04 - 28 ) . `` No butts about it : Navy subs to ban smoking '' . msnbc . Associated Press . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smoking in the United States military . Defense.gov News Article : Report Urges Timeline for Tobacco - free Military . WASHINGTON , July 10 , 2009 . United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Africa Central European Indo - Pacific Northern Southern Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco consumption Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - Free Pharmacies Tobacco packaging warning messages WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products World No Tobacco Day Youth smoking Women and smoking Breastfeeding difficulties Breast cancer Cervical cancer Menopause Ptosis of the breast Smoking and female infertility Smoking and pregnancy Smoking ban Inflight smoking List of smoking bans Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco - Free College Campuses Country and region Australia England United States Other Chain smoking Cigarette consumption per capita History of smoking Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco advertising Tobacco bowdlerization Tobacco industry Tobacco smoking Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoking_in_the_United_States_military&oldid=855922124 '' Categories : Military life Mental health in the United States Health policy in the United States United States military policies Smoking in the United States American military personnel Tobacco and the military Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 18 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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when did they stop putting cigarettes in rations

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Reese's Peanut Butter Cups

Reese 's peanut butter Cups - wikipedia Reese 's peanut butter Cups Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Product type Confectionery Owner The Hershey Company ( H.B. Reese Candy Company ) Country United States Introduced 1928 Markets Worldwide Tagline Reese 's ... perfect Website www.reeses.com Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups are a popular American candy consisting of a milk , white , or dark chocolate cup filled with peanut butter , marketed by The Hershey Company . They were created in 1928 by H.B. Reese , a former dairy farmer and shipping foreman for Milton S. Hershey . Reese was inspired by Hershey and left dairy farming to start his own candy business . Contents ( hide ) 1 The H.B. Reese Candy Company 2 Variations 3 Other Reese 's products 3.1 Holiday editions 3.2 Licensed foods 4 Marketing and advertising 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The H.B. Reese candy Company ( edit ) The Harry Burnett Reese Candy Co. was established in the basement of Reese 's house in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Reese had originally worked at a Hershey dairy farm , and from the start he used Hershey Chocolate in his confections . Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups were his most popular candy , and Reese eventually discontinued his other lines . Reese died on May 16 , 1956 , passing the company to his six sons , Robert , John , Ed , Ralph , Harry , and Charles Richard Reese . On July 2 , 1963 , the Reese brothers merged the H.B. Reese Candy Company with the Hershey Chocolate Corporation in a tax - free stock - for - stock merger with the six Reese brothers receiving 666,316 Hershey common shares , valued in 1963 at $23.5 million . In 2017 , after 54 years of stock splits , those original shares now represent sixteen million Hershey common shares valued in excess of $1.7 billion , paying $42 million in annual cash dividends . The H.B. Reese Candy Company is maintained as a subsidiary of Hershey because the Reese plant workforce is not unionized , unlike the main Hershey plant . As of September 20 , 2012 , Reese 's is the best - selling candy brand in the United States with sales of $2.603 billion , and is the fourth - best - selling candy brand globally with sales of $2.679 billion -- only $76 million ( 2.8 % ) of its sales are from outside the United States market . Additionally , the H.B. Reese Candy Company manufactures the Kit Kat in the United States , which had 2012 U.S. sales of $948 million . Variations ( edit ) A trio of different sized cups . Starting from the left : mini , regular and big cup . Hershey 's produces `` limited editions '' of the candy that have included : Big Cups : an oversized version of the traditional cup ( also available in white chocolate , with peanuts , mixed nuts , and with a combination of nuts and caramel , and most recently , with Reese 's Pieces inside ) Caramel : the traditional cup with an added layer of caramel filling Chocolate Lovers : a thicker chocolate cup with a thinner layer of peanut butter Crunchy Cookie Cup : a layered cup with crushed chocolate cookies and peanut butter filling ( discontinued in 1999 , but was brought back in 2008 as a limited edition . In 2017 , Reese 's announced to relaunch a new version . ) Crunchy : a traditional cup with crunchy peanut butter , as opposed to the smooth peanut butter in the original Dark Chocolate : peanut butter filling in a dark chocolate cup Double Chocolate : chocolate fudge filling instead of peanut butter . Limited edition . Double Crunch : a traditional cup with peanut filling similar to a Snickers bar , released in the fourth - quarter of 2010 Fudge : a thicker , darker chocolate cup with peanut butter filling Half - Pound Cup : a single cup weighing 226g ; released in Canada in 2011 Hazelnut Cream : hazelnut cream instead of the standard peanut butter filling Honey Roasted : a traditional cup substituting honey roasted peanut butter Inside Out : chocolate filling in a peanut butter cup ( a reversal of the traditional version ) Marshmallow : the traditional cup with an added layer of marshmallow filling Miniatures : bite - size versions available year - round in bags . These chocolates come wrapped in black paper and gold foil . Minis : Unwrapped Mini Cups Peanut Butter & Banana Creme : a layered cup with a top chocolate layer , bottom banana creme layer , and peanut butter filling ; released in tribute to Elvis Presley . It was available in standard , Big Cups and Miniatures sizes Peanut Butter Lovers : a layered cup with top peanut butter layer , thin chocolate layer and peanut butter filling White Chocolate : peanut butter filling in a white chocolate cup `` World 's Largest '' : World 's largest cups weighing in at 8 oz each . Other Reese 's products ( edit ) Other candy products of the Reese 's division of Hershey include : 100 Calorie Peanut Butter Wafer Bars Chips Ahoy With Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Reese 's Bar : a chocolate bar with squares of chocolate with a peanut butter filling Reese 's Brownies Reese 's Cookies Reese 's Crunchy Cookie Cups Reese 's Cremes Reese 's Crispy Crunchy Bar Reese 's Fast Break Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Minis . Reese 's Mini 's Reese 's No Bake Bars Reese 's NutRageous Reese 's Oreos Reese 's Peanut Butter Bars ( with either chocolate or fudge coating ) Reese 's Peanut Butter Bites Reese 's Pieces with Nuts Reese 's Pieces Reese 's Pieces Cup Reese 's Puffs Cereal Reese 's Select Cluster Reese 's Snack Barz Reese 's Two Packs Reese 's Whipps Reese 's Swoops Reese 's Sticks Selecta Ice Cream With Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups ( sold in only in the Philippines ) Sweet ' n ' Salty Bar Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups ( sold in Philippines only ) Breyer 's ice cream with Reese 's flavor and chocolate and peanut butter pieces . In September 2007 , Hershey 's began producing a new Reese 's bar called Reese 's Whipps . Featuring peanut butter - flavored nougat with a chocolate coating , it has been likened to a peanut butter - flavored 3 Musketeers candy bar owned by Mars , Incorporated . Hershey also produces several `` pantry '' items under the Reese 's brand , such as Reese 's peanut butter chips ( analogous to chocolate chips for baking ) , Reese 's premier baking pieces ( tiny cup - shaped pieces of chocolate filled with peanut - butter , also for baking ) , Reese 's jarred peanut butter , and Reese 's toppings ( including peanut butter syrup , peanut butter and chocolate topping , and Reese 's Magic Shell ) and sprinkles for ice cream . For the July 2008 release of the Batman feature film The Dark Knight , Reese 's released two limited time products : blue and black Reese 's Pieces with Batman 's likeness on the packaging , and Reese 's peanut butter - filled chocolate Batman logos which were sold individually and roughly the size of two Reese 's cups combined . The fact that Reese Sticks digressed from the normal Reese 's naming pattern was pointed out by Paul Lukas in his zine Beer Frame . As Lukas noted , even though the official name was Reese Sticks , most people he casually surveyed pronounced it unknowingly as Reese 's Sticks . In 2009 , Hershey 's changed the name officially to Reese 's Sticks . Holiday editions ( edit ) During the seasons when retailers offer holiday - themed candies , Reese 's Peanut Butter candies are available in various shapes that still offer the standard confection theme of the traditional Reese 's cup ( peanut butter contained in a chocolate shell ) . They are sold in a 6 - pack packaging configuration but are usually available individually . Although exterior packaging is altered to reflect the theme of the representative holiday , the actual holiday itself is never presented . Reese 's Peanut Butter Hearts Available mainly during January and February , these are heart - shaped confections representing Valentine 's Day . At various retailers , an individually - packaged , larger heart is available as well . These are packaged in all - red exterior packaging . Reese 's Peanut Butter Eggs Available mainly during March and April , these are egg - shaped confections representing Easter . Exterior packaging is usually yellow and orange ( milk chocolate ) , white and orange ( white chocolate ) , or dark brown and orange ( fudge - flavored chocolate ) . This is the only holiday - themed item available in three various chocolate varieties . A larger , individually - packaged Easter Bunny Reese 's peanut butter item , known as Reester Bunny , is available as well . Also , Reese 's Pieces are offered in Pastel Eggs . Reese 's Peanut Butter Pumpkins Available mainly during September and October , these are pumpkin - shaped confections representing Halloween . The packaging is standard Reese 's orange with a jack - o - lantern picture and the word `` Pumpkins '' prominently displayed . Reese 's Peanut Butter Ghosts Available mainly during September and October , these are ghost - shaped confections representing Halloween . The packaging is Halloween themed with the word scary on it . The ghost replaces the letter `` a '' in the word scary . First released in 2016 . Reese 's Peanut Butter Christmas Trees Available mainly during November and December , these are evergreen tree - shaped confections representing Christmas . At various retailers these may be available in standard milk chocolate or white . Initially , the packaging was green , white , and orange , but has been changed to a winter scene with a snow - covered ground and a snowman with a central large orange evergreen tree - shape in the center of the package . Another product offered is Reese 's Peanut Butter Bells , which offers miniature Reese 's cups in a Christmas bell shape . A third product is a milk chocolate - covered Reese 's Snowman , wrapped in a snowman foil . The peanut butter snowman is three times larger than the peanut butter tree , egg or pumpkin . In December 2005 , it was noted that some of the holiday shaped Reese 's candies ( such as the Bells ) contain gluten , unlike the standard peanut butter cups . In November 2015 , consumers criticized the product via Twitter for bearing too vague a resemblance to a Christmas tree . Licensed foods ( edit ) Hershey licenses the Reese 's brand ( name , logo , etc . ) to various companies for the production of other products beyond the traditional realm of candy . For example , General Mills produces Reese 's Puffs , a brand of peanut butter and chocolate flavored breakfast cereal . Several companies , including Breyers , Baskin - Robbins , and Dairy Queen , produce various licensed Reese 's ice cream products . Marketing and advertising ( edit ) The Reese 's logo In the United States , Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups typically come in packs of 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 or 20 in distinctive orange packaging , set on thin but rigid paperboard trays . The `` Classic '' two - pack is a 0.75 oz . cup since 2001 ( originally a 0.9 oz . size , reduced to 0.8 oz. in 1991 ) , the `` King Size '' four - pack introduced in the early 1980s is a 0.7 oz . cup ( originally a 0.8 oz . cup until 1991 ) and the `` Lunch '' eight - pack is a 0.55 oz . cup . `` Large Size '' packs of three 0.7 oz . cups , as well as bags containing 0.6 oz . cups , are also available . The `` mini '' cups come in various bag sizes and foil colors for seasonal themes like red , gold and green for the Christmas holiday season . In Canada , where they are packaged as Reese Peanut Butter Cups ( except Reese 's pieces ) , but still widely referred to by their American name , they come in a standard pack of three 0.55 oz . cups or the king - size variation with four cups . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , they were originally available only in two - packs , though are now only available in three - packs , imported from Canada . In 2008 Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups were made available in Europe by Hydro Texaco and 7 - Eleven . In Australia , Reese 's products can be found in many specialty candy stores , as well as from American stores such as Costco . In the 1970s and 1980s , a series of commercials were run for Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups featuring situations in which two people , one eating peanut butter and one eating chocolate , collided . One person would exclaim , `` You got your peanut butter on my chocolate ! '' and the other would exclaim , `` You got your chocolate in my peanut butter ! '' . They would then sample the mixture and remark on the great taste , tying in with the slogan `` Two great tastes that taste great together . '' In the 1990s , the product 's slogan was : `` There 's no wrong way to eat a Reese 's . '' The current slogan , introduced in the mid-2000s , is : `` Perfect '' . Reese 's was an associate sponsor of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series drivers Mark Martin ( 1994 ) , and Kevin Harvick ( 2007 -- 2010 ) . Criticism ( edit ) Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups are made with the controversial ingredient PGPR ( Polyglycerol polyricinoleate , E476 , a.k.a. Palsgaard 4150 ) , which is used as a replacement for cocoa butter . The FDA has determined it to be `` safe for humans as long as you restrict your intake to 7.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight . See also ( edit ) List of peanut dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.thehersheycompany.com/en_us/products.html?i=1;q=cups;q1=REESE%27S;sp_c=1000;sp_cs=UTF-8;sp_k=c_CorporateProducts;sp_s=PLBrand;sp_t=Corporate-US;view=xml;x1=PLBrand Jump up ^ `` Hershey Community Archives '' . Hersheyarchives.org. 2011 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The 1963 Reese / Hershey Merger Closing Agenda '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Snickers Surging to Top of Global Candy Race '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Reese 's product listing '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Sha Spence ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Reese 's Launches New Peanut Butter Cups Filled with Crunchy Chocolate Bits '' . People . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest REESE 'S Peanut Butter Cups '' . Jump up ^ Bob Sassone ( 17 November 2007 ) . `` Pop Food : Reese 's Whipps '' . Youtube . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Special Edition The Dark Knight Reese 's and Kit Kat Fly Into Stores to Celebrate Debut of the Highly Anticipated New Batman Film '' . Hershey 's . 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Special Edition The Dark Knight Reese 's and Kit Kat Fly Into Stores to Celebrate Debut of the Highly Anticipated New Batman Film '' . PR Newswire. 10 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas ' article regarding Reese Sticks '' . Core77.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Reese 's Seasonal Products '' . hersheys.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Are you a Cadbury Crème or Reese 's Peanut Butter Egg ? Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 9 Jump up ^ Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups : World 's Largest at Yahoo Voices Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 9 Jump up ^ Gluten indicated at celiac.com Jump up ^ Cox , Dan ( 27 November 2015 ) . `` Seriously , people are upset this year 's Reese 's Peanut Butter Christmas Trees do n't look enough like Christmas trees '' . Inquistr . Retrieved 28 Nov 2015 . Jump up ^ `` REESE 'S Peanut Butter Cups '' . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturers overlook cocoa butter savings '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups . Official website Reese 's Facebook Page Reese 's Seasonal Products Reese brands at Hershey Canada The Hershey Company http://www.hersheys.com/reeses/products.aspx#/REESE'S-Peanut-Butter-Cups ( hide ) The Hershey Company Milton S. Hershey Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company Entertainment Group Hersheypark ZooAmerica North American Wildlife Park Giant Center Hersheypark Stadium Hershey Bears Hersheypark Arena Hershey Theatre Hershey Nursery Hershey Laundry & Dry Cleaning Resorts Group The Hotel Hershey Hershey Lodge The Spa At The Hotel Hershey MeltSpa by Hershey Hershey Country Club Hersheypark Camping Resort The Hershey Company Chocolate - based products 5th Avenue Air Delight Almond Joy Bar None Bliss Brookside Cadbury Creme Egg 3 Cadbury Dairy Milk 3 Cherry Blossom Cookies ' n ' Creme Cookies ' n ' Mint Dagoba Glosette Heath bar Hershey bar Hershey - ets Hershey 's Drops Hershey 's Kisses Hershey 's Kissables Hershey 's Miniatures Hershey 's S'mores Hershey 's Special Dark Kit Kat 2 Krackel Milk Duds Mini Eggs 3 Mounds Mr. Goodbar NutRageous Oh Henry ! 1 Rally Reese 's Crispy Crunchy Bar Reese 's Fast Break Reese 's Peanut Butter Cups Reese 's Pieces Reese 's Sticks Reese 's Whipps Rolo 2 Scharffen Berger Skor Snack Barz Swoops Symphony Take 5 ( Max 5 ) United States military chocolate Whatchamacallit Whoppers York Peppermint Pattie Other products Bubble Yum Good & Plenty Good & Fruity Ice Breakers Jolly Rancher Koolerz Lancaster Soft Crèmes PayDay Twizzlers Zagnut ZERO Italics indicates discontinued products Hershey Trust Company Milton Hershey School Trust Hershey Cemetery Trust The M.S. Hershey Foundation Trust The Hershey Story Hershey Gardens Hershey Theatre Hershey Community Archives Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hershey , PA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reese%27s_Peanut_Butter_Cups&oldid=800326773 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1928 American brands Brand name confectionery The Hershey Company brands Peanut butter Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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The Jungle Book (2016 film)

The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) - wikipedia The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Disney 's 2016 film . For Warner Bros ' upcoming film , see Mowgli ( film ) . For other films and related topics , see The Jungle Book ( franchise ) . The Jungle Book Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Favreau Produced by Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor Screenplay by Justin Marks Based on Disney 's The Jungle Book The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling Starring Bill Murray Ben Kingsley Idris Elba Lupita Nyong'o Scarlett Johansson Giancarlo Esposito Christopher Walken Neel Sethi Narrated by Ben Kingsley Music by John Debney ( The Jungle Book themes composed by George Bruns ) Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Walt Disney Pictures Fairview Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million Box office $966.6 million The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film , directed and co-produced by Jon Favreau , produced by Walt Disney Pictures , and written by Justin Marks . Based on Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous collective works and inspired by Walt Disney 's 1967 animated film of the same name , The Jungle Book is a live - action / CGI film that tells the story of Mowgli , an orphaned human boy who , guided by his animal guardians , sets out on a journey of self - discovery while evading the threatening Shere Khan . The film introduces Neel Sethi as Mowgli and also features the voices of Bill Murray , Ben Kingsley , Idris Elba , Lupita Nyong'o , Scarlett Johansson , Giancarlo Esposito , and Christopher Walken . Favreau , Marks and producer Brigham Taylor developed the film 's story as a balance between Disney 's animated adaptation and Kipling 's original works , borrowing elements from both into the film . Principal photography commenced in 2014 , with filming taking place entirely in Los Angeles . The film required extensive use of computer - generated imagery to portray the animals and settings . The Jungle Book was released in North America in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , D - Box , and premium large formats , on April 15 , 2016 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing over $966 million , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 36th - highest - grossing film of all time . The film won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 89th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming and visual effects 3.3 Sound 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Other Countries 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mowgli is a `` man cub '' raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack , led by Akela , in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera . Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves , but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack . One day , during the dry season , the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle 's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators . The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives detecting Mowgli 's scent in the large crowd . Resentful against man for scarring him , he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought . After the drought ends , the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not . Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack . Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village . En route , Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera , but Mowgli manages to escape . Later , Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him . While under her influence , Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan . The vision also warns of the destructive power of the `` red flower '' ( fire ) . Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli , but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo , rescuing an unconscious Mowgli . Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult - to - access honey for Baloo and Mowgli agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives . Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle , Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out . Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed , but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it . During the night , Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch . Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed , Baloo realizes that he can not guarantee Mowgli 's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan . Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village . Mowgli is kidnapped by the `` Bandar - log '' ( monkeys ) who present him to their leader , a giant ape named King Louie . Assuming that all humans can make fire , King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it . Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out , but their plan is discovered . As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple , he informs Mowgli of Akela 's death . King Louie 's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him . Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela 's death , Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone . Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire . In the aftermath , Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack . Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use , having found his true home and calling with his wolf family , Baloo , and Bagheera . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Jungle Book characters Neel Sethi , the actor who portrayed Mowgli Neel Sethi as Mowgli , a young boy who was raised by wolves . Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli 's father Voice cast ( edit ) Bill Murray as Baloo , a Sloth bear who befriends Mowgli . Ben Kingsley as Bagheera , a Black panther who is Mowgli 's mentor and protector . Idris Elba as Shere Khan , a fearsome , scar - faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli . Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha , a female wolf who is Mowgli 's adoptive mother . Scarlett Johansson as Kaa , an enormous python . Giancarlo Esposito as Akela , a male wolf who leads the pack . Christopher Walken as King Louie , a giant ape who rules the Bandar - log . Garry Shandling as Ikki , a porcupine that observes the Water Truce . Brighton Rose as Grey Brother , a wolf cub that is Mowgli 's adoptive brother . Jon Favreau as Fred , a Pygmy Hog . Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel . Russell Peters as Rocky , a rhinoceros . Madeleine Favreau as Raquel , a rhinoceros . Sara Arrington as an antelope Emjay Anthony , Max Favreau , Chloe Hechter , Asher Blinkoff , Knox Gagnon , Sasha Schrieber , and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves . Dee Bradley Baker , Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices . Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) `` The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this , it just felt like it would n't have the magic that the 1967 film had had . There was a dreamlike quality to it . There was a surreal quality to it . It was a high - water mark for character animation and to me , that 's what I remember about it . And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that ... But what ( Alan ) Horn said was : Look at the technology . Look at Life of Pi , Avatar . Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you ? Let 's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit . '' -- Jon Favreau on approaching the film 's technical intent . Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action remake of The Jungle Book was in development on July 9 , 2013 , with Justin Marks set to write the script . The film would be Disney 's second live - action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling 's works , following the 1994 film , and the studio 's third overall after the 1967 animated musical . Jon Favreau was later confirmed as director on November 5 , 2013 . Favreau as a child used to watch Disney 's 1967 animated musical version . He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film , including some of its memorable songs , while crafting a movie with more realism and peril . He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling 's time and now , `` In Kipling 's time , nature was something to be overcome . Now nature is something to be protected . '' He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film 's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering , computer - generated imagery , and motion capture technologies . The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling 's works , but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films , including the child - mentor relationship in Shane ( 1953 ) , the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas ( 1990 ) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . The cast was announced between March and August 2014 , with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014 . Between then , Scarlett Johansson , Ben Kingsley , and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa , Bagheera , and King Louie . Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa , originally a male character , as he felt the original film was `` a little too male - oriented . '' Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha 's character more prominently , as in Kipling 's tales . Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role , `` Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance . There 's an emotional underpinning she brings , and a strength , and we wanted that for this surrogate mother . Much of that comes from her voice . '' Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a Gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India , where the story takes place . His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando 's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now , as well as incorporating Walken 's own physical mannerisms . In regards to Louie 's changes , Favreau stated , `` We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli . And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire , he could have power over Shere Khan , whether it was good or bad . So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that ; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power , but corrupt them as well as create destruction . '' The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling , who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film 's release . The search for casting Mowgli was extensive , with thousands of children auditioning from the United States , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , and Canada . Eventually , newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role , with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying `` the heart , humor , and daring of the character . He 's warm and accessible , yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation . '' Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role . Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story , as well as providing suggestions for the film 's end credits sequence . Filming and visual effects ( edit ) Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles . The animal characters were created entirely in key frame computer animation , with the assistance of footage of real animal movement , the actors recording their lines , and performance capture for reference . The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals ' speaking , while still making them perceptually believable to the audience . Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals -- including Walt Disney 's animated features , such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi , as well as modern films such as Babe -- and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book . Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film , with several species being portrayed as `` 150 % larger '' than their actual counterparts . Jim Henson 's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against , although none appear in the finished film . The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito , Sean Johnson , Allan Trautman , and April Warren . Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors , expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect . Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) and Weta Digital created the film 's visual effects . MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals . Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production . Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence , with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that , `` It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature . So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features -- iconic lines , wrinkles and folds -- and integrated them into the animated character . '' Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film 's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney 's earlier animated films . At Favreau 's behest , the idea was extended into the film 's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo , which was recreated as `` a hand - painted , cel - animated multi-plane logo '' in homage to the animated films of that era , also incorporating the word `` Presents '' in the same style as the 1967 film 's opening credits . The film 's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film . Sound ( edit ) Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney , himself , had in mind . When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos , as Favreau said , `` we isolated instruments when we could . And in the sound mix , we created a Fantasound mix . If you see the film in Atmos , you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater . '' A mention for Fantasound appears in the film 's closing credits . Music ( edit ) The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney , mostly drawing from George Bruns ' original music . Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical , nevertheless , he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film . `` The Bare Necessities , '' written by Terry Gilkyson , is performed by Murray and Sethi , and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' and `` Trust in Me '' -- written by the Sherman Brothers -- are performed by Walken and Johansson , respectively ; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken 's version of `` I Wan'na Be Like You . '' Johansson 's rendition of `` Trust in Me '' was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Jungle Book ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Debney Released April 15 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio Sony Pictures Studios ( score ) Esplanade Studios , New Orleans Chalice Recording Studios Music Shed Studios , New Orleans Genre Orchestral , swing jazz Length 74 : 17 Label Walt Disney Producer John Debney John Debney chronology The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) The Young Messiah 2016 The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Jungle Book2016 Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Mother 's Day 2016 Walt Disney Records released the film 's soundtrack on April 15 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Dr. John and The Nite Trippers 3 : 36 2 . `` Trust in Me '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Scarlett Johansson 2 : 55 3 . `` Main Titles / Jungle Run '' John Debney & George Bruns 2 : 27 4 . `` Wolves / Law of the Jungle '' John Debney 2 : 16 5 . `` Water Truce '' John Debney 3 : 40 6 . `` Rains Return '' John Debney 1 : 46 7 . `` Mowgli 's Leaving / Elephant Theme '' John Debney 3 : 28 8 . `` Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede '' John Debney 2 : 06 9 . `` Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue '' 5 : 21 10 . `` Honeycomb Climb '' 3 : 31 11 . `` Man Village '' 2 : 59 12 . `` Mowgli and the Pit '' 3 : 26 13 . `` Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli '' 1 : 52 14 . `` Arriving at King Louie 's Temple '' 4 : 35 15 . `` Cold Lair Chase '' 4 : 03 16 . `` Red Flower '' 3 : 15 17 . `` To the River '' 3 : 05 18 . `` Shere Khan 's War Theme '' 2 : 37 19 . `` Shere Khan and the Fire '' 4 : 52 20 . `` Elephant Waterfall '' 3 : 27 21 . `` Mowgli Wins the Race '' 0 : 41 22 . `` Jungle Book Closes '' 2 : 16 23 . `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Christopher Walken 3 : 02 24 . `` The Bare Necessities '' Terry Gilkyson Bill Murray , Kermit Ruffins 3 : 01 Total length : 74 : 17 Note 1 . ^ Original `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' melody composed by Leigh Harline ; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina . Release ( edit ) Jon Favreau at the premiere of The Jungle Book in Sydney , Australia The film was originally scheduled for October 9 , 2015 , but the film 's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15 , 2016 . The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States , and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D ( in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago ) . The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4 , 2016 . It was released in 15 countries , a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15 , in countries like Argentina , Australia , Russia , Malaysia , and most notably in India on April 8 . The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country . Disney India commissioned a contemporary recording of `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai , '' overseen by the song 's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar , and released it as part of the film 's promotional campaign in India . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released digitally on August 23 , 2016 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 ( August 22 in the UK ) . A 3D Blu - ray was said to be coming by the end of the year . The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a huge financial success and a surprise hit . It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio 's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year . It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million , against a budget of $175 million . Worldwide , the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens , a new record for a PG film . It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide . On May 13 , it became the second film of 2016 ( after the studio 's own Zootopia ) to pass the $800 million mark . On June 10 , it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America : Civil War to pass the $900 million mark . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016 . United States and Canada ( edit ) Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards , starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million , with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw . The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters ( 75 % ) were in 3D , including 376 IMAX screens , 463 premium large format screens , and 145 D - Box locations . It opened Friday , April 15 , 2016 , on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters , and earned $32.4 million , the fourth - biggest April Friday . This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews , the biggest preview number for a Disney live - adaptation film ( tied with Maleficent ) , an almost unheard - of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night . In total , it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend , exceeding expectations by 40 % and recorded the biggest PG - rated April opening ( breaking Hop 's record ) , the second - biggest Disney live - action adaptation opening ( behind Alice in Wonderland ) , and the second - biggest April opening ( behind Furious 7 ) . It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats , where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film 's opening - weekend gross , respectively , the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening . Notably , it also became the only second PG - rated release to ever open above $100 million ( following Alice in Wonderland ) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million ( following Deadpool and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) . It earned $130.7 million in its first full week , the second - biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , behind only Alice in Wonderland 's $146.6 million seven - day gross . Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break , it fell only by 40 % in its second weekend earning $61.5 million , still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War . That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million , it scored the fourth - smallest drop behind Shrek 2 ( − 33 % ) , Spider - Man ( − 39 % ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( − 39 % ) . Of those numbers , $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10 % of its entire North American box office gross . It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters ( an addition of 13 more theaters ) , a fall of only 29 % , outgrossing the next six pictures combined ( including the openings of three newcomers ) and recorded the sixth - biggest third weekend of all time . Moreover , the 29 % drop is the smallest third - weekend drop ( from its second weekend ) for a $100 million opener ever . Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film 's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters , but nevertheless , it was overtaken by Disney 's own Captain America : Civil War after experiencing a 50 % decline . It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release , on May 14 , as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend . It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers , which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million . It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest - grossing films of the year , alongside Finding Dory , The Secret Life of Pets , and Zootopia , centered around talking animals to dominate the year - end chart . Other countries ( edit ) The film was released in approximately 70 countries . Outside the US and Canada , it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut , and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman : Winter 's War and holdover Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the latter of which was entering its third weekend . The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America : Civil War releases in early May , as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors . It eventually grossed $31.7 million , debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office , behind Dawn of Justice , which was playing across 67 markets . In its second weekend , it expanded to an additional 49 countries ( 88 % of its total marketplace ) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries , easily topping the international box office , a bulk of it came from China . Approximately 63 % or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings , with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China ( 98 % ) , Germany ( 83 % ) , Brazil ( 73 % ) , Russia ( 60 % ) , Mexico ( 47 % ) , and the UK ( 39 % ) . $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens , a record for a PG and April release . It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories , falling only by a marginal 32 % . IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three - weekend total of $20.6 million . After three straight No. 1 runs , it was finally dethroned by the studio 's Captain America : Civil War in its fourth weekend . In India , it scored the second - biggest opening day for a Hollywood film , earning $1.51 million ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron ) from around 1,500 screens and went on to score the second - biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time , with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens , behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency , performing better than expected and its initial $5 -- 6 million opening projection . Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney 's other live - fantasy adaptations -- Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz the Great and Powerful , and Alice in Wonderland -- in the country . It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million . In its second weekend , it dropped just by a mere 40 % to $4.97 million . In just ten days , it became the fourth - highest - grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million . On Wednesday , April 19 -- its twelfth day of release -- it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest - grossing Hollywood / foreign release of all time there . By the end of its theatrical run , the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue -- 58 % -- coming from local dubbed versions , compared to Avengers : Age of Ultron , which saw 45 % of its revenue from dubbed versions . In China , where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest , expectations were high , with projections going as high $154 -- 200 million or more . Ultimately , it was unable to hit these marks . Before the release of the film in the state , Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month , in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure . Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals , heartwarming story , and talking animal cast . It earned around $12 million on its opening day , including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings . Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception ( albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics ) , it rose 72 % on its second day to $20 million . Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million , including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens , a new record for April release . Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever , the second - biggest for a family film ( behind Kung Fu Panda 3 ) , the second - biggest April debut ( behind Furious 7 ) , and the fourth - biggest Disney opening ( behind Avengers : Age of Ultron , Iron Man 3 , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend , after dropping by a mere 20 % to $29.8 million , despite facing some competitions . It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters , adding $1.2 million on its last day . Albeit falling just below expectations , it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth - biggest Disney release there . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it had an opening weekend total of £ 9.9 million ( $14.1 million ) from 594 theaters and in France with $8.1 million . Elsewhere , the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ( $7.4 million ) , Germany ( $5.1 million ) , Spain ( $3.9 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Argentina ( $2.3 million ) , and in Malaysia , where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live - action Disney film with $2.3 million . In the UK , it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £ 5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World , Spectre , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( all 2015 films ) to achieve such an accomplishment , and the first film of 2016 to earn above £ 40 million ( $58 million ) . In South Korea , it faced competition with Warcraft , but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million . It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there . It opened in Japan on August 11 , alongside the superhero film X-Men : Apocalypse and delivered a four - day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ( $3 million in two days ) , debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets . Although the opening figure was considered mediocre , Deadline.com noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples . It fell just 30 % in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven - day total of $13.7 million . In total earnings , its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ( $150.1 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $66.2 million ) and India ( $38.8 million ) . It was the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million , the United Kingdom and Ireland , and in India ( although it was later surpassed by Sultan , in terms of Hollywood / imported films , it is still the biggest ) . Critical response ( edit ) The vocal performances of Bill Murray ( left ) , Idris Elba ( middle ) , and Ben Kingsley ( right ) were particularly praised . The film received praise for its visual effects , vocal performances , direction , musical score , and its faithfulness to the animated film . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % , based on 293 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch , The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors -- all while setting a new standard for CGI . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Ninety - seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B. It got As from both the under - and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age , and also for the over-50 audience . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast , this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling 's tales of young Mowgli 's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging , even if it 's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft . '' Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version `` ca n't rival the woolly looseness of Disney 's 1967 animated classic , of course , but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five , and deemed it `` a sincere and full - hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says `` This ' Book ' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor , but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen 's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar . '' Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it , finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King . He wrote that the film was `` spectacular , exciting , funny and fun '' and that it `` handsomely revives the spirit of Disney 's original film . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that the film had laughs , excitement , an exceptional voice cast and , most importantly , a lot of heart , calling it a cinematic achievement like no other . He particularly praised Murray 's performance and the visual effects , deeming it `` simply astonishing . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an `` A -- , '' calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016 . He , however , felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting , and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three - and - a-half stars , pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film . He labelled it `` a beautifully rendered , visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling 's oft - filmed tales '' but found the musical numbers to be trivial , saying that without the musical numbers , the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure . Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan remarked that `` The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , labeling it scary and thrilling , yet unique and unforgettable , and adding that it `` fills us with something rare in movies today -- a sense of wonder . '' The Village Voice 's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it `` manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle , but never indulgent or gratuitous . '' The New York Times ' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic . Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba 's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King , calling him `` baddie of the year . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba 's portrayal of Shere Khan stating : `` His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he 'd be scary no matter what , but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy . We understand and appreciate his point - of - view , even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli . '' The film 's visual effects and 3D photography received acclaim , with comparisons being made to the likes of Avatar , Gravity , Hugo , and Life of Pi . Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film `` is likely to evoke the same jaw - dropping reaction as James Cameron 's box office topper . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D . '' The film also garnered a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications , such as The Times of India , The Hindu , India Today , The Indian Express , and The Economic Times . The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director 's indecision to stick to one vision . Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film 's animated predecessor for plot , characterizations , songs , and set pieces , but does n't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision '' . Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings , saying that the film `` stumbles because the people involved are n't willing to fully commit to either making a near - shot - for - shot remake or going in a completely different direction '' . Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless , writing that `` The better these talking beasts look , the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver . You admire The Jungle Book , but you ca n't lose yourself in it '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Sequel ( edit ) Following the film 's early financial and critical success , the studio has begun working on a sequel . Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role of Mowgli , while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return . It was announced on April 25 , 2016 that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write , and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back - to - back with a live - action remake of The Lion King . However , it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE JUNGLE BOOK ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' , ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' To Ignite Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McMarry ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' to Rule Box Office Kingdom With $70 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Says ' The Jungle Book ' Will Be His ' Avatar , ' Reveals New Images '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rawal , Sugandha ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau breathes new life to Kipling classic ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Business Standard . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Marks To Adapt Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Reboot At Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jon Favreau in Talks to Direct ' Jungle Book ' for Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rainey , James ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` How Jon Favreau Combined CGI and One Real Boy to Remake ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Idris Elba to Voice Man - Eating Tiger in Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Scarlett Johansson , Lupita Nyong'o in Talks for Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Adds Christopher Walken & Giancarlo Esposito '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Errico , Marcus ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Favreau Breaks Down Disney 's Live - Action ' Jungle Book ' Teaser : From the Digital Toolbox to the ' Bear Necessities ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau on the Subtle SFX Beauty of The Jungle Book and Casting Lupita Nyong'o '' . New York . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Inside The Jungle Book 's king - sized change to King Louie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How Jon Favreau Juggled Walt Disney 's Legacy and Digital Effects That Go Beyond ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Finds its Mowgli in Newcomer Neel Sethi '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Drew . `` 9 Things Disney Fans Need to Know About The Jungle Book , According to Jon Favreau '' . Disney Insider . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` CGI power ! ' The Jungle Book ' was shot entirely in downtown L.A. '' USA Today . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Human Mowgli is at the heart of ' Jungle Book ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Virtual Production for ' Jungle Book ' Detailed During HPA Tech Retreat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : How They Pulled Off the Oscar - Bound VFX Hybrid '' . Indiewire . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reif , Alex ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fantasound Returns in 2016 with the Jungle Book '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Debney to Score Jon Favreau 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau brings CG realism to ' The Jungle Book ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release The Jungle Book Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes Release Date of ' Jungle Book : Origins ' '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Switches Places With ' Finest Hours , ' Pushed to Spring 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Dolby Cinema Release Could Push Forward the New Format '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Wild With $101 M To $103.6 M ; ' Barbershop ' Cuts $20 M+ ; ' Criminal ' In Cooler -- Box Office Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fatema Etemadi ; Maya Anderma ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Premiere : Hollywood Reflects on a Disney Classic '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book : 5 reasons you should watch Jon Favreau film with your kids this weekend '' . The Indian Express . April 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Rapoza ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What Indians Are Really Saying About Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Nyay ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Irrfan Khan On Why ' The Jungle Book ' Has Resonated in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Jungle Book remake branded ' too scary for kids ' by Indian censor '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ondvdreleases.com/2590-the-jungle-book.html Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Jungle Book Blu - ray and Digital HD Details '' . Comingsoon.net . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book , ' ' Me Before You ' Debut at Top of Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Notches Second Week Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moviegoers Flocking To Superhero Films , Talking Animal Toons And Almost Nothing Else '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Rules With A Mighty $103 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' A $337 M Offshore Beast As ' Huntsman ' Musters $80 M ; ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Global -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Jungle Book '' to Cross $800 M Mark Globally `` . The Walt Disney Company . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Passes $500 M Overseas On Way To $800 M WW , To Top ' Deadpool ' In UK '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Roars to $900 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` No. 6 ' The Jungle Book ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Batman V Superman ' Will Turn A Profit Despite Critical Kryptonite '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' expected to swing past $70 million in box office debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' and ' Barbershop 3 ' Seek Strong Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Earns Huge $32.4 M For $90 - 95M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Jon Favreau 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings to Stellar $4.2 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Overcomes PG Stigma , Wowing Audiences of All Ages '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Scores Huge $103.6 M U.S. Debut , Climbs to $291 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Captivates Moviegoers and Captures Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Opens with Massive $103 Million , Global Cume Tops $290 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Ends First Week With $130 M U.S. , Tops $400 M Worldwide Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Still A Box Office Bestseller With $60.8 M , ' Huntsman ' Trips With $20.1 M -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Tops With Huge $60 M Weekend , ' Batman V Superman ' Passes ' Iron Man ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Repeats , ' Huntsman ' Falls On His Axe and ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Tops $200 M U.S. In Just 12 Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' King Again , Reigns On Newcomer Parade : ' Keanu ' , ' Mother 's Day ' & ' Ratchet & Clank ' -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Snags Record - Low Third Weekend Plunge For A $100 M+ Opener '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Forecast : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Looks to Become Fourth $200 + Million Opener '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Civil War ' B.O. Slowed By Moms , But Still 5th - Best Opening Of All - Time With $178 M -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opens to Mighty $181.8 M in U.S. , Hits $678.4 M Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Hits $828 M , ' Mother 's Day ' Crumbles Again '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Swings With $57.1 M Overseas Through Thursday -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $487.7 M Offshore ; ' Jungle Book ' Swings With $31.7 M ; ' Huntsman ' Misses Mark ; ' Zootopia ' Sets Dis China Record -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Jumps To $138.6 M ; Passing $300 M WW Today , ' Batman v Superman ' At $829 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Grabs $200.4 M In Debut ; ' Jungle Book ' A Beast , And With ' Zootopia ' Disney Has $1.24 B From Three Titles -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Rocks India 's Box Office With Second Best Debut Ever For A Hollywood Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Nears $800 M Worldwide , ' Jungle Book ' And ' Huntsman ' Open Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Indian Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Second Highest Hollywood Opening Ever in India '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Swings to $57 Million at International Box Office , Breaks Big Record in India '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` Back - End Profits In Prospect For Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` India Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Becomes Top Hollywood Release Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney India Getting Out of Bollywood Production ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyay Bhushan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Revenue in India Rises 10 Percent , Boosted by Dubbed Versions '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Disney Hopes ' Jungle ' will Rumble Box Office '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Jungle Book ' Swings In China To $12 Million Opening Day , 250 % Better Than ' Zootopia ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Will Join The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Cain ( April 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' Flouts Bad Weather In China For $20 Million Saturday , Huge 72 % Fri - Sat Jump '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney ' Jungle Book ' China Date Follows ' Zootopia ' Hit , Leads Shanghai Park '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Swings $50 Million Opening for Disney '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Jungle Book ' Goes Bananas With $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Alice ' Sees $62.7 M In Offshore Looking Glass ; ' Warcraft ' Scores $31.7 M ; ' X-Men ' Cumes $183.4 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` China Goes Wild For ' Jungle Book ' With $50 Million Debut Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Jungle Book ' Holds Ahead of ' Huntsman , ' ' Sassy Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book ahead of the pack in UK while Mirren eyes a hit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Captain America unseats Jungle Book at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men gang up on an exhausted Captain America at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' At $300 M+ WW Through Monday With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $51.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pets ' Pushes ' Suicide Squad ' From # 1 Offshore Perch , Collars $675 M WW ; Supervillains Gain On $600 M -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Opens at No. 4 with $2.4 M ; ' Secret Life of Pets ' Stays No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' TMNT 2 ' Powers Up $34 M In Debut ; ' Warcraft ' Jumps To $70 M Cume ; ' X-Men ' Crosses $400 M WW -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom and Ireland and Malta Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Goes To The Mat ; Will Wrestling Drama Break Bollywood Bank ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Jungle Book , The ( United States , 2016 ) '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney Goes Wild '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zoller Seitz , Matt . `` THE JUNGLE BOOK '' . RogerEbert . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` The Jungle Book review : all of the talking animals , ranked '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Early Buzz : Critics Go Wild for Disney 's 3D Remake '' . / Film . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beatrice Verhoeven ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is a ' Jaw - Dropper ' and ' Technical Marvel , ' Critics Say '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` What Critics Are Saying About ' The Jungle Book , ' ' Barbershop : The Next Cut ' and ' Criminal ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Jungle Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Forget about your worries , this new Jungle Book makes perfect sense -- review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duralde , Alonso ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : ' Babe ' Meets Rudyard Kipling in Mostly Satisfying Remake '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book review -- spectacular revival of Disney 's family favourite '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Review : Disney 's New Version Is A Stunning Visual Marvel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Nashawaty ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : It all looks real as boy meets talking animals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' is a sweet and scary triumph of modern moviemaking '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travis ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW The Jungle Book '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bilge Ebiri ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` In ' The Jungle Book , ' Disney Builds a Better Reboot '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Recycled ' Jungle Book ' Puts a Real Boy in a Forest of Pixels '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Cath ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book '' . Time Out . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' The Jungle Book ' Is A Towering Visual Achievement '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Sarah ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' : Review '' . Screen International . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Ankita ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' movie review round - up : What critics have to say about Neel Sethi - starrer '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rasquinha , Reagan Gavin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Sankhayan ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book : The law of the jungle prevails '' . The Hindu . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Ananya ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review : Neel Sethi brings alive Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli '' . India Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Langer , Shalini ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Jungle Book movie review , four stars '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balapurwala , Tasneem ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' review : A visual and aural treat ! '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-jungle-book Jump up ^ http://moviemezzanine.com/jungle-book-essay/ Jump up ^ http://www.miami.com/039the-jungle-book039-soulless-adventure-pg-article Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Stakes Out Release Dates for ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Maleficent 2 ' and More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Claims Dates for Several New Movies ; Confirms ' Jungle Book 2 , ' ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Film portal 2010s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Jungle Book ( 2016 film ) Official website The Jungle Book on IMDb The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes The Jungle Book at Metacritic Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` The White Seal '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Films directed by Jon Favreau Made ( 2001 ) Elf ( 2003 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) Chef ( 2014 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)&oldid=826521139 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films Annie Award winners Disney film remakes The Jungle Book ( franchise ) Films about animals Films about bears Films about elephants Films about orphans Films about snakes Films about tigers Films scored by John Debney Films directed by Jon Favreau Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hypnosis Films set in 1893 Films set in forests Films set in India Films shot in Los Angeles Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Films based on adaptations Films based on multiple works Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award IMAX films Jungle adventure films The Jungle Book films Performance capture in film Walt Disney Pictures films Wolves in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with deprecated parameters Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 16 : 30 . 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Hispaniola

Hispaniola - wikipedia Hispaniola Jump to : navigation , search `` San Domingo '' , `` Haiti ( island ) '' , and `` Hayti ( island ) '' redirect here . For other uses , see San Domingo ( disambiguation ) , Haiti ( disambiguation ) , and Hayti ( disambiguation ) . Hispaniola La Española ( Spanish ) View from Hispaniola Geography Location Caribbean Coordinates 19 ° N 71 ° W  /  19 ° N 71 ° W  / 19 ; - 71 Coordinates : 19 ° N 71 ° W  /  19 ° N 71 ° W  / 19 ; - 71 Archipelago Greater Antilles Area 76,192 km ( 29,418 sq mi ) Area rank 22nd Coastline 3,059 km ( 1,900.8 mi ) Highest elevation 3,175 m ( 10,417 ft ) Highest point Pico Duarte Administration Dominican Republic Largest settlement Santo Domingo Haiti Largest settlement Port - au - Prince Demographics Population 21,396,000 ( 2014 ) Pop . density 280.8 / km ( 727.3 / sq mi ) Hispaniola ( Spanish : La Española ; Latin : Hispaniola ; Taíno : Haiti / Quisqueya ) is the 22nd - largest island in the world , located in the Caribbean island group , the Greater Antilles . It is the second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba , and the most populous island in the Caribbean ; the eleventh most populous island in the world . The 76,192 - square - kilometre ( 29,418 sq mi ) island is divided between two sovereign nations , the Spanish - speaking Dominican Republic ( 48,445 km , 18,705 sq mi ) , and French - speaking Haiti ( 27,750 km , 10,710 sq mi ) . The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin , which is shared between France ( Saint - Martin ) and the Netherlands ( Sint Maarten ) . Hispaniola is the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , founded by Christopher Columbus on his voyages in 1492 and 1493 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Post-Columbian 2 Geography 2.1 Fauna 2.2 Flora 2.3 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Ethnic composition 4 Economics 5 Precious metals 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Early map of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , c. 1639 . See also : Colony of Santo Domingo , Colony of Saint - Domingue , History of Haiti , and History of the Dominican Republic Etymology ( edit ) The island was called by various names by its native people , the Taíno Amerindians . No known Taíno texts survive , hence , historical evidence for those names comes to us through three historians : the Italian Pietro Martyr d'Anghiera , and the Spaniards Bartolomé de las Casas and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo . Fernández de Oviedo and de las Casas both recorded that the island was called Haiti ( `` Mountainous Land '' ) by the Taíno . D'Anghiera added another name , Quizqueia ( supposedly `` Mother of all Lands '' ) , but later research shows that the word does not seem to derive from the original Arawak Taíno language . ( Quisqueya is today mostly used in the Dominican Republic . ) Although the Taínos ' use of Haiti is verified , and the name was used by all three historians , evidence suggests that it probably was not the Taíno name of the whole island , but only for a region ( now known as Los Haitises ) in the northeastern section of the present - day Dominican Republic . When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492 , he named it Insula Hispana in Latin and La Isla Española in Spanish , with both meaning `` the Spanish island '' . De las Casas shortened the name to `` Española '' , and when d'Anghiera detailed his account of the island in Latin , he rendered its name as Hispaniola . In the oldest documented map of the island , created by Andrés de Morales , Los Haitises is labeled Montes de Haití ( `` Haiti Mountains '' ) , and de las Casas apparently named the whole island Haiti on the basis of that particular region , as d'Anghiera states that the name of one part was given to the whole island . Due to Taíno , Spanish and French influences on the island , historically the whole island was often referred to as Haiti , Hayti , Santo Domingo , St. Domingue , or San Domingo . The colonial terms Saint - Domingue and Santo Domingo are sometimes still applied to the whole island , though these names refer , respectively , to the colonies that became Haiti and the Dominican Republic . Since Anghiera 's literary work was translated into English and French soon after being written , the name `` Hispaniola '' became the most frequently used term in English - speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works . In 1918 , the United States occupation government , led by Harry Shepard Knapp , obliged the use of the name Hispaniola on the island , and recommended the use of that name to the National Geographic Society . The name Haïti was adopted by Haitian revolutionary Jean - Jacques Dessalines in 1804 , as the official name of independent Saint - Domingue , as a tribute to the Amerindian predecessors . It was also adopted as the official name of independent Santo Domingo , as the Republic of Spanish Haiti , a state that existed from November 1821 until its annexation by Haiti in February 1822 . Post-columbian ( edit ) Columbus landing on Hispaniola Christopher Columbus inadvertently landed on the island during his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492 , where his flagship , the Santa Maria , sank after running aground on December 25 . A contingent of men were left at an outpost christened La Navidad , on the north coast of present - day Haiti . On his return the following year , following the destruction of La Navidad by the local population , Columbus quickly established a second compound farther east in present - day Dominican Republic , La Isabela . The island was inhabited by the Taíno , one of the indigenous Arawak peoples . The Taino were at first tolerant of Columbus and his crew , and helped him to construct La Navidad on what is now Môle - Saint - Nicolas , Haiti , in December 1492 . European colonization of the island began in earnest the following year , when 1,300 men arrived from Spain under the watch of Bartolomeo Columbus . In 1496 the town of Nueva Isabela was founded . After being destroyed by a hurricane , it was rebuilt on the opposite side of the Ozama River and called Santo Domingo . It is the oldest permanent European settlement in the Americas . Chiefdoms of Hispaniola Several 16th century writers estimated the 1492 population of Hispaniola at over 1 million people . Twentieth - century estimates of the figure range from 60,000 to 8,000,000 , but center around the 500,000 to 1,000,000 range . Harsh enslavement by Spanish colonists , redirection of food supplies and labor towards the colonists , had a devastating impact on both mortality and fertility over the first quarter century . Colonial administrators and Dominican and Hyeronimite priests observed that the search for gold and agrarian enslavement through the encomienda system were depressing population . Demographic data from two provinces in 1514 shows a low birth rate consistent with a 3.5 % annual population decline . Just 14,000 Taínos survived in 1517 . In 1503 the colony began to import African slaves , believing them more capable of performing physical labor . The first documented outbreak of smallpox , previously an Eastern hemisphere disease , on Hispaniola occurred in December 1518 among enslaved African miners . Some scholars speculate that European diseases arrived before this date , but there is no compelling evidence for an outbreak . The natives had no immunity to European diseases , including smallpox . By May 1519 , as many as one - third of the remaining Taínos had died . Christopher Columbus brought sugar cane on his second voyage to the island . Molasses was the chief product . Diego Colon 's plantation had 40 African slaves in 1522 . By 1526 , 19 mills were in operation from Azua to Santo Domingo . In 1574 , a census taken of the Greater Antilles reported 1,000 Spaniards and 12,000 African slaves on Hispaniola . As Spain conquered new regions on the mainland of the Americas ( Spanish Main ) , its interest in Hispaniola waned , and the colony 's population grew slowly . By the early 17th century , the island and its smaller neighbors ( notably Tortuga ) became regular stopping points for Caribbean pirates . In 1606 , the government of Philip III ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo , to avoid interaction with pirates . Rather than secure the island , his action meant that French , English and Dutch pirates established their own bases on the abandoned north and west coasts of the island . French map of Hispaniola by Nicolas de Fer In 1665 , French colonization of the island was officially recognized by King Louis XIV . The French colony was given the name Saint - Domingue . In the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick , Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France . Saint - Domingue quickly came to overshadow the east in both wealth and population . Nicknamed the `` Pearl of the Antilles , '' it became the richest and most prosperous colony in the West Indies , with a system of human enslavement used to grow and harvest sugar cane , during a time when demand for sugar was high in Europe . Slavery kept prices low and profit was maximized at the expense of human lives . It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe . With the treaty of Peace of Basel , revolutionary France emerged as a major European power . In the second 1795 Treaty of Basel ( July 22 ) , Spain ceded the eastern two - thirds of the island of Hispaniola , later to become the Dominican Republic . French settlers had begun to colonize some areas in the Spanish side of the territory . European colonists often died young due to tropical fevers , as well as from violent slave resistance in the late eighteenth century . When the French Revolution abolished slavery in the colonies on February 4 , 1794 , it was a European first , and when Napoleon reimposed slavery in 1802 it led to a major upheaval by the emancipated black slaves . Thousands of the French troops sent by Napoleon to reestablish slavery succumbed to yellow fever during the summer months , and more than half of the French army died because of disease . After the French removed the surviving 7,000 troops in late 1803 , the leaders of the revolution declared western Hispaniola the new nation of independent Haiti in early 1804 . France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo . In 1805 , Haitian troops of General Henri Christophe tried to conquer all of Hispaniola . They invaded Santo Domingo and sacked the towns of Santiago de los Caballeros and Moca , killing most of their residents , but news of a French fleet sailing towards Haiti forced General Christophe to return to Haiti , leaving the eastern Spanish side of the island in French hands . In 1808 , following Napoleon 's invasion of Spain , the criollos of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule and , with the aid of the United Kingdom ( Spain 's ally ) returned Santo Domingo to Spanish control . Fearing the influence of a society that had successfully fought and won against their enslavers , the United States and European powers refused to recognize Haiti , the second republic in the western hemisphere . France demanded a high payment for compensation to slaveholders who lost their property , and Haiti was saddled with unmanageable debt for decades . It became one of the poorest countries in the Americas , while the Dominican Republic gradually has developed into the largest economy of Central America and the Caribbean . Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Haiti and Geography of the Dominican Republic Topographic map of Hispaniola Hispaniola is the second - largest island in the Caribbean ( after Cuba ) , with an area of 76,192 square kilometers ( 29,418 sq mi ) , 48,440 square kilometers ( 18,700 sq mi ) of which is under the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern portion and 27,750 square kilometers ( 10,710 sq mi ) under the sovereignty of Haiti occupying the western portion . The island of Cuba lies 80 kilometers ( 50 mi ) to the northwest across the Windward Passage ; to the southwest lies Jamaica , separated by the Jamaica Channel . Puerto Rico lies east of Hispaniola across the Mona Passage . The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands lie to the north . Its westernmost point is known as Cap Carcasse . Cuba , Hispaniola , Jamaica , and Puerto Rico are collectively known as the Greater Antilles . The island has five major mountain ranges : The Central Range , known in the Dominican Republic as the Cordillera Central , spans the central part of the island , extending from the south coast of the Dominican Republic into northwestern Haiti , where it is known as the Massif du Nord . This mountain range boasts the highest peak in the Antilles , Pico Duarte at 3,098 meters ( 10,164 ft ) above sea level . The Cordillera Septentrional runs parallel to the Central Range across the northern end of the Dominican Republic , extending into the Atlantic Ocean as the Samaná Peninsula . The Cordillera Central and Cordillera Septentrional are separated by the lowlands of the Cibao Valley and the Atlantic coastal plains , which extend westward into Haiti as the Plaine du Nord ( Northern Plain ) . The lowest of the ranges is the Cordillera Oriental , in the eastern part of the country . The Sierra de Neiba rises in the southwest of the Dominican Republic , and continues northwest into Haiti , parallel to the Cordillera Central , as the Montagnes Noires , Chaîne des Matheux and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau . The Plateau Central lies between the Massif du Nord and the Montagnes Noires , and the Plaine de l'Artibonite lies between the Montagnes Noires and the Chaîne des Matheux , opening westward toward the Gulf of Gonâve , the largest gulf of the Antilles . The southern range begins in the southwestern most Dominican Republic as the Sierra de Bahoruco , and extends west into Haiti as the Massif de la Selle and the Massif de la Hotte , which form the mountainous spine of Haiti 's southern peninsula . Pic de la Selle is the highest peak in the southern range , the third highest peak in the Antilles and consequently the highest point in Haiti , at 2,680 meters ( 8,790 ft ) above sea level . A depression runs parallel to the southern range , between the southern range and the Chaîne des Matheux - Sierra de Neiba . It is known as the Plaine du Cul - de-Sac in Haiti , and Haiti 's capital Port - au - Prince lies at its western end . The depression is home to a chain of salt lakes , including Lake Azuei in Haiti and Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic . The island has four distinct ecoregions . The Hispaniolan moist forests ecoregion covers approximately 50 % of the island , especially the northern and eastern portions , predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters ( 6,900 ft ) elevation . The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20 % of the island , lying in the rain shadow of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the Cibao valley in the center - north of the island . The Hispaniolan pine forests occupy the mountainous 15 % of the island , above 850 metres ( 2,790 ft ) elevation . The flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of Lake Azuei and Trou Caïman in Haiti and the nearby Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic . Fauna ( edit ) There are many bird species in Hispaniola , and the island 's amphibian species are also diverse . Flora ( edit ) The island has four distinct ecoregions . The Hispaniolan moist forests ecoregion covers approximately 50 % of the island , especially the northern and eastern portions , predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters ( 6,900 ft ) elevation . The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20 % of the island , lying in the rain shadow of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the Cibao valley in the center - north of the island . The Hispaniolan pine forests occupy the mountainous 15 % of the island , above 850 metres ( 2,790 ft ) elevation . The flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of Lake Azuei and Trou Caïman in Haiti and the nearby Lake Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic . Satellite image depicting the border between Haiti ( left ) and the Dominican Republic ( right ) In Haiti , deforestation has long been cited by scientists as a source of ecological crisis ; the timber industry dates back to French colonial rule . Haiti has seen a dramatic reduction of forests due to the excessive and increasing use of charcoal as fuel for cooking . Recent in - depth studies of satellite imagery and environmental analysis regarding forest classification conclude an accurate estimate of approximately 30 % tree cover , a stark decrease in the 60 % forest cover in 1925 . Despite recent in - depth studies , the notoriously unsubstantiated 2 % forest cover estimate has been widely circulated in media and in discourse concerning the country . Despite the drastic underestimation of Haiti 's forest cover , the country has been significantly deforested over the last 50 years , resulting in the desertification of portions of the Haitian territory . In the Dominican Republic the forest cover has increased . In 2003 the Dominican forest cover had been reduced to 32 % of the territory , but in 2011 the trend towards reducing reverts to increase forest cover by eight percentage points to stand at nearly 40 % of territory . The success of the Dominican forest growth is due to several Dominican government policies and private organizations for the purpose , and a strong educational campaign that has resulted in increased awareness on the Dominican people of the importance of forests for their welfare and in other forms of life on the island . Climate ( edit ) Cordillera Central , Dominican Republic Owing to its mountainous topography , Hispaniola 's climate shows considerable variation over short distances , and is the most varied of all the Antilles . Except in the Northern Hemisphere summer season , the predominant winds over Hispaniola are the northeast trade winds . As in Jamaica and Cuba , these winds deposit their moisture on the northern mountains , and create a distinct rain shadow on the southern coast , where some areas receive as little as 400 millimetres ( 16 in ) of rainfall , and have semi-arid climates . Annual rainfall under 600 millimetres ( 24 in ) also occurs on the southern coast of Haiti 's northwest peninsula and in the central Azúa region of the Plaine du Cul - de-Sac . In these regions , moreover , there is generally little rainfall outside hurricane season from August to October , and droughts are by no means uncommon when hurricanes do not come . Les Cayes , Sud , Haiti On the northern coast , in contrast , rainfall may peak between December and February , though some rain falls in all months of the year . Annual amounts typically range from 1,700 to 2,000 millimetres ( 67 to 79 in ) on the northern coastal lowlands ; there is probably much more in the Cordillera Septentrional , though no data exist . The interior of Hispaniola , along with the southeastern coast centred around Santo Domingo , typically receives around 1,400 millimetres ( 55 in ) per year , with a distinct wet season from May to October . Usually , this wet season has two peaks : one around May , the other around the hurricane season . In the interior highlands , rainfall is much greater , around 3,100 millimetres ( 120 in ) per year , but with a similar pattern to that observed in the central lowlands . As is usual for tropical islands , variations of temperature are much less marked than rainfall variations , and depend only on altitude . Lowland Hispaniola is generally oppressively hot and humid , with temperatures averaging 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) . with high humidity during the daytime , and around 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) at night . At higher altitudes , temperatures fall steadily , so that frosts occur during the dry season on the highest peaks , where maxima are no higher than 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . Demographics ( edit ) The Dominican Republic is a Hispanophone nation of approximately 10 million people . Spanish is spoken by all Dominicans as a primary language . Roman Catholicism is the official and dominant religion . Haiti is a Francophone nation of roughly 10 million people . Although French is spoken as a primary language by the educated and wealthy minority , virtually the entire population speaks Haitian Creole , one of several French - derived creole languages . Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion , practiced by more than half the population , although in some cases in combination with Haitian Vodou faith . Another 25 % of the populace belong to Protestant churches . Haiti emerged as the first Black republic in the world . Ethnic composition ( edit ) The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73 % mixed ( African / European ) , 16 % white and 11 % black . The ethnic composition of Haiti is estimated to be 95 % black , 5 % white and mixed . Economics ( edit ) The island has the largest economy in the Greater Antilles , however most of the economic development is found in the Dominican Republic , the Dominican economy being nearly 800 % larger than the Haitian economy . The estimated annual per capita income is US $1,300 in Haiti and US $8,200 in Dominican Republic . The divergence between the level of economic development between Haiti and Dominican Republic makes its border the higher contrast of all western land borders and is evident that the Dominican Republic has one of the highest migration issues in the Americas . Geologic map of Hispaniola . Mzb are Mesozoic amphibolites and associated metasedimentary rocks , Ki are Cretaceous plutons , Kv are Cretaceous volcanic rocks , uK are Upper Cretaceous marine strata , Ku are Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks , K are Cretaceous marine strata , IT are Eocene and / or Paleocene marine strata , uT are Post-Eocene marine strata , T are Tertiary marine strata , V are volcanic rocks , and Q are Quaternary alluvium . The black triangles indicate the Late Eocene Hatillo Thrust fault . Precious metals ( edit ) Christopher Columbus , noting `` the land and trees resembled those of Spain , and that the sailors caught in their nets many fish like those of Spain ... named it Espanola on Sunday , December 9th . '' One of the first inhabitants he came across on this island was `` a girl wearing only a gold nose plug . '' Columbus later learned that the `` land of gold was farther east . '' Soon the Tainos were trading pieces of gold for hawk 's bells with their cacique declaring the gold came from Cibao . Traveling further east from Navidad , Columbus came across the Yaque del Norte River , which he named Rio de Oro because its `` sands abound in gold dust . '' On Columbus ' return during his second voyage he learned it was the cacique Caonabo , `` lord of the mines '' , who had massacred his settlement at Navidad . While Columbus established a new settlement at La Isabela on Jan. 1494 , he sent Alonso de Ojeda and 15 men to search for the `` mines of Cibao . '' After a six - day journey , Ojeda came across an area `` very rich in gold '' , in which the `` Indians took gold out of a brook ... and many other streams in that province . '' Columbus himself visited the mines of Cibao on 12 March 1494 . He constructed the Fort of Santo Tomas , present day Janico , with Captain Pedro Margarit in command of 56 men . On 24 March 1495 , Columbus with his ally Guacanagarix , embarked on a war of revenge against Caonabo , capturing him and his family while `` killing many Indians and capturing others . '' Afterwards , `` every person of fourteen years of age or upward was to pay a large hawk 's bell of gold dust . '' Miguel Diaz and Francisco de Garay discovered large gold nuggets on the lower Haina River in 1496 . These San Cristobal mines were later known as the Minas Viejas mines . Then , in 1499 , the first major discovery of gold was made in the cordillera central , which led to a mining boom . By 1501 , Columbus ' cousin Giovanni Colombo , had discovered gold near Buenaventura , the deposits were later known as Minas Nuevas . Two major mining areas resulted , one along San Cristobal - Buenaventura , and another in Cibao within the La Vega - Cotuy - Bonao triangle , while Santiago de los Caballeros , Concepcion , and Bonao became mining towns . The gold rush of 1500 -- 1508 ensued . Ferdinand `` ordered gold from the richest mines reserved for the Crown . '' Thus , Ovando expropriated the gold mines of Miguel Diaz and Francisco de Garay in 1504 , as pit mines became royal mines , though placers were open to private prospectors . Furthermore , Ferdinand wanted the `` best Indians '' working his royal mines , and kept 967 in the San Cristobal mining area supervised by salaried miners . Under Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres ' governorship , the Indians were made to work in the gold mines , `` where they were grossly overworked , mistreated , and underfed , '' according to Pons . By 1503 , the Spanish Crown legalized the distribution of Indians to work the mines as part of the encomienda system . According to Pons , `` Once the Indians entered the mines , hunger and disease literally wiped them out . '' By 1508 the Indian population of about 400,000 was reduced to 60,000 , and by 1514 , only 26,334 remained . About half were located in the mining towns of Concepcion , Santiago , Santo Domingo , and Buenaventura . The repartimiento of 1514 accelerated emigration of the Spanish colonists , coupled with the exhaustion of the mines . In 1516 , a smallpox epidemic killed an additional 8,000 , of the remaining 11,000 Indians , in one month . By 1519 , according to Pons , `` Both the gold economy and the Indian population became extinct at the same time . '' However , writing in 1860 , Courtney observed , the island is `` one immense gold field '' , of which the early Spaniards had `` scarcely began to be developed . '' Additionally , `` The gold is still found in the Cibao regions as of old . '' By 1919 , Condit and Ross noted `` the greater part of the Republic is covered by concessions granted by the government for mining minerals of diverse sorts . '' Besides gold , these minerals included silver , manganese , copper , magnetite , iron and nickel . Mining operations in 2016 have taken advantage of the volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits ( VMS ) around Maimón . To the northeast , the Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine was operated by state - owned Rosario Dominicana from 1975 until 1991 . In 2009 , Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation , formed by Barrick Gold and Goldcorp , started open - pit mining operations of the Monte Negro and Moore oxide deposits . The mined ore is processed with gold cyanidation . Pyrite and sphalerite are the main sulfide minerals found in the 120 m thick volcanic conglomerates and agglomerates , which constitute the world 's second largest sulphidation gold deposit . Between Bonao and Maimon , Falconbridge Dominicana has been mining nickel laterites since 1971 . The Cerro de Maimon copper / gold open - pit mine southeast of Maimon has been operated by Perilya since 2006 . Copper is extracted from the sulfide ores , while gold and silver are extracted from both the sulfide and the oxide ores . Processing is via froth flotation and cyanidation . The ore is located in the VMS Early Cretaceous Maimon Formation . Goethite enriched with gold and silver is found in the 30 m thick oxide cap . Below that cap is a supergene zone containing pyrite , chalcopyrite , and sphalerite . Below the supergene zone is found the unaltered massive sulphide mineralization . See also ( edit ) Casa de Contratación Dominican Republic -- Haiti relations Geography of the Dominican Republic Geography of Haiti List of divided islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Highest Elevation , CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ Haiti & The Dominican Republic IMF population estimates . ^ Jump up to : Anglería , Pedro Mártir de ( 1949 ) . Décadas del Nuevo Mundo , Tercera Década , Libro VII ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Editorial Bajel . ^ Jump up to : Las Casas , Fray Bartolomé de ( 1966 ) . Apologética Histórica Sumaria ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : UNAM . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of the Dominican Republic , in the United States '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Central America and Caribbean : Haiti , CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ `` Quam protinus Hispanam dixi '' : Epistola De Insulis Nuper Repertis ( Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez , March 14 , 1493 ) . ^ Jump up to : McIntosh , Gregory C ( 2000 ) . The Piri Reis Map of 1513 . University of Georgia Press . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2157 - 8 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Albert ( 1989 ) . `` The Butterflies of Hispaniola '' . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 0902 - 5 . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Castillo Pantaleón , Juan Miguel ( 2012 ) . La Nacionalidad Dominicana ( in Spanish ) . Santo Domingo : Editora Nacional , Ministerio de Cultura . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 9945 - 469 - 97 - 4 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lancer , Jalisco . `` The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic '' . All Empires Online History Community . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti -- Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2005 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Voyage 2 -- Columbus and Dominica Isabella I of Castile ^ Jump up to : Alchon , Suzanne Austin ( 2003 ) . A pest in the land : New world epidemics in a global perspective . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . pp. 164 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2870 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Livi - Bacci , Massimo ( 2006 ) . `` The Depopulation of Hispanic America after the Conquest '' . Population and Development Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 208 -- 213 . ISSN 0098 - 7921 . JSTOR 20058872 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lord , Lewis ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` A Conqueror More Lethal Than the Sword '' . US News and World Report . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Donald R. ( 2002 - 09 - 15 ) . The Greatest Killer : Smallpox in History . University of Chicago Press . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35168 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` History of Smallpox -- Smallpox Through the Ages '' . Texas Department of State Health Services . Jump up ^ Austin Alchon , Suzanne ( 2003 ) . A pest in the land : new world epidemics in a global perspective . University of New Mexico Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2871 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Floyd , Troy ( 1973 ) . The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean , 1492 -- 1526 . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . pp. 44 , 50 , 57 -- 58 , 74 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1972 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York City : Mentor . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 62600 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hispaniola Article '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dominican Republic 2014 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Popkin , Jeremy D. ( 2008 ) Facing Racial Revolution : Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection . pp. 184 -- 213 . ISBN 0226675831 Jump up ^ Bollet , A.J. ( 2004 ) . Plagues and Poxes : The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease . Demos Medical Publishing . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 1 - 888799 - 79 - X . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Jared M. and Robinson , James A. ( 2011 ) Natural Experiments of History . pp. 126 -- 128 . ISBN 9780674060197 Jump up ^ Central America and Caribbean : Dominican Republic , CIA World Factbook ^ Jump up to : Bowin , Carl ( 1975 ) . Nairn , Alan ; Stehli , Francis , eds . The Geology of Hispaniola , in The Ocean Basins and Margins . New York : Springer Science + Business Media , LLC . p. 503 . ISBN 9781468485370 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti is Covered with Trees '' . EnviroSociety . Tarter , Andrew . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , M.R. , ed. ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` One of the Most Repeated Facts about Haiti is a Lie '' . Vice News . Jump up ^ FUNGLODE -- República Dominicana aumenta su cobertura boscosa a 39.7 % ^ Jump up to : Alpert , Leo ( 1941 ) . `` The Areal Distribution of Mean Annual Rainfall Over the Island of Hispaniola '' . Monthly Weather Review . 69 ( 7 ) : 201 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1941 ) 069 < 0201 : TADOMA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Camberlin , Pierre ( 2010 ) . `` More variable tropical climates have a slower demographic growth '' ( PDF ) . Climate Research . 41 : 157 . doi : 10.3354 / cr00856 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Jump up ^ `` Haitians Heroes '' ( PDF ) . Palmbeachschools.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bello , Marisol ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Hispaniola comparison '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ IMF -- PIB per cápita ( PPA ) República Dominicana / Haití ^ Jump up to : Columbus , Ferdinand ( 1959 ) . The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand . New Brunswick : Rutgers , The State University . pp. 76 -- 77 , 83 , 87 . Jump up ^ Pons , Frank ( 1995 ) . The Dominican Republic , A National History . New Rochelle : Hispaniola Books . pp. 33 -- 37 . ISBN 1885509014 . Jump up ^ Courtney , W.S. ( 1860 ) . The Gold Fields of St. Domingo . New York : Anson P. Norton . pp. 123 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Condit , D. Dale ; Ross , Clyde P. ( 1921 ) . Economic Geology , Chapter X , in A Geological Reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic . Washington : United States Geological Survey . p. 228 . Jump up ^ `` Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine , Dominican Republic '' . mining-technology.com . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro de Maimon '' . Perilya.com . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hispaniola . Look up hispaniola in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hispaniola . Google maps Map of the Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico from 1639 Champlin , Jr. , John D. ( 1880 ) . `` Hayti '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 9th ed . ) . The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake at the Library of Congress contains primary materials on Hispaniola . 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Mescalero

Mescalero - wikipedia Mescalero Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Native American tribe . For other uses , see Mescalero ( disambiguation ) . Mescalero Apache Mescalero Apache Tribal Administrative Offices and Community Center in Mescalero , New Mexico Total population 5,130 Regions with significant populations Languages Mescalero , English , Spanish Religion Indigenous Religion , mescalero Related ethnic groups Western Apache , San Carlos Apache , White Mountain Apache , Navajo Mescalero or Mescalero Apache is an Apache tribe of Southern Athabaskan Native Americans . The tribe is federally recognized as the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Apache Reservation , located in south central New Mexico . In the nineteenth century , the Mescalero opened their reservation to other Apache bands , such as the Mimbreno and the Chiricahua , many of whom had been imprisoned in Florida . The Lipan Apache also joined the reservation . Their descendants are enrolled in the Mescalero Apache Tribe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reservation 2 Tribal government 3 Culture and language 4 Origin of name 5 Tribal territory 6 Bands 7 Notable Mescalero 7.1 Historical chiefs and headmen 7.2 Other notable Mescalero 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Reservation ( edit ) Two Mescalero women , with tipis and ramada ( to the left ) . Originally established on May 27 , 1873 , by Executive Order of President Ulysses S. Grant , the reservation was first located near Fort Stanton . The present reservation was established in 1883 . It has a land area of 1,862.463 km2 ( 719.101 sq mi ) , almost entirely in Otero County . The 463,000 - acre reservation lies on the eastern flank of the Sacramento Mountains and borders the Lincoln National Forest . A small unpopulated section is in Lincoln County just southwest of Ruidoso . U.S. Route 70 is the major highway through the reservation . The tribe has an economy based largely on ranching and tourism . The mountains and foothills are forested with pines ; resource and commercial development is managed carefully by the Mescalero Apache Tribal Council . The Mescalero Apache developed a cultural center near the tribal headquarters on U.S. Route 70 in the reservation 's largest community of Mescalero . On display are tribal artifacts and important historical information . The tribe also operates another , larger museum on the western flank of the Sacramento Mountains in Dog Canyon , south of Alamogordo . The tribe developed and owns the Inn of the Mountain Gods Resort and Casino ( `` IMG '' ) within Lincoln National Forest . As part of the IMG operation , the tribe also owns and manages Ski Apache under contract as a concession with the US Forest Service . It is the southernmost major ski area in North America . In January 2012 , Ski Apache celebrated its 50th anniversary . The ski area is situated adjacent to the massive peak of Sierra Blanca a 12,003 - foot ( 3,659 m ) mountain . It is the southernmost alpine peak in the Continental United States and is part of the Sacramento Mountains . Using the EPA 's Level III Ecoregion System , derived from Omernik , this mountain is included in the `` Arizona / New Mexico Mountains , '' which is south of the `` Southern Rocky Mountains '' of northern New Mexico . Sierra Blanca peak , located on the reservation , is sacred ground for the Mescalero Apache Tribe . They do not allow access without a permit . Tribal government ( edit ) The Mescalero Apache Tribe holds elections for the office of president every two years . The eight Tribal Council members also are elected for two years . Election for the Council is held every year , when one half of the members are up for reelection . The reservation had a population of 3,156 according to the 2000 census . In 1959 , the tribe elected Virginia Klinekole as its first woman president . She later was elected to the Tribal Council , serving on it until 1986 . The tribe repeatedly re-elected Wendell Chino as president ; he served a total of 43 years , until his death on November 4 , 1998 . Soon after Chino 's death , the late Sara Misquez was elected as president . Chino 's son , Mark Chino , also has been elected and served as president . New officers have served in the 21st century . On January 11 , 2008 Carleton Naiche - Palmer was sworn in as the new president of the Mescalero Apache tribe . From 2014 to 2018 , Danny Breuninger was President of the Mescalero Apache Tribe . Currently serving in the Office of President is Arthur `` Butch '' Blazer . Gabe Aguilar has been Vice President of the Mescalero Apache Tribe since 2014 . Culture and language ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : section . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2010 ) The Mescalero language is a Southern Athabaskan language which is a subfamily of the Athabaskan and Dené -- Yeniseian families . Mescalero is part of the southwestern branch of this subfamily ; it is very closely related to Chiricahua , and more distantly related to Western Apache . These are considered the three dialects of Apachean . Although Navajo is a related Southern Athabaskan language , its language and culture are considered distinct from those of the Apache . The Mescalero Apache were primarily a nomadic mountain people . They traveled east on the arid plains to hunt the buffalo and south into the desert for gathering Mescal Agave . Spanish colonists associated them with this plant and named them Mescalero Apache . The Mescalero Apache , along with the other Apache groups , lived by traditional hunting and gathering . If conditions were poor , they raided other tribes , and Spanish , Mexican and American settlers to survive . Origin of name ( edit ) The Mescalero 's autonym , or name for themselves , is Shis - Inday ( `` People of the Mountain Forests '' ) or Mashgalénde ( `` People close to the mountains '' ) . The Navajo , another Athabascan - speaking tribe , call the Mescalero Naashgalí Dineʼé . Like other Apache peoples they often identify simply as Inday / Indee ( `` The People '' ) . Neighboring Apache bands called the Mescalero Nadahéndé ( `` People of the Mescal '' ) , because the mescal agave ( Agave parryi ) was a staple food source for them . In times of need and hunger , they depended on stored mescal for survival . Since 1550 Spanish colonists referred to them as the Mescalero . Mescalero Apache bands were often referred to by European colonists and settlers by different names , some related to their geographic territory . They were recorded in documents by a wide number of names : Apaches de Cuartelejo , Apaches del Río Grande , Apachi , Faraones , Mezcaleros , Natage ( more correctly , one of the Lipan Apache subdivisions , along with the Nahizan ) , Natahene , Querechos , Teyas , Tularosa Apaches , and Vaqueros . They were also distinguished as Sierra Blanca Apaches , Sacramento Mountains Apaches , Guadalupe Mountains Apaches , Limpia Mountains Apaches . according to their homelands in northern or southern Mescalero territory . Tribal territory ( edit ) Originally the different Mescalero bands and local groups ranged in an area between the Rio Grande in the west and the eastern and southern edge of the Llano Estacado and the southern Texas Panhandle in Texas in the east ; from present - day Santa Fe in the northwest and the Texas Panhandle in the northeast , down to the Big Bend of Texas and what became the Mexican provinces of Chihuahua and Coahuila to the south . The diverse landscape of this area has high mountains up to 12,000 feet , as well as watered and sheltered valleys , surrounded by arid semi-deserts and deserts , deep canyons and open plains . The Mescalero Apache Reservation is located at geographical coordinates 33 ° 10 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W  /  33.17833 ° N 105.61222 ° W  / 33.17833 ; - 105.61222 . Since each band of Mescalero had the right to use the resources of deer and plants of the neighboring groups , the different bands felt at home in any area of their wide tribal territory . The Mescalero bands often ranged widely for hunting , gathering , warring and raiding . They called their home Indeislun Nakah ( `` people , forming a group , when they are there , '' `` place where people get together '' ) . When many Mescalero bands were displaced by the enemy Comanche from the Southern Plains in northern and central Texas between 1700 -- 1750 , they took refuge in the mountains of New Mexico , western Texas , and Coahuila and Chihuahua in Mexico . Some southern Mescalero bands , together with Lipan , lived in the Bolsón de Mapimí , moving between the Nazas River , the Conchos River and the Rio Grande to the north . Bands ( edit ) Mescalero painted boy ; photo entitled Long Walk of the Navajo . After being defeated by United States military forces , most of the Navajo were marched over 350 - mile ( 560 km ) during the winter of 1864 and incarcerated at Bosque Redondo , New Mexico with the Mescalero Apache . Natahéndé / Nadahéndé ( Spanish rendering - translteration - as Natages , pronounced Na - ta - hay , `` Mescal People '' ; lived between Rio Grande and Pecos River in central New Mexico , with local groups traveling on the southern and western edge of the Llano Estacado onto the southern Texas Panhandle ) Guhlkahéndé / Guułgahénde ( Spanish rendering as Cuelcajenne , `` People of the Plains '' ; lived east of the mountains and the Pecos River , on the High Plains from the Texas Panhandle to the Pecos Valley , between Amarillo , Tucumcari , Lubbock and the Llano Estacado , along the Sandia and Tijeras Mountains westward to Santa Fe , from Nogal Canyon to the north to Las Vegas , from the Organ Mountains eastwards to El Paso . In Oklahoma ( Indian Territory ) they developed kinship ties by marriage with the Comanche . ) Dzithinahndé / Tsilnihéndé ( Spanish rendering as Chilpaines , `` Mountain Ridge Band People '' , lived in the mountains west and south of the Pecos River , extending in northern Chihuahua and Coahuila of present - day Mexico . ) Ch'laandé / Tslahahéndé ( `` Antelope Band People '' ; lived west of the Pecos west to the Rio Grande in the mountains of central and south New Mexico and the Tularosa Basin . ) Nit'ahéndé / Niit'ahénde ( `` People Who Live Against the Mountains '' , `` Earth Crevine ( Deer ) People '' ; lived in the Sacramento Mountains in New Mexico and the Guadalupe Mountains in western Texas . ) Tsehitcihéndé ( `` People of Hook Nose '' , several bands , who lived in the Guadalupe Mountains , the adjacent Plains of Texas and in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua of Mexico . ) Tsebekinéndé ( `` Rock House People '' , often called by Spanish and Americans Aguas Nuevas or Norteños , have been based around the Nuevo Casas Grandes in Chihuahua , migrating north toward the Sacramento Mountains and south to Agua Nueva 60 miles north of Chihuahua City , also on both sides of the Rio Grande between El Paso and Ojinaga , Chihuahua ; some local groups lived in the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains ) Tahuundé / Tá'huú'ndé ( `` Mountains Extending into the River People '' , lived on both sides of the Pecos River in southern New Mexico and into southwestern Texas ) Tuintsundé / Túntsande ( `` Big Water People '' , once the Tú sis Ndé band of the Lipan Apache , who lived in south central Texas and in northern Coahuila , camping together with several bands of the Mescalero on the Plains for hunting and raiding ; they merged with the Mescalero , forming a Mescalero band ) Tuetinini / Tú'é'dinénde ( `` No Water People '' , `` Tough People of the Desert '' , once the Tú é diné Ndé band of the Lipan Apache , who had territory in northern Coahuila and Chihuahua ; they eventually merged with some southern Mescalero bands ) The Natahéndé had had a considerable influence on the decision - making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century , especially on the Tindi Ndé , Tcha shka - ózhäye , Tú é diné Ndé and Tú sis Ndé . To fight their common enemy , the Comanche , and to protect the northeastern and eastern border of the Apacheria against the Comancheria , the Mescalero ( Natahéndé and Guhlkahéndé ) on the Plains joined forces with their Lipan kin ( Cuelcahen Ndé , Te'l kóndahä , Ndáwe qóhä and Shá i ` a Nde ) to the east and south of them . In August 1912 , by an act of the U.S. Congress , the surviving members of the Chiricahua tribe were released from their prisoner - of - war status . They were given the choice to remain at Fort Sill , Oklahoma , where they had been imprisoned since ? , or to relocate to the Mescalero Apache reservation . One hundred and eighty - three elected to go to New Mexico , while seventy - eight remained in Oklahoma . Their descendants still reside in both places . Notable Mescalero ( edit ) Historical chiefs and headmen ( edit ) Gorgonia , Sierrablanca Mescalero medicine man Gorgonio , northern Mescalero medicine - man , aide to old Barranquito and , later , to Santana . Gómez , southern Mescalero chief who led a large band of five local groups with about 400 warriors . His band lived in the Big Bend Country and the Trans - Pecos on both sides of the Rio Grande ; his stronghold was in the Limpia Mountains , later named Davis Mountains . When Governor Trias offered 1,000 pesos for his scalp , Gómez offered an equal amount for any Mexican or American scalp . His segundos - or war chiefs - were Cigarito , Chinonero , Simón Porode , and Simón Manuel . Cigarito , leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans - Pecos ; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero Chief Gómez , 1840s - 1860s Chinonero , leader of a local group in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and in the lowlands of the Trans - Pecos ; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez , 1840s - 1860s ) Simón Porode , leader of a local group in West - Texas ; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez . In 1850 he and Simón Manuel contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace , but were likely overruled by Gómez , 1840s - 1860s . Simón Manuel , leader of a local group in West - Texas ; segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Gómez . In 1850 he and leader Simón Porode contacted the garrison at San Elizario to sue for peace , but were likely overruled by Gómez , 1840s - 1860s ) Marco ( also known as Marcus ) southern Mescalero chief who led a band of about 600 people , including about 200 warriors - presumably Tsehitcihéndé or Niit'ahénde . They lived in the Big Bend Country , ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the Guadalupe Mountains toward east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains . He was reported to have led frequent raids and attacks of parties on the San Antonio road and in the settlement near El Paso . He wished to join the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band , but their request was refused , because they were considered a Texas Mescalero band ; active in the 1840s - 1860s . Espejo ( `` looking - glass '' ) , southern Mescalero chief led a large band , presumably Tsebekinéndé , with several local groups under his segundos ( or war chiefs ) Nicolás and Antonio . They ranged between Limpia Canyon , Horsehead Crossing on the Pecos and east of the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains onto the surrounding desert lowlands of the Trans - Pecos in West Texas , from the 1840s - late 1860s . Nicolás , leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains , segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo , 1840s - 1860s . Antonio , leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé band in the Limpia also known as Davis Mountains and east onto the edge of the Southern Plains , segundo and war chief of southern Mescalero chief Espejo , 1840s - 1860s . Mateo leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé ( often called by Spanish and Americans Aguas Nuevas or Norteños ) , stayed together with Verancia in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the Sacramento Mountains and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid , since they were considered `` troublesome . '' , 1840s - 1860s Verancia , said to be a son of Gomez , leader of a local group of the Tsebekinéndé , stayed together with Mateo in the vicinity of Dog Canyon in the Sacramento Mountains and presumably followed the old ways of hunt and raid , since they were considered `` troublesome . '' , 1840s - 1860s ) Barranquito ( also known as Palanquito ) , most influential chief of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band , which ranged between the Sierra Blanca Mountains east toward the Pecos River , probably the most important Mescalero chief in the early 1800s , when he died in 1857 , his three sons and / or nephews Santana , Cadete and Roman succeeded him Santana ( also known as Santa Ana ) , ca . 1810 - † 1876 , son and successor of Barranquito , since about 1830 ' had been a local group leader of great authority of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band , since the death of Barranquito Santana seem to have had the most influence within the northern Mescalero bands , but avoided the spotlight and was hardly known by the whites , in his later years he became the most steadfast friend of the whites , until his death of pneumonia or smallpox Cadete ( also known as Cadette - `` Volunteer '' , in Apache : Gian - na - tah ( `` Always Ready '' ) , also known as Zhee - es - not - son , Zhee Ah Nat Tsa ) , a son and successor of Barranquito . After Santana he was the most prominent and powerful chief of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band , was more diplomatic than Santana and was a spokesman for the northern Mescalero bands . After the outbreak from Bosque Redondo on November 3 , 1863 , he had fled with his band toward the Staked Plains , trading stolen cattle and horses from Mexico directly or via the Comanchero to Comanche . He was murdered in 1872 while on a peace mission and returning from Tularosa . Roman Grande , a son and successor of Barranquito , serving as chief of a local group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band . Less important than Santana and Cadete , he followed the lead of his brother Santana ; died during an epidemic in 1885 . Josecito ( also known as José Cito ) , after Barranquito and Santana , the most prominent leader of some local groups of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero band . In April 1852 he signed a treaty with Calhoun representing the US , together with the minor leader of another group of the Sierra Blanca Mescalero and Chacon , leader of the Jicarilla Apache . Nautzili ( also known as Natzili , Nautzile , Nodzilla - `` buffalo '' ) , chief of the Guhlkahéndé and southern Lipan splinter groups living in northern Mexico , moved to reservation in 1876 . In 1879 he had assumed leadership of most of the Mescalero reservation bands ( including the Lipan ) and persuaded many warriors not to join the Tchihende chief Victorio in Victorio 's War . San Juan ( Chief of maybe the Nit'ahéndé or Tsehitcihéndé band ) , his band ranged along the Rio Bonito , Rio Hondo and in the Capitan Mountains with the Sacramento Mountains - the area where Fort Stanton was built - , had alliances with eastern Mescalero bands , Lipan Apache bands as well as some Comanche bands ; after Santana and Cadete were gone , chief San Juan and Nautzili took over the leadership of the Mescaleros on the reservation , but , unlike Nautzili , San Juan left the reservation in spring 1880 , after Caballero 's outbreak , during `` Victorio 's war '' ; his son Peso would become the last Mescalero chief Caballero ( Ca - bal - le - so , eventually to be identified with Kutbhalla or Kutu - hala ) , war chief and later principal chief of the bands of the Sacramento Mountains during the decades 1860s and 1870s , likely married to a daughter of the Chihenne Chief Mangas Coloradas , close ally and long - time friend of the great Mimbreño chief Victorio ( and likely his brother - in - law as Mangas Coloradas ' son - in - law ) ; in March 1880 he left Tularosa and joined Victorio , fighting alongside with him their last battles , but , according to some reports , he was killed in a trouble between the chiefs before the Tres Castillos massacre on oct. 14 1880 ) Alsate ( also known as Arzate , Arzatti , also known as Pedro Muzquiz , ca . * 1820 - † 1881 / 1882 ) , last Chief of the Chisos Apaches ( also Chinati or Rio Grande Apaches , a Mescalero band in the Limpia Mountains ( also known as Davis Mountains ) , Chisos Mountains and Chinati Mountains in the Big Bend area , the Sierra del Carmen of Coahuila and Sierra Alamos in Chihuahua north of the Bolsón de Mapimí , born to a Mescalero woman and a member by blood of the influential Muzquiz family , captured with his band in 1878 at San Carlos de Chihuahua and deported to Mexico City to be jailed in `` la Acordada '' , succeeded in escaping with his people in December 1879 and came back to the Big Bend ; was caught again at San Carlos de Chihuahua in 1880 and executed together with his segundos ( or war chiefs ) Colorado and Zorillo at Ojinaga , opposite Presidio del Norte , Texas , his people were sold into slavery in Mexico , ca . 1860 - 1882 ) Colorado ( `` Red '' , likely `` Avispa Colorada '' `` Red Wasp '' ) leader of a local group of Chisos , or maybe Lipan , Apaches in the border region of Coahuila , Chihuahua and West - Texas , segundo and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate , was caught and executed together with Alsate and Zorillo at Ojinaga , opposite Presidio del Norte , Texas , late 1860s - 1882 Zorillo ( likely `` Zorrillo '' `` Little Fox '' ) ) leader of a local group of Chisos Apaches in the border region of Coahuila , Chihuahua and West - Texas , segundo and war chief of the Chisos Mescalero chief Alsate , was caught and executed together with Alsate and Colorado at Ojinaga , opposite Presidio del Norte , Texas , late 1860s - 1882 Carnoviste , hostile southern Mescalero chief , his band - presumably Tsehitcihéndé or Niit'ahénde - lived in the Big Bend Country , ranged on both sides of the Rio Grande from the Guadalupe Mountains towards east of the Limpia Mountains also known as Davis Mountains onto the edge of the Southern Plains , was reported to have committed frequent `` depredations '' on the San Antonio road and to have kidnapped Hermann - soon adopted in the tribe - and Willie Lehmann near Fort Mason in May 1870 ; in 1874 he promoted a council of Mescalero , Mimbreño and Lipan Apache chiefs , and Victorio succeeded in persuading the council to send peace messengers to the Comanches and Kiowas ; he was killed by a medicine man of his band in the spring 1876 Peso , ca . * 1849 - † 1929 , was born in the Guadalupe Mountains near present - day Carlsbad as son of chief San Juan and his wife Nagoo - nah - go , his band - maybe Nit'ahéndé or Tsehitcihéndé - joined Nautzili 's band of Guhlkahéndé on the Southern Plains , from time to time he also joined the Tu'sis Nde band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico under Chief Magoosh , he was an expert tracker and served as Apache Scout in the campaigns against Geronimo , in the late 1800s he , together with his brother Sin Miedo ( Sans Peur , Without Fear ) and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation - Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs , Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon and Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers Sin Miedo ( `` Without Fear '' = `` Sans Peur '' ) , brother of chief Peso and son of chief San Juan , his band - maybe Nit'ahéndé or Tsehitcihéndé - were close allies of the eastern Mescalero band named Guhlkahéndé on the Southern Plains and of the Tu'sis Nde band of Lipan Apaches of southeastern Texas and northeastern Mexico ; together with his brothers Peso , Crook Neck , and leaders as Shanta Boy and Big Mouth he served as Apache Scout in the campaign against Geronimo , the war leader and shaman of the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendhe Apaches ; he , together with his brother Peso and Magoosh were the three primary leaders on the reservation - Magoosh for the Lipans at Elk Springs , Peso representing the Rinconada and the Three Rivers , and Sin Miedo at Tule Canyon Muchacho Negro ( `` Black Boy '' ) , local group leader of warriors , joined the Chihenne Chief Victorio , about 1860 , died 1930 . Other notable Mescalero ( edit ) Gouyen ( ca . 1857 - 1903 ) , female warrior Michael Horse , actor , painter Wendell Chino , former tribal president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe for 43 years Virginia Klinekole , first female tribal president Sara Misquez , former tribal president Inés Talamantez , ethnographer and theologian See also ( edit ) Lincoln National Forest List of Indian reservations in the United States Mescalero , New Mexico Mescalero language Winnetou Mescalero Escarpment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Banks , Phyllis ( 2002 ) . `` Bent and Mescalero -- home of the Mescalero Apache '' . southernnewmexico.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` National Geodetic Survey of Sierra Blanca '' Jump up ^ `` Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States '' ( PDF ) . BLM.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellany , Feb. 9 , 1959 '' , Time Magazine , February 1959 , accessed 1 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obituary of Virginia Shanta Klinekole '' , LaGrone Funeral Chapel of Ruidoso Website , accessed 1 August 2011 Jump up ^ Stallings , Dianne ( 2008 - 01 - 17 ) . `` New Mescalero Apache tribal officers take oaths '' . Alamogordo Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Languages of the World Jump up ^ Navajo Clans Jump up ^ Debo p. 447 - 8 Jump up ^ James L. Haley : Apaches : A History and Culture Portrait ( 1981 / paperback 1997 ) , University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2978 - 5 Jump up ^ Mescalero Apache History in the Southwest Jump up ^ ( J.P. Dunn : Massacres of the Mountains , Volume II : A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West : v. II , 2001 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58218 - 204 - 9 ) Jump up ^ Chinati derives from the Apache word ch'íná'itíh , which means gate or mountain pass Jump up ^ Luis López Elizondo and Franklin W. Daugherty , `` Documentos de la genealogía y la vida de Alsate , Jefe de los Apaches de los Chisos '' , Relaciones XXIII ( 92 ) 2002 , ISSN 0185 - 3929 ( pdf ) ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ ( Dan L. Thrapp : Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography , Volume 1 : A-F , University of Nebraska Press ( August 1 , 1991 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9418 - 9 , p 18 - 19 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography : Wendell Chino References ( edit ) Debo , Angie , Geronimo : The Man , His Time , His Place , Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press ( 1976 ) , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1828 - 8 Farrer , Claire R. Thunder Rides a Black Horse : Mescalero Apaches and the Mythic Present . Waveland Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 897 - 4 New York Times , February 6 , 2005 , section 5 , pp. 7 , 14 . United States Census Bureau . Mescalero Reservation , New Mexico Bibliography ( edit ) St. Joseph 's Catholic Church , Mescalero , New Mexico ca . 1975 Mountain Spirit Dancers painted on altar Castetter , Edward F. ; & Opler , Morris E. ( 1936 ) . The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache : The use of plants for foods , beverages and narcotics . Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest , ( Vol. 3 ) ; Biological series ( Vol. 4 , No. 5 ) ; Bulletin , University of New Mexico , whole , ( No. 297 ) . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . Debo , Angie , Geronimo : The Man , His Time , His Place , Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press ( 1976 ) , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1828 - 8 Hoijer , Harry ; & Opler , Morris E. ( 1938 ) . Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts . The University of Chicago publications in anthropology ; Linguistic series . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ( Reprinted 1964 by Chicago : University of Chicago Press ; in 1970 by Chicago : University of Chicago Press ; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York : AMS Press , ISBN 0 - 404 - 15783 - 1 ) . Opler , Morris E. ( 1933 ) . An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship . Unpublished doctoral dissertation , University of Chicago . Opler , Morris E. ( 1935 ) . The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches . American Anthropologist , 37 ( 1 ) , 65 -- 70 . Opler , Morris E. ( 1936 ) . The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan - speaking tribes . American Anthropologist , 38 ( 4 ) , 620 -- 633 . Sonnichsen , C.L. ( 1972 ) The Mescalero Apaches ( The Civilization of the American Indian Series ) , Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press ( 1972 ) , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1615 - 3 Seymour , Deni J. ( 2002 ) Conquest and Concealment : After the El Paso Phase on Fort Bliss . Conservation Division , Directorate of Environment , Fort Bliss . Lone Mountain Report 525 / 528 . This document can be obtained by contacting [email protected] . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2003 ) Protohistoric and Early Historic Temporal Resolution . Conservation Division , Directorate of Environment , Fort Bliss . Lone Mountain Report 560 - 003 . This document can be obtained by contacting [email protected] . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2003 ) The Cerro Rojo Complex : A Unique Indigenous Assemblage in the El Paso Area and Its Implications For The Early Apache . Proceedings of the XII Jornada Mogollon Conference in 2001 . Geo - Marine , El Paso . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2004 ) A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería : Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site . Plains Anthropologist 49 ( 190 ) : 153 - 192 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2004 ) Before the Spanish Chronicles : Early Apache in the Southern Southwest , pp. 120 -- 142 . In `` Ancient and Historic Lifeways in North America 's Rocky Mountains . '' Proceedings of the 2003 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference , Estes Park , Colorado , edited by Robert H. Brunswig and William B. Butler . Department of Anthropology , University of Northern Colorado , Greeley . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2007 ) Sexually Based War Crimes or Structured Conflict Strategies : An Archaeological Example from the American Southwest . In Texas and Points West : Papers in Honor of John A. Hedrick and Carol P. Hedrick , edited by Regge N. Wiseman , Thomas C. O'Laughlin , and Cordelia T. Snow , pp. 117 -- 134 . Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 33 . Archaeological Society of New Mexico , Albuquerque . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2007 ) Apache , Spanish , and Protohistoric Archaeology on Fort Bliss . Conservation Division , Directorate of Environment , Fort Bliss . Lone Mountain Report 560 - 005 . With Tim Church Seymour , Deni J. ( 2007 ) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam - Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51 ( December 2007 ) : 1 - 7 . ( This discusses the early presence of Athapaskans . ) Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland : A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area . Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest : Culture , Ethnicity , and Migration in Arizona 's Safford Basin , pp. 121 -- 162 , edited by David E. Purcell , Cambridge Scholars Press , New York . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) A Pledge of Peace : Evidence of the Cochise - Howard Treaty Campsite . Historical Archaeology 42 ( 4 ) : 154 - 179 . With George Robertson . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) Apache Plain and Other Plainwares on Apache Sites in the Southern Southwest . In `` Serendipity : Papers in Honor of Frances Joan Mathien , '' edited by R.N. Wiseman , T.C O'Laughlin , C.T. Snow and C. Travis , pp 163 -- 186 . Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 34 . Archaeological Society of New Mexico , Albuquerque . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) Surfing Behind The Wave : A Counterpoint Discussion Relating To `` A Ranchería In the Gran Apachería . '' Plains Anthropologist 53 ( 206 ) : 241 - 262 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2008 ) Pre-Differentiation Athapaskans ( Proto - Apache ) in the 13th and 14th Century Southern Southwest . Chapter in edited volume under preparation . Also paper in the symposium : The Earliest Athapaskans in Southern Southwest : Implications for Migration , organized and chaired by Deni Seymour , Society for American Archaeology , Vancouver . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola . New Mexico Historical Review 84 ( 3 ) : 399 - 435 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) Distinctive Places , Suitable Spaces : Conceptualizing Mobile Group Occupational Duration and Landscape Use . International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13 ( 3 ) : 255 - 281 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) Nineteenth - Century Apache Wickiups : Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People . Antiquity 83 ( 319 ) : 157 - 164 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) Comments On Genetic Data Relating to Athapaskan Migrations : Implications of the Malhi et al. Study for the Apache and Navajo . American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139 ( 3 ) : 281 - 283 . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2009 ) The Cerro Rojo Site ( LA 37188 ) -- A Large Mountain - Top Ancestral Apache Site in Southern New Mexico . Digital History Project . New Mexico Office of the State Historian . http://www.newmexicohistory.org/ Select : Place , Communities , Click on ' Cerro Rojo ' on the map ( orange square - dot NE of EL Paso , East of Las Cruces and Dona Ana ) . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2010 ) Cycles Of Renewal , Transportable Assets : Aspects of the Ancestral Apache Housing Landscape . Accepted at Plains Anthropologist . Seymour , Deni J. ( 2010 ) Contextual Incongruities , Statistical Outliers , and Anomalies : Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events . American Antiquity . ( Winter , in press ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mescalero . Mescalero Apache Reservation Information ( hide ) Indian reservations and Pueblos in New Mexico Reservations Acoma Jicarilla Mescalero Navajo Alamo Ramah Tohajiilee Santa Clara Ute Mountain Zuni Pueblos Acoma Cochiti Isleta Jemez Kewa Laguna Nambe Ohkay Owingeh Picuris Pojoaque Sandia San Felipe San Ildefonso Santa Ana Santa Clara Taos Tesuque Zia Zuni Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mescalero&oldid=828989838 '' Categories : Mescalero Apache Apache tribes Native American tribes in New Mexico Populated places in Otero County , New Mexico Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with Spanish - language external links Pages using deprecated image syntax `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Articles to be expanded from October 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Авар تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Deutsch Diné bizaad Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 23 : 57 . 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where have the mescalero apache settled in new mexico

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Globe Life Field

Globe Life Field - Wikipedia Globe Life Field Globe Life Field Construction site in 2017 . The AT&T Stadium is visible in the background . Location Arlington , Texas , U.S. Coordinates 32 ° 44 ′ 50.5 '' N 97 ° 5 ′ 3 '' W  /  32.747361 ° N 97.08417 ° W  / 32.747361 ; - 97.08417 Coordinates : 32 ° 44 ′ 50.5 '' N 97 ° 5 ′ 3 '' W  /  32.747361 ° N 97.08417 ° W  / 32.747361 ; - 97.08417 Owner City of Arlington Operator Texas Rangers Capacity 40,000 Construction Broke ground September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Construction cost $ 1.1 billion Architect HKS , Inc . VLK Architects Structural engineer Walter P Moore Services engineer M -- E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Manhattan Construction Company Tenants Texas Rangers ( MLB ) ( 2020 -- ) planned Globe Life Field is a baseball park under construction in Arlington , Texas . It will serve as the home of the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball . Globe Life and Accident Insurance Company , a subsidiary of McKinney , Texas - based Torchmark Corporation , owns the naming rights for the facility through 2048 . The new ballpark is going to be constructed across the street just south of Globe Life Park . On May 20 , 2016 , the Rangers announced that they would vacate Globe Life Park in Arlington . The new stadium will be constructed in a public / private partnership and have a retractable roof . The ballpark was approved on the following Election Day . HKS , Inc. was announced as the architect on January 5 , 2017 . The Rangers cited weather as the reason attendances at Globe Life Park are lower than in other baseball stadiums in major metropolitan areas , since it is prone to high temperatures and rain delays . Therefore , the Rangers are proposing their new ballpark be constructed with a roof . Unlike its predecessors , the new stadium 's center - field will face northeast , instead of southeast . In 2008 , the NFL 's Dallas Cowboys managed to move to a retractable roof stadium due to the frequent hot weather in the Metroplex . The venue opened in time for the 2009 season . The preliminary 3D renderings and artwork of the new stadium show the design to be very similar to the looks and layout of Minute Maid Park , the Houston Astros ' stadium . Final designs have not been unveiled as of August 2017 . A new shopping mall , as well as a Loews Hotel , and a ballpark village are planned to go along with the new stadium . The Rangers have also planned to make Globe Life Park in Arlington part of the Texas Live ! complex . The plans to build the stadium have generated a mixed reaction . The new stadium will mean a more comfortable environment to watch baseball but will extend existing taxes used to pay for AT&T Stadium . According to The Dallas Morning News , `` The deal calls for the city to issue $500 million in bonds to help pay for the stadium . A half - cent of sales tax , 2 percent hotel occupancy tax and 5 percent car rental tax would pay off those bonds over an estimated 30 years . Voters also approved a ticket tax of up to 10 percent and parking tax of up to $3 at the new stadium . That money would be used for some of the Rangers ' portion of the debt , which was criticized by the opposition campaign . '' See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball stadiums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/rangers/ballpark/globe-life-field/information ^ Jump up to : Brumfield , Loyd ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Rangers Unveil First Renderings of New Globe Life Field , Set to Break Ground Next Week '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , T.R. ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Rangers Tab HKS to Design New Ballpark '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Globe Life Field '' . VLK Architects . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Unveil More Globe Life Field Design Plans , With Emphasis On Natural Light '' . SportsBusiness Daily . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Facilties '' . JMEG Electrical Contractors , Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Construction Company to build new multi-purpose ballpark for Texas Rangers '' ( Press release ) . Manhattan Construction Company . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosier , Jeff ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers New Stadium Plans Unveiled ; Find Out What It Will Cost and Timeline for Its Construction '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reichard , Kevin ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Globe Life Retains Rangers Ballpark Naming Rights '' . Ballpark Digest . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers , Arlington Announce New Ballpark '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , T.R. ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Raise the Roof : Rangers ' New Ballpark Approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Globe Life Field '' . Ballparks of Baseball . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys , Stadium Info '' . = stadiums of Pro Football . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ballpark Renderings '' . Texas Live . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things to Know About the New Rangers Ballpark , Including Where It Will Be and How Much It Will Cost '' . The Dallas Morning News . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official Site Texas Rangers Established in 1961 Formerly the Washington Senators Based in Arlington , Texas ( Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex ) Franchise Expansion draft History ( as Washington Senators ) Seasons Team records No - hitters Awards winners and league leaders Broadcasters Owners and executives Managers Players First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium Arlington Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Globe Life Field Spring training Pompano Beach Municipal Stadium Ranger Stadium Surprise Stadium Culture and lore Continental League Captain ( mascot ) Ten Cent Beer Night Kenny Rogers ' perfect game 2012 AL Wild Card Game 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker 2015 ALDS Game 5 Rivalries Houston Astros Key personnel Owners : Ray Davis & Bob R. Simpson General Manager : Jon Daniels Manager : Jeff Banister Team Captain : Adrián Beltré Texas Rangers Hall of Fame Buddy Bell Juan González Rusty Greer Tom Grieve Toby Harrah Mark Holtz Charlie Hough Ferguson Jenkins Eric Nadel Johnny Oates Iván Rodríguez Kenny Rogers Jeff Russell Nolan Ryan Tom Schieffer Rubén Sierra Jim Sundberg Tom Vandergriff John Wetteland Michael Young Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2012 American League West Division titles ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2011 2015 2016 American League championships ( 2 ) 2011 Minor league affiliates AAA : Round Rock Express AA : Frisco RoughRiders A Adv. : Down East Wood Ducks A : Hickory Crawdads Short A : Spokane Indians Rookie : AZL Rangers DSL Rangers 1 DSL Rangers 2 Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1998 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Preceded by Globe Life Park in Arlington Home of the Texas Rangers 2020 -- ( tentative ) Succeeded by N / A This article about a baseball venue in Texas is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globe_Life_Field&oldid=854066209 '' Categories : Major League Baseball venues Retractable - roof stadiums in the United States Sports venues in Arlington , Texas Stadiums under construction in the United States Texas Rangers stadiums Texas baseball venue stubs Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 18 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

where is the new texas rangers stadium being built

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M*A*S*H (TV series)

M * a * S * H ( TV series ) - wikipedia M * a * S * H ( TV series ) This article is about the television series . For information on the franchise as a whole , see M * A * S * H . M * A * S * H Title screen Genre War Comedy - drama Dark comedy Based on M * A * S * H : A Novel About Three Army Doctors by Richard Hooker Developed by Larry Gelbart Starring Alan Alda Wayne Rogers McLean Stevenson Loretta Swit Larry Linville Gary Burghoff Mike Farrell Harry Morgan Jamie Farr William Christopher David Ogden Stiers Theme music composer Johnny Mandel ( written for the film ) Opening theme `` Suicide Is Painless '' Ending theme `` Suicide Is Painless '' ( big band version ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 256 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Larry Gelbart ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Gene Reynolds ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Burt Metcalfe ( seasons 6 -- 11 ) Production location ( s ) Los Angeles County , California ( Century City , Malibu Creek State Park ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 30 minutes with commercials , except `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' ( 2 hours with commercials ) Production company ( s ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network CBS Original release September 17 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 17 ) -- February 28 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 28 ) Chronology Followed by AfterM * A * S * H W * A * L * T * E * R Related shows Trapper John , M.D. External links Website M * A * S * H is an American war comedy - drama television series that aired on CBS from 1972 to 1983 . It was developed by Larry Gelbart , adapted from the 1970 feature film M * A * S * H , which , in turn , was based on Richard Hooker 's 1968 novel MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors . The series , which was produced with 20th Century Fox Television for CBS , follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the `` 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital '' in Uijeongbu , South Korea , during the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) . The show 's title sequence features an instrumental - only version of `` Suicide Is Painless '' , the original film 's theme song . The show was created after an attempt to film the original book 's sequel , M * A * S * H Goes to Maine , failed . The television series is the best - known of the M * A * S * H works , and one of the highest - rated shows in US television history . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main cast 2.1. 1 Main character timeline 2.1. 2 Cast pictures 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Set location 3.3 Smithsonian exhibit 3.4 Content 3.5 Vehicles 3.6 Laugh track 4 Episodes 4.1 Episode list 4.2 Final episode : `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' 5 International broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and recognition 6.2 Season ratings 6.3 Awards 7 Home media 8 Spinoffs and specials 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) M * A * S * H aired weekly on CBS , with most episodes being a half - hour ( 25 minutes ) in length . The series is usually categorized as a situation comedy , though it has also been described as a `` dark comedy '' or a `` dramedy '' because of the often dramatic subject matter . The show is an ensemble piece revolving around key personnel in a United States Army Mobile Army Surgical Hospital ( MASH ) in the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) . ( The asterisks in the name are not part of military nomenclature and were creatively introduced in the novel and used in only the posters for the movie version , not the actual movie . ) The `` 4077th MASH '' was one of several surgical units in Korea . While the show is traditionally viewed as a comedy , many episodes had a more serious tone . Airing on network prime time while the Vietnam War was still going on , the show was forced to walk the fine line of commenting on that war while at the same time not seeming to protest it . For this reason , the show 's discourse , under the cover of comedy , often questioned , mocked , and grappled with America 's role in the Cold War . Episodes were both plot - and character - driven , with several narrated by one of the show 's characters as the contents of a letter home . The show 's tone could move from silly to sobering from one episode to the next , with dramatic tension often occurring between the civilian draftees of 4077th -- Hawkeye , Trapper John , and B.J. Hunnicutt , for example -- who are forced to leave their homes to tend the wounded and dying of the war , and the `` regular Army '' characters , such as Margaret Houlihan and Colonel Potter , who tend to represent patriotism and duty ( though Houlihan and Potter could also represent the other perspective at times ) . Other characters , such as Col. Blake , Maj . Winchester , and Cpl . Klinger , help demonstrate various American civilian attitudes toward army life , while guest characters played by such actors as Eldon Quick , Herb Voland , Mary Wickes , and Tim O'Connor also help further the show 's discussion of America 's place as Cold War warmaker and peacemaker . Characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Main article : List of M * A * S * H characters See also : List of M * A * S * H cast members M * A * S * H maintained a relatively constant ensemble cast , with four characters -- Hawkeye , Father Mulcahy , Margaret Houlihan , and Maxwell Klinger -- on the show for all 11 seasons . Several other main characters departed or joined the program during its run , and numerous guest actors and recurring characters were used . The writers found creating so many names difficult , and used names from elsewhere ; for example , characters on the seventh season were named after the 1978 Los Angeles Dodgers . Note : Character appearances include double - length episodes as two appearances , making 260 in total . Character Actor / actress Rank Role Appearances Hawkeye Pierce Alan Alda Captain Chief surgeon 251 Margaret `` Hot Lips '' Houlihan Penopscott Loretta Swit Major Head nurse , temporary adjutant 243 Max Klinger ( Recurring seasons 1 -- 3 , regular 4 -- 11 ) Jamie Farr Corporal , later sergeant Corpsman , later company clerk 219 Father John Patrick Francis Mulcahy ( recurring seasons 1 -- 4 , regular 5 -- 11 ) George Morgan ( pilot episode ) , replaced by William Christopher First lieutenant , later captain Chaplain 218 Trapper John McIntyre ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Wayne Rogers Captain Surgeon 72 + 1 uncredited voiceover ( `` Welcome to Korea '' ) Henry Blake ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) McLean Stevenson Lieutenant colonel Commanding officer , surgeon 70 Frank Burns ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Larry Linville Major , later lieutenant colonel ( off - screen ) Surgeon , executive officer temporary commanding officer ( following the discharge of Henry Blake ) 118 Radar O'Reilly ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Gary Burghoff Corporal ( one episode as second lieutenant due to falsified promotion ) Company clerk , bugler 156 B.J. Hunnicutt ( replaced Trapper ; seasons 4 -- 11 ) Mike Farrell Captain Surgeon 187 Sherman Potter ( replaced Henry Blake ; Seasons 4 -- 11 ) Harry Morgan Colonel Commanding officer ( after Lt. Col. Blake ) , surgeon 188 Charles Emerson Winchester III ( replaced Frank Burns ; seasons 6 -- 11 ) David Ogden Stiers Major Surgeon , executive officer ( after Major Burns ) 137 Main character timeline ( edit ) Cast pictures ( edit ) The cast of M * A * S * H from Season 2 , 1974 ( clockwise from left ) : Loretta Swit , Larry Linville , Wayne Rogers , Gary Burghoff , McLean Stevenson , and Alan Alda The cast of M * A * S * H from Season 5 , 1977 ( clockwise from left ) : William Christopher , Gary Burghoff , David Ogden Stiers , Jamie Farr , Mike Farrell , Alan Alda , Harry Morgan , Loretta Swit . The cast of M * A * S * H from season 8 onwards ( clockwise from left ) : Mike Farrell , William Christopher , Jamie Farr , David Ogden Stiers , Loretta Swit , Alan Alda , and Harry Morgan Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) As the series progressed , it made a significant shift from being primarily a comedy with dramatic undertones to a drama with comedic undertones . This was a result of changes in writing and production staff , rather than the cast defections of McLean Stevenson , Larry Linville , Wayne Rogers and Gary Burghoff . Series co-creator and joke writer Larry Gelbart departed after Season 4 , the first featuring Mike Farrell and Harry Morgan . This resulted in Farrell and Morgan having only a single season reading scripts featuring Gelbart 's masterful comic timing , which defined the feel and rhythm of Seasons 1 -- 4 featuring predecessors Rogers and Stevenson , respectively . Larry Linville ( the show 's comic foil ) and Executive Producer Gene Reynolds both departed at the conclusion of Season 5 in 1977 , resulting in M * A * S * H being fully stripped of its original tight comedic foundation by the beginning of Season 6 -- the debut of the Charles Winchester era . Whereas Gelbart and Reynolds were the comedic voice of M * A * S * H for the show 's first five seasons ( 1972 -- 1977 ) , Alan Alda and newly promoted Executive Producer Burt Metcalfe became the new dramatic voice of M * A * S * H for Seasons 6 -- 11 . By the start of Season 8 ( 1979 -- 1980 ) , the writing staff had been completely overhauled , and with the departure of Gary Burghoff , M * A * S * H displayed a distinctively different feel , consciously moving between comedy and drama , unlike the seamless integration of its first five years . The end of the Vietnam War in 1975 was a significant factor as to why storylines become less political in nature and more character driven . Several episodes also experimented with the sitcom format : `` Point of View '' -- shown from the perspective of a soldier with a throat wound `` Dreams '' -- an idea of Alda 's , where during a deluge of casualties , members of the 4077 take naps on a rotation basis , allowing the viewer to see the simultaneously lyrical and disturbing dreams `` A War For All Seasons '' -- features a storyline that takes place over the course of 1951 `` Life Time '' -- a precursor to the American television series 24 , it utilizes the real time method of narration Another change was the infusion of story lines based on actual events and medical developments that materialized during the Korean War . Considerable research was done by the producers , including interviews with actual MASH surgeons and personnel to develop story lines rooted in the war itself . Such early 1950s events as the McCarthy era , various sporting events , and the stardom of Marilyn Monroe were all incorporated into various episodes , a trend that continued until the end of the series . While the series remained popular through these changes , it eventually began to run out of creative steam . Korean War doctors regularly contacted producers with experiences that they thought might make for a good storyline , only to learn the idea had previously been used . Harry Morgan admitted that he felt `` the cracks were starting to show '' by season 9 ( 1980 -- 1981 ) . Alda wished to make season 10 ( 1981 - 1982 ) M * A * S * H 's last , but was persuaded by CBS to produce a slightly shortened 11th season , coupled with a farewell movie finale , because CBS refused to let the show go away so easily . In the end , season 11 had 15 episodes ( although six had been filmed during season 10 and held over ) and a 2 - 1 / 2 hour movie , which was treated as five episodes and was filmed before the nine remaining episodes . The final episode ever produced was the penultimate episode `` As Time Goes By '' . The series finale movie , titled `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' , became the most - watched television broadcast in history , tallying a total of 125 million viewers . Set location ( edit ) M * A * S * H site in Malibu Creek State Park . Hulk of a Dodge WC54 ambulance . Copy of the original M * A * S * H signpost was installed on the site in 2008 . The 4077th consisted of two separate sets . An outdoor set in the mountains near Malibu , California ( Calabasas , Los Angeles County , California ) was used for most exterior and tent scenes for every season . This was the same set used to shoot the movie . The indoor set , on a sound stage at Fox Studios in Century City , was used for the indoor scenes for the run of the series . Later , after the indoor set was renovated to permit many of the `` outdoor '' scenes to be filmed there , both sets were used for exterior shooting as script requirements dictated ( e.g. , night scenes were far easier to film on the sound stage , but scenes at the chopper pad required using the ranch ) . Just as the series was wrapping production , a brush fire destroyed most of the outdoor set on October 9 , 1982 . The fire was written into the final episode as a forest fire caused by enemy incendiary bombs that forced the 4077th to bug out . The Malibu location is today known as Malibu Creek State Park . Formerly called the Century Ranch and owned by 20th Century Fox Studios until the 1980s , the site today is returning to a natural state , and is marked by a rusted Jeep and an ambulance used in the show . Through the 1990s , the area was occasionally used for television commercial production . On February 23 , 2008 , series stars Mike Farrell , Loretta Swit and William Christopher ( along with producers Gene Reynolds and Burt Metcalfe and M * A * S * H director Charles S. Dubin ) reunited at the set to celebrate its partial restoration . The rebuilt signpost is now displayed on weekends , along with tent markers and maps and photos of the set . The state park is open to the public . It was also the location where the film How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) and the Planet of the Apes television series ( 1974 ) were filmed , among other productions . Smithsonian exhibit ( edit ) The operating room set on display in the National Museum of American History as part of the `` MASH : Binding Up the Wounds '' exhibit in 1983 The exhibit M * A * S * H : Binding Up the Wounds was at the National Museum of American History from July 30 , 1983 through February 3 , 1985 . The exhibit was extremely popular drawing more than 17,000 in a single week , a record for any Smithsonian display . On exhibit were The Swamp and Operating Room sets , one of the show 's 14 Emmy Awards , early drafts of the pilot script , costumes from the show and other memorabilia . Sets were decorated with props from the show including the iconic signpost , Hawkeye 's still and Major Winchester 's Webcor tape recorder and phonograph . The exhibit also encouraged visitors to compare the show to real Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals of the Korean and the Vietnam Wars . Radar 's teddy bear , originally found at the ranch set , was never on display at the Smithsonian . Following completion of production , the prop was kept by the show 's set designer . It was sold several times including to Burghoff himself . It was sold at auction on July 29 , 2005 for $11,800 , it sold again on March 27 , 2015 for $14,307.50 after 19 bids . Content ( edit ) M * A * S * H was one of the first network series to feature brief partial nudity ( notably Gary Burghoff 's buttocks in `` The Sniper '' and Hawkeye in one of the `` Dear Dad '' episodes ) . A different innovation was the show 's producers ' desire not to have a laugh track , contrary to the network 's desire to have one . They compromised by omitting laughter in the scenes set in the operating room . The DVD releases of the series allow viewers to select an audio version with no laugh track . In his blog , writer Ken Levine revealed that on one occasion , when the cast offered too many nitpicking `` notes '' on a script , his writing partner and he changed the script to a `` cold show '' -- one set during the frigid Korean winter . The cast then had to stand around barrel fires in parkas at the Malibu ranch when the temperatures neared 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Levine says , `` This happened maybe twice , and we never got a ticky - tack note again . '' Jackie Cooper wrote that Alan Alda , whom Cooper directed in several episodes during the first two seasons , concealed a lot of hostility beneath the surface , and the two of them barely spoke to each other by the time Cooper 's tenure on the show ended . Vehicles ( edit ) The helicopters used on the series were model H - 13 Sioux ( military designation and nickname of the Bell 47 civilian model ) . As in the film , some care seems to have been taken to use the correct model of the long - lived Bell 47 series . In the opening credits and many of the episodes , Korean War - vintage H - 13Ds and Es ( Bell 47D - 1s ) were used complete with period - correct external litters . A later ( 1954 -- 73 ) 47G occasionally made an appearance . The helicopters are similar in appearance ( with the later `` G '' models having larger two - piece fuel tanks , a slightly revised cabin , and other changes ) with differences noticeable only to a serious helicopter fan . In the pilot episode , a later Bell 47J ( production began in 1957 ) was shown flying Henry Blake to Seoul , en route to a meeting with General Hammond in Tokyo . A Sud Aviation Allouette II helicopter was also shown transporting Henry Blake to the 4077th in the episode `` Henry , Please Come Home '' . The Jeeps used were 1953 military M38 or civil CJ2A Willys Jeeps and also World War II Ford GPWs and Willys MB 's . Two episodes featured the M38A1 Jeep , one of which was stolen from a General by Radar and Hawkeye after their Jeep was stolen . Two of the ambulances were WC - 54 Dodges and one was a WC - 27 . A WC - 54 ambulance remains at the site and was burned in the Malibu fires on October 9 , 1982 , while a second WC - 27 survives at a South El Monte museum without any markings . The bus used to transport the wounded was a 1954 Ford model . In the last season , an M43 ambulance from the Korean War era also was used in conjunction with the WC - 54s and WC - 27 . Bell 47G helicopter in MASH colours . Burned Dodge ambulance at Malibu Creek State Park Burned Jeep ( most likely a CJ - 2A ) at Malibu Creek State Park Laugh track ( edit ) Series creators Larry Gelbart and Gene Reynolds wanted M * A * S * H broadcast without a laugh track . Though CBS initially rejected the idea , a compromise was reached that allowed for omitting the laughter during operating room scenes if desired . `` We told the network that under no circumstances would we ever can laughter during an OR scene when the doctors were working , '' said Gelbart in 1998 . `` It 's hard to imagine that 300 people were in there laughing at somebody 's guts being sewn up . '' Seasons 1 -- 5 utilized a more invasive laugh track ; a more subdued audience was employed for Seasons 6 -- 11 when the series shifted from sitcom to comedy - drama with the departure of Gelbart and Reynolds . Several episodes ( `` O.R. '' , `` The Bus '' , `` Quo Vadis , Captain Chandler ? '' , `` The Interview '' , `` Point of View '' and `` Dreams '' among them ) omitted the laugh track altogether ; as did almost all of Season 11 , including the 135 - minute series finale , `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' . The laugh track is also omitted from some international and syndicated airings of the show ; on one occasion during an airing on BBC2 , the laugh track was accidentally left on , and viewers expressed their displeasure , an apology from the network for the `` technical difficulty '' was later released , as during its original run on BBC2 in the UK , it was shown without the laugh track . UK DVD critics speak poorly of the laugh track , stating `` canned laughter is intrusive at the best of times , but with a programme like M * A * S * H , it 's downright unbearable . '' On all released DVDs , both in Region 1 ( including the US and Canada ) and Region 2 ( Europe , including the UK ) , an option is given to watch the show with or without the laugh track . `` They 're a lie , '' said Gelbart in a 1992 interview . `` You 're telling an engineer when to push a button to produce a laugh from people who do n't exist . It 's just so dishonest . The biggest shows when we were on the air were All in the Family and The Mary Tyler Moore Show both of which were taped before a live studio audience where laughter made sense , '' continued Gelbart . `` But our show was a film show -- supposedly shot in the middle of Korea . So the question I always asked the network was , ' Who are these laughing people ? Where did they come from ? ' '' Gelbart persuaded CBS to test the show in private screenings with and without the laugh track . The results showed no measurable difference in the audience 's enjoyment . `` So you know what they said ? '' Gelbart said . `` ' Since there 's no difference , let 's leave it alone ! ' The people who defend laugh tracks have no sense of humor . '' Gelbart summed up the situation by saying , `` I always thought it cheapened the show . The network got their way . They were paying for dinner . '' Episodes ( edit ) Episode List ( edit ) Main article : List of M * A * S * H episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 24 September 17 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 17 ) March 25 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 25 ) N / A N / A 24 September 15 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 15 ) March 2 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 02 ) 25.7 24 September 10 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 10 ) March 18 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 18 ) 5 27.4 25 September 12 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 12 ) February 24 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 24 ) 14 22.9 5 25 September 21 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 21 ) March 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 15 ) 25.9 6 25 September 20 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 20 ) March 27 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 27 ) 8 23.2 7 26 September 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 18 ) March 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 03 - 12 ) 7 25.4 8 25 September 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 17 ) March 24 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 24 ) 25.3 9 20 November 17 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 17 ) May 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 04 ) 25.7 10 22 October 26 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 26 ) April 12 , 1982 ( 1982 - 04 - 12 ) 9 22.3 11 16 October 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 25 ) February 28 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 28 ) 22.6 Jump up ^ The term `` dramedy '' ( drama + comedy ) , although coined in 1978 , was not in common usage until after M * A * S * H had gone off the air . Jump up ^ Tied with The Waltons ^ Jump up to : Tied with Alice Jump up ^ Tied with Magnum , P.I. Final episode : `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' ( edit ) Main article : Goodbye , Farewell and Amen `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' was the final episode of M * A * S * H. Special television sets were placed in PX parking lots , auditoriums , and dayrooms of the US Army in Korea so that military personnel could watch that episode , in spite of 14 hours ' time - zone difference with the East Coast of the US . The episode aired on February 28 , 1983 , and was 21⁄2 hours long . The episode got a Nielsen rating of 60.2 and 77 share and according to a New York Times article from 1983 , the final episode of M * A * S * H had 125 million viewers . When the M * A * S * H finale aired in 1983 , 83.3 million homes in the United States had televisions , compared to almost 115 million in February 2010 . `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' broke the record for the highest percentage of homes with television sets to watch a television series . Stories persist that the episode was seen by so many people that the New York City Sanitation / Public Works Department reported the plumbing systems broke down in some parts of the city from so many New Yorkers waiting until the end to use the toilet . Articles copied into Alan Alda 's book The Last Days of M * A * S * H include interviews with New York City Sanitation workers citing the spike in water use on that night . According to the interviews at 11 : 03 pm , EST New York City public works noted the highest water usage at one given time in the City 's history . They attributed this to the fact that in the three minutes after the finale ended , around 77 % of the people of New York City flushed their toilets . These stories have all since been identified as part of an urban legend dating back to the days of the Amos and Andy radio program in the 1930s . The finale was referenced in a passage from Stephen Chbosky 's coming - of - age novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower , in which the main character and his family watch the finale together . International broadcast ( edit ) Australia - Network Ten ( 1973 -- 1998 ) , Seven Network ( 1999 -- 2011 ) , One ( 2011 -- 2017 ) , 7TWO ( 2018 -- ) UK - BBC Two - ( 1984 - 1995 ) Ireland - RTÉ2 - ( 1985 - 1996 ) And many more international broadcasts . Reception ( edit ) Ratings and recognition ( edit ) The series premiered in the US on September 17 , 1972 , and ended on February 28 , 1983 , with the finale , showcased as a television film , titled `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' , becoming the most - watched and highest - rated single television episode in US television history at the time , with a record - breaking 125 million viewers ( 60.2 rating and 77 share ) , according to the New York Times . It had struggled in its first season and was at risk of being cancelled . Season two of M * A * S * H placed it in a better time slot ( airing after the popular All in the Family ) ; the show became one of the top 10 programs of the year and stayed in the top 20 programs for the rest of its run . It is still broadcast in syndication on various television stations . The series , which depicted events occurring during a three - year war , spanned 256 episodes and lasted 11 seasons . The Korean War lasted 1,128 days , meaning each episode of the series would have averaged almost four and a half days of real time . Many of the stories in the early seasons are based on tales told by real MASH surgeons who were interviewed by the production team . Like the movie , the series was as much an allegory about the Vietnam War ( still in progress when the show began ) as it was about the Korean War . The episodes `` Abyssinia , Henry '' and `` The Interview '' were ranked number 20 and number 80 , respectively , on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time in 1997 . In 2002 , M * A * S * H was ranked number 25 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked it as the fifth - best written TV series ever and TV Guide ranked it as the eighth - greatest show of all time . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked it as the sixteenth - greatest TV show . Season ratings ( edit ) Season Ep # Time slot ( ET ) Season Premiere Season Finale Nielsen Ratings Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Rating 1972 -- 73 24 Sunday at 8 : 00 pm September 17 , 1972 March 25 , 1973 # 46 N / A 17.4 1973 -- 74 24 Saturday at 8 : 30 pm September 15 , 1973 March 2 , 1974 # 4 17.02 25.7 1974 -- 75 24 Tuesday at 8 : 30 pm September 10 , 1974 March 18 , 1975 # 5 18.76 27.4 1975 -- 76 25 Friday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episode 1 ) Friday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 2 -- 13 ) Tuesday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 14 -- 25 ) September 12 , 1975 February 24 , 1976 # 15 15.93 22.9 5 1976 -- 77 25 Tuesday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 -- 25 ) Tuesday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) September 21 , 1976 March 15 , 1977 # 4 18.44 25.9 6 1977 -- 78 25 Tuesday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 -- 19 ) Tuesday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) Monday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 20 -- 25 ) September 20 , 1977 March 27 , 1978 # 9 16.91 23.2 7 1978 -- 79 26 Monday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 -- 4 , 6 -- 26 ) Monday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 5 ) September 18 , 1978 March 12 , 1979 # 7 18.92 25.4 8 1979 -- 80 25 Monday at 9 : 00 pm September 17 , 1979 March 24 , 1980 # 5 19.30 25.3 9 1980 -- 81 20 November 17 , 1980 May 4 , 1981 # 4 20.53 25.7 10 1981 -- 82 22 Monday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 -- 22 ) Monday at 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) October 26 , 1981 April 12 , 1982 # 9 18.17 22.3 11 1982 -- 83 16 Monday at 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 -- 15 ) Monday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 16 ) October 25 , 1982 February 28 , 1983 # 3 18.82 22.6 Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by M * A * S * H ( TV series ) M * A * S * H was nominated for over 100 Emmy Awards during its 11 - year run , winning 14 : 1974 -- Outstanding Comedy Series -- M * A * S * H ; Larry Gelbart , Gene Reynolds ( Producers ) 1974 -- Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series -- Alan Alda 1974 -- Best Directing in Comedy -- Jackie Cooper : `` Carry On , Hawkeye '' 1974 -- Actor of the Year , Series -- Alan Alda 1975 -- Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series -- Gene Reynolds : `` O.R. '' 1976 -- Outstanding Film Editing for Entertainment Programming -- Fred W. Berger and Stanford Tischler : `` Welcome to Korea '' 1976 -- Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series -- Gene Reynolds : `` Welcome to Korea '' 1977 -- Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series -- Alan Alda : `` Dear Sigmund '' 1977 -- Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series -- Gary Burghoff 1979 -- Outstanding Writing in a Comedy - Variety or Music Series -- Alan Alda : `` Inga '' 1980 -- Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series -- Loretta Swit 1980 -- Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series -- Harry Morgan 1982 -- Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series -- Alan Alda 1982 -- Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series -- Loretta Swit The show won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series ( Musical or Comedy ) in 1981 . Alan Alda won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Series ( Musical or Comedy ) six times : in 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , and 1983 . McLean Stevenson won the award for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series in 1974 . The series earned the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in a Comedy Series seven times : 1973 ( Gene Reynolds ) , 1974 ( Reynolds ) , 1975 ( Hy Averbeck ) , 1976 ( Averbeck ) , 1977 ( Alan Alda ) , 1982 ( Alda ) , 1983 ( Alda ) . The show was honored with a Peabody Award in 1975 `` for the depth of its humor and the manner in which comedy is used to lift the spirit and , as well , to offer a profound statement on the nature of war . '' M * A * S * H was cited as `` an example of television of high purpose that reveals in universal terms a time and place with such affecting clarity . '' Writers for the show received several Humanitas Prize nominations , with Larry Gelbart winning in 1976 , Alan Alda winning in 1980 , and the team of David Pollock and Elias Davis winning twice in 1982 and 1983 . The series received 28 Writers Guild of America Award nominations -- 26 for Episodic Comedy and two for Episodic Drama . Seven episodes won for Episodic Comedy in 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , and 1981 . Home Media ( edit ) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment has released all 11 seasons of M * A * S * H on DVD in Region 1 and Region 2 . DVD title Ep No . Release dates Region 1 Region 2 M * A * S * H Season 1 24 January 8 , 2002 May 19 , 2003 M * A * S * H Season 2 24 July 23 , 2002 October 13 , 2003 M * A * S * H Season 3 24 February 18 , 2003 March 15 , 2004 M * A * S * H Seasons 1 -- 3 72 N / A October 31 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 4 24 July 15 , 2003 June 14 , 2004 M * A * S * H Seasons 1 -- 4 96 December 2 , 2003 N / A M * A * S * H Season 5 24 December 9 , 2003 January 17 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 6 24 June 8 , 2004 March 28 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 7 25 December 7 , 2004 May 30 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 8 25 May 24 , 2005 August 15 , 2005 M * A * S * H Season 9 20 December 6 , 2005 January 9 , 2006 M * A * S * H Seasons 1 -- 9 214 December 6 , 2005 N / A M * A * S * H Season 10 22 May 23 , 2006 April 17 , 2006 M * A * S * H Season 11 16 November 7 , 2006 May 29 , 2006 Martinis and Medicine Collection ( Complete Series , including the Original Movie ) 256 November 7 , 2006 October 30 , 2006 Goodbye , Farewell , and Amen Collector 's Edition May 15 , 2007 N / A In January 2015 , it was announced that the first five seasons of M * A * S * H would be available on Netflix 's instant streaming service beginning February 1 , 2015 . This marked the first time the series was made available on an internet platform . As of July 1 , 2015 , all 11 seasons were available ; syndicated versions of hour - long episodes were utilized for streaming , splitting these shows into two parts . In contrast to the DVD sets , the Netflix streams did not have an option for disabling the laugh track on the soundtrack . On April 1 , 2016 , M * A * S * H was removed from Netflix due to its contract to stream the series expiring . In November 2016 , SundanceTV announced it will begin airing M * A * S * H and several other classic TV shows . M * A * S * H can be seen on Mondays at 6 am -- 1 pm weekly , starting on November 14 with seven hours with the first 14 episodes from Season 1 . As of 2016 , M * A * S * H episodes air on the MeTV television network . In July 2017 , it was announced that Hulu had acquired online streaming rights for the entire run of M * A * S * H along with several other 20th Century Fox - owned TV programs . Spinoffs and specials ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The short - lived spin - off AfterMASH ( 1983 -- 85 ) inherited the parent show 's Monday night time slot and featured several of its characters reunited in a Midwestern hospital after the war . The more successful Trapper John , M.D. ( 1979 -- 86 ) took place nearly three decades after the events of M * A * S * H and depicted Trapper John McIntyre as chief of surgery at a San Francisco hospital ; its producers argued successfully in court that it was based on the earlier movie rather than the TV series . In an unpurchased television pilot , W * A * L * T * E * R ( 1984 ) , Walter `` Radar '' O'Reilly joins the St. Louis police force after his farm fails following his return to the US . Making M * A * S * H , a documentary special narrated by Mary Tyler Moore that takes viewers behind the production of the season 8 episodes `` Old Soldiers '' and `` Lend a Hand '' , was produced for PBS in 1981 . The special was later included in the syndicated rerun package , with new narration by producer Michael Hirsch . Two retrospective specials were produced to commemorate the show 's 20th and 30th anniversaries . Memories of M * A * S * H , hosted by Shelley Long and featuring clips from the series and interviews with cast members , was aired by CBS on November 25 , 1991 . A 30th Anniversary Reunion special , in which the surviving cast members and producers gathered to reminisce , aired on the Fox network on May 17 , 2002 . The two - hour broadcast was hosted by Mike Farrell , who also got to interact with the actor he replaced , Wayne Rogers ; previously filmed interviews with McLean Stevenson and Larry Linville ( who had died in 1996 and 2000 , respectively ) were also featured . The two specials are included as bonuses on the Collector 's Edition DVD of `` Goodbye , Farewell , and Amen '' . Also included is `` M * A * S * H : Television 's Serious Sitcom '' , a 2002 episode of the A&E cable channel 's Biography program that detailed the show 's history . In the late 1980s , the cast had a partial reunion in a series of commercials for IBM personal computers . All of the front - billed regulars ( with the exceptions of Farrell , Stiers , and Stevenson ) appeared in the spots over time . See also ( edit ) M * A * S * H portal Television in the United States portal MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors MASH ( film ) Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levine , Ken ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Naming characters on TV shows '' . kenlevine.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kalter , Suzy ( 1984 ) . The Complete Book of M * A * S * H. New York : Abradale Press , Harry M. Abrahams , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 8083 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H Again a Hit -- At the Smithsonian '' . The New York Times . 12 August 1983 . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H : Binding Up the Wounds Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ PIANTADOS , ROGER ( July 29 , 1983 ) . `` MASH Lives , At the Smithsonian '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` ` Radar ' is on Uncle Al 's Time Capsule screen '' . Orlando Sentinel . February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lot Detail -- M * A * S * H Radar 's Iconic Teddy Bear '' . www.oakauctions.com . Jump up ^ `` Kevin levine 's blog '' . http://kenlevine.blogspot.com . Kevin levine . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jackie Cooper , Please Do n't Shoot My Dog , p. 290 , William Morrow & Company , 1981 Jump up ^ Day , Dwayne A. `` MASH / Medevac Helicopters Archived 2012 - 01 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Centennial of Flight , April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gelbart , Larry ( May 26 , 1998 ) . Emmy TV Legends : Larry Gelbart Interview ( Interview with Dan Harrison ) . Los Angeles , California : Archive for American Television . ^ Jump up to : Seibel , Deborah Starr ( April 16 , 1992 ) . `` Funny Business : TV Laugh Tracks Can Still Cause Frowns , But The Studios Feel A Need To Be Humored '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Myreviewer.com/Review of MASH Season 3 DVD Review '' . Myreviewer.com. 2004 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Review : M * A * S * H -- Season Three ( Collector 's Edition ) '' . AVRev.com. 2003 - 02 - 18 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Another MASH DVD review mentioning audio choices '' . Dvd.reviewer.co.uk. 2010 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Greene , Nick ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Why Did M * A * S * H Have A Laugh Track ? '' . mentalfloss.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1687 -- 1690 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Saints ' '' . USA Today . 2010 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finale Of M * A * S * H Draws Record Number Of Viewers '' . The New York Times . March 3 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIV game a ratings winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alda , Arlene , and Alan Alda . The Last Days of MASH . n.p. : Unicorn House , 1983 . Print . Jump up ^ snopes ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` Super Bowl Flushing Breaks Sewage Systems : snopes.com '' . snopes . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Chbosky , Stephen ( 1999 ) . The Perks of Being a Wallflower . New York : Pocket Books . pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 2012 ) . Television 's Top 100 . US : McFarland . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4891 - 3 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` M * A * S * H '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schochet , Stephen . `` The Ironies of MASH Archived April 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . hollywoodstories.com , 2007 . The show 's producers have said that it was about war and bureaucracy in general . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . 26 April 2002 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 -- 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H : Television 's Serious Sitcom '' . Biography . July 10 , 2003 . A&E . Although the cast was beginning to think that M * A * S * H was about to hit its stride , the series was still attracting a very small audience and it ranked 46 in the ratings . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1973 -- 1974 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1974 -- 1975 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1975 -- 1976 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1976 -- 1977 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1977 -- 1978 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1978 -- 1979 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1979 -- 1980 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1980 -- 1981 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1981 -- 1982 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1982 -- 1983 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Peabody Awards An International Competition for Electronic Media , honoring achievement in Television , Radio , Cable and the Web Administered by University of Georgia 's Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication '' . Peabody.uga.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix '' . The Huffington Post . 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Kayla ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Expiring Movies and Shows : A Complete List of What 's Leaving on April 1 '' . decider.com . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H Coming to SundanceTV in November -- MASH4077TV.com '' . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H '' . MeTV. 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu to Add All Episides of ' How I Met Your Mother , ' ' Glee , ' ' Bones , ' ' M * A * S * H ' and More in Mammoth 20th Century Fox TV Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` MASH4077TV.com '' . MASH4077tv.com. 2005 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Gelbart , Larry . ( 1998 ) . Laughing Matters : On Writing M * A * S * H , Tootsie , Oh , God ! , and a Few Other Funny Things . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42945 - X . Kalter , Suzy. ( 1985 ) . The Complete Book of M * A * S * H. New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 810 - 91319 - 4 . Reiss , David S. ( 1983 ) . M * A * S * H : The Exclusive , Inside Story of TV 's Most Popular Show ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : MacMillan . ISBN 0 - 672 - 52762 - 6 . Solomonson , Ed , and Mark O'Neill. ( 2009 ) . TV 's M * A * S * H : The Ultimate Guide Book . Albany , GA : BearManor Media . ISBN 1 - 593 - 93501 - 3 . Wittebols , James . ( 1998 ) . Watching M * A * S * H , Watching America : A Social History of the 1972 -- 1983 Television Series . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 786 - 40457 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to M * A * S * H ( TV series ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : M * A * S * H ( TV series ) M * A * S * H on IMDb M * A * S * H at TV.com M * A * S * H at epguides.com M * A * S * H in the Museum of Broadcast Communications Google Maps view of the camp M * A * S * H Novels MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors M * A * S * H Goes to Maine M * A * S * H Mania Film MASH Music `` Suicide Is Painless '' Television Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Characters Trapper John , M.D. episodes AfterMASH W * A * L * T * E * R Portal M * A * S * H episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` To Market , to Market '' `` Requiem for a Lightweight '' `` Chief Surgeon Who ? '' `` The Moose '' `` Yankee Doodle Doctor '' `` Bananas , Crackers and Nuts '' `` Cowboy '' `` Henry Please Come Home '' `` I Hate a Mystery '' `` Germ Warfare '' `` Dear Dad '' `` Edwina '' `` Love Story '' `` Tuttle '' `` The Ringbanger '' `` Sometimes You Hear the Bullet '' `` Dear Dad ... Again '' `` The Longjohn Flap '' `` The Army - Navy Game '' `` Sticky Wicket '' `` Major Fred C. Dobbs '' `` Ceasefire '' `` Showtime '' Season 2 `` Divided We Stand '' `` 5 O'Clock Charlie '' `` Radar 's Report '' `` For the Good of the Outfit '' `` Dr. Pierce and Mr. Hyde '' `` Kim '' `` L.I.P. ( Local Indigenous Personnel ) '' `` The Trial of Henry Blake '' `` Dear Dad ... Three '' `` The Sniper '' `` Carry On , Hawkeye '' `` The Incubator '' `` Deal Me Out '' `` Crisis '' `` George '' `` A Smattering of Intelligence '' Season 3 `` Adam 's Ribs '' `` Mad Dogs and Servicemen '' `` The Consultant '' `` House Arrest '' `` Aid Station '' `` Love and Marriage '' `` Big Mac '' `` Payday '' `` White Gold '' `` Abyssinia , Henry '' Season 4 `` Welcome to Korea '' `` The Late Captain Pierce '' `` The Kids '' `` Quo Vadis , Captain Chandler ? 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Akeelah and the Bee

Akeelah and the Bee - wikipedia Akeelah and the Bee Jump to : navigation , search Akeelah and the Bee Theatrical release poster Directed by Doug Atchison Produced by Laurence Fishburne Sid Ganis Nancy Hult Ganis Danny Llewelyn Michael Romersa Written by Doug Atchison Starring Laurence Fishburne Angela Bassett Keke Palmer Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography David Mullen Edited by Glenn Farr Production company Lionsgate Films 2929 Entertainment Starbucks Entertainment Out of the Blue Entertainment Reactor Films Cinema Gypsy Productions Distributed by Lionsgate Films Release date March 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 16 ) ( CIFF ) April 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 28 ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 -- 8 million Box office $18.9 million Akeelah and the Bee is a 2006 American drama film written and directed by Doug Atchison . It tells the story of Akeelah Anderson ( Keke Palmer ) , an 11 - year - old girl who participates in the Scripps National Spelling Bee , her mother ( Angela Bassett ) , her schoolmates , and her coach , Dr. Joshua Larabee ( Laurence Fishburne ) . The cast also features Curtis Armstrong , J.R. Villarreal , Sean Michael Afable , Erica Hubbard , Lee Thompson Young , Julito McCullum , Sahara Garey , Eddie Steeples , and Tzi Ma . The film was developed over a period of 10 years by Atchison , who came up with the initial concept after seeing the 1994 Scripps National Spelling Bee and noting that a majority of the competitors came from good socioeconomic backgrounds . After completing the script in 1999 , Atchison won one of the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting in 2000 , which attracted producers Sid Ganis and Nancy Hult Ganis . After an initial inability to secure funding , the project got a second wind as a result of the success of the 2002 documentary film Spellbound . Lionsgate Films undertook the production in 2004 and in the following year it was filmed in South Los Angeles on a budget of over $6 million . Atchison remarked that his theme for the film , deemed an inspirational film , was about overcoming obstacles despite difficult challenges along the way . He also said that he wanted to portray African Americans in a manner that was not stereotypical and tried to show how African American children incorporate some stereotypes . The film alludes to the importance of community as well as to problems black communities face . It also deals with esteem and stigma in school while criticizes the public school system . Cast members said that although the film was aimed at children , they considered it had important lessons for the parents as well . Released in the United States on April 28 , 2006 , Akeelah and the Bee was positively received by critics and audiences . Reviewers praised its storyline and cast , lauding Palmer 's performance , although a few critics panned the story as familiar and formulaic , and were critical of the portrayal of Asian - American characters . The film grossed almost $18 million , and received a number of awards and nominations , including the Black Reel Awards and the NAACP Image Awards . Film critics highly praised it for avoiding African - American stereotypes common in Hollywood films , while scholars were less favorable , even saying it reinforces some clichés . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Development 3.3 Filming 3.4 Authenticity 3.5 Music 4 Themes and analysis 5 Release and reception 5.1 Marketing and release 5.2 Home media 5.3 Critical reaction 5.3. 1 Racial issues 5.4 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Akeelah Anderson , an 11 - year - old spelling enthusiast , attends Crenshaw Middle School , a predominantly black school in South Los Angeles . She lives with her widowed mother Tanya , her older sister Kiana , her older brothers Devon and Terrence , and her infant niece . Her principal Mr. Welch suggests that she sign up for the Crenshaw Schoolwide Spelling Bee . She follows his advice and wins . Soon after , Dr. Joshua Larabee , a visiting English professor and Mr. Welch 's friend from college , tests Akeelah and decides that she is good enough to compete in the National Spelling Bee . Nevertheless , Dr. Larabee declines to coach her because she is rude to him . As a result , Akeelah studies on her own to prepare for the district spelling bee . Although Akeelah misspells her word during the final round of the bee , she qualifies for the regional bee when Kiana catches the other finalist cheating . Akeelah also meets and befriends Javier Mendez , a 12 - year - old Mexican American boy and fellow speller . Javier invites her to join the spelling club at his Woodland Hills middle school . At Woodland Hills , Akeelah meets Dylan Chiu , a Chinese American boy who had won second place at the past two national spelling bees . Contemptuous , he asks her to spell `` xanthosis '' . When she starts with a `` z '' , he tells her she needs a coach . At the conclusion of the spelling club meeting , Javier invites Akeelah to his birthday party . At the party , Akeelah nearly beats Dylan in Scrabble . The boy is reprimanded by his father for nearly losing to `` a little black girl '' . After the party , Tanya is depressed over her husband 's death and concerned about her daughter 's grades and frequent truancy . As she finds out about Akeelah going alone to Woodland Hills , she subsequently forbids Akeelah from participating in the upcoming state bee . To circumvent this prohibition , Akeelah forges her deceased father 's signature on the consent form and secretly studies with Dr. Larabee . During the state bee , Tanya comes inside and interrupts her daughter before she can spell her word . Tanya relents after a side discussion with Dr. Larabee and Mr. Welch . Javier protects Akeelah from disqualification by stalling until she can return . Dylan , Javier and Akeelah advance to the Scripps National Spelling Bee . As Christmas approaches , Akeelah goes out to buy Dr. Larabee a present , but when she meets him , he reveals that he is quitting being her coach because she reminds him of his deceased daughter Denise . Instead , he gives Akeelah 5,000 flashcards to study . Without her coach , rejected by her best friend Georgia , and feeling the pressure from her neighborhood residents to make them proud , Akeelah loses her motivation . However , Tanya tells her that if she looked around her , she would realize that she has `` 50,000 coaches '' . Akeelah recruits her family members , classmates , teachers , friends , and neighbor Derrick T to prepare in earnest . After reuniting with Dr. Larabee , Akeelah goes to Washington , D.C. with him , along with Tanya , Georgia , Mr. Welch , and Devon , unaware that her coach has paid for four of their tickets . Georgia rekindles her friendship with Akeelah after she invites her . During the competition , Akeelah becomes a crowd favorite . After all the other competitors are eliminated , only Dylan and Akeelah remain . The two finalists are allowed a break , during which Akeelah overhears Dylan 's father harshly pressuring him to win . Akeelah attempts to intentionally lose by deliberately misspelling `` xanthosis '' . Dylan , knowing that Akeelah knows this word , intentionally misspells it as well . Dylan tells Akeelah that he wants a fair competition , rejecting his father 's obsession to win . The two then proceed to spell every word listed by the judges in the hopes of winning the championship together , with Dylan earning a share of it by correctly spelling `` logorrhea '' , much to his father 's delight . Akeelah spells the last word on the list , `` pulchritude '' , and the two are declared co-champions amidst a cheering crowd . Cast ( edit ) Laurence Fishburne and Angela Bassett were the protagonists along with Keke Palmer . Both were attracted by its history ; Fishburne said he was `` really moved by it '' , and Bassett `` just loved '' it . Keke Palmer as Akeelah Anderson : Three hundred girls auditioned for the role of Akeelah in Los Angeles , New York and Atlanta , with Palmer having auditioned five times to get the part . Atchison liked Palmer 's acting , but the major factor in choosing her was the fact that at only age ten Palmer already had a profound interpretation of the script . He chose her as he did not want a kid whom he would command but instead someone with whom he could have a collaboration : someone who would understand the role and `` would make this character her own . '' He just assisted her to fully ensure that she would understand the character 's feelings and would make `` the right emotional choices . '' Laurence Fishburne as Dr. Joshua Larabee : Fishburne was pleased by the concept of the film , stating he was `` really moved by it '' , so that he accepted to take his part `` at an affordable rate '' , according to producer Michael Romersa . He first read the script in 2002 and moved by the fact that `` there were very few people with the courage '' to `` make this kind of movie '' he also accepted to be a producer for the film . About the character , Atchison said that Larabee is `` vulnerable '' and `` a very sensitive guy '' that has `` a quiet moral authority '' . He also asserted that Fishburne made Larabee `` a fairly buttoned - up , stoic type '' and `` subtly more animated '' than how he envisioned the character . Larabee is based upon a teacher , Robert Larabell , Atchison had in Phoenix , Arizona . Angela Bassett as Tanya Anderson : Bassett 's agent sent her the script which she `` just loved . '' Atchison praised Bassett 's portrayal of the character , asserting she `` made Tanya a real person '' after understanding `` the thought process of the character '' . The director said Tanya wants the best for Akeelah but is reticent because she thinks `` the dream will fail and make things worse . '' Bassett stressed that her character has to handle the pain of her husband 's death in addition to having bills paid but that Tanya `` gain ( s ) some measure of courage herself '' inspired by Akeelah . Curtis Armstrong as Bob Welch : Atchison pointed Armstrong `` was the perfect choice for the school principal . '' About his character role in the film , he said , `` Welch is very excitable and provides a lot of the comic relief in our story . '' J.R. Villarreal as Javier Mendez : Villarreal was chosen by scouts at the Sheraton Hotel in south McAllen to go to the next phase in Dallas . After doing well in Dallas , he was sent to auditions in California and finally got the part . He commented that `` Javier is a very good friend to Akeelah ... And also like his charisma , his character , he can always put a smile on your face . He really does n't care what people think of him that much and he helps Akeelah out with that little matter because she cares very much of what people think about her . '' Sean Michael Afable as Dylan Chiu : Afable argued that his character can be `` sometimes harsh and seemingly cutthroat '' , but this is because of the pressure his father puts on him , noting Dylan 's `` true character '' is seen at the end of the film . Sahara Garey as Georgia Carver Garey did `` about six auditions '' to take the role . She commented that about her character : `` she encourages Akeelah , because she sees so many qualities in her that she does n't think she herself has . Georgia aims lower , but she encourages Akeelah to aim higher . '' Erica Hubbard , Lee Thompson Young , and Julito McCullum portray Akeelah 's sister and brothers Kiana , Devon , and Terrence , respectively . Dalia Phillips appears as Akeelah 's teacher , Ms. Cross , and Eddie Steeples as Derrick T. Tzi Ma takes the role of Mr. Chiu , Dylan 's father , while Wolfgang Bodison plays the deceased Akeelah 's unnamed father . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) Doug Atchison first had the idea of making a film about spelling bees after watching the Scripps National Spelling Bee of 1994 and noticing that most of the contestants had `` privileged backgrounds '' . Atchison also considered spelling bees to contain `` all the drama and tension and entertainment value of a sporting event '' , and felt that this could be made into a film . From this , he got the idea to write a script following the story of a child who had talent for spelling bee but was from a low - income neighborhood so did not `` have access to the resources or coaching to pursue it as these other kids had . '' He had the desire of making a `` Rocky - like story '' and although made it a `` dramatic '' plot , he declared it is `` essentially a sports movie '' . Atchison started his screenplay in 1999 , when he wrote a five - page treatment in about a month . In addition to the fact he was working on other projects , Atchison said he waited years before starting to write because he `` thought someone else would do it first . '' This did not happen , so he began to write by himself . Few changes were made in the process of transitioning from the original draft to the final product . One change was that at first , Akeelah 's mother had a smaller role and Akeelah 's father was alive . Also , Larabee had been an older man ( 72 years old ) , and a few characters were cut . However , Atchison has summarized that `` the steps she goes through , the friends she 's got , those were always the same . '' Development ( edit ) In 2000 , Atchison submitted his script to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences along with about 4,500 others , in hopes of winning the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting . Atchison 's script ended up being one of five scripts selected , and he won the grant . Editor Glenn Farr , then a member of the committee , offered to edit Atchison 's film as soon as it was finished . Producer Sid Ganis was also attracted to the story during the award presentation ceremony . Nancy Hult Ganis , Sid 's wife who was interested in public education , encouraged him to follow through with the film . The film was produced by Lionsgate Films , 2929 Entertainment , Starbucks Entertainment , Out of the Blue Entertainment , Reactor Films and Cinema Gypsy Productions , with a budget around $6 -- 8 million . However , the Ganis couple found it difficult to secure funding for the film . In August 2001 , Danny Llewelyn 's Panoptic Pictures acquired the rights of Atchison 's script . In 2002 , documentary Spellbound was released and attracted attention to spelling bees , which , according to Hult Ganis , `` helped us in some way '' . In November 2004 , Lionsgate Films announced they would fund and distribute the film ; and in collaboration with 2929 Entertainment they would co-finance the production . In January 2006 , Starbucks announced a partnership with Lionsgate to market it . Another factor in not having a studio attached before was Atchison 's desire to direct it as he wanted to ensure his story would remain the one he envisioned . Several studios wanted to turn Larabee 's character into a white character but Atchison felt `` it was important that Akeelah 's mentor be someone that comes from her neighborhood , that looks like her . '' Lionsgate 's President of Production Michael Paseornek agreed that Atchison should direct the script , claiming that he was the only person who could do it because the story `` was in his heart and in his mind '' . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in February 2005 ; the crew filmed for ten hours a day for thirty - one days . The eleven - year - old Palmer had to follow the United States ' child labor laws , which necessitated spending at least three hours a day at school , one on recreation , and one at lunch . Nevertheless , Palmer appeared in almost every scene , about which Ganis commented , `` I honestly do n't know how we figured it out , but we did '' . To get the filming done on time , Atchison storyboarded the scenes ahead of time and chatted with cinematographer David Mullen , the production designer Warren Young , and Glenn Farr to compile a list of scenes . This way , the filming team began each day knowing what shots they would take , their order , and the performances scheduled for each day . Most of the filming took place in South Los Angeles , which Atchison picked as the filming location due to their low budget . Scenes were also filmed at the University of Southern California , Hollywood Palladium -- which stood in for the Grand Ballroom of the Washington , D.C. Hyatt Hotel -- and Venice High School . Authenticity ( edit ) To bring authenticity to the film 's portrayal of spelling bees , George Hornedo , who competed in spelling bees in real life , was hired to play contestant Roman and be `` an unofficial technical consultant . '' Hornedo helped the actors to recreate `` certain habits and idiosyncrasies they do on stage to help them spell . '' Thus , Akeelah skipping rope to memorize the words was added as `` something that was normal for the spelling bee '' but Atchison tried to create it in a `` subtle '' way as he thought the audience could consider this unrealistic . Hornedo and other children who had never acted before were cast because of their authentic portrayals of nervous contestants ; other kids , in Atchison 's eyes , were `` too old in how they acted '' . Also , Jacques Bailly , who won the Scripps National Spelling Bee in 1980 and is currently the contest 's official pronouncer , since 2003 , played himself in the film . To further help the staff , Atchison asked Paige Kimball , director of the Scripps National Spelling Bee , to be a consultant . Kimball `` was amazed at not only at how precise it was in its recreation , but also how authentic the individuals and the casting for the event was . '' However , she and the organization did have some disagreements . Atchison has admitted that he originally created a more dramatic story than she wanted . However , he believed most of the disagreements were about technical procedures , `` things you would n't even notice '' . For example , the children were originally sponsored by newspapers to compete , but Atchison felt this detail did not improve the story , so he removed it . There were some concerns about the screenplay , and Atchison changed some of them `` because ( he ) thought it did n't matter one way or another so ( he ) just made them happy . '' Music ( edit ) The film features a musical score by Aaron Zigman , who wrote 45 minutes of compositions in two and a half weeks . He had planned to score Akeelah and the Bee over the holidays , but Lionsgate pushed its release date up , so Zigman was pressed for time to write the score . He drew inspiration from Fishburne 's performance to write it . A soundtrack album consisting of 16 tracks was released by Lionsgate Records in a deal with BMG 's RED Distribution on April 4 , 2006 . It peaked at number 193 on the Billboard 200 , and reached the 19th and sixth spot on the Billboard Top Independent Albums and Top Soundtracks respectively . The original score , consisting of 37 tracks , was also released on April 4 as an iTunes exclusive . Themes and analysis ( edit ) `` If you see African - American kids striving to do something in the movies , it 's sports or singing or dancing . Here , we 're engaging kids on their intellect . That , you do n't see . These lies about black inferiority have been seeping into cinema , and that seeps into our kids . As a filmmaker , you can dig into these issues '' -- Doug Atchison Commentators on Akeelah and the Bee opined it dealt with multiple themes , including race and racism , poverty , educational system , competition and sportsmanship , self - esteem , self - image , stigma , community , friendship , gender and sexism , age , class and classism , and empowerment . Atchison affirmed that its focus is not the spelling but `` a kid who learns what she 's good at , becomes proud of that and does n't want to hide it anymore . It 's overcoming the fear of being great , before you can be great . '' Sid Ganis described it as a film `` about hope and doing great things against all the odds , '' while a New York Press reviewer declared it `` addresses the human condition '' . After attending USC School of Cinematic Arts and working at a youth center in South Los Angeles , Atchison incorporated his experiences from the neighborhood into the film ; among them , he heard that children who do well in school are said to be `` acting white '' . As a result , Atchison tried to use the film to show what causes these children to doubt their own abilities . This doubts are shown through the preconceptions Akeelah and other community members have that `` Spelling Bee is for someone else '' . She `` must first overcome her feelings of inadequacy , '' and when she discovers Larabee comes from her neighborhood and is a successful man , it `` empowers her to ... accomplish this task . '' Fishburne stated the film 's treatment of race extends beyond the dichotomy of struggle and success , and goes into the prejudice that many people hold against black people competing in mainstream society . Atchison elaborated , `` it 's about this girl 's insecurity about doing a thing that she has n't seen people who look like her doing '' . The director affirmed that African American children in film usually aspire to nothing other than being successful in sports , music or dance . He argued that the film industry has disseminated `` lies about black inferiority '' , so he was interested in focusing in their intellect rather than let them succumb to the stereotypes . Atchison noted he had created the project for all publics `` but particularly for kids of color to see a little black girl who does something powerful . '' The director also attributed Akeelah 's low - esteem and doubt on her own capacities to the public school system , where she is bullied and `` her intellectual curiosity is kind of crushed '' . As such , Akeelah is portrayed as `` undermotivated student '' , who `` ( u ) nwilling to be stigmatized as a freak or a brainiac , '' avoids showing her abilities . According to Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe , the film shows `` the contradiction gifted students feel in an inhospitable environment . '' Ann Hornaday from The Washington Post opined that Akeelah 's sentence `` Why would I want to represent a school that does n't even have doors on the toilets ? '' is `` one of the film 's many subtle critiques of the country 's education policies . '' Writing in the English Journal , Amanda L. Hodges said it suggests a new approach on teaching with the `` 50,000 coaches '' part ; she declared it deconstructs the image of teachers `` as those who keep order and disseminate knowledge '' and shows that `` ( t ) eaching is not an isolated activity that begins and ends at the classroom door . '' Villarreal commented that the film `` teaches you not to let your friends down '' , while Fishburne believed that the theme of community was important . Marrit Ingman of The Austin Chronicle said the film indicates `` a community - based , cooperative model of group success , '' while Justin Chang of Variety said it `` focuses ... on the bee 's community - uniting impact . '' Hodges said Akeelah goes to the spelling bee because she recognizes it `` proves that someone from their neighborhood can achieve success , and her achievementis , in a real sense , their own '' . In contrast , Bernard Beck wrote for Multicultural Perspectives that it depicts `` the success of individual perseverance '' , while Red Feather Journall 's Kathryn Linder expressed a similar opinion about individual success . Nevertheless , Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times commented `` it raises important points about the ... obstacles to success that kids from poor neighborhoods face . '' The New York Press 's reviewer went further and said social class was its `` real subject '' as it `` depicts the basics of class mobility that are routinely taken for granted '' . However , Chang asserted it shows the spelling bee contest as `` a democratizing force '' , while Rob Asghar , for The Seattle Times , wrote it treats English as `` the quintessential American tool for success . '' Both Fishburne and Bassett also remarked that an important message of Akeelah and the Bee is to `` speak properly '' rather than strictly in vernacular , although Bassett emphasized the importance of the film 's themes beyond spelling and spelling bees . Atchison added that beyond learning how to spell words , Akeelah must learn the importance of the words . He said that Larabee `` looks at Akeelah as a potential leader . He wants her to understand her history . She needs to know the importance of language -- and competition . '' In spite of knowing its importance , it `` deconstruct ( s ) the ' competition ' paradigm of learning '' , according to Ingman . Fishburne noted not only children but parents can learn from the film ; in his opinion , the most important is that they should pay attention to their children 's abilities . Villarreal also felt that , through Dylan 's father , parents would be able to ponder if they are `` push ( ing ) their kids to follow their own dreams and not the children 's dreams . '' Release and reception ( edit ) Marketing and release ( edit ) The film was promoted by coffee shop chain Starbucks as a result of a partnership between Lions Gate Entertainment and Starbucks Entertainment . In January 2006 , approximately 8,300 Starbucks locations in the United States and Canada began a promotional campaign for the film involving spelling - related trivia games and promotions on cardboard cup sleeves . Variety stated that Lionsgate spent around $20 million with its market only , while Los Angeles Times reported a $25 million cost to both produce and market the film . Ford Motor Company also sponsored the film by providing a Lincoln Zephyr to chauffeur the cast and creators to and from a screening . Akeelah and the Bee was first shown at the 2006 ShoWest on March 14 , and later premiered as the opening film at the 30th Cleveland International Film Festival on March 16 . On April 20 , the film was screened at The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , and it had a sneak preview in 900 theaters on April 22 . With predictions of strong box office returns by film critics , it was released nationwide in theaters on April 28 , grossing $6,011,585 in its opening weekend from around 2,195 American theaters and ranking eighth at the box office . The film closed its run on July 14 and 20 domestically and internationally respectively , with $18,848,430 domestically and $110,994 internationally . While the film received positive reviews , critics noted that it was not doing as well financially as they had predicted , and Lionsgate 's Michael Burns characterized the film 's gross with the word `` only '' . Outside the United States , the film debuted at the Sprockets Toronto International Film Festival for Children on April 23 , 2006 , where it was elected the best film by the kids in the ages of 10 and 11 . In the United Kingdom , Akeelah and the Bee was first shown at the Cambridge Film Festival on July 7 , and it premiered in the British theaters on August 18 . The film was also screened in October 2006 at the Rome Film Festival , in which it competed at the Alicy in the City section . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD by Lionsgate Home Entertainment on August 29 , becoming the first DVD offered for sale at Starbucks . Its bonus features on the single - disc DVD include seven deleted scenes and a 25 - minute making - of video featuring Atchinson and the cast . DVD sales in the United States reached $5,391,947 as 317,942 copies were sold after one week on sale . By December 2006 , American consumers had spent a total of $25,855,396 to purchase 1,512,498 copies , making it one of the three most profitable home video releases of Lionsgate in 2006 . Critical reaction ( edit ) Keke Palmer 's portrayal of Akeelah was highly praised by critics . According to Moira Macdonald from The Seattle Times , Palmer was `` stealing a movie from Angela Bassett and Laurence Fishburne '' . Palmer 's performance led her to win several awards , including a Black Movie Award , a Black Reel Award , a NAACP Image Award , and a Young Artist Award . The film received generally positive reviews from film critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 84 % `` fresh '' with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 based on 138 reviews . Its critical consensus states , `` Although predictable in every way , a winning performance from its young star Keke Palmer and the rest of the cast makes it difficult not to cheer for the little heroine of Akeelah and the Bee . Sort of like Rocky for the middle school nerd set , Akeelah ( and the Bee ) is a warm , family - friendly underdog story , featuring terrific supporting performances from Laurence Fishburne and Angela Bassett . '' On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 72 out 100 , based on 30 reviews , signifying `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare average grade of A+ . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times wrote it is `` an uncommonly good movie , entertaining and actually inspirational '' . Writing for Film Journal International , Doris Toumarkine praised its pace and how `` Atchison takes spelling competitions and conveys the excitement of the ' sport , ' the appeal of the ' game , ' the thrill of the win , ( and ) the crushing blow of the loss . '' Hornaday from The Washington Post called the film `` a triumph on many levels '' and proclaimed , `` It 's that nod to the collective ... that makes Akeelah and the Bee so special . '' She especially appreciated that South Los Angeles was presented without stereotypes . Jane Clifford of U-T San Diego felt the film would appeal to both children and adults , and stated that every time she tried to predict its plot `` it took a sharp turn . A turn that leaves you facing your stereotypes and feeling a little sheepish . '' Dana Stevens , writing for The New York Times , asserted , `` The innate suspense and charm of the spelling bee , '' and `` a trio of crack performances '' can turn `` a formulaic sports picture '' into a `` tale that manages to inspire without being sappy . '' Shantayaé Grant of The Jamaica Observer wrote that `` acting is spectacular , the emotions are real and this story of black triumph is simply phenomenal . '' New York Press critic affirmed that Akeelah and the Bee `` resurrects a nearly lost idea of what an art - movie really is '' because it has `` dramatic attention to character and place , psychology and existence . '' Chang of Variety commented that it `` plays like The Karate Kid with a pro-literacy agenda , pushing all the right emotional buttons yet hitting quite a few wrong ones in the process . '' The Evening Chronicle 's review said it `` conceals few narrative surprises '' but contended that `` when ( Atchison ) does finally defy our expectations , it 's to ensure his spellers learn a valuable lesson about integrity . '' Turan of the Los Angeles Times criticized that the film `` telegraphs its plot '' ; however , he praised it as `` genuinely sweet and determinedly inspirational . '' PopMatters 's Cynthia Fuchs stated it is formulaic as it has some `` conventions that make so many other genre films feel stale , '' but that it `` torques them slightly '' , emphasizing the `` intellectual activities '' Akeelah gets involved with . Furthermore , the film was described as `` derivatively entertaining in a feel - good sort of way '' by Rick Groen in an article for The Globe and Mail . Ingman of The Austin Chronicle described it as a typical sports film and felt it was heavy - handed at times . However , she praised it for its thems and called the film a `` ( t ) houghtful , engaging , '' one and said it has `` cross-gender appeal '' . Morris of The Boston Globe argued , `` If Akeelah and the Bee is a generic , well - oiled commercial contraption , it is the first to credibly dramatize the plight of a truly gifted , poor black child . '' Morris added , `` Obviously , it 's emotional propaganda . But it 's just the kind of propaganda our children need . '' Despite being a `` critically acclaimed '' film , according to Rotten Tomatoes , not all of its reviews were this positive . Anna Smith of Empire called it `` formulaic and all - American '' , commenting that many scenes `` appear functional rather than inspirational '' , and that the film focused on the racial issue `` a little too heavily '' . Smith stated , `` clunky plotting and characterisation mean it has ' telemovie ' written all over it . '' Marc Mohan from The Oregonian stressed it can be compared to after - school specials due to its `` lack of originality in plot and character . '' Time Out 's Jessica Winter also drew a comparation to after - school specials , saying `` on the big screen ... its clichés seem bigger and its characterisations broader than they would on the more forgiving telly . '' Nick Schager 's of Slant Magazine lamented that the `` clichés are too numerous to mention '' , while Neil Smith from BBC asserted it has `` as much ... fantasy as Lord of the Rings . '' Jan Stuart of Newsday deemed it `` virtually suspense - free , while Robert Hanks of The Independent stated it has an important message but that is a `` shame it could n't be encased in a less faked - up story '' . Commenting on The Times , Chris Ayres stressed that although it has good `` visual flair '' it `` is ruined by its Oprah - style emotional manipulation . '' New York Post 's Kyle Smith deemed it as `` uplifting but unimaginative '' , suggesting that `` Akeelah and the Bee is so warm and well - meaning that you may find yourself wanting to like it more than you really do . '' In spite of criticism , cast members ' performances were usually well received -- in particular , Palmer 's portrayal of Akeelah . Ebert said , `` The movie depends on her , and she deserves its trust . '' Hornaday opined that `` Palmer 's Akeelah is that cinematic rara avis , the kid who is cute without being too cute , sympathetic without being cloying , and believable without being tiresome . '' Evening Chronicle stated Palmer does it `` with effortless grace '' and that she `` carries the film and does n't strike a single wrong emotional note . '' Fuchs felt that most of the film 's strengths `` have to do with Palmer 's winning performance . '' Ingman declared Atchison 's `` ensemble is wonderful , and his star , Palmer , is a fantastically assured young actress who conveys Akeelah 's maelstrom of 11 - year - old feelings with no apparent effort . '' Turan complimented how Fishburne and Bassett 's `` presence and ability give this film a welcome integrity . '' Mohan stated , `` Although Fishburne and Bassett can do these roles in their sleep , the kids are actually quite engaging . '' Tourmakine felt there were `` fine performances all around '' and that Fishburne and Bassett `` lend fine support in utterly believable roles '' . Racial issues ( edit ) Chang called Dylan 's father `` a stiff Asian stereotype '' , while Mohan of The Oregonian found it contradictory for an anti-racist film to contain such depiction . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian even claimed that the line `` If you can barely beat a little black girl '' ( spoken by Dylan 's father ) signifies that Atchison `` thinks it 's all right to bring in racism by making the Asians the racists . '' Metro Silicon Valley 's Richard von Busack commented that `` ( s ) tepping around black stereotypes , the film squishes its two left feet right in the mire of Asian stereotyping . '' Beth Accomando of KPBS also criticized Dylan and his father 's portrayal as `` painful cliches '' , while Schager of Slant Magazine found it not authentic , even likening Dylan 's father to Mao Zedong . Scholars Charise Pimentel and Cathleen Sawyer from the Texas State University published an article titled `` Akeelah and the Bee : Inspirational Story of African - American Intellect and Triumph or Racist Rhetoric Served Up On Another Platter ? '' on the May 2011 issue of journal Multicultural Perspectives . On a critical discourse analysis , the authors argue that despite appearing to be an `` inoccent enough '' film , it has major approaches that make it racist . First , it implies that African - Americans needs to be rescued by others ; second , depicts African - Americans community as `` marked by homelessness , poverty , criminality , unemployment , and remnants of gang activity '' ; third , indicates that black people usually only achieve success through sports by `` linking the very essence of Akeelah 's phenomenal ability to spell to her rhythmic abilities '' ; and shows that African - Americans only can succeed outside their communities , `` far from the oppressive clutches of their own . '' Linder , on her September 2011 paper `` Spelling Out Racial Difference : Moving Beyond the Inspirational Discourses in Akeelah and the Bee '' , also criticizes it saying it `` acts as a platform for a racial melodrama through which ideals of whiteness are reinforced and strengthened . '' Using Linda Williams ' categories of what constitutes a racial melodrama , Linder argues that it is described as an `` inspirational '' film because of `` ( its ) portrayal of Akeelah 's victimization by the black community that surrounds her '' and of redemption only achieved `` through the idealized discourse of young people 's educational success as defined by dominant ( white ) culture . '' Linder said characters `` are mostly represented as having ' no interest in escape ' from societal oppressions and limitations '' and that `` there is no sign throughout the film of any kind of lasting change for Akeelah 's school or her young peers . '' Linder affirms that it creates a dichotomy between `` success ( whiteness ) versus failure ( blackness ) . '' Pimentel and Sawyer , as well as Linder , identify Larabee as the one who makes this separation clear when he manifests his disregard of African American Vernacular English . The co-authors wrote that Larabee implies that `` legitimate forms of intelligence can only be achieved through a Eurocentric perspective , thus advancing the message that Akeelah must be rescued from her African - American ways of knowing , in order to be considered intellectual . '' Another contraposition commented by scholars was `` between the supportive Dr. Larabee and Akeelah 's skeptical mother . '' Pimental and Sawyer said she is portrayed as `` an African - American obstructionist '' , while scholar Gloria Ladson ‐ Billings asserted she represents the stereotype of `` ignorant Black woman '' . Although Fuchs said the film was able to avoid the `` white authority figure saves the underclass child '' plotline by introducing Larabee , Ladson ‐ Billings , Linder , and Pimentel and Sawyer opined that it did not . After all , Larabee , as Linder described , is `` a non-threatening black man who has assimilated to white culture and who can be depended on to help assimilate others '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for six Black Reel Awards , winning only Best Actress for Palmer . Out of five NAACP Image Awards nominations , Akeelah and the Bee won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Writing in a Feature Film / Television Movie - Comedy or Drama . At the Black Movie Awards , it won the five awards it was nominated for . The same happened during the Young Artist Awards where it was nominated for two categories and won two awards , and at the CAMIE Awards where it was nominated for and won an award . The film was also nominated for but did not win any award from the BET Awards , Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards , Chicago Film Critics , and Satellite Awards . National Board of Review elected it among the best ten independent films produced in 2006 . Additionally , two film critics , Chris Kaltenbach of The Baltimore Sun and Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer , added the film on their list of the ten best films of the year . St. Petersburg Times 's Steve Persall elected it the best family film of 2006 . List of awards and nominations ( show ) Award Recipients Result BET Awards Best Actress Angela Bassett Nominated Black Movie Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Keke Palmer Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Laurence Fishburne Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Angela Bassett Black Reel Awards Best Film Nominated Best Actress Keke Palmer Won Best Supporting Actress Angela Bassett Nominated Best Supporting Actor Laurence Fishburne Best Original Score Aaron Zigman Best Breakthrough Performance Keke Palmer Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Family Film ( Live Action ) Best Younger Actress Keke Palmer CAMIE Awards CAMIE Award Sean Michael Afable Won Chicago Film Critics Most Promising Newcomer Keke Palmer Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Motion Picture Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Keke Palmer Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Angela Bassett Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Laurence Fishburne Outstanding Writing in a Feature Film / Television Movie - Comedy or Drama Doug Atchison Won Satellite Awards Outstanding Youth DVD Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress Keke Palmer Won Best Family Feature Film ( Drama ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The credits for the film reads `` A Lionsgate , 2929 Productions and Starbucks Entertainment presentation of an Out of the Blue and Reactor Films production in association with Cinema Gypsy Productions . '' Jump up ^ By `` this kind of movie '' , Fishburne was saying that Akeelah and the Bee breaks up with common stereotypes of African Americans reinforced by media . He declared , `` There are no gangsters in it ; there are no rappers in it . Studios are looking for an easy way to make money ; ( with black films ) , it 's comedy , or it 's action , or it 's ' ghetto fabulous . ' '' According to him , Hollywood `` does n't care about a young , disadvantaged black girl . '' Jump up ^ When this space is blank it indicates that the film itself was the recipient . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Review : ' Akeelah and the Bee ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Production 2006 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , John ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Fishburne says ' Akeelah ' touches on risky themes '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Block Communications . 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Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Akeelah and the Bee '' . Evening Chronicle . August 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fuchs , Cynthia ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Akeelah and the Bee ( 2006 ) '' . PopMatters . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` A star shines in a bee movie '' . The Globe and Mail . CTVglobemedia . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anna ( March 26 , 2007 ) . `` Akeelah And The Bee Review '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mohan , Marc ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Akeelah and the B movie '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Jessica ( August 17 , 2006 ) . `` Akeelah and the Bee '' . Time Out . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schager , Nick ( April 21 , 2006 ) . `` Film Review : Akeelah and the Bee '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Jan ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Sting of defeat for ' Bee ' is the plot '' . Newsday . Cablevision . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Chris ( August 17 , 2006 ) . `` A spell of good fortune '' . The Times . News UK . pp. 18 -- 19 ( Times2 supplement ) . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Spelling Error '' . New York Post . News Corp . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( August 18 , 2006 ) . `` Akeelah and the Bee '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ von Busack , Richard ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` Casting a Spell '' . Metro Silicon Valley . Metro Newspapers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pimentel & Sawyer 2011 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Pimentel & Sawyer 2011 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Pimentel & Sawyer 2011 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Pimentel & Sawyer 2011 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Linder 2011 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Linder 2011 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Linder 2011 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Linder 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Linder 2011 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Pimentel & Sawyer 2011 , p. 103 - 104 . ^ Jump up to : Ladson ‐ Billings 2009 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Reel Award nominations '' . Arkansas Times . Arkansas Times Limited . December 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Image Award nominees and winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . March 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Angels , Steve ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fil - Am actor to visit the Philippines '' . ABS - CBN News . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Jawn ( June 11 , 2007 ) . `` Everybody Loves Tichina '' . Black Voices . AOL . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Hudson Snags Best New Artist and Best Actress Honors at BET Awards '' . Fox News Channel . June 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Nominees '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Year 's Nominees '' . Chicago Film Critics . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners Announced for the 2006 Chicago Film Critics Awards '' . Chicago Film Critics . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Satellite Awards nominations announced '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . December 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( December 18 , 2006 ) . `` ' Departed , ' ' Dreamgirls ' win at Satellite Awards '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Gregg . `` Board of Review votes ' Iwo Jima ' best picture '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaltenbach , Chris ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Chris Kaltenbach 's Favorite Films '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Publishing . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( December 31 , 2006 ) . `` 2006 The Year on Screen - As performers reclaimed the movies , give them an A for acting '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia Media Network . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Persall , Steve ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` For fans , a happy ending after all '' . St. Petersburg Times . Times Publishing Company . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulations 2007 CAMIE Winners ! '' . CAMIE Awards . May 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Works cited ( edit ) `` Akeelah and the Bee Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . HollywoodJesus.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Beck , Bernard ( 2009 ) . `` Angels With Dirty Faces : Who Invited Slumdog Millionaire and The Visitor ? '' . Multicultural Perspectives. 11 ( 3 ) : 146 -- 149 . doi : 10.1080 / 15210960903116589 . Ladson ‐ Billings , Gloria ( 2009 ) . `` ' Who you callin ' nappy ‐ headed ? ' A critical race theory look at the construction of Black women '' . Race Ethnicity and Education . Routledge. 12 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 99 . doi : 10.1080 / 13613320802651012 . Linder , Kathryn ( September 2011 ) . `` Spelling Out Racial Difference : Moving Beyond the Inspirational Discourses in Akeelah and the Bee '' ( PDF ) . Red Feather Journal . 2 ( 2 ) : 18 -- 33 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 1 , 2015 . Niemiec , Ryan M ; Wedding , Danny ( 2013 ) . Positive Psychology at the Movies : Using Films to Build Virtues and Character Strengths . Hogrefe Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61676 - 443 - 2 . Pimentel , Charise ; Sawyer , Cathleen ( May 2011 ) . `` Akeelah and the Bee : Inspirational Story of African - American Intellect and Triumph or Racist Rhetoric Served Up On Another Platter ? '' . Multicultural Perspectives . National Association for Multicultural Education . 13 ( 2 ) : 100 -- 104 . doi : 10.1080 / 15210960.2011. 571559 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Akeelah and the Bee Official website Akeelah and the Bee on IMDb Akeelah and the Bee at AllMovie Akeelah and the Bee at Box Office Mojo Akeelah and the Bee at Metacritic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akeelah_and_the_Bee&oldid=808762506 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s drama films African - American films American coming - of - age films American drama films American films Films about educators Films about race and ethnicity Films about spelling competitions Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Lions Gate Entertainment films Scripps National Spelling Bee Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 00 : 21 . 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List of NBA players with most championships

List of NBA players with most championships - wikipedia List of NBA players with most championships Jump to : navigation , search Bill Russell won 11 championships with the Boston Celtics , an NBA record . This is a list of NBA players with most championships won as a player . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a major professional basketball league in North America . It was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949 -- 50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the sport 's postseason . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Players from the winning team usually receive championship rings from the team honoring their contribution . However , in some rare occasion , the teams opted to give other commemorative items , such as wrist watches , instead of rings . The number of championships won by NBA superstars is often used as a measurement of their greatness . Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13 - year playing career . He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year . Afterwards , he went on to win ten championships in the next 12 years , including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966 . He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player - coach . Russell 's teammate , Sam Jones , won ten championships from 1959 to 1969 , the second most in NBA history . Four Celtics players , Tom Heinsohn , K.C. Jones , Satch Sanders and John Havlicek , won eight championships each . Two other Celtics , Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey , won seven championships each . Four players , Bob Cousy , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen , won six championships each . Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s . George Mikan won two championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA , and won five championships in the NBA . Robert Horry and John Salley are the only players to have won the championships with three different teams . Horry won seven championships with the Houston Rockets , the Los Angeles Lakers and the San Antonio Spurs , while Salley won four championships with the Detroit Pistons , the Bulls and the Lakers . Horry is also the only non-Celtic to win more than 6 times . Frank Saul and Steve Kerr are the only players to win two championships with two different teams in consecutive seasons . Saul won consecutive championships with the Rochester Royals and the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1950s , and Kerr won consecutive championships with the Bulls and the Spurs in the 1990s . Both Saul and Kerr were NBA champions four years in a row , each having participated in three - peats , Saul with the Lakers and Kerr with the Bulls . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List ( edit ) Pos Guard Forward Center * Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA Rank Player Pos Seasons played Total won Championship teams Ref . Bill Russell 13 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Jones , Sam Sam Jones * 12 10 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn * F / C 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 ) Jones , K.C. K.C. Jones * 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) Sanders , Tom `` Satch '' Tom `` Satch '' Sanders * 13 8 Boston Celtics ( 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Havlicek , John John Havlicek * F / G 16 8 Boston Celtics ( 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) 7 Loscutoff , Jim Jim Loscutoff 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Ramsey , Frank Frank Ramsey * F / G 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Horry , Robert Robert Horry 16 7 Houston Rockets ( 1994 , 1995 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 , 2007 ) 10 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 14 6 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ) Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( formerly Lew Alcindor ) 20 6 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1971 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 15 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * 17 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) 14 Mikan , George George Mikan * 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Pollard , Jim Jim Pollard * F / C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Martin , Slater Slater Martin * 11 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) St. Louis Hawks ( 1958 ) Siegfried , Larry Larry Siegfried 9 5 Boston Celtics ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Nelson , Don Don Nelson * 14 5 Boston Celtics ( 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) Cooper , Michael Michael Cooper G / F 12 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Johnson , Earvin `` Magic '' Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson * 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Rodman , Dennis Dennis Rodman * 14 5 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Harper , Ron Ron Harper 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 ) Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 20 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher 18 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan F / C 19 5 San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) 27 Mikkelsen , Vern Vern Mikkelsen * F / C 10 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Saul , Frank Frank Saul G / F 6 Rochester Royals ( 1951 ) Minneapolis Lakers ( 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 ) Wilkes , Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes * G / F 12 Golden State Warriors ( 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 ) Rambis , Kurt Kurt Rambis 14 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 21 Boston Celtics ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1997 ) Perdue , Will Will Perdue 13 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 ) Salley , John John Salley F / C 11 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 ) Grant , Horace Horace Grant F / C 17 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 ) O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 19 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) Miami Heat ( 2006 ) Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ 14 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ 15 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of NBA champions List of NBA championship head coaches Notes ( edit ) Heinsohn won two additional championships in 1974 and 1976 as head coach of the Boston Celtics . Jones won four additional championships in 1972 as assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers , in 1981 as assistant coach of the Boston Celtics , and in 1984 and 1986 as head coach of the Celtics . Sanders is a member of the Naismith Hall , but as a contributor rather than a player . Loscutoff did not play in the 1960 Playoffs and Finals due to injury . Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar in 1971 . He also won two championships as an assistant coach with the Lakers in 2009 and 2010 . Wilkes did not play in the 1985 playoffs due to injury , but remained on the roster until after the Finals . Kerr won additional championships in 2015 and 2017 as head coach of the Golden State Warriors . Sharman won an additional championship in 1972 as head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers . References ( edit ) General `` Most NBA Championships Won '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 Season Overview : Powerful Lakers Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Phil Jackson , lord of the rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ May , Peter ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Havlicek does n't have eight rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aron , Jaime ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Mavs against Cuban 's idea not to give title rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Debate Over Brady 's Place Among the Best Returns to the Shelf '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Russell Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Heinsohn NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Sanders NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Havlicek NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Loscutoff NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Ramsey NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Horry NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Cousy NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottie Pippen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horry adds to ring collection '' . NBC Sports . NBC Universal . June 24 , 2005 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Salley NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jr. , David L. ( February 2007 ) . Basketball Championships ' Most Wanted . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 41 . ISBN 1 - 59797 - 014 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Pep Saul NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Kerr NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bil Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Mikan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Pollard NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slater Martin NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Siegfried NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Nelson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Cooper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Rodman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Harper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Fisher NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vern Mikkelsen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Sharman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaal Wilkes NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Rambis NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Parish NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Perdue NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horace Grant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Ginobili NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com LL . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Parker NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Tom `` Satch '' Sanders `` . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Injury Hit Celtic Hopes '' . The Gettysburg Times . Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . January 12 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Jabbar ( Alcindor ) Is The Name '' . The Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , South Carolina . September 17 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Bonk , Thomas ( August 29 , 1985 ) , `` Wilkes Waived , Ending an 8 - Year Laker Career '' , Los Angeles Times Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_players_with_most_championships&oldid=817141737 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 12 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who has the most nba championships in nba history

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iOS 10

IOS 10 - wikipedia IOS 10 Jump to : navigation , search iOS 10 A version of the iOS operating system The default iOS 10 home screen on an iPhone 7 Developer Apple Inc . Source model Closed with open - source components Initial release September 13 , 2016 ; 17 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) Latest release 10.3. 3 ( 14G60 ) / July 19 , 2017 ; 7 months ago ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) Platforms iPhone iPhone 5 iPhone 5C iPhone 5S iPhone 6 iPhone 6 Plus iPhone 6S iPhone 6S Plus iPhone SE iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPod Touch iPod Touch ( 6th generation ) iPad iPad ( 4th generation ) iPad Air iPad Air 2 iPad ( 2017 ) iPad Mini 2 iPad Mini 3 iPad Mini 4 iPad Pro Kernel type Hybrid ( XNU ) License Proprietary software with open - source components Preceded by iOS 9 Succeeded by iOS 11 Official website iOS 10 at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 12 , 2017 ) Support status Third - party application support only iOS 10 is the tenth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. , being the successor to iOS 9 . It was announced at the company 's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 13 , 2016 , and was released on September 13 , 2016 . It was succeeded by iOS 11 on September 19 , 2017 . iOS 10 incorporates changes to 3D Touch and the lock screen . There are new features to some apps : Messages has additional emojis and third - party apps can extend functionality in iMessage , Maps has a redesigned interface and additional third - party functions , the Home app manages `` HomeKit '' - enabled accessories , Photos has algorithmic search and categorization of media known as `` Memories '' , and Siri is compatible with third - party app - specific requests , such as starting workouts apps , sending IMs , requesting the Lyft or Uber apps or to use payment functions . Reviews of iOS 10 were mostly positive . Reviewers highlighted the significant updates to iMessage , Siri , Photos , 3D Touch , and the lock screen as welcome changes . The third - party extension support to iMessage meant it was `` becoming a platform '' , although the user interface was criticized for being difficult to understand . Third - party integration in Siri was `` great '' , although the voice assistant was criticized for not having become smarter than before . Reviewers were impressed with the image recognition technology in Photos , although noting it was still a `` work in progress '' with a higher error rate than the competition . 3D Touch `` finally feels useful '' and `` works in almost every part of the OS '' . The lock screen was `` far more customizable than before '' , and reviewers enjoyed that notification bubbles could be expanded to see more information without needing to unlock the phone . A month after release , iOS 10 was installed on 54 % of iOS devices , a `` slightly slower migration '' than for the release of iOS 9 , speculated as being caused by an early release issue that may have `` put some ( users ) off downloading the update '' . User adoption of iOS 10 steadily increased in the following months , eventually totaling 89 % of active devices in September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Introduction and initial release 1.2 Updates 1.2. 1 10.0. 1 1.2. 2 10.0. 2 1.2. 3 10.0. 3 1.2. 4 10.1 1.2. 5 10.1. 1 1.2. 6 10.2 1.2. 7 10.2. 1 1.2. 8 10.3 1.2. 9 10.3. 1 1.2. 10 10.3. 2 1.2. 11 10.3. 3 2 System features 2.1 Control Center 2.2 Home screen 2.3 Keyboard 2.4 Lock screen 2.5 Notification Center 2.6 Settings 2.6. 1 CarPlay 2.7 Universal Clipboard 2.8 Other changes 3 App features 3.1 App Store 3.2 Calendar 3.3 Camera 3.4 Clock 3.5 Contacts 3.6 Home 3.7 Mail 3.8 Maps 3.9 Messages 3.10 Music 3.11 News 3.12 Notes 3.13 Photos 3.14 Phone 3.15 Safari 3.16 TV 4 Developer APIs 5 Removed functionality 6 Reception 7 Problems 7.1 Initial release bricking issue 7.2 Local backup encryption issue 7.3 Battery shutdowns 8 Supported devices 8.1 iPhone 8.2 iPod Touch 8.3 iPad 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Further information : iOS version history § iOS 10 Introduction and initial release ( edit ) iOS 10 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 13 , 2016 . The first beta release was made available to registered developers following the keynote . Apple released the first public beta release on July 7 , 2016 . iOS 10 was officially released on September 13 , 2016 . Updates ( edit ) 10.0. 1 ( edit ) iOS 10.0. 1 was released on September 13 , 2016 , as the first update to iOS 10 . It was released just after 10.0 , which contained a bug causing devices to brick themselves while updating . 10.0. 2 ( edit ) iOS 10.0. 2 was released on September 23 , 2016 . The update contained bug fixes , specifically fixing a bug that temporarily disabled the headphone controls on the Lightning EarPods that ship with the iPhone 7 , fixing a bug preventing app extensions from being enabled , and fixing an unexpected crash of the Photos app when activating iCloud Photo Library . 10.0. 3 ( edit ) iOS 10.0. 3 was released on October 17 , 2016 exclusively for iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus models , with a fix for connectivity issues . 10.1 ( edit ) iOS 10.1 was released on October 24 , 2016 , with a new portrait camera mode for iPhone 7 Plus , transit directions for Japan in Apple Maps , the ability to replay Bubble and Screen effects in iMessage , as well as lots of bug fixes . iOS 10.1 also features a warning message when launching a 32 - bit app , that says the app `` may slow down your iPhone '' . iOS 10.1 also allows users to use iMessage effects even when the `` Reduce Motion '' setting is turned on . 10.1 1 ( edit ) iOS 10.1. 1 was released on October 31 , 2016 , with a fix for an issue where Health data could not be viewed for some users . On November 9 , 2016 , Apple released a new version of iOS 10.1. 1 , only available for users who had n't yet updated to the previous 10.1. 1 update . No information on the new update was given . 10.2 ( edit ) iOS 10.2 was released on December 12 , 2016 . The update included a new `` TV '' app ( U.S. only ) that unifies content from different video apps , and recommends new TV shows and movies to watch . The update also added new and redesigned emoji , stabilization and photo grouping accuracy changes to Photos , new `` Love '' and `` Celebration '' Messages screen effects , notification support for HomeKit - accessories , as well as revamped sorting options and design tweaks in the Music app . iOS 10.2 also adds a telemetry diagnostic tool that Apple can use to report battery consumption , for diagnosing reported issues with 30 % battery shutdowns on some iPhone models . iOS 10.2 also includes three new wallpapers for iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus , specifically the wallpapers featured in the marketing of the phones . 10.2 1 ( edit ) iOS 10.2. 1 was released on January 23 , 2017 , with bug fixes and security improvements . On December 28 , 2017 Apple acknowledged that this update changed the power management during peak workloads to avoid unexpected shutdowns on iPhone 6 , iPhone 6 Plus , iPhone 6s , iPhone 6s Plus , and iPhone SE . Customers were upset over this update ; some thought it was a ploy to get people to upgrade to new devices . A number of people have filed lawsuits over the feature and are seeking class action status . 10.3 ( edit ) iOS 10.3 was released on March 27 , 2017 . The update introduced a `` Find My AirPods '' feature for lost AirPods headphones , changed the default file system from HFS+ to APFS for improved performance and encryption ( also increases usable storage on the device ) , support for additional Siri actions , including status of bills in payment apps and scheduling with ride - booking apps , a new Apple ID view in Settings , the ability for developers to respond to reviews in the App Store as well as `` Helpful '' and `` Not Helpful '' review labels , improved overview of iCloud storage usage , and bug fixes and stability improvements . Users can also give app ratings inside the app itself . iOS 10.3 also features a significant security patch fixing an issue where a JavaScript exploit link would cause devices to repeatedly call the 9 - 1 - 1 emergency phone number . The update also added a Podcasts widget and made app transitions smoother , and extended support for Wi - Fi calling to more carriers . For CarPlay , the update added a quick - access multitasking screen with the three most recently used apps , and added functionality for the Maps app to find electric vehicle charging stations . 10.3 1 ( edit ) iOS 10.3. 1 was released on April 3 , 2017 , with bug fixes and security improvements , including a fix for a Wi - Fi vulnerability discovered by Google 's Project Zero team of security researchers . 10.3 2 ( edit ) iOS 10.3. 2 was released on May 15 , 2017 , with bug fixes and security improvements . 10.3 3 ( edit ) iOS 10.3. 3 was released on July 19 , 2017 , with new wallpapers for the 12.9 - inch iPad Pro , along with bug fixes and security improvements , including a fix for a Wi - Fi vulnerability in which devices searching for signal were open to hackers . System features ( edit ) Control Center ( edit ) The Control Center has been redesigned and split into three pages : one for general settings , such as quick toggles for airplane mode and orientation lock , one for audio controls and one for controlling HomeKit ( internet of things ) appliances , if used . 3D Touch capabilities have been added to several toggles . Home screen ( edit ) Apps can show a widget when their home - screen icon is accessed with 3D Touch . Most default apps included with iOS devices can be hidden from the home screen and ' re-downloaded ' from the App Store . Upon doing this , the sandbox of the respective app is removed , which contains user data , settings and caches . The app is also hidden from other places , such as the `` Today '' view , the Settings app and `` Share Sheets '' , through which the user can interact with the app from within another app . This feature was first hinted at during an interview in September 2015 , in which Apple CEO Tim Cook stated that Apple was `` looking at '' allowing customers to remove unused stock apps . iOS 10 allows users to prioritize certain app downloads by using 3D Touch . Keyboard ( edit ) QuickType virtual keyboards , which provide word - completion capabilities , can predict answers to questions and suggest relevant information based on location , calendar availability or contacts . The `` Define '' feature in previous iOS versions has been replaced by `` Look Up '' , and now expands its use from just providing definitions to retrieving information from locations , web browsing history , downloaded apps , suggested websites , and more . The QuickType keyboard will allow the user to type in multiple languages if the user selects the desired languages in the `` Dictionary '' and `` Keyboard '' settings menus . The user has the ability to change keyboard settings specifically for physical keyboards ( such as autocorrect and auto - capitalization ) . Lock screen ( edit ) The `` slide to unlock '' mechanism on the lock screen has been removed in favor of pressing the home button . Similar to the feature on the Apple Watch , `` Raise to Wake '' wakes up the device when the user lifts it . This function requires a device with an M9 motion coprocessor or newer . The `` Today '' view of Notification Center has been replaced by widgets , and is accessible by swiping from left to right . On the iPad , widgets can be displayed in a two - column layout . Notification Center ( edit ) The Notification Center no longer has a `` Today '' view . Notifications , now larger , can expand to display more information and all unread notifications can be cleared at once , using 3D Touch . Apps that need to be updated frequently can now have notifications that update live . The Notification Center contains a Spotlight search bar . Settings ( edit ) A new Magnifier setting was added which allows users to triple - click the home button and iOS will open the Camera app with magnification on . There are also new `` Color Filters '' settings to compensate for a user 's color blindness . Color Filters options include grayscale , red / green filter for protanopia , green / red filter for deuteranopia , and blue / yellow filter for tritanopia . For the Messages application , users can now turn on Low Quality Image mode , which saves `` your poor iPhone from stuffing itself full of images '' based on new animated stickers and GIFs that can be sent in iMessage . The Wi - Fi menu in Settings now shows warnings about the security of a network and if a network is not connected to the Internet . This is shown to the user as small subtext under the Wi - Fi 's network 's name . `` Raise to Wake '' can be enabled or disabled in Settings . In iOS 10.2 , a `` Preserve Settings '' feature allows users to set up the Camera app to launch with certain settings by default . Options include launching with the Video or Square mode rather than the Photo mode , preserving the last used filter , and preserving the capture settings for Live Photos . Music added to Apple Music on one device can now be automatically downloaded to other devices using the Automatic downloads setting . The Settings allows the user the option to have routes in the Maps app avoid toll roads and / or highways . In iOS 10.3 , Settings was updated to feature information relating to a user 's Apple ID account in the main menu , and features a section that allows users to see which old , unmaintained apps wo n't work in future versions of iOS . Additionally , users can now see a breakdown of their iCloud storage . The user can enable a setting to have Siri announce who 's calling , with options for `` Always '' , `` Headphones & Car '' , `` Headphones Only '' , and `` Never '' . CarPlay ( edit ) iOS 10 now allows users to rearrange and remove apps from their CarPlay display , through Settings . In iOS 10.3 , Maps on CarPlay added electric vehicle charging stations . Universal Clipboard ( edit ) As part of the overall Continuity features introduced in iOS 8 , a new Universal Clipboard feature allows users of Mac personal computers running macOS Sierra and iOS devices running iOS 10 to easily copy material to and from different devices through iCloud . As part of Continuity , a new `` Continuity Keyboard '' feature allows users to type text on an iPhone and have the text appear on an Apple TV running tvOS 10 , avoiding the Siri Remote for text input . Other changes ( edit ) iOS 10 features new sound effects for locking the device and for keyboard clicks . Whenever a device detects liquid in the Lightning port , a notice warns the user to disconnect the Lightning cable and allow the port to dry . iOS 10 also allows TTY calls to be made without any additional hardware . iOS 10 allows users to find their Apple Watch using Find My iPhone . Spotlight can now search the contents of users ' iCloud Drive . Storage is reported to the user in the base 10 ( 1 kilobyte equals 1000 bytes ) format instead of base 2 , which was used in older iOS versions . App features ( edit ) App Store ( edit ) iOS 10 allows developers to buy advertisement spots in the App Store when users search for content . It also adds back the `` Categories '' section , which replaces the `` Explore '' section introduced in iOS 8 . In iOS 10.3 , developers are able to respond to user reviews , and `` Helpful '' and `` Not Helpful '' review labels can help surface the most relevant customer reviews . Calendar ( edit ) In iOS 10 , users can now change what day of the week the calendar starts on , as well as alert settings for birthdays and events , and calendar type ( Gregorian , Chinese , Hebrew , Islamic ) . Camera ( edit ) Music will no longer stop playing when the Camera app is launched , unless users decide to record a video or Live Photo . The analog stopwatch face Live Photos can be taken with filters ( previously only available for still photos ) . In iOS 10.1 , the iPhone 7 Plus received a new depth of field portrait camera mode , using both the wide - angle and telephoto lenses on the phone to `` create shallow depth of field portrait photos with blurred backgrounds '' . Clock ( edit ) The Clock app now has a dark theme . A new `` Bedtime '' feature reminds the user when to go to bed to get the desired amount of sleep . There is also a new stopwatch face , accessed by swiping to the left . Contacts ( edit ) The Contacts app in iOS 10 allows users to set default phone numbers and email addresses for contacts who have multiple numbers or addresses . The app also allows the user to add and remove contacts from the Favorite Contacts list . Home ( edit ) Home is a new app that allows users to manage appliances compatible with HomeKit , Apple 's API for home automation . In the app , users can add compatible HomeKit accessories , such as locks , lights , and thermostats , and then directly control the appliances through the app . A `` Scenes '' panel allows many devices to be controlled at once to fit a mood or setting . Geo - fencing activates scheduled sequences following the user 's location . Mail ( edit ) The Mail app now allows users to unsubscribe from mailing lists with an Unsubscribe button . Users can dismiss the message to unsubscribe for a particular mailing list by tapping the `` X '' at the top right corner , preventing the Mail app from displaying the unsubscribe button for that mailing list again later . Apple has added back support for HTML5 video in Mail , which was previously stopped in iOS 8 . Mail can filter messages , either by unread / read , or by categories . iOS 10 also changes how email threading works , by placing the oldest email at the top by default . An option in Settings lets users revert to the previous threading system with the most recent message on top . Additionally , the new threaded conversations allow users to tap a message to see a scrollable stream of messages inside the thread . Maps ( edit ) Maps has been redesigned and updated with additional features , including scanning calendar events for locations , learning from a user 's typical actions , and a redesigned driving view . A marker can be automatically placed to indicate the user 's parked car . The marker can also tell the user when they last parked their car , and a Notes field allows the user to enter information , such as parking garage number , in the app . The app now helps users find the nearest gas station , fast - food restaurant or coffee shop , by swiping up from the bottom of the screen . Maps also estimates how long the detour will take . Users can add third - party extensions to the Maps app , which enable additional functionality , such as a restaurant - booking extension can help the user reserve a table from inside the Maps app . Users can now pan and zoom while in navigation mode . The app displays the current temperature and weather conditions in the bottom right corner . In iOS 10.3 , the app also allows the user to see a weather forecast by using 3D Touch on the current temperature . This functionality allows users to see an hour - by - hour breakdown of the area that they are looking at . Messages ( edit ) The Messages app incorporates its own App Store , which lets users download third - party iMessage apps that can be accessed within iMessage conversations . Users can use them to send stickers , play games or send rich content , such as media previews , to recipients . The Messages App Store has three navigation fields : Featured , Categories , and Manage . The app has been updated to include many visual effects . Chat bubbles , for example , can be sent with a `` loud '' or `` gentle '' animation that the recipient sees upon receiving . `` Invisible ink '' effect obscures the message until the recipient swipes across it . Full - screen effects like balloons , confetti or fireworks can be sent . There is also support for interactions similar to the Apple Watch , such as sending quick sketches and recording and sending the user 's heartbeat . In order to use the screen and bubble effects , the Reduce Motion setting needs to be turned off . Messages now allows users to send handwritten notes . This is done by turning the device to landscape mode for iPhones ( landscape or portrait for iPad users ) and then tapping the handwriting squiggle . The Messages app automatically saves recently used notes , to make it easier to send them again . A handwritten message can be deleted in the same way an app is deleted ; by holding down on the message and pressing Delete . The message can also be saved as a picture file . New emojis have been added , as well as additional features related to emoji . Emojis appear 3x bigger if messages are sent with up to three emojis and no text , the keyboard can now predict emojis to use , and an emoji replacement feature attempts to match words in messages and replace them with emojis of the same meaning . Since the Game Center app has been removed , Messages now handles actions such as inviting friends to a game . Read receipts can now be turned on or off for individual contacts rather than for all contacts . Music ( edit ) The Music app has been redesigned , with an emphasis placed on usability . The `` For You '' section has been reorganized , with a playlist offering daily music recommendations . The `` New '' tab has been renamed `` Browse '' . A new tab for music that has been downloaded called `` Downloaded Music '' has been added . Lyrics are viewable for songs in - app in iOS 10 . The `` Search '' tab includes recent and trending searches . An `` Optimized Storage '' option removes downloaded music that the user has n't played in a while . News ( edit ) The News app , taking cues from the Music layout , has been redesigned to incorporate bold headings and a newspaper-esque layout in the redesigned `` For You '' tab . News also features support for subscriptions and provides notifications for breaking news . Notes ( edit ) Notes now has a collaboration feature . This allows users to share a note and collaborate with other users , who can add and remove text from a note . Users tap a `` round yellow badge with a person and a plus sign '' and can then send invitations through text , email , or by link . Photos ( edit ) Apple added deep learning capabilities for sorting and searching in the Photos app . A new `` Memories '' feature can automatically recognize and compile related photos and create short , shareable music videos . local facial recognition functionality was added to bundle together pictures of certain people . iOS 10 allows users to add doodles and text on a photo , using a new `` Markup '' feature . If the user edits a Live Photo using Markup , the image will be turned into a still image . Live Photos can now be edited by the Photos app . This allows users to trim the clip , change the still frame , add a filter and add digital image stabilization to the Live Photo so it is `` buttery smooth '' . The app also has an upgraded auto - enhance feature and adds a `` Brilliance '' slider . Phone ( edit ) The Phone app can transcribe received visual voicemails . Siri can announce the name and phone number of incoming calls . The system can mark suspected spam callers on the call screen upon incoming calls . Contacts can be enabled for `` Emergency Bypass '' , in which the phone will always make sounds and vibrations when receiving notifications from the chosen contacts , even during Do Not Disturb mode . In the Favorites screen , users can customize what action each favorited contact will enable from a click , including call , FaceTime , SMS , or email . Users can save voicemails through AirDrop , iMessage , iCloud Drive and other apps through a share menu . Safari ( edit ) Apple Pay is now available through the Safari app . There is no limit to how many tabs users can have open at the same time . On supported iPads , Safari has a unique `` Split View '' for viewing two Safari browser tabs in 50 / 50 mode next to each other . Users can also search for keywords in specific tabs , close all tabs with a single click , and reopen recently closed tabs by long - pressing on the plus icon . Users can also search for items in the Bookmarks and Reading List . TV ( edit ) Included in the iOS 10.2 update is a `` TV '' app . The app , which is only available in the United States , offers a simple , unified experience of content from different video apps , as long as each service supports the feature . The new app replaces the Videos app found in previous iOS versions . Developer APIs ( edit ) iOS 10 gives third - party developers access to APIs to three major iOS system apps and services : Siri , iMessage , and Maps . Developers can : Turn certain activities into Siri voice commands , allowing users to speak voice queries into the Siri personal assistant and Siri returning results from the respective apps . Apps that can integrate with Siri are limited to : sending messages , starting calls , sending and requesting payments , search for photos and videos , ordering taxicab or ride - sharing services , and managing workouts . Add dedicated apps to the iMessage App Store , that lets users add unique sticker packs , share rich content , or interact with certain app functions entirely within an iMessage conversation . Add extensions to Apple Maps , so apps with specific functionality useful in a map , such as a restaurant - booking app , can integrate with the mapping service to handle app functionality directly in the Maps app . iOS 10 allows third - party camera apps to capture RAW image format pictures . Support for shooting photos in Adobe 's DNG RAW format is limited to devices with at least a 12MP camera and a third - party app that supports it , as Apple did not enable the feature in the native Camera app . iOS 10 allows VoIP apps to have the same functionality and interface as the Phone and FaceTime apps have , through the use of a CallKit API . Removed functionality ( edit ) Native support for the VPN protocol PPTP was removed . Apple recommends alternatives which it considers to be more secure . The options to group notifications by app in Notification Center and customize the order of notifications were removed . Reception ( edit ) In his review , The Verge 's Dieter Bohn wrote that the new features introduced in iOS 10 are `` an evolution of some of the design and interaction ideas that Apple has been working on for a couple of years '' . He wrote that iMessage is `` becoming a platform all its own '' , and although he liked that extensions mean access to information from apps without needing to open the respective apps , he wrote that new iMessage interface is difficult to understand and that the use of `` third - party apps , stickers , crazy confetti effects , and emoji all over the place '' is a `` nightmare '' , although finishing with `` Or maybe that 's a wonderland , not a nightmare . Your call . '' Regarding third - party support in Siri , he called it `` great '' , while noting the limited class of apps ( `` calls , messaging , payments , photos , ride - sharing apps , some CarPlay systems , and workouts '' ) , and that sometimes a button press was required to complete the process . Beyond app integrations , he criticized Siri , writing `` Siri does n't seem to have gotten a whole lot smarter than you remember '' . Bohn enjoyed the new machine learning technology present in the Photos app , writing that he was `` impressed '' by Apple 's image recognition technology , which he noted is done locally on the device , but did criticize the error rate , where he compares the technology to Google Photos as a step ahead . Bohn liked the new designs for the Music and Maps apps , saying both the redesigns were `` for the better '' . Bohn particularly enjoyed the new lock screen , where he highlighted that notification bubbles can be 3D Touch - ed to access more information , all without needing to unlock the phone . Other small bits of new features he liked included `` deletable '' apps , upgraded `` widgets '' when 3D Touch - ing a home screen icon , and breaking news notifications in Apple News . Overall , Bohn referred to iOS 10 as `` Still a walled garden , but with more doors '' . Engadget 's Devindra Hardawar wrote that iOS 10 is Apple `` basically polishing a pearl '' . Hardawar noted that the major changes in the release focus on features rather than the visual interface . He wrote that the lock screen is now `` far more customizable than before '' . He praised the new features added to 3D Touch , writing that it `` finally feels useful '' , where he likes that `` 3D Touch works in almost every part of the OS '' . In regard to iMessage , he wrote that it has new features that are `` particularly useful '' , including `` Invisible ink '' that obscures text in a conversation when others might be looking , but criticized the user interface , writing that it `` needs some work '' . The `` Memories '' feature in the new Photos app `` usually turned out well '' , but wrote that `` they 're still clearly a work in progress '' . Hardawar praised the new Apple Music app , but added that `` really , anything is better than the last iteration '' . He also liked lyrics support . He wrote that Siri 's third - party support was `` actually starting to get useful '' , but did run into accuracy issues . He finished by writing that although iOS 10 does add features seen in Google 's Android operating system before , the mobile industry is `` shamelessly getting `` inspired '' by the competition `` . His summary states that `` iOS 10 is a collection of useful changes to an already solid OS '' . In October 2016 , a month after its initial release , 54 % of iOS devices were running iOS 10 , a `` slightly slower migration '' than for the release of iOS 9 in the preceding year , a result speculated by MacRumors 's Tim Hardwick as being caused by an early release issue that disabled some devices and may have `` put some ( users ) off downloading the update '' . User adoption increased to 76 % of active devices in January 2017 , 79 % in February 2017 , 86 % in June 2017 , 87 % in July 2017 , and 89 % in September 2017 before the release of iOS 11 . Problems ( edit ) Initial release bricking issue ( edit ) The initial public release of iOS 10 on September 13 , 2016 saw many iPhones and iPads temporarily disabled , or `` bricked '' , by the over-the - air update , requiring bricked devices to be connected to a Mac or PC with iTunes in order to retry the update or restore the device to factory settings . Apple quickly released iOS 10.0. 1 , and issued a statement : `` We experienced a brief issue with the software update process , affecting a small number of users during the first hour of availability . The problem was quickly resolved and we apologize to those customers . '' Local Backup encryption issue ( edit ) In September 2016 , it was discovered that the encryption of local iOS backups made with iTunes is weaker for iOS 10 devices than for devices running iOS 9 . Russian software firm ElcomSoft discovered that the iOS 10 backup process skips several security checks , making it `` approximately 2,500 times '' faster to try passwords , enabling 6 million password tries per second compared to the 2,400 password tries per second for the same process ElcomSoft has used on iOS 9 . The firm stated that the impact is `` severe '' . Apple acknowledged the problem , said it planned to issue a security update , but also stated that iCloud backups were not affected . The iOS 10.1 update subsequently fixed the issue . Battery shutdowns ( edit ) The Next Web 's Juan Buis wrote in late November 2016 that `` complaints are shared ( on Apple 's support forums ) about various iPhone models turning off when the battery falls below a certain percentage '' , and blames the iOS 10.1. 1 update . He further wrote that `` the original post ( on support forums ) explains that the phone dies when there 's 30 percent charge left , and many others have since replied that they 're experiencing the same . '' iOS 10.2 , released in December 2016 , adds a telemetry diagnostic tool that Apple can use to report battery consumption , for diagnosing reported issues with 30 % battery shutdowns . In February 2017 , Apple released a statement to TechCrunch , saying that the iOS 10.2. 1 update , released on January 23 , had reduced the occurrence of battery shutdowns by `` more than 80 % '' on iPhone 6S devices and `` over 70 % '' on iPhone 6 devices . In full , the statement read : With iOS 10.2. 1 , Apple made improvements to reduce occurrences of unexpected shutdowns that a small number of users were experiencing with their iPhone . iOS 10.2. 1 already has over 50 % of active iOS devices upgraded and the diagnostic data we 've received from upgraders shows that for this small percentage of users experiencing the issue , we 're seeing a more than 80 % reduction in iPhone 6s and over 70 % reduction on iPhone 6 of devices unexpectedly shutting down . We also added the ability for the phone to restart without needing to connect to power , if a user still encounters an unexpected shutdown . It is important to note that these unexpected shutdowns are not a safety issue , but we understand it can be an inconvenience and wanted to fix the issue as quickly as possible . If a customer has any issues with their device they can contact AppleCare . 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North America

North America - Wikipedia North America Jump to : navigation , search `` North American '' redirects here . For other uses , see North American ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Northern America . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America Area 24,709,000 km ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) ( 3rd ) Population 579,024,000 ( 2016 , 4th ) Population density 22.9 / km ( 59.3 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $21.2 trillion ( 2016 , 2nd ) GDP ( PPP ) $24.4 trillion ( 2016 , 3rd ) GDP per capita $41,830 ( 2016 , 1st ) Demonym North American Countries 23 Dependencies 22 ( see list of countries ) Largest cities Largest urban areas : New York City Mexico City Los Angeles Chicago Boston Toronto Dallas -- Fort Worth San Francisco Houston Miami Philadelphia North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , and the transatlantic migrations -- the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kinds of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Extent 2.1 Regions 2.2 Countries , territories , and dependencies 3 History 3.1 Geologic history 3.2 Pre-Columbian 3.3 Colonial period 4 Geography 5 Geology 5.1 Canadian geology 5.2 United States geology 5.3 Central American geology 6 Climate 7 Ecology 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religions 8.3 Populace 9 Economy 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Name Map of North America , from 1621 The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann . Vespucci , who explored South America between 1497 and 1502 , was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies , but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans . In 1507 , Waldseemüller produced a world map , in which he placed the word `` America '' on the continent of South America , in the middle of what is today Brazil . He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio : ... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) . For Waldseemüller , no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer . He used the Latinized version of Vespucci 's name ( Americus Vespucius ) , but in its feminine form `` America '' , following the examples of `` Europa '' , `` Asia '' and `` Africa '' . Later , other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent , In 1538 , Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere . Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from `` Amerigo Vespucci '' could be problematic . Ricardo Palma ( 1949 ) proposed a derivation from the `` Amerrique '' mountains of Central America -- Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the Amerrique mountains of Central America , which connected his discoveries to those of Christopher Columbus . Alfred E. Hudd proposed a theory in 1908 that the continents are named after a Welsh merchant named Richard Amerike from Bristol , who is believed to have financed John Cabot 's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497 . A minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of ' Amairick ' . Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language . Extent The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context . In Canadian English , North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together . Alternatively , usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico ( as in the North American Free Trade Agreement ) , as well as offshore islands . The UN geoscheme for `` North America '' separates Mexico from the United States and Canada , placing it instead within its designated `` Central America '' region , while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US / Canada definition -- the UN 's `` North America '' definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US / Canada continental definition , with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate . In France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and the countries of Latin America , the cognates of North America usually designate a subcontinent of the Americas comprising Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre et Miquelon , and Bermuda . North America has been historically referred to by other names . Spanish North America ( New Spain ) was often referred to as Northern America , and this was the first official name given to Mexico . Regions See also : List of regions of Canada and List of regions of the United States Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions . These include cultural , economic , and geographic regions . Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs , such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement . Linguistically and culturally , the continent could be divided into Anglo - America and Latin America . Anglo - America includes most of Northern America , Belize , and Caribbean islands with English - speaking populations ( though sub-national entities , such as Louisiana and Quebec , are Francophone in composition ) . The southern North American continent is composed of two regions . These are Central America and the Caribbean . The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well . In contrast to the common definition of `` North America '' , that which encompasses the whole continent , the term `` North America '' is also used to refer to Canada , Mexico , the United States , and Greenland . The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America , Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Although the term does not refer to a unified region , Middle America -- not to be confused with the Midwestern United States -- groups the regions of Central America , the Caribbean , and Mexico . The largest countries of the continent , Canada and the United States , also contain well - defined and recognized regions . In the case of Canada these are the British Columbia Coast , Canadian Prairies , Central Canada , Atlantic Canada , and Northern Canada . These regions also contain many subregions . In the case of the United States -- and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions -- these regions are : New England , Mid-Atlantic , East North Central States , West North Central States , South Atlantic States , East South Central States , West South Central States , Mountain States , and Pacific States . Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region . Megalopolises have also formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion . Countries , territories , and dependencies Main article : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America Flag Country or territory Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km ) Capital Anguilla ( UK ) 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 14,764 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda 7002442000000000000 ♠ 442 100,963 199.1 St. John 's Aruba ( NLD ) 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 104,822 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas 7004139430000000000 ♠ 13,943 391,232 24.5 Nassau Barbados 7002430000000000000 ♠ 430 284,996 595.3 Bridgetown Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 13.4 Belmopan Bermuda ( UK ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 61,666 1203.7 Hamilton Bonaire ( NLD ) 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7004120930000000000 ♠ 12,093 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands ( UK ) 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 30,661 152.3 Road Town Canada 7006998467000000000 ♠ 9,984,670 36,289,822 3.4 Ottawa Cayman Islands ( UK ) 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 60,765 212.1 George Town Clipperton Island ( FRA ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 -- Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 89.6 San José Cuba 7005109886000000000 ♠ 109,886 11,475,982 102.0 Havana Curaçao ( NLD ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 159,371 317.1 Willemstad Dominica 7002751000000000000 ♠ 751 73,543 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic 7004486710000000000 ♠ 48,671 10,648,791 207.3 Santo Domingo El Salvador 7004210410000000000 ♠ 21,041 6,344,722 293.0 San Salvador Greenland ( Denmark ) 7006216608600000000 ♠ 2,166,086 56,412 0.026 Nuuk Grenada 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 107,317 302.3 St. George 's Guadeloupe ( FRA ) 7003162800000000000 ♠ 1,628 449,975 246.7 Basse - Terre Guatemala 7005108889000000000 ♠ 108,889 16,582,469 128.8 Guatemala City Haiti 7004277500000000000 ♠ 27,750 10,847,334 361.5 Port - au - Prince Honduras 7005112492000000000 ♠ 112,492 9,112,867 66.4 Tegucigalpa Jamaica 7004109910000000000 ♠ 10,991 2,881,355 247.4 Kingston Martinique ( FRA ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( UK ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( NLD ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom Saint Barthélemy ( FRA ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries Saint Martin ( FRA ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7004298200000000000 ♠ 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( FRA ) 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 6,305 24.8 Saint - Pierre Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002389000000000000 ♠ 389 109,643 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius ( NLD ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003273900000000000 ♠ 2,739 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten ( NLD ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 39,537 1176.7 Philipsburg Trinidad and Tobago 7003513000000000000 ♠ 5,130 1,364,962 261.0 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 34,900 34.8 Cockburn Town United States 7006962909100000000 ♠ 9,629,091 322,179,605 32.7 Washington , D.C. United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 104,913 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Total 7007245009950000000 ♠ 24,500,995 7008541720440000000 ♠ 541,720,440 22.9 History Main article : History of North America Geologic history Principal hydrological divides of Canada , the United States and Mexico Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America ; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon . The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton . From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras , North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea , with Eurasia to its east . One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains , which formed some 480 million years ago , making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world . When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago , North America became part of Laurasia , before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period . The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny , between 80 and 55 million years ago . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago , and the Great Lakes ( as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers ) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago . North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States . Pre-Columbian The El Castillo pyramid , at Chichén Itzá , Mexico The indigenous peoples of North America have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation . The specifics of Paleo - Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 25,000 to 11,000 years ago . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 13,000 years before present . Some genetic research indicated secondary waves of migration occurred after the initial Paleo - Indian colonization , but prior to modern Inuit , Inupiat and Yupik expansions . Before contact with Europeans , the natives of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. , the bison hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. , Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups , as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record , and their replacement by the Thule people . During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent , cultures changed and shifted . One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico . Later cultures include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures , found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact by any European culture with the landmasses that geologically constitute the `` mainland '' of modern North America has been dated to the end of the 10th century CE -- this site , situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland , is known as L'Anse aux Meadows , where unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement was uncovered in the early 1960s . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids and temples , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE , a few hundred years after the Mesopotamians . The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish explorers arrived , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico . The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés . Colonial period Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Main article : European colonization of the Americas Further information : Timeline of the European colonization of North America , British America , French America , Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Russian colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery , Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America . Upon their arrival in the `` New World '' , the Native American population declined substantially , because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity . Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed . Several linguistic groups died out , and others changed quite quickly . The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Britain , Spain , and France took over extensive territories in North America -- and fought over them . In the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th , independence movements that sprung up across the continent , led to the creation of the modern countries in the area . The 13 British colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776 , becoming the United States of America . Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France . New Spain , a territory that stretched from modern - day southern US to Central America , declared independence in 1810 , becoming the First Mexican Empire . In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala , then part of the Mexican Empire , became the first independent state in Central America , officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America . Geography Main article : Geography of North America Satellite imagery of North America North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California . Before the Central American isthmus formed , the region had been underwater . The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge , which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela . There are numerous islands off the continent 's coasts ; principally , the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , Turks & Caicos , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Aleutian Islands ( some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper ) , the Alexander Archipelago , the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast , and Newfoundland . Greenland , a self - governing Danish island , and the world 's largest , is on the same tectonic plate ( the North American Plate ) and is part of North America geographically . In a geologic sense , Bermuda is not part of the Americas , but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago . The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . However , Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America , especially given its historical , political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent . Moraine Lake in Banff National Park The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier . The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska . The United States Geographical Survey ( USGS ) states that the geographic center of North America is `` 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at about 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W  /  48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W  / 48.167 ; - 100.167 , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Rugby , North Dakota . The USGS further states that `` No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . '' Nonetheless , there is a 4.6 - metre ( 15 ft ) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km ( 1,030 mi ) from the nearest coastline , between Allen and Kyle , South Dakota at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W  /  43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W  / 43.36 ; - 101.97  ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) . Geology Main article : Geology of North America Geologic Map of North America published by USGS Sedimentary , volcanic , plutonic , and metamorphic rock types of North America Canadian geology Geologically , Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world , with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era . Canada 's mineral resources are diverse and extensive . Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron , nickel , zinc , copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , and uranium reserves . Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic , making Canada one of the world 's largest producers . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin , and so it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry . United States geology The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces : The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera , while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot . North America bedrock and terrain North American cratons and basement rocks Central American geology Central America rests in the Caribbean Plate . Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time . In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake , killing 23,000 people ; Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 , the last one killing about 5,000 people ; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador , one in 1986 and two in 2001 ; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009 , killing at least 34 people ; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009 . Volcanic eruptions are common in the region . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted and killed 87 people . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Central America has many mountain ranges ; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia , and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people ; in fact , most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala live in valleys . Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee , beans , and other crops . Climate North America map of Köppen climate classification North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle , and the Tropic of Cancer . Greenland , along with the Canadian Shield , is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 ° C ( 50 to 68 ° F ) , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet . This tundra radiates throughout Canada , but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains ( but still contains Alaska ) and at the end of the Canadian Shield , near the Great Lakes . Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches ( 510 mm ) . Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean , with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 ° F ( 14 to 21 ° C ) over the course of the year . Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota , and stretching down to Kansas , is the continental - humid climate featuring intense seasons , with a large amount of annual precipitation , with places like New York City averaging 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . Starting at the southern border of the continental - humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico ( whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas ) is the subtropical climate . This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching 67 inches ( 1,700 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates , and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada , south to the southern tip of durango , north to the border with tundra climate , the steppe / desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Ecology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) See also : List of endangered plants in North America Notable North American fauna include the bison , black bear , prairie dog , turkey , pronghorn , raccoon , coyote and monarch butterfly . Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco , maize , squash , tomato , sunflower , blueberry , avocado , cotton , chile pepper and vanilla . Demographics Further information : Demographics of the United States , Demographics of Canada , and Demographics of Mexico Non-native nations ' control and claims over North America c. 1750 -- 2008 Native languages of the US , Canada and Greenland Economically , Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent , followed by Mexico , a newly industrialized country . The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development . For example , small Caribbean island - nations , such as Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , and Antigua and Barbuda , have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations . Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations . Additionally , despite Greenland 's vast resources in oil and minerals , much of them remain untapped , and the island is economically dependent on fishing , tourism , and subsidies from Denmark . Nevertheless , the island is highly developed . Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups . Languages Main article : Languages of North America Languages spoken in the Americas The dominant languages in North America are English , Spanish , and French . Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic , and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean . The term Anglo - America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas : namely Canada ( where English and French are co-official ) and the United States , but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics , especially the Commonwealth Caribbean . Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas ( generally south of the United States ) where the Romance languages , derived from Latin , of Spanish and Portuguese ( but French speaking countries are not usually included ) predominate : the other republics of Central America ( but not always Belize ) , part of the Caribbean ( not the Dutch - , English - , or French - speaking areas ) , Mexico , and most of South America ( except Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana ( France ) , and the Falkland Islands ( UK ) ) . The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions . Canada is officially bilingual . French is the official language of the Province of Quebec , where 95 % of the people speak it as either their first or second language , and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick . Other French - speaking locales include the Province of Ontario ( the official language is English , but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco - Ontarians ) , the Province of Manitoba ( co-official as de jure with English ) , the French West Indies and Saint - Pierre et Miquelon , as well as the US state of Louisiana , where French is also an official language . Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French . Similarly , French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English . Religions Main article : Religion in North America See also : Religions of the world Washington National Cathedral , in Washington , D.C. . The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian . Christianity is the largest religion in the United States , Canada and Mexico . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey , 77 % of the population considered themselves Christians . Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America . The United States has the largest Christian population in the world , with nearly 247 million Christians ( 70 % ) , although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations . Mexico has the world 's second largest number of Catholics , surpassed only by Brazil . A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . According to the same study religiously unaffiliated ( include agnostic and atheist ) make up about 17 % of the population of Canada and the United States . No religion make up about 24 % of the United States population , and 24 % of Canada total population . Canada , the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews ( 6 million or about 1.8 % ) , Buddhists ( 3.8 million or 1.1 % ) and Muslims ( 3.4 million or 1.0 % ) . The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States ( 5.4 million ) , Canada ( 375,000 ) and Mexico ( 67,476 ) . The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9 % , While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2 % of the population . While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country . In 2012 , U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people , of whom 40 % are living in Southern California . The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 96 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 85 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Rastafari ( in Jamaica ) , and Afro - American religions such as Santería and Vodou . Populace North American cities Mexico City Los Angeles Toronto Chicago New York City See also : List of North American countries by population , List of North American cities by population , and List of North American metropolitan areas by population The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) . While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages . Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion . North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 . The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico . Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States ‌ 2011 Census figures . Economy Main article : Economy of North America See also : List of North American countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of North American countries by GDP ( PPP ) Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Mexico 2,406,087 2017 Canada 1,763,785 2017 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 172,576 2017 6 Guatemala 138,276 2017 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 99,430 2017 9 Costa Rica 85,203 2017 10 El Salvador 56,903 2017 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,298,466 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Dominican Republic 74,873 2017 7 Guatemala 70,806 2017 8 Costa Rica 58,909 2017 9 Panama 59,051 2017 10 Trinidad and Tobago 27,870 2008 North America 's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) to be $41,830 , making it the richest continent in the world , followed by Oceania . Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 77 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well . Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services , mining and manufacturing . Canada 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP ( nominal ) in 2014 . Canada 's services sector comprises 78 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 20 % and agriculture comprises 2 % . Mexico has a per capita GDP ( PPP ) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP ( nominal ) in the world . Being a newly industrialized country , Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations . Its main sources of income are oil , industrial exports , manufactured goods , electronics , heavy industry , automobiles , construction , food , banking and financial services . The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas . These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Caribbean Community and Common Market ( CARICOM ) , and the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) . Of these trade blocs , the United States takes part in two . In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations , often between the larger , more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries . The North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world . Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada , the United States and Mexico . While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship -- and to present day still do -- in the world and Canada -- United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs , NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty - free trade . The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States - Mexico trade . Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010 , surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all - time historical increase of 24.3 % or US $791 billion . The NAFTA trade bloc GDP ( PPP ) is the world 's largest with US $17.617 trillion . This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world 's largest national economy ; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010 . The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other 's largest trade partners . The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico ; while Canada and Mexico are each other 's third largest trade partners . The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect . Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does . These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs . Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU . The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union ; the US - Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself ; and the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations , Australia , and New Zealand . Transport Main article : Transportation in North America The full Pan American Highway ( including South America ) , from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska to Ushuaia , Argentina The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km ( 30,000 mi ) in length which travels through the mainland nations . No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway , and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border . However , the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) . 2006 map of the North American Class I railroad network The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s , linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast . Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit , Utah , it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West , catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system . Although an accomplishment , it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world . The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway ( GTR ) had , by 1867 , already accumulated more than 2,055 km ( 1,277 mi ) of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron , Michigan , through Sarnia , Ontario . Communications A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories : the United States and its territories , Canada , Bermuda , and 17 Caribbean nations . Culture Canada and the United States were both former British colonies . There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English - speaking Canada . Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark . Spanish - speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies . In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed , indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries . Central American and Spanish - speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity . Northern Mexico , particularly in the cities of Monterrey , Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Mexicali , is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States . Of the aforementioned cities , Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico . Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US . The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region , and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America . In the Anglophone Caribbean . This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English - speaking Caribbean countries , and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home . Northern Mexico , the Western United States and Alberta , Canada share a cowboy culture . Sports Canada , Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America , in order of average revenue . League Sport Primary country Founded Teams Revenue US $ ( bn ) Average Attendance National Football League ( NFL ) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 7004676040000000000 ♠ 67,604 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball United States Canada 1869 30 $8.0 7004304580000000000 ♠ 30,458 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball United States Canada 1946 30 $5.0 7004173470000000000 ♠ 17,347 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey United States Canada 1917 31 $3.3 7004177200000000000 ♠ 17,720 Liga MX Football ( soccer ) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 7004255570000000000 ♠ 25,557 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Football ( soccer ) United States Canada 20 $0.5 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 Jump up ^ MLS plans to expand to 21 teams in 2017 , and to 24 teams by 2020 . See also Main article : Outline of North America Flags of North America List of cities in North America North America portal Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km only , considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km . ^ Jump up to : Depending on definitions , Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Panama , and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in either or both of North and South America . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 , much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades . Plymouth remains the de jure capital . Jump up ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country , though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal . Figures listed here are for the entire country . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Includes the US state of Hawaii , which is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania . References ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents , as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas . Jump up ^ `` North America Land Forms and Statistics '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North America Fast Facts '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amerigo Vespucci '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1907 ) . The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile . Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza , introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser . New York : The United States Catholic Historical Society . p. 9 . Latin : `` Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium ( ut in sequentibus audietur ) inventa est , quam non video , cur quis jure vetet , ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam , cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen . `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 39491 - 0 . New countries or continents were never named after a person 's first name , but always after the second ... Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` '' America `` '' . Fowler 's Modern English Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861021 - 1 . the term ' North America ' is mostly used to mean the United States and Canada together . Countries to the south of the United States are described as being in Central America ( Mexico , Nicaragua , etc . ) or South America ( Brazil , Argentina , etc . ) . See also : McArthur , Tom ( 1992 ) . `` North American '' . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 707 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- North America '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries in North America -- Country Reports '' . Country Reports . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America : World of Earth Science '' . eNotes Inc . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Region '' . The Trilateral Commission . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . 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Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` In Europe and other parts of the world , many students are taught of six continents , where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America . Thus , these six continents are Africa , America , Antarctica , Asia , Australia , and Europe . '' Jump up ^ `` Continents '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` six - continent model ( used mostly in France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and Latin America ) groups together North America + South America into the single continent America . '' Jump up ^ `` AMÉRIQUE '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional '' ( Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ) . Archivos de la Independencia ( in Spanish ) . Archivo General de la Nación . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Central America . 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United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles . `` Statistical information : Population '' . Government of the Netherlands Antilles . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Land area figures taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : These population estimates are for 2010 , and are taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , I.W.D. 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Hagler , Yoav ( 2009 ) . `` Defining U.S. Megaregions . '' New York , NY : Regional Plan Association . Jump up ^ Regional Plan Association ( 2008 ) . America 2050 : An Infrastructure Vision for 21st Century America . New York , NY : Regional Plan Association . ^ Jump up to : `` United States , Economy '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ World Bank . `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) - Data '' . data.worldbank.org . World Bank . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of South American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada , Economy '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , October 2010 '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico , Economy '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stratfor Global Market -- Mexico '' . Stratfor. 30 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : De la Torre , Miguel ; Benavides , Benigno ; Saldaña , José ; Fernández , Jesús ( 2008 ) . `` Las profesiones en México : condiciones económicas , culturales y sociales '' . Sociología y Profesión ( Sociology and Profession ) ( in Spanish ) . Monterrey : Nuevo León Autonomous University ( UANL ) . p. 116 . ISBN 970 - 24 - 0051 - 1 . La economía de América del Norte se encuentra bien definida y estructurada en tres principales áreas económicas : el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte ( TLCAN ) , el CARICOM y el Mercado Común Centroamericano Jump up ^ `` Regional Trade Blocs '' . University of California , Santa Cruz . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ North American Free Trade Agreement . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Fergusson , Ian . `` CRS Report for Congress : United States - Canada Trade and Economic Relationship -- Prospects and Challenges '' ( PDF ) . Congress Research Service . Archived from the original on 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NAFTA Trade Volume Increases '' . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Report Countries by GDP ( PPP ) '' . International Monetary Fund . 14 September 2006 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BEA News Release : Gross Domestic Product '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Foreign Trade Highlights '' . United States of America Bureau of the Census . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Manufacturing Association '' . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Free Trade Agreements '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Central American Community and Market '' . Pearson Education . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ceremony at `` Wedding of the Rails '' , May 10 , 1869 at Promontory Point , Utah `` . World Digital Library . 10 May 1869 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Emmot , Robert ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Special report : If Monterrey falls Mexico falls -- Reuters '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` The ' Big Five ' in North American Pro Sports '' , FiveThrityEight , Nate Silver , 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLS vs the major leagues : can soccer compete when it comes to big business ? '' , Guardian.com , 12 March 2014 . 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Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)

Queen of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) - wikipedia Queen of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Queen of Hearts Alice character John Tenniel 's illustration of the King and Queen of Hearts at the trial of the Knave of Hearts . First appearance Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Last appearance Disney 's Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Created by Lewis Carroll Portrayed by Barbara Hershey ( Once Upon a Time ) Miranda Richardson Kathy Bates ( Alice ) Voiced by Verna Felton ( 1951 ) Tress MacNeille ( 1998 - Present ) Information Nickname ( s ) Red Queen ( sometimes mistakenly ) Species playing card Gender Female Occupation Queen Spouse ( s ) The King of Hearts King of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) Children Ten Hearts Nationality Wonderland The Queen of Hearts is a fictional character from the book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland by the writer Lewis Carroll , in which she appears as the primary antagonist . She is a foul - tempered monarch whom Carroll himself describes as `` a blind fury '' , and who is quick to give death sentences at the slightest offense . One of her most famous lines she states often is `` Off with their heads ! '' The Queen is referred to as a card from a pack of playing cards by Alice , yet somehow she is able to talk and is the ruler of the lands in the story , alongside her tiny husband , the King of Hearts . She is often confused with the Red Queen from the sequel , Through the Looking - Glass , although the two are very different . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Origins 3 Illustrations 4 Confusion with the Red Queen 5 Adaptions 5.1 Disney 5.2 Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) 5.3 American McGee 's Alice 5.4 The Looking - Glass Wars 5.5 Alice in the Country of Hearts 5.6 SyFy TV miniseries 5.7 Once Upon a Time 5.8 Other versions and adaptations 6 References 7 Citations Overview ( edit ) Alice observes three playing cards painting white roses red . They drop to the ground face down at the approach of the Queen of Hearts , whom Alice has never met . When the Queen arrives and asks Alice who is lying on the ground ( since the backs of all playing cards look alike ) , Alice tells her that she does not know . The Queen then becomes frustrated and commands that her head be severed . She is deterred by her comparatively moderate husband by being reminded that Alice is only a child . Generally , however , as we are told by Carroll : The Queen had only one way of settling all difficulties , great or small . ' Off with his head ! ' she said , without even looking round . One of the Queen 's hobbies -- besides ordering executions -- is croquet ; however it is Wonderland croquet , where the balls are live hedgehogs and the mallets are flamingoes . This is presumably with the aim that the birds ' blunt beaks should strike , but , as Alice observes , it is complicated by the fact that they keep looking back up at the players - as well as the hedgehogs ' tendency to scuttle away without waiting to be hit . The Queen 's soldiers act as the arches ( or hoops ) on the croquet grounds , but have to leave off being arches every time the Queen has an executioner drag away the victim , so that , by the end of the game in the story , the only players that remain are the Queen herself , the King , and Alice . Despite the frequency of death sentences , it would appear few people are actually beheaded , the King of Hearts , quietly pardons many of his subjects when the Queen is not looking ( although this did not seem to be the case with The Duchess ) , and her soldiers humor her but do not carry out her orders . The Gryphon tells Alice , `` It 's all her fancy : she never executes nobody , you know . '' Nevertheless , all creatures in Wonderland fear the Queen . In the final chapters , the Queen sentences Alice again ( for defending the Knave of Hearts ) , and she offers a bizarre approach towards justice : sentence before verdict . Modern portrayals in popular culture usually let her play the role of a villain because of the menace the character exemplifies , but in the book she does not fill that purpose . She is just one of the many obstacles that Alice has to encounter on the journey , but unlike other obstacles , she makes a higher potential threat . Origins ( edit ) The Queen is believed by some to be a caricature of Queen Victoria , with elements of reality that Dodgson felt correctly would make her at once instantly recognizable to parents reading the story to children , and also fantastical enough to make her unrecognizable to children . The reference is explicit in Jonathan Miller 's 1966 television version where she and the King of Hearts are portrayed without any attempt at fantasy , or disguise as to their true natures or personality . The Queen may also be a reference to Queen Margaret of the House of Lancaster . During the War of the Roses , a red rose was the symbol of the House Lancaster . Their rivals , the House of York , had a white rose for their symbol . The gardeners ' painting the white roses red may be a reference to these two houses . Illustrations ( edit ) Image of Elizabeth de Mowbray , Duchess of Norfolk that inspired the original illustrations of the Queen of Hearts . After unsuccessfully attempting to illustrate Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland himself , Lewis Carroll was persuaded to engage a professional artist to provide the illustrations . He turned to cartoonist John Tenniel , who was known for his regular contributions to the satirical magazine Punch ( published 1841 -- 1992 , 1996 -- 2002 ) . Tenniel 's inspiration for the Queen of Hearts was an image of Elizabeth de Mowbray , Duchess of Norfolk in one of the medieval stained glass windows at Holy Trinity Church , Long Melford , Suffolk . The illustrations for the Alice books were engraved onto blocks of wood , to be printed in the wood engraving process . The original wood blocks are now in the collection of the Bodleian Library in Oxford , England . They are not usually on public display , but were exhibited in 2003 . Confusion with the Red Queen ( edit ) She is commonly mistaken for the Red Queen in the story 's sequel , Through the Looking - Glass , but in reality shares none of her characteristics other than being a queen . Indeed , Carroll , in his lifetime , made the distinction of the two Queens by saying : `` I pictured to myself the Queen of Hearts as a sort of embodiment of ungovernable passion -- a blind and aimless Fury . The Red Queen I pictured as a Fury , but of another type ; her passion must be cold and calm -- she must be formal and strict , yet not unkindly ; pedantic to the 10th degree , the concentrated essence of all governesses ! '' -- Lewis Carroll , in `` Alice on the Stage '' The 1951 animated film Alice in Wonderland perpetuates the long - standing confusion between the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts . In the film , the Queen of Hearts delivers several of the Red Queen 's statements , the most notable being based on her `` all the ways about here belong to me '' . Both characters say this to suggest importance and possible arrogance , but in the Red Queen 's case it has a double meaning since her status as a Chess - queen means that she can move in any direction she desires . In the American McGee 's Alice adaptation of the books , the characters are also conflated , leading to further popular misconception . Adaptions ( edit ) Disney ( edit ) Disney 's adaptation of the Queen of Hearts . In the Disney animated feature Alice in Wonderland , the Queen of Hearts is the main antagonist who appears as Alice puts it in a moment of temper , a `` fat , pompous , bad tempered old tyrant '' . The character was voiced by Verna Felton . She is portrayed as a haughty sadist , who enjoys decapitating anyone who merely annoys her . Her presence is all the more striking because of how tiny her husband the King is ( he barely comes up to her knee ) . Similar to the book , Alice meets three cards painting the roses red , since they planted white roses by mistake . When the Queen arrives , she orders those three cards beheaded , then turns her attention to Alice . Refusing to answer her questions with presumption that only she can ask them , she quickly ropes her into a game of croquet . The game ends with the Queen tripping herself over , due to the Cheshire Cat 's mischievous antics . The Queen angrily blames Alice for it , but before she can give the order , the King suggests holding a trial for Alice . The Queen , grudgingly , but reasonably , agrees . The Queen calls the March Hare , the Dormouse , and the Mad Hatter to witness , who hold an unbirthday party for her and cheer her up considerably . During the party , the Cheshire Cat reappears and upsets the Dormouse . The frightened Dormouse runs all over , and in an attempt to crush the mouse , the King of Hearts accidentally hits the Queen on the head with the gavel , which is hastily passed into the March Hare 's hands , then the Hatter 's , and finally Alice 's . The Queen , of course , blames Alice for it , and is going to have her beheaded . But Alice eats mushrooms she had procured earlier , which make her grow bigger . Although Rule No. 42 says that anyone more than a mile high must leave the court immediately , Alice feels free to call the queen a `` fat , pompous , bad tempered old tyrant '' . Unfortunately , she subsequently shrinks down to her normal size , but flees and is able to escape . Of interest is the fact that Disney 's Queen of Hearts seems to be an amalgamation of the Queen from the book , the Duchess , and the Red Queen of Through The Looking - Glass . When pleased , she can be quite pleasant , but is still bossy and often impatient , and can almost at once change to enraged . As she is considered to be one of the members of the Disney Villains group of characters , the Queen of Hearts exacted her revenge upon Alice in the game Disney 's Villains ' Revenge where she stole the ending page of the story and changed the ending , so Alice lost her head . Jiminy Cricket , the player , and Alice 's headless body retrieve the head and escape the labyrinth of the Queen . They meet one last time in the final battle and she surrenders . The Queen of Hearts is the final boss on the Japanese version of Mickey Mousecapade , a 1987 video game where Alice is her hostage . She is also a greetable character at the Walt Disney World Resort . In Mickey 's House of Villains , the Queen of Hearts appears as one of the villain guests of the House of Mouse , voiced by Tress MacNeille . The Queen appears in the Square - Enix / Disney video game Kingdom Hearts , in her homeworld . As in the film , she holds Alice on trial , only this time for attempting to steal her heart . The main heroes in the game , Sora , Donald and Goofy , intervene , telling the Queen that Alice is innocent . The Queen challenges them to provide proof of their theory , and with help from the Cheshire Cat , the three are able to do so . The Queen , however , enraged at being proven wrong , orders them executed and Alice imprisoned in a cage on the roof . The three are able to fight off the Queen 's guards and destroy the cage controls , but Alice is kidnapped , before they can save her . The Queen orders a search for Alice , and temporarily pardons Sora , Donald and Goofy , requesting that they look for Alice as well . She returns in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , only this time as a figment of Sora 's memories . Again , she holds Alice on trial , this time for attempting to steal her memories . In both games , Sora , Donald and Goofy prove Alice 's innocence by defeating the Trickmaster Heartless , the real culprit . The Queen congratulates Sora for solving the mystery , and once again demonstrates her bi-polar personality by pardoning Alice . She is absent in Kingdom Hearts II , but appears in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days along with her homeworld . A digital version of her later appears in Kingdom Hearts coded . Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Red Queen ( Through the Looking - Glass ) § Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) American McGee 's Alice ( edit ) In the video game American McGee 's Alice , the Queen of Hearts is the final boss and the reason for Wonderland 's decay . When Alice fights her , she discovers that the Queen is her dark side -- an embodiment of her insanity ; the Queen must be destroyed for Alice to become sane once more . The Queen 's appearance is different in American McGee 's Alice from how she is in the book : she appears first as a faceless entity having tentacles for arms , legs , and hair . It is later revealed that this is a mere puppet and that the true Queen of Hearts is a horrible monster in the image of a real anatomical heart . She is called both the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen interchangeably throughout the game . No mention is made of the Red Queen from `` Through the Looking Glass . '' However , the White Queen is seen for only a moment , as her head is chopped off by the enemy in The Pale Realm . It 's implied that after Alice was placed in the asylum the red queen and the queen of hearts fused together which explains why the Queen of Hearts is able to control the red piece and the cards at the same time . In the sequel , Alice : Madness Returns , the Queen of Hearts is sought by Alice for assistance in stopping an Infernal Train from tearing apart Wonderland and driving her back into insanity . The Queen claims , when found in the ruins of the Red Kingdom , that Alice is being manipulated by someone other than herself , that this person is trying to erase her memories , particularly about the fire in her childhood , which are tearing her sanity apart . It later turns out that this person is none other than her psychiatrist Dr. Angus Bumby , who has been revealed to having raped Alice 's older sister Lizzy and burned down the house with Lizzy and Alice 's parents to cover up the crime , and that he is attempting to erase Alice 's memories and subject her to prostitution after it . In this sequel , the Red Queen has changed considerably , taking the appearance of a younger Alice , only in a royal dress befitting the Queen of Hearts , with large fleshy claws rather than hands , and her lower body composed of fleshy tentacles that spread throughout the entire castle , which is actually the Queen 's body itself . Some argue she is actually based not on Alice herself , but her sister , as she also referred to her as `` Lizzy '' in a following dialogue , and considering she felt guilty of the death of her family , its possible her subconscious projected her dead sister in the queen she herself killed in the previous game . The Looking - Glass Wars ( edit ) In The Looking Glass Wars by Frank Beddor , the ruling dynasty of the Wonderland is the Heart family . The title of Queen of Hearts is a hereditary title for the Queen of Wonderland . The Queen of Hearts from Alice in Wonderland is reimagined as Queen Redd , the enemy and aunt of the heroine , Alyss . She kills Alyss 's parents and usurps the throne of Wonderland . It should be noted that the true Queen of Hearts in this story is Genevieve Heart , Alyss 's mother as an apparent re-imagining of the White Queen . Alyss is , therefore , the Princess of Hearts . Alice in the Country of Hearts ( edit ) In the manga Alice in the Country of Hearts , the Queen of Hearts is known as Vivaldi . She is n't as much a main character , though , and she has very few parts in the current books . Vivaldi rules Heart Castle and is feuding with the other territories over Wonderland . She is beautiful with black hair , unlike other adaptations . She speaks in the majestic plural , I.E , `` We are happy you are here to see us . '' As discovered through Heart no Kuni no Alice the game by Quinrose ( the predecessor to the manga ) Blood Dupree ( The Hatter ) is Vivaldi 's little brother though it is alluded to be a romantic interest for Vivaldi until Alice discovers the secret . SyFy TV miniseries ( edit ) In the two - part series Alice , hosted by the SyFy Channel , the Queen of Hearts is portrayed by Kathy Bates as a refined but ruthless drug lord . The miniseries is set one hundred and fifty years after the original Alice 's first visit to Wonderland ( the heroine is an unrelated character ) and the Queen is ( as usual ) the primary villain of the series . As is customary , the Queen is depicted as narcissistic , declaring herself as `` the most powerful woman in the history of literature '' and obese . Her calm , cold demeanour suggests that she too is a mixture of the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen . Her name is given as `` Mary Elizabeth Heart '' , and it is suggested that the Hearts are the `` Red '' royal family who seized control of Wonderland from the `` White '' royal family . Once Upon a time ( edit ) The Queen of Hearts appears in the Once Upon a Time episode . `` Hat Trick '' , played by Jennifer Koenig . In the show 's second season , it is revealed that the Queen of Hearts is in fact Cora ( Barbara Hershey ) , the mother of the Wicked Witch of the West and the Evil Queen . In her earlier life , Cora ( portrayed by Rose McGowan ) was also the miller 's daughter ( the heroine of the Rumpelstiltskin story ) . She appears in every season throughout the show most often portrayed by Barbara Hershey but at younger age portrayed by Rose McGowan . She was the main antagonist of Season 2 . In the show 's spin - off , Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , a flashback reveals that Cora ( as the Queen of Hearts ) was the Red Queen 's tutor in magic ; Cora apparently ruled part of Wonderland and was a political rival of the Red King . Other versions and adaptations ( edit ) In various film and television versions of the novel , The Queen has been played by May Robson , Ronald Lang , Zsa Zsa Gabor , Eve Arden , Jayne Meadows , and , In the 1999 Alice in Wonderland television movie , Miranda Richardson , whose portrayal is strongly reminiscent of her role as the spoiled Queenie in Blackadder . In an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place parodying the novel , Alex Russo is in court and becomes smart with the Queen of Hearts ( played by Theresa Russo ) . In the 1991 Disney channel series Adventures in Wonderland , the Queen was played by Armelia McQueen . She appears as a short - tempered and childish but basically benevolent ruler . She was alternately called `` The Queen of Hearts '' and `` The Red Queen '' during the course of the series . In Sandra the Fairytale Detective , her name is Theressa . Pandora Hearts has Miranda Barma who would later become the chain Demios the Executor also nicknamed Queen of Hearts and they have a similar obsession of cutting heads . The Queen is one of the characters adopted by Gwen Stefani in her Wonderland - themed music video What You Waiting For ? . She wears a red gown and a crown reminiscent of the Imperial State Crown from the British Crown Jewels . The Queen wanders through a garden populated with flamingos and pushes Alice ( also Stefani ) into a pool of her own tears . The Queen of Hearts features in Unsuk Chin 's 2007 opera Alice in Wonderland ; the role was created for Dame Gwyneth Jones . The Queen is a major character in Christopher Wheeldon 's 2011 full - length ballet Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , created for The Royal Ballet . The role was created for principal dancer Zenaida Yanowsky and includes a hilarious spoof of the Rose Adagio from The Sleeping Beauty . The Queen appeared briefly during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London in a segment dedicated to the villains of British children 's literature . In Marissa Meyer 's 2016 novel Heartless , the backstory of the Queen of Hearts is told , in which she is a young girl who aspires to be a baker , but is instead taken off course by the anticipated proposal of the King of Hearts . The Queen of Hearts appears in the twelfth episode ( `` And the Broken Staff '' ) of The Librarians . She is brought to life by the wizard Prospero as a distraction for the Librarians , but is subsequently tricked into attacking her own reflection , turning her into a pack of cards ( mirroring the ending of the original story ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jenkins , p. 759 Jump up ^ Gardner , Martin ; Lewis Carroll ( 1998 ) . The Annotated Alice . Random House . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 18920 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of Hearts ( Character ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Royal Opera House ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) , Becoming the Queen of Hearts - The Royal Ballet 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Heartless '' . Goodreads . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Citations ( edit ) Jenkins , Simon ( 1999 ) . England 's Thousand Best Churches . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103930 - 5 . Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass The Nursery `` Alice '' The Hunting of the Snark Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Wonderland Looking - Glass Land Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)&oldid=799882816 '' Categories : Fictional dictators Fictional queens Lewis Carroll characters Fictional characters introduced in 1865 Literary villains Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Female characters in literature Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 Articles with attributed pull quotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 11 : 24 . 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Marsh test

Marsh test - wikipedia Marsh test Jump to : navigation , search Apparatus for the Marsh test The Marsh test is a highly sensitive method in the detection of arsenic , especially useful in the field of forensic toxicology when arsenic was used as a poison . It was developed by the chemist James Marsh and first published in 1836 . Arsenic , in the form of white arsenic trioxide As 2O 3 , was a highly favored poison , for its odourlessness , easily incorporated into food and drink , and before the advent of the Marsh test , untraceable in the body . In France , it came to be known as poudre de succession ( `` inheritance powder '' ) . For the untrained , arsenic poisoning will have symptoms similar to cholera . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursor methods 2 Circumstances and methodology 3 Specific reactions involved 4 First notable application 5 Effects 6 In fiction 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Precursor methods ( edit ) The first breakthrough in the detection of arsenic poisoning was in 1775 when Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered a way to change arsenic trioxide to garlic - smelling arsine gas ( AsH ) , by treating it with nitric acid ( HNO ) and combining it with zinc . As O + 6 Zn + 12 HNO → 2 AsH + 6 Zn ( NO ) + 3 H O In 1787 , German physician Johann Metzger ( 1739 - 1805 ) discovered that if arsenic trioxide were heated in the presence of carbon , the arsenic would sublime . This is the reduction of As O by carbon : 2 As O + 3 C → 3 CO + 4 As In 1806 , Valentin Rose took the stomach of a victim suspected of being poisoned and treated it with potassium carbonate ( K CO ) , calcium oxide ( CaO ) and nitric acid . Any arsenic present would appear as arsenic trioxide and then could be subjected to Metzger 's test . However , the most common test ( and used even today in water test kits ) was discovered by Samuel Hahnemann . It would involve combining a sample fluid with hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) in the presence of hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) . A yellow precipitate , arsenic trisulfide ( As S ) would be formed if arsenic was present . Circumstances and methodology ( edit ) Even so , these tests have proven not to be sensitive enough . In 1832 , a certain John Bodle was brought to trial for poisoning his grandfather by putting arsenic in his coffee . James Marsh , a chemist working at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich was called by the prosecution to try to detect its presence . He performed the standard test by passing hydrogen sulfide through the suspect fluid . While Marsh was able to detect arsenic , the yellow precipitate did not keep very well , and by the time it was presented to the jury it deteriorated . The jury was not convinced , and John Bodle was acquitted . Angered and frustrated by this , especially when John Bodle confessed later that he indeed killed his grandfather , Marsh decided to devise a better test to demonstrate the presence of arsenic . Taking Scheele 's work as a basis , he constructed a simple glass apparatus capable of not only detecting minute traces of arsenic but also measuring its quantity . Adding a sample of tissue or body fluid to a glass vessel with zinc and acid would produce arsine gas if arsenic was present , in addition to the hydrogen that would be produced regardless by the zinc reacting with the acid . Igniting this gas mixture would oxidize any arsine present into arsenic and water vapor . This would cause a cold ceramic bowl held in the jet of the flame to be stained with a silvery - black deposit of arsenic , physically similar to the result of Metzger 's reaction . The intensity of the stain could then be compared to films produced using known amounts of arsenic . Not only could minute amounts of arsenic be detected ( as little as 0.02 mg ) , the test was very specific for arsenic . Although antimony ( Sb ) could give a false - positive test by forming stibine ( SbH ) gas which decomposes on heating to form a similar black deposit , it would not dissolve in a solution of sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , while arsenic would . Specific reactions involved ( edit ) The Marsh test treats the sample with sulfuric acid and arsenic - free zinc . Even if there are minute amounts of arsenic present , the zinc reduces the trivalent arsenic ( As ) . Here are the two half - reactions : Oxidation : Zn → Zn + 2 e Reduction : As O + 12 e + 6 H → 2 As + 3 H O Overall , we have this reaction : As O + 6 Zn + 6 H → 2 As + 6 Zn + 3 H O In an acidic medium , As 3 − is protonated to form arsine gas ( AsH ) , so adding sulphuric acid ( H SO ) to each side of the equation we get : As O + 6 Zn + 6 H + 6 H SO → 2 As + 6 H SO + 6 Zn + 3 H O As the As combines with the H to form arsine : As O + 6 Zn + 6 H + 6 H SO → 2 AsH + 6 ZnSO + 3 H O + 6 H By eliminating the common ions : As O + 6 Zn + 6 H SO → 2 AsH + 6 ZnSO + 3 H O First notable application ( edit ) Main article : Marie LaFarge Although the Marsh test was efficacious , its first publicly documented use -- in fact , the first time evidence from forensic toxicology was ever introduced -- was in Tulle , France in 1840 with the celebrated LaFarge poisoning case . Charles LaFarge , a foundry owner , was suspected of being poisoned with arsenic by his wife Marie . The circumstantial evidence was great : it was shown that she bought arsenic trioxide from a local chemist , supposedly to kill rats which infested their home . In addition , their maid swore that she had mixed a white powder into his drink . Although the food was found to be positive for the poison using the old methods as well as the Marsh test , when the husband 's body was exhumed and tested , the chemists assigned to the case were not able to detect arsenic . Mathieu Orfila , the renowned toxicologist retained by the defense and an acknowledged authority of the Marsh test examined the results . He performed the test again and demonstrated that the Marsh test was not at fault for the misleading results but rather those who performed it did it incorrectly . Orfila thus proved the presence of arsenic in LaFarge 's body using the test . As a result of this , Marie was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment . Effects ( edit ) The case proved to be controversial , for it divided the country into factions who were convinced or otherwise of Mme . LaFarge 's guilt ; nevertheless , the impact of the Marsh test was great . The French press covered the trial and gave the test the publicity it needed to give the field of forensic toxicology the legitimacy it deserved , although in some ways it trivialized it : actual Marsh test assays were conducted in salons , public lectures and even in some plays that recreated the LaFarge case . The existence of the Marsh test also served a deterrent effect : deliberate arsenic poisonings became rarer because the fear of discovery became more prevalent . In fiction ( edit ) Marsh test is used in Bill Bergson Lives Dangerously to prove that a certain chocolate is poisoned with arsenic . In Alan Bradley 's `` As Chimney Sweepers Come To Dust '' , 12 - year old sleuth and chemistry genius Flavia de Luce uses the Marsh test to determine that arsenic was the murderer 's weapon . In the first episode of the 2017 TV series `` Taboo '' a mirror test , referencing the Marsh test , is used to verify the protagonist 's father was killed via arsenic poisoning . However , as the setting of the series is between 1814 - 1820 , a different / earlier process should have been used . See also ( edit ) James Marsh Nascent hydrogen Devarda 's alloy Arsine Stibine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marsh , James ( 1836 ) . `` Account of a method of separating small quantities of arsenic from substances with which it may be mixed '' . Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal . 21 : 229 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . Feb 2013 . Jump up ^ Scheele , Carl Wilhelm ( 1775 ) `` Om Arsenik och dess syra '' ( On arsenic and its acid ) , Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar ( Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy ( of Sweden ) ) , 36 : 263 - 294 . From p. 290 : `` Med Zinck. 30 . ( a ) Denna år den endaste af alla så hela som halfva Metaller , som i digestion met Arsenik - syra effervescerar . '' ( With zinc . 30 . ( a ) This is the only ( metal ) of all whole - as well as semi-metals that effervesces on digestion with arsenic acid . ) Scheele collected the arsine and put a mixture of arsine and air into a cylinder . From p. 291 : `` 3 : 0 , Då et tåndt ljus kom når o̊pningen , tåndes luften i kolfven med en småll , lågan for mot handen , denna blef o̊fvedragen med brun fårg , ... '' ( 3 : 0 , Then as ( the ) lit candle came near the opening ( of the cylinder ) , the gases in ( the ) cylinder ignited with a bang ; ( the ) flame ( rushed ) towards my hand , which became coated with ( a ) brown color , ... ) Jump up ^ Metzger , Johann Daniel , Kurzgefasstes System der gerichtlichen Arzneiwissenschaft ( Concise system of forensic medicine ) , 2nd ed . ( Königsberg and Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Goebbels und Unzer , 1805 ) , pp. 238 -- 239 . In a footnote on p. 238 , Metzger mentions that if a sample that 's suspected of containing arsenic trioxide ( Arsenik ) is heated on a copper plate ( Kupferblech ) , then , when arsenic vapor lands on the plate , it will condense to form a shiny silver - white ( weisse Silberglanz ) patch . He also mentions that if a sample containing arsenic trioxide is large enough , metallic arsenic can be produced from it . From the footnote on p. 239 : `` b ) Am besten geschieht sie , wenn mann den Arsenik mit einem fetten Oel zum Brey macht und in einer Retorte so lange distillirt , bis keine ölichte Dämpfe mehr übergehen , dann aber das Feuer verstärkt , wodurch der Arsenik - König sich sublimirt . '' ( b ) It 's best of all when one makes a paste of the arsenic trioxide with a fatty oil and distills it in a retort long enough until no more oily vapors pass over ( and ) then one intensifies the fire , whereby ( metallic ) arsenic is sublimated . ) Jump up ^ Valentin Rose ( 1806 ) `` Ueber das zweckmäßigste Verfahren , um bei Vergiftungen mit Arsenik letzern aufzufinden und darzustellen '' ( On the most effective method , in cases of poisoning with arsenic , to discover and show the latter ) , Journal für Chemie und Physik , 2 : 665 - 671 . Jump up ^ Hahnemann , Samuel ( 1786 ) . Ueber die Arsenikvergiftung , ihre Hülfe und gerichtliche Ausmittelung ( On poisoning by arsenic : its treatment and forensic detection ) ( in German ) . Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius . On p. 15 , § 34 , and pp. 25 -- 26 , § 67 , Hahnemann noted that when hydrogen sulfide -- Schwefelleberluft = gas ( Luft ) of liver ( Leber ) of sulfur ( Schwefel ) ; `` liver of sulfur '' is a mixture of sulfides of potassium ; hydrogen sulfide was prepared by adding acid to liver of sulfur -- dissolved in water was added to an acidified solution containing arsenic trioxide , a yellow precipitate -- arsenic trisulfide , As S , which he called Operment ( English : orpiment , yellow arsenic ; German : Rauschgelb ) -- was produced . From pp. 25 - 26 : `` § 67 . Noch müssen wir der Schwefelleberluft erwähnen , die in Wasser aufgelöst , sich am innigsten mit dem Arsenikwasser verbindet , und als Operment mit ihm zu Boden fält . '' ( We still must mention hydrogen sulfide , which ( when it 's ) dissolved in water , binds most closely with arsenic ( trioxide in ) water , and falls to the bottom with it as arsenic trisulfide . ) In Chapter 11 ( Elftes Kapitel . Chemische Kennzeichen des Thatbestands ( corporis delicti ) einer Arsenikvergiftung ( Ch. 11 . Chemical indications of evidence of an arsenic poisoning ) ) , Hahemann explains how to identify arsenic in autopsy samples ( e.g. , stomach contents ) . On p. 239 , § 429 , he explains how to distinguish mercury poisoning from arsenic poisoning . And on p. 246 , § 440 , he describes the course of the reaction : `` § 440 . Mit Schwefelleberluft gesättigtes Wasser bildet in einer wenig gesättigten Arsenikauflösung zuerst eine durchsichtige Gilbe , nach einigen Minuten begint die Flüssigkeit erst trübe zu werden und nach mehrern Stunden erscheint dann nach und nach der lokere pomeranzengelbe Niederschlag , den man mit einigen zugetröpfelten Tropfen Weinessig beschleunigen kan . '' ( § 440 . With water saturated with hydrogen sulfide , ( there ) forms , in a little saturated solution of arsenic , at first a transparent yellow ; after some minutes the fluid begins first to become cloudy , and after several hours ( there ) then appears bit by bit a fluffy orange - yellow precipitate , ( the formation of ) which one can accelerate with some drops of acetic acid added dropwise . ) Jump up ^ http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/arsine/arsineh.htm Jump up ^ Taboo ( TV Series 2017 -- ) , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 Marsh J. ( 1837 ) . `` Arsenic ; nouveau procédé pour le découvrir dans les substances auxquelles il est mêlé '' . Journal de Pharmacie. 23 : 553 -- 562 . Marsh , James ( 1837 ) . `` Beschreibung eines neuen Verfahrens , um kleine Quantitäten Arsenik von den Substanzen abzuscheiden , womit er gemischt ist '' . Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 23 ( 2 ) : 207 . doi : 10.1002 / jlac. 18370230217 . Mohr C.F. ( 1837 ) . `` Zusätze zu der von Marsh angegebenen Methode , den Arsenik unmittelbar im regulinischen Zustande aus jeder Flüssigkeit auszuscheiden '' ( Addenda to the method given by Marsh for separating arsenic immediately in the metallic state from any liquid ) . Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 23 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 225 . doi : 10.1002 / jlac. 18370230218 . Lockemann , Georg ( 1905 ) . `` Über den Arsennachweis mit dem Marshschen Apparate '' ( On the detection of arsenic with the Marsh apparatus ) . Angewandte Chemie. 18 ( 11 ) : 416 . doi : 10.1002 / ange. 19050181104 . Harkins , W.D. ( 1910 ) . `` The Marsh test and Excess Potential ( First Paper. 1 ) The Quantitative Determination of Arsenic '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 32 ( 4 ) : 518 -- 530 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01922a008 . Campbell W.A. ( 1965 ) . `` Some landmarks in the history of arsenic testing '' . Chemistry in Britain . 1 : 198 -- 202 . External links ( edit ) McMuigan , Hugh ( 1921 ) . An Introduction to Chemical Pharmacology . Philadelphia : P. Blakiston 's Son & Co. pp. 396 -- 397 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Wanklyn , James Alfred ( 1901 ) . Arsenic . London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner & Co. Ltd . pp. 39 -- 57 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsh_test&oldid=811344835 '' Categories : Arsenic Toxicology tests Name reactions Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Gaeilge Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 01 : 19 . About Wikipedia

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Looney Tunes: Back in Action

Looney Tunes : Back in Action - Wikipedia Looney Tunes : Back in Action This article is about the film . For the tie - in video game , see Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( video game ) . Looney Tunes : Back in Action Theatrical release poster Directed by Joe Dante Produced by Paula Weinstein Bernie Goldman Screenplay by Larry Doyle Story by Larry Doyle Glenn Ficarra John Requa Starring Brendan Fraser Jenna Elfman Steve Martin Timothy Dalton Joan Cusack Heather Locklear Music by Jerry Goldsmith Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Rick Finney Marshall Harvey Production company Baltimore Spring Creek Productions Goldmann Pictures Lonely Film Productions GmbH & Co . KG . Warner Bros. Feature Animation Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date November 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) ( premiere ) November 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $68.5 million Looney Tunes : Back in Action is a 2003 American live - action / animated comedy film directed by Joe Dante . It is the third feature - length live - action / animation hybrid film to feature Looney Tunes characters , after Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) and Space Jam ( 1996 ) . The plot follows Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny ( both voiced by Joe Alaskey ) as they help aspiring daredevil Damian `` D.J. '' Drake , Jr . ( Brendan Fraser ) and Warner Bros. executive Kate Houghton ( Jenna Elfman ) find the `` blue monkey '' diamond in order to prevent the evil Mr. Chairman ( Steve Martin ) of the Acme Corporation from using it to turn mankind into monkeys that will manufacture his products ; the group also attempts to rescue D.J. 's father ( Timothy Dalton ) , an actor and spy who has been captured by Mr. Chairman . The film was theatrically released on November 14 , 2003 with mixed - to - positive critical reception . However , the film was a box office bomb , grossing $68.5 million worldwide against an $80 million budget . This was the final film to be scored by composer Jerry Goldsmith , who died less than a year after the film 's release . This was also the final film to be produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Commercial reception 5.2 Critical response 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Plot Tired of playing second banana to Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck demands his own cartoon from Warner Bros. , but is promptly fired . Aspiring stuntman DJ Drake is asked to escort Daffy off the studio lot , but the ensuing chase leads to the Batmobile demolishing the studio water tower . DJ is also fired in the process , and returns home with Daffy hitching a ride , discovering his father , action film star , Damian Drake , is actually a secret agent . Damian instructs his son to travel to Las Vegas , find his associate Dusty Tails , and gain the mystical `` blue monkey '' diamond , but he is shortly thereafter captured by the Acme Corporation , led by the childish Mr. Chairman . DJ and Daffy head for Vegas . Meanwhile , Bugs ' routines fall apart without Daffy , so `` Vice-President of Comedy , '' Kate Houghton , is sent to rehire Daffy or face being fired herself . Bugs informs Kate of the situation , so they steal Damian 's spy car , and pursue DJ and Daffy . In Las Vegas , DJ and Daffy meet Dusty in a casino owned by Acme operative Yosemite Sam . Dusty gives them a strange playing card , but when Sam attempts to kill them , they flee in the spy car with Bugs and Kate . The spy car , which can also fly , crashes in the Nevada desert . The group eventually stumbles upon Area 52 , run by a woman called ' mother ' , who informs them of the situation , and plays a video recording , which reveals that Acme intends on using the blue monkey to transform mankind into monkeys to manufacture their products , before turning them back into human beings to purchase them . Marvin the Martian , imprisoned in the facility , escapes and leads a group of fellow alien inmates to obtain the playing card , but the heroes escape . Seeing that the card has Mona Lisa 's face on it , the group conclude they must view the painting in the Louvre , located in Paris . At the Louvre , they discover that the card contains a viewing window , and looking through it , the window reveals that the Mona Lisa has a map of Africa hidden beneath . Elmer Fudd appears , and , revealing himself as an Acme operative , chases Bugs and Daffy through the gallery for the card whilst Kate is kidnapped by Mr. Chairman 's bodyguard , Mr. Smith , to obtain a photo of the African map . DJ rescues Kate . Elmer is disintegrated by Bugs after jumping out of a pointillism artwork . Bugs and Daffy reunite with DJ and Kate , and they leave Paris . DJ , Kate , Bugs , and Daffy travel to Africa , meeting Granny , Sylvester , and Tweety , who escort them to the ruins of a jungle temple where they find the blue monkey . Granny and company reveal themselves to be Mr. Chairman , Smith , and the Tasmanian Devil in disguise . Mr. Chairman uses a disintegration gun to transport himself and the heroes to the Acme headquarters where he forces DJ to give him the diamond , when Damian is revealed to be his prisoner . Marvin is sent to place the blue monkey on an Acme satellite which will emit an energy beam around the world to turn everyone , except Mr. Chairman , into monkeys . DJ and Kate rescue Damian from a death trap , whilst Bugs and Daffy pursue Marvin into space . Bugs is incapacitated , prompting Daffy to become Duck Dodgers , in order to destroy the blue monkey . The transforming energy beam only strikes Mr. Chairman , turning him into a monkey . Bugs and Daffy return to Earth , where Daffy discovers the whole adventure was staged to make a film . However , Bugs promises Daffy they will be equal partners , but just as Daffy 's luck seems to be improving , he is flattened by the Looney Tunes iris , where Porky Pig attempts to close the film with `` That 's all folks ! '' only for the studio to shut down before he can finish , and he tells the audience to go home . Cast Brendan Fraser as D.J. Drake / Himself Jenna Elfman as Kate Houghton Steve Martin as Mr. Chairman Heather Locklear as Dusty Tails Joan Cusack as Mother Timothy Dalton as Damian Drake Bill Goldberg as Mr. Smith Don Stanton as Mr. Warner Dan Stanton as Mr. Warner 's brother Matthew Lillard as himself ( cameo ) Jeff Gordon as himself ( cameo ) Kevin McCarthy as Dr Miles Bennell ( cameo ) Michael Jordan as Himself ( cameo via archive footage from Space Jam ) Roger Corman as studio director ( cameo ) Peter Graves as Civil Defense film host ( cameo ) Marc Lawrence as Acme VP , Stating the Obvious Ron Perlman as Acme VP , Never Learning Robert Picardo as Acme VP , Rhetorical Questions Voices Joe Alaskey as Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Sylvester , Beaky Buzzard , Mama Bear Jeff Bennett as Foghorn Leghorn , Yosemite Sam , Nasty Canasta Bob Bergen as Porky Pig Brendan Fraser as Tasmanian Devil , Tasmanian She - Devil June Foray as Granny Eric Goldberg as Marvin the Martian , Michigan J. Frog , Speedy Gonzales , Tweety Bruce Lanoil as Pepé Le Pew Billy West as Elmer Fudd , Peter Lorre Danny Chambers as Cottontail Smith Will Ryan as Papa Bear Stan Freberg as Junior Bear Casey Kasem as Shaggy Rogers Frank Welker as Scooby - Doo Danny Mann as Robo Dog and Spy Car Mel Blanc as Gremlin Car ( archive recordings ) Production A follow - up to Space Jam was planned as early as the film 's release . As development began , Space Jam 2 was going to involve a new basketball competition between the Looney Tunes and a new villain named Berserk - O ! . Artist Bob Camp was tasked with designing Berserk - O ! and his henchmen . Joe Pytka would have returned to direct and Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone signed on as the animation supervisors . However , Michael Jordan did not agree to star in a sequel . According to Camp , a producer lied to design artists , claiming that Jordan had signed on in order to keep development going . Warner Bros. eventually canceled plans for Space Jam 2 . The film then re-entered development as Spy Jam and was to star Jackie Chan . Warner Bros. was also planning a film titled Race Jam which would have starred Jeff Gordon . Both projects were ultimately cancelled . Warner Bros. eventually asked Joe Dante to direct Back in Action , having had previous success with Gremlins ( 1984 ) and Innerspace ( 1987 ) . In the early 1990s , Dante wanted to produce a biographical comedy with HBO , called Termite Terrace . It centered around director Chuck Jones ' early years at Warner Bros. in the 1930s . On the project , Dante recalled `` It was a hilarious story and it was very good except that Warner Bros. said ' Look , it 's an old story . It 's got period stuff in it . We do n't want that . We want to rebrand our characters and we want to do Space Jam . ' '' Dante agreed to direct Back in Action as tribute to Jones . He and screenwriter Larry Doyle reportedly wanted the film to the `` Anti-Space Jam '' as Dante disliked how that film represented the Looney Tunes brand and personalities . Dante said `` I was making a movie for them with those characters ( Looney Tunes : Back in Action ) and they did not want to know about those characters . They did n't want to know why Bugs Bunny should n't do hip - hop . It was a pretty grim experience all around . '' Warner Bros. hired Walt Disney Feature Animation 's Eric Goldberg , most known for his fast - paced , Warner Bros. - inspired animation of the Genie in Aladdin ( 1992 ) , to direct the animation . On the film , Dante stated `` It 's a gagfest . Not having a particularly strong story , it just goes from gag to gag and location to location . It 's not a particularly compelling narrative , but , of course , that 's not where the charm of the movie is supposed to lie . '' On the subject of filming , Dante said `` ( W ) e would shoot each scene three times . First we 'd rehearse with a stand - in -- a ' stuffy , ' we called it . Then , we 'd shoot the scene without anything in it ; then , we 'd shoot the scene again with this mirror ball in the shot which shows the computers where the light sources are . Then the animators would go to work and put characters into the frame . The problem with that movie came when the studio ( executives ) started to get tired of our jokes and wanted us to change them . But , of course , the animation is done to the voices and not the other way around . It was difficult trying to convince them that you do n't just bring in 25 gag writers and try to write a joke that 's short enough to put in somebody 's mouth . '' Although the production had twenty - five gag writers , the film has only one credited writer . Despite being directed by acknowledged fans of the original cartoons , Dante stated that he had no creative freedom on the project , and called it `` the longest year and a half of my life . '' Dante felt that he and Goldberg managed to preserve the original personalities of the characters . However , the opening , middle , and end of the film are different from what Dante envisioned . Goldberg also provided the voices of Tweety , Michigan J. Frog , Marvin the Martian and Speedy Gonzales . Brendan Fraser provided the voice of the Tazmanian Devil and She - Devil , having impressed Dante with his Taz vocal impression . Soundtrack This was the final film scored by composer Jerry Goldsmith . Due to Goldsmith 's failing health , the last reel of the film was actually scored by John Debney , though Goldsmith was the only credited composer in marketing materials and the Varèse Sarabande soundtrack album only contains Goldsmith 's music ( although the first and last cues are adaptations of compositions heard in Warner Bros. cartoons ) . Debney receives an `` Additional Music by '' credit in the closing titles of the film and `` Special Thanks '' in the soundtrack album credits . Goldsmith died in July 2004 , eight months after the film 's release . Life Story -- Carl Stalling ( : 18 ) What 's Up ? ( 1 : 24 ) Another Take ( : 48 ) Dead Duck Walking ( 3 : 13 ) Out of the Bag ( 3 : 42 ) Blue Monkey ( : 54 ) In Style ( 1 : 09 ) The Bad Guys ( 2 : 57 ) Car Trouble ( 3 : 45 ) Thin Air ( 1 : 24 ) ( a version of the well known Powerhouse theme is heard ) Area 52 ( 1 : 27 ) Hot Pursuit ( 2 : 26 ) We 've Got Company ( 1 : 50 ) I 'll Take That ( 1 : 19 ) Paris Street ( 1 : 21 ) Free Fall ( 1 : 15 ) Tasmanian Devil ( 1 : 10 ) Jungle Scene ( 1 : 40 ) Pressed Duck ( 3 : 22 ) Re-Assembled ( : 50 ) The Merry - Go - Round Broke Down ( Cliff Friend and Dave Franklin ) ( : 16 ) Reception Commercial reception Looney Tunes : Back in Action was released on November 14 , 2003 , originally planned to open earlier that summer . The film grossed $68.5 million worldwide against a budget of $80 million . Warner Bros. was hoping to start a revitalized franchise of Looney Tunes media and products with the success of Back in Action . New animated shorts and a Duck Dodgers TV series were commissioned to tie - in with Back in Action . The film instead triggered Warner Bros. to release new TV projects in an effort to re-brand the Looney Tunes such as Loonatics Unleashed ( 2005 -- 2007 ) , The Looney Tunes Show ( 2011 -- 2014 ) , and Wabbit ( 2015 -- present ) . Critical response Critical response aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 57 % based on 134 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The plot is a nonsensical , hyperactive jumble and the gags are relatively uninspired compared to the classic Looney Tunes cartoons . '' At Metacritic , the film scored a 64 / 100 , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' Chicago Sun - Times movie critics , Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper , gave the film `` Two Thumbs Up '' ; Roeper called it a `` cheerful and self - referential romp blending animation with live action in a non-stop quest for silly laughs , '' while Ebert called it `` goofy fun . '' The film was also nominated for Saturn Award for Best Animated Film , Annie Award for Best Animated Feature and Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature . Home media release Warner Home Video released Looney Tunes : Back in Action on VHS and DVD on March 2 , 2004 . The film was re-released on DVD in separate widescreen and full screen editions on September 7 , 2010 . It was also released on Blu - ray with bonus features on December 2 , 2014 . A double DVD and Blu - ray release , paired with Space Jam , was released on June 7 , 2016 . References Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . afi.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Jump up ^ `` The New Looney Tunes : An Interview with Producer Larry Doyle '' . Toolooney.goldenagecartoons.com . January 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Looney Tunes : Back in Action '' on IMDb `` . IMDb . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Voice Actors - Looney Tunes : Back in Action - Cast Images '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . -- check mark indicates BTVA has verified the entries using screenshots of credits and other confirmed sources . Jump up ^ `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Artist Bob Camp recalls the ill - fated `` Space Jam 2 '' `` . Animated Views . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Dante on Looney Tunes '' . Something Old , Nothing New . June 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Ben ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` The orgiast : an interview with Joe Dante ( part one ) '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Den of Geek interview : Joe Dante '' . Den of Geek . February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Looney Tunes : Back in Action soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Looney Tunes : Back in Action : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . November 14 , 2003 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam / Looney Tunes : Back in Action '' product information Amazon.com Retrieved 17 December 2016 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Looney Tunes : Back in Action Official website Looney Tunes : Back in Action on IMDb Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Studios Harman - Ising Productions ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Leon Schlesinger Productions ( 1933 -- 1944 ) Warner Bros. Cartoons ( 1944 -- 1964 ) DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises ( 1964 -- 1967 , 1979 -- 1980 ) Format Films ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Warner Bros. - Seven Arts ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Chuck Jones Enterprises ( 1976 -- 1980 , 1994 -- 1997 ) Warner Bros. Animation ( 1980 -- present ) People Tex Avery Bea Benaderet Mel Blanc Bernard B. Brown Arthur Q. Bryan John Burton Daws Butler Bob Clampett Cal Dalton Arthur Davis David H. 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The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) Theatrical feature - length films Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) Space Jam ( 1996 ) Quest for Camelot ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Storks ( 2016 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies ( 2018 ) Smallfoot ( 2018 ) The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) Other TV series Freakazoid ! Histeria ! Coconut Fred 's Fruit Salad Island Detention Baby Blues Ozzy & Drix ¡ Mucha Lucha ! ( characters ) 3 South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Johnny Test characters Road Rovers Mad ThunderCats Waynehead Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Wacky Races Yabba - Dabba Dinosaurs ! Green Eggs and Ham ThunderCats Roar Television specials A Miser Brothers ' Christmas ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special ( 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( 2014 ) Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered ( 2014 ) Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High ( 2016 ) Direct - to - video films Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ( 1992 ) Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Wakko 's Wish ( 1999 ) Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) Baby Looney Tunes ' Eggs - traordinary Adventure ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! ( 2004 ) ¡ Mucha Lucha ! : The Return of El Maléfico ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2005 ) Superman : Brainiac Attacks ( 2006 ) Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo ( 2006 ) Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Superman : Doomsday ( 2007 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) Superman / Batman : Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths ( 2010 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 / 2013 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) Justice League : War ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Justice League : Throne of Atlantis ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout ( 2016 ) Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year ( 2016 ) Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants ( 2016 ) Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) Justice League Dark ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! ( 2017 ) Teen Titans : The Judas Contract ( 2017 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games ( 2017 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight ( 2018 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash ( 2018 ) Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay ( 2018 ) Batman Ninja ( 2018 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Super-Villain High ( 2018 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Aquaman : Rage of Atlantis ( 2018 ) The Death of Superman ( 2018 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Gourmet Ghost ( 2018 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Legends of Atlantis ( 2018 ) Short films The Duxorcist ( 1987 ) The Night of the Living Duck ( 1988 ) Box - Office Bunny ( 1990 ) I 'm Mad ( 1994 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Carrotblanca ( 1995 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension ( 1997 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1997 ) Father of the Bird ( 1997 ) Little Go Beep ( 2000 ) Chase Me ( 2003 ) The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) DC Showcase : The Spectre ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Coyote Falls ( 2010 ) Fur of Flying ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Green Arrow ( 2010 ) Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( 2010 ) Rabid Rider ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Catwoman ( 2011 ) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat ( 2011 ) Daffy 's Rhapsody ( 2012 ) The Master ( 2016 ) See also Warner Animation Group Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Cartoon Network Studios Europe List of unproduced Warner Bros. 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Dr. Seuss

Dr. Seuss - wikipedia Dr. Seuss Jump to : navigation , search `` Theo Geisel '' redirects here . For the physicist , see Theo Geisel ( physicist ) . For people with the last name Suess rather than Seuss , see Suess ( disambiguation ) . Dr. Seuss Theodore Seuss Geisel in 1957 Theodor Seuss Geisel ( 1904 - 03 - 02 ) March 2 , 1904 Springfield , Massachusetts , U.S. September 24 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 24 ) ( aged 87 ) La Jolla , California , U.S. Pen name Dr. Seuss Theo LeSieg Rosetta Stone Theophrastus Seuss Occupation Writer , political cartoonist , animator , book publisher , artist , poet Genre Children 's literature Years active 1927 -- 1990 Spouse Helen Palmer Geisel ( m . 1927 ; her death 1967 ) Audrey Stone Dimond ( m . 1968 ; his death 1991 ) Signature Website www.seussville.com Theodor Seuss Geisel ( / ˈsuːs ˈɡaɪzəl / ( listen ) ; March 2 , 1904 -- September 24 , 1991 ) was an American author , political cartoonist , poet , animator , book publisher , and artist , best known for authoring more than 60 children 's books under the pen name Doctor Seuss ( abbreviated Dr. Seuss ) ( / suːs / ) . His work includes several of the most popular children 's books of all time , selling over 600 million copies and being translated into more than 20 languages by the time of his death . Geisel adopted the name `` Dr. Seuss '' as an undergraduate at Dartmouth College and a graduate student at the University of Oxford . He left Oxford in 1927 to begin his career as an illustrator and cartoonist for Vanity Fair , Life , and various other publications . He also worked as an illustrator for advertising campaigns , most notably for FLIT and Standard Oil , and as a political cartoonist for the New York newspaper PM . He published his first children 's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street in 1937 . During World War II , he took a brief hiatus from children 's literature and worked in an animation department of the United States Army where he produced several short films , including Design for Death , which later won the 1947 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . After the war , Geisel focused on children 's books once again , writing classics like If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1955 ) , If I Ran the Circus ( 1956 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , and Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) . He published over 60 books during his career , which have spawned numerous adaptations , including 11 television specials , four feature films , a Broadway musical , and four television series . Geisel won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958 for Horton Hatches the Egg and again in 1961 for And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street . Geisel 's birthday , March 2 , has been adopted as the annual date for National Read Across America Day , an initiative on reading created by the National Education Association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Early years 1.2 Early career 1.3 Essomarine 1.4 World War II - era work 1.5 Later years 2 Illness , death , and posthumous honors 3 Pen names and pronunciations 4 Political views 4.1 In his books 5 Poetic meters 6 Artwork 6.1 Recurring images 7 Publications 8 Films based on his books 9 Adaptations 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Life and career Early years Geisel was born and raised in Springfield , Massachusetts , the son of Henrietta ( née Seuss ) and Theodor Robert Geisel . His father managed the family brewery and was later appointed to supervise Springfield 's public park system by Mayor John A. Denison after the brewery closed because of Prohibition . Mulberry Street in Springfield , made famous in Dr. Seuss ' first children 's book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street , is less than a mile southwest of his boyhood home on Fairfield Street . Geisel was raised a Lutheran . He enrolled at Springfield Central High School in 1917 and graduated in 1921 . He took an art class as a freshman and later became manager of the school soccer team . Geisel attended Dartmouth College , graduating in 1925 . At Dartmouth , he joined the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and the humor magazine Dartmouth Jack - O - Lantern , eventually rising to the rank of editor - in - chief . While at Dartmouth , he was caught drinking gin with nine friends in his room . At the time , the possession and consumption of alcohol was illegal under Prohibition laws , which remained in place between 1920 and 1933 . As a result of this infraction , Dean Craven Laycock insisted that Geisel resign from all extracurricular activities , including the college humor magazine . To continue work on the Jack - O - Lantern without the administration 's knowledge , Geisel began signing his work with the pen name `` Seuss '' . He was encouraged in his writing by professor of rhetoric W. Benfield Pressey , whom he described as his `` big inspiration for writing '' at Dartmouth . Upon graduating from Dartmouth , he entered Lincoln College , Oxford , intending to earn a PhD in English literature . At Oxford , he met Helen Palmer , who encouraged him to give up becoming an English teacher in favor of pursuing drawing as a career . Early career Geisel left Oxford without earning a degree and returned to the United States in February 1927 , where he immediately began submitting writings and drawings to magazines , book publishers , and advertising agencies . Making use of his time in Europe , he pitched a series of cartoons called Eminent Europeans to Life magazine , but the magazine passed on it . His first nationally published cartoon appeared in the July 16 , 1927 , issue of The Saturday Evening Post . This single $25 sale encouraged Geisel to move from Springfield to New York City . Later that year , Geisel accepted a job as writer and illustrator at the humor magazine Judge , and he felt financially stable enough to marry Helen . His first cartoon for Judge appeared on October 22 , 1927 , and the Geisels were married on November 29 . Geisel 's first work signed `` Dr. Seuss '' was published in Judge about six months after he started working there . In early 1928 , one of Geisel 's cartoons for Judge mentioned FLIT , a common bug spray at the time manufactured by Standard Oil of New Jersey . According to Geisel , the wife of an advertising executive in charge of advertising FLIT saw Geisel 's cartoon at a hairdresser 's and urged her husband to sign him . Geisel 's first Flit ad appeared on May 31 , 1928 , and the campaign continued sporadically until 1941 . The campaign 's catchphrase `` Quick , Henry , the Flit ! '' became a part of popular culture . It spawned a song and was used as a punch line for comedians such as Fred Allen and Jack Benny . As Geisel gained notoriety for the FLIT campaign , his work was in demand and began to appear regularly in magazines such as Life , Liberty , and Vanity Fair . Geisel supported himself and his wife through the Great Depression by drawing advertising for General Electric , NBC , Standard Oil , Narragansett Brewing Company , and many other companies . In 1935 , he wrote and drew a short - lived comic strip called Hejji . The increased income allowed the Geisels to move to better quarters and to socialize in higher social circles . They became friends with the wealthy family of banker Frank A. Vanderlip . They also traveled extensively : by 1936 , Geisel and his wife had visited 30 countries together . They did not have children , neither kept regular office hours , and they had ample money . Geisel also felt that the traveling helped his creativity . In 1936 , the couple were returning from an ocean voyage to Europe when the rhythm of the ship 's engines inspired the poem that became his first book : And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street . Based on Geisel 's varied accounts , the book was rejected by between 20 and 43 publishers . According to Geisel , he was walking home to burn the manuscript when a chance encounter with an old Dartmouth classmate led to its publication by Vanguard Press . Geisel wrote four more books before the US entered World War II . This included The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins in 1938 , as well as The King 's Stilts and The Seven Lady Godivas in 1939 , all of which were in prose , atypically for him . This was followed by Horton Hatches the Egg in 1940 , in which Geisel returned to the use of poetry . Essomarine Geisel gained a significant public profile through a program for motor boat lubricants produced by Standard Oil under the brand name Essomarine . He later recounted that Harry Bruno , Ted Cook , and Verne Carrier worked with him at the National Motor Boat Show on exhibits referred to as the Seuss Navy . In 1934 , Geisel produced a 30 - page booklet titled Secrets of the Deep which was available by mail after June . At the January boat show for 1935 , visitors filled out order cards to receive Secrets . Geisel drew up a Certificate of Commission for visitors in 1936 . A mock ship deck called SS Essomarine provided the scene where photos of `` Admirals '' were taken . That summer , Geisel released a second volume of Secrets . For the 1937 show , he sculpted Marine Muggs and designed a flag for the Seuss Navy . The following year featured `` Little Dramas of the Deep '' , a six - act play with ten characters . According to Geisel 's sister , `` He plans the whole show with scenery and action and then , standing in a realistic bridge , reels off a speech which combines advertising with humor . '' For 1939 , exhibitors made available the Nuzzlepuss ashtray and illustrated tide - table calendars . A Seuss Navy Luncheon was held on January 11 , 1940 , at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . At that year 's boat show , Geisel provided the Navigamarama exhibit and the Sea Lawyers Gazette . The final contribution to the Essomarine project was the mermaid Essie Neptune and her pet whale in 1941 . The exhibit offered photos for a Happy Cruising passport . World War II - era work Play media `` The Goldbrick '' , Private Snafu episode written by Geisel , 1943 As World War II began , Geisel turned to political cartoons , drawing over 400 in two years as editorial cartoonist for the left - leaning New York City daily newspaper , PM . Geisel 's political cartoons , later published in Dr. Seuss Goes to War , denounced Hitler and Mussolini and were highly critical of non-interventionists ( `` isolationists '' ) , most notably Charles Lindbergh , who opposed US entry into the war . One cartoon depicted all Japanese Americans as latent traitors or fifth - columnists , while other cartoons simultaneously deplored the racism at home against Jews and blacks that harmed the war effort . His cartoons were strongly supportive of President Roosevelt 's handling of the war , combining the usual exhortations to ration and contribute to the war effort with frequent attacks on Congress ( especially the Republican Party ) , parts of the press ( such as the New York Daily News , Chicago Tribune , and Washington Times - Herald ) , and others for criticism of Roosevelt , criticism of aid to the Soviet Union , investigation of suspected Communists , and other offences that he depicted as leading to disunity and helping the Nazis , intentionally or inadvertently . In 1942 , Geisel turned his energies to direct support of the U.S. war effort . First , he worked drawing posters for the Treasury Department and the War Production Board . Then , in 1943 , he joined the Army as a Captain and was commander of the Animation Department of the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces , where he wrote films that included Your Job in Germany , a 1945 propaganda film about peace in Europe after World War II ; Our Job in Japan ; and the Private Snafu series of adult army training films . While in the Army , he was awarded the Legion of Merit . Our Job in Japan became the basis for the commercially released film Design for Death ( 1947 ) , a study of Japanese culture that won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 1950 ) was based on an original story by Seuss and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . Later years After the war , Geisel and his wife moved to La Jolla , California where he returned to writing children 's books . He wrote many , including such favorites as If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) , Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1955 ) , If I Ran the Circus ( 1956 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , and Green Eggs and Ham ( 1960 ) . He received numerous awards throughout his career , but he won neither the Caldecott Medal nor the Newbery Medal . Three of his titles from this period were , however , chosen as Caldecott runners - up ( now referred to as Caldecott Honor books ) : McElligot 's Pool ( 1947 ) , Bartholomew and the Oobleck ( 1949 ) , and If I Ran the Zoo ( 1950 ) . Dr Seuss also wrote the musical and fantasy film The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. , which was released in 1953 . The movie was a critical and financial failure , and Geisel never attempted another feature film . During the 1950s , he also published a number of illustrated short stories , mostly in Redbook Magazine . Some of these were later collected ( in volumes such as The Sneetches and Other Stories ) or reworked into independent books ( If I Ran the Zoo ) . A number have never been reprinted since their original appearances . In May 1954 , Life magazine published a report on illiteracy among school children which concluded that children were not learning to read because their books were boring . William Ellsworth Spaulding was the director of the education division at Houghton Mifflin ( he later became its chairman ) , and he compiled a list of 348 words that he felt were important for first - graders to recognize . He asked Geisel to cut the list to 250 words and to write a book using only those words . Spaulding challenged Geisel to `` bring back a book children ca n't put down '' . Nine months later , Geisel completed The Cat in the Hat , using 236 of the words given to him . It retained the drawing style , verse rhythms , and all the imaginative power of Geisel 's earlier works but , because of its simplified vocabulary , it could be read by beginning readers . The Cat in the Hat and subsequent books written for young children achieved significant international success and they remain very popular today . In 2009 , Green Eggs and Ham sold 540,366 copies , The Cat in the Hat sold 452,258 copies , and One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish ( 1960 ) sold 409,068 copies -- outselling the majority of newly published children 's books . Geisel went on to write many other children 's books , both in his new simplified - vocabulary manner ( sold as Beginner Books ) and in his older , more elaborate style . In 1956 , Dartmouth awarded Geisel with an honorary doctorate , finally justifying the `` Dr . '' in his pen name . On April 28 , 1958 , Geisel appeared on an episode of the panel game show To Tell the Truth . Geisel 's wife Helen had a long struggle with illnesses , including cancer and emotional pain over Geisel 's affair with Audrey Stone Dimond . On October 23 , 1967 , Helen committed suicide ; Geisel married Dimond on June 21 , 1968 . Though he devoted most of his life to writing children 's books , Geisel had no children of his own , saying of children : `` You have ' em ; I 'll entertain ' em . '' Dimond added that Geisel `` lived his whole life without children and he was very happy without children . '' Geisel received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal from the professional children 's librarians in 1980 , recognizing his `` substantial and lasting contributions to children 's literature '' . At the time , it was awarded every five years . He won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1984 citing his `` contribution over nearly half a century to the education and enjoyment of America 's children and their parents '' . Illness , death , and posthumous honors Geisel died of oral cancer on September 24 , 1991 at his home in La Jolla at the age of 87 . He was cremated and his ashes were scattered . On December 1 , 1995 , four years after his death , University of California , San Diego 's University Library Building was renamed Geisel Library in honor of Geisel and Audrey for the generous contributions that they made to the library and their devotion to improving literacy . While Geisel was living in La Jolla , the United States Postal Service and others frequently confused him with fellow La Jolla resident Dr. Hans Suess . Their names have been linked together posthumously : the personal papers of Hans Suess are housed in the Geisel Library . In 2002 , the Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden opened in his birthplace of Springfield , Massachusetts , featuring sculptures of Geisel and of many of his characters . On May 28 , 2008 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced that Geisel would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts . The induction ceremony took place December 15 and Geisel 's widow Audrey accepted the honor in his place . On March 2 , 2009 , the Web search engine Google temporarily changed its logo to commemorate Geisel 's birthday ( a practice that it often follows for various holidays and events ) . In 2004 , U.S. children 's librarians established the annual Theodor Seuss Geisel Award to recognize `` the most distinguished American book for beginning readers published in English in the United States during the preceding year '' . It should `` demonstrate creativity and imagination to engage children in reading '' from pre-kindergarten to second grade . At Geisel 's alma mater of Dartmouth , more than 90 percent of incoming first - year students participate in pre-registration Dartmouth Outing Club trips into the New Hampshire wilderness . It is traditional for students returning from the trips to stay overnight at Dartmouth 's Moosilauke Ravine Lodge , where they are served green eggs and ham for breakfast in honor of Dr. Seuss . On April 4 , 2012 , the Dartmouth Medical School was renamed the Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine in honor of their many years of generosity to the college . Dr. Seuss 's honors include two Academy Awards , two Emmy Awards , a Peabody Award , the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal , and the Pulitzer Prize . Dr. Seuss has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at the 6500 block of Hollywood Boulevard . Pen names and pronunciations Geisel 's most famous pen name is regularly pronounced / suːs / , an anglicized pronunciation inconsistent with his German surname ( the standard German pronunciation is ( ˈzɔʏ̯s ) ) . He himself noted that it rhymed with `` voice '' ( his own pronunciation being / sɔɪs / ) . Alexander Laing , one of his collaborators on the Dartmouth Jack - O - Lantern , wrote of it : You 're wrong as the deuce And you should n't rejoice If you 're calling him Seuss . He pronounces it Soice ( or Zoice ) Geisel switched to the anglicized pronunciation because it `` evoked a figure advantageous for an author of children 's books to be associated with -- Mother Goose '' and because most people used this pronunciation . He added the `` Doctor ( abbreviated Dr . ) '' to his pen name because his father had always wanted him to practice medicine . For books that Geisel wrote and others illustrated , he used the pen name `` Theo LeSieg '' , starting with I Wish That I Had Duck Feet published in 1965 . `` LeSieg '' is `` Geisel '' spelled backward . Geisel also published one book under the name Rosetta Stone , 1975 's Because a Little Bug Went Ka - Choo ! ! , a collaboration with Michael K. Frith . Frith and Geisel chose the name in honor of Geisel 's second wife Audrey , whose maiden name was Stone . Political views Main article : Political messages of Dr. Seuss Geisel was a liberal Democrat and a supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal . His early political cartoons show a passionate opposition to fascism , and he urged action against it both before and after the United States entered World War II . His cartoons portrayed the fear of communism as overstated , finding greater threats in the House Un-American Activities Committee and those who threatened to cut the United States ' `` life line '' to Stalin and the USSR , whom he once depicted as a porter carrying `` our war load '' . Dr. Seuss 1942 cartoon with the caption ' Waiting for the Signal from Home ' Geisel supported the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II . His treatment of the Japanese and of Japanese Americans ( between whom he often failed to differentiate ) has struck many readers as a moral blind spot . On the issue of the Japanese , he is quoted as saying : But right now , when the Japs are planting their hatchets in our skulls , it seems like a hell of a time for us to smile and warble : `` Brothers ! '' It is a rather flabby battle cry . If we want to win , we 've got to kill Japs , whether it depresses John Haynes Holmes or not . We can get palsy - walsy afterward with those that are left . After the war , though , Geisel overcame his feelings of animosity , using his book Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1954 ) as an allegory for the Hiroshima bombing and the American post-war occupation of Japan , as well as dedicating the book to a Japanese friend . In 1948 , after living and working in Hollywood for years , Geisel moved to La Jolla , California , a predominantly Republican town . Geisel converted a copy of one of his famous children 's books , Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! , into a polemic shortly before the end of the 1972 -- 1974 Watergate scandal , in which United States president Richard Nixon resigned , by replacing the name of the main character everywhere that it occurred . `` Richard M. Nixon , Will You Please Go Now ! '' was published in major newspapers through the column of his friend Art Buchwald . The line `` a person 's a person , no matter how small ! ! '' from Horton Hears a Who ! has been used widely as a slogan by the pro-life movement in the U.S. , despite the objections of Geisel 's widow . The line was first used in such a way in 1986 ; he demanded a retraction and received one . In his books Geisel made a point of not beginning to write his stories with a moral in mind , stating that `` kids can see a moral coming a mile off . '' He was not against writing about issues , however ; he said that `` there 's an inherent moral in any story '' , and he remarked that he was `` subversive as hell . '' Many of Geisel 's books express his views on a remarkable variety of social and political issues : The Lorax ( 1971 ) , about environmentalism and anti-consumerism ; `` The Sneetches '' ( 1961 ) , about racial equality ; The Butter Battle Book ( 1984 ) , about the arms race ; Yertle the Turtle ( 1958 ) , about Adolf Hitler and anti-authoritarianism ; How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) , criticizing the materialism and consumerism of the Christmas season ; and Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1954 ) , about anti-isolationism and internationalism . Poetic meters Geisel wrote most of his books in anapestic tetrameter , a poetic meter employed by many poets of the English literary canon . This is often suggested as one of the reasons that Geisel 's writing was so well received . Anapestic tetrameter consists of four rhythmic units called anapests , each composed of two weak syllables followed by one strong syllable ( the beat ) ; often , the first weak syllable is omitted , or an additional weak syllable is added at the end . An example of this meter can be found in Geisel 's `` Yertle the Turtle '' , from Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories : And today the Great Yertle , that Marvelous he Is King of the Mud . That is all he can see . Some books by Geisel that are written mainly in anapestic tetrameter also contain many lines written in amphibrachic tetrameter , such as these from If I Ran the Circus : All ready to put up the tents for my circus . I think I will call it the Circus McGurkus . And NOW comes an act of Enormous Enormance ! No former performer 's performed this performance ! Geisel also wrote verse in trochaic tetrameter , an arrangement of a strong syllable followed by a weak syllable , with four units per line ( for example , the title of One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish ) . Traditionally , English trochaic meter permits the final weak position in the line to be omitted , which allows both masculine and feminine rhymes . Geisel generally maintained trochaic meter for only brief passages , and for longer stretches typically mixed it with iambic tetrameter , which consists of a weak syllable followed by a strong , and is generally considered easier to write . Thus , for example , the magicians in Bartholomew and the Oobleck make their first appearance chanting in trochees ( thus resembling the witches of Shakespeare 's Macbeth ) : Shuffle , duffle , muzzle , muff They then switch to iambs for the oobleck spell : Go make the Oobleck tumble down On every street , in every town ! Artwork This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Geisel at work on a drawing of the Grinch for How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! in 1957 Geisel 's early artwork often employed the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors , but in his children 's books of the postwar period , he generally made use of a starker medium -- pen and ink -- normally using just black , white , and one or two colors . His later books , such as The Lorax , used more colors . Geisel 's style was unique -- his figures are often `` rounded '' and somewhat droopy . This is true , for instance , of the faces of the Grinch and the Cat in the Hat . Almost all his buildings and machinery were devoid of straight lines when they were drawn , even when he was representing real objects . For example , If I Ran the Circus shows a droopy hoisting crane and a droopy steam calliope . Geisel evidently enjoyed drawing architecturally elaborate objects . His endlessly varied but never rectilinear palaces , ramps , platforms , and free - standing stairways are among his most evocative creations . Geisel also drew complex imaginary machines , such as the Audio - Telly - O - Tally - O - Count , from Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book , or the `` most peculiar machine '' of Sylvester McMonkey McBean in The Sneetches . Geisel also liked drawing outlandish arrangements of feathers or fur : for example , the 500th hat of Bartholomew Cubbins , the tail of Gertrude McFuzz , and the pet for girls who like to brush and comb , in One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish . Geisel 's illustrations often convey motion vividly . He was fond of a sort of `` voilà '' gesture in which the hand flips outward and the fingers spread slightly backward with the thumb up . This motion is done by Ish in One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish when he creates fish ( who perform the gesture with their fins ) , in the introduction of the various acts of If I Ran the Circus , and in the introduction of the `` Little Cats '' in The Cat in the Hat Comes Back . He was also fond of drawing hands with interlocked fingers , making it look as though his characters were twiddling their thumbs . Geisel also follows the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines , like in the sweeping lines that accompany Sneelock 's final dive in If I Ran the Circus . Cartoon lines are also used to illustrate the action of the senses -- sight , smell , and hearing -- in The Big Brag , and lines even illustrate `` thought '' , as in the moment when the Grinch conceives his awful plan to ruin Christmas . Recurring images Geisel 's early work in advertising and editorial cartooning helped him to produce `` sketches '' of things that received more perfect realization later in his children 's books . Often , the expressive use to which Geisel put an image later on was quite different from the original . Here are some examples : An editorial cartoon from July 16 , 1941 depicts a whale resting on the top of a mountain as a parody of American isolationists , especially Charles Lindbergh . This was later rendered ( with no apparent political content ) as the Wumbus of On Beyond Zebra ( 1955 ) . Seussian whales ( cheerful and balloon - shaped , with long eyelashes ) also occur in McElligot 's Pool , If I Ran the Circus , and other books . Another editorial cartoon from 1941 shows a long cow with many legs and udders representing the conquered nations of Europe being milked by Adolf Hitler . This later became the Umbus of On Beyond Zebra . The tower of turtles in a 1942 editorial cartoon prefigures a similar tower in Yertle the Turtle . This theme also appeared in a Judge cartoon as one letter of a hieroglyphic message , and in Geisel 's short - lived comic strip Hejji . Geisel once stated that Yertle the Turtle was Adolf Hitler . Little cats A , B , and C ( as well as the rest of the alphabet ) who spring from each other 's hats appeared in a Ford Motor Company ⋅ ad . The connected beards in Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? appear frequently in Geisel 's work , most notably in Hejji , which featured two goats joined at the beard , The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. , which featured two roller - skating guards joined at the beard , and a political cartoon in which Nazism and the America First movement are portrayed as `` the men with the Siamese Beard '' . Geisel 's earliest elephants were for advertising and had somewhat wrinkly ears , much as real elephants do . With And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street ! ( 1937 ) and Horton Hatches the Egg ( 1940 ) , the ears became more stylized , somewhat like angel wings and thus appropriate to the saintly Horton . During World War II , the elephant image appeared as an emblem for India in four editorial cartoons . Horton and similar elephants appear frequently in the postwar children 's books . While drawing advertisements for Flit , Geisel became adept at drawing insects with huge stingers , shaped like a gentle S - curve and with a sharp end that included a rearward - pointing barb on its lower side . Their facial expressions depict gleeful malevolence . These insects were later rendered in an editorial cartoon as a swarm of Allied aircraft ( 1942 ) , and again as the Sneedle of On Beyond Zebra , and yet again as the Skritz in I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew . There are many examples of creatures who arrange themselves in repeating patterns , such as the `` Two and fro walkers , who march in five layers '' , and the Through - Horns Jumping Deer in If I Ran the Circus , and the arrangement of birds which the protagonist of Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! walks through , as the narrator admonishes him to `` ... always be dexterous and deft , and never mix up your right foot with your left . '' Publications Further information : Dr. Seuss bibliography Geisel wrote more than 60 books over the course of his long career . Most were published under his well - known pseudonym Dr. Seuss , though he also authored more than a dozen books as Theo LeSieg and one as Rosetta Stone . His books have topped many bestseller lists , sold over 600 million copies , and been translated into more than 20 languages . In 2000 , Publishers Weekly compiled a list of the best - selling children 's books of all time ; of the top 100 hardcover books , 16 were written by Geisel , including Green Eggs and Ham , at number 4 , The Cat in the Hat , at number 9 , and One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish , at number 13 . In the years after his death in 1991 , two additional books were published based on his sketches and notes : Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! and Daisy - Head Mayzie . My Many Colored Days was originally written in 1973 but was posthumously published in 1996 . In September 2011 , seven stories originally published in magazines during the 1950s were released in a collection titled The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories . Geisel also wrote a pair of books for adults : The Seven Lady Godivas ( 1939 ; reprinted 1987 ) , a retelling of the Lady Godiva legend that included nude depictions ; and You 're Only Old Once ! ( written in 1986 when Geisel was 82 ) , which chronicles an old man 's journey through a clinic . His last book was Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! , which published the year before his death and became a popular gift for graduating students . Films based on his books Year Film Format Director Writer Distributor Length Budget Rotten Tomatoes rating 1942 Horton Hatches the Egg traditionally animated Bob Clampett Michael Maltese Warner Bros. Pictures 10 min . -- -- 1966 How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Chuck Jones Dr. Seuss , Irv Spector , and Bob Ogle MGM 26 min . $315,000 100 % `` fresh '' 1970 Horton Hears a Who ! Dr. Seuss -- -- 1971 The Cat in the Hat Hawley Pratt CBS 25 min . 1972 The Lorax The Butter Battle Book Ralph Bakshi Turner 24 min . 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas live - action Ron Howard Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman Universal Pictures 104 min . $123 million 53 % `` rotten '' 2003 The Cat in the Hat Bo Welch Alec Berg , David Mandel , and Jeff Schaffer Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures 82 min . $109 million 10 % `` rotten '' 2008 Horton Hears a Who ! computer - animated Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino Ken Daurio and Cinco Paul 20th Century Fox 86 min . $85 million 79 % `` fresh '' 2012 The Lorax Chris Renaud and Kyle Balda Universal Pictures $70 million 53 % `` rotten '' 2018 The Grinch Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney Michael LeSieur -- -- -- TBA The Cat in the Hat -- -- Warner Bros. Pictures -- -- -- Adaptations Seuss Landing at Islands of Adventure in Orlando , Florida For most of his career , Geisel was reluctant to have his characters marketed in contexts outside of his own books . However , he did permit the creation of several animated cartoons , an art form in which he had gained experience during World War II , and he gradually relaxed his policy as he aged . The first adaptation of one of Geisel 's works was a cartoon version of Horton Hatches the Egg , animated at Warner Bros. in 1942 and directed by Bob Clampett . It was presented as part of the Merrie Melodies series and included a number of gags not present in the original narrative , including a fish committing suicide and a Katharine Hepburn imitation by Mayzie . As part of the Puppetoon theatrical cartoon series for Paramount Pictures , two of Geisel 's works were adapted into stop - motion films by George Pal . The first , `` The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins '' , was released in 1943 and nominated for an Academy Award for `` Short Subject ( Cartoon ) '' the following year . The second , `` And to Think I Saw It On Mulberry Street '' , with a title slightly altered from the book 's , was released in 1944 . In 1959 , Geisel authorized Revell , the well - known plastic model - making company , to make a series of `` animals '' that snapped together rather than being glued together , and could be assembled , disassembled , and re-assembled `` in thousands '' of ways . The series was called the `` Dr. Seuss Zoo '' and included Gowdy the Dowdy Grackle , Norval the Bashful Blinket , Tingo the Noodle Topped Stroodle , and Roscoe the Many Footed Lion . The basic body parts were the same and all were interchangeable , and so it was possible for children to combine parts from various characters in essentially unlimited ways in creating their own animal characters ( Revell encouraged this by selling Gowdy , Norval , and Tingo together in a `` Gift Set '' as well as individually ) . Revell also made a conventional glue - together `` beginner 's kit '' of The Cat in the Hat . In 1966 , Geisel authorized eminent cartoon artist Chuck Jones -- his friend and former colleague from the war -- to make a cartoon version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Geisel was credited as a co-producer under his real name Ted Geisel , along with Jones . The cartoon was narrated by Boris Karloff , who also provided the voice of the Grinch . It was very faithful to the original book , and is considered a classic to this day by many . It is often broadcast as an annual Christmas television special . Jones directed an adaptation of Horton Hears a Who ! in 1970 and produced an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat in 1971 . From 1972 to 1983 , Geisel wrote six animated specials that were produced by DePatie - Freleng : The Lorax ( 1972 ) ; Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) ; The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) ; Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) ; Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) ; and The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) . Several of the specials won multiple Emmy Awards . A Soviet paint - on - glass - animated short film was made in 1986 called Welcome , an adaptation of Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose . The last adaptation of Geisel 's work before he died was The Butter Battle Book , a television special based on the book of the same name , directed by adult animation legend Ralph Bakshi . A television film titled In Search of Dr. Seuss was released in 1994 , which adapted many of Seuss 's stories . It uses both live - action versions and animated versions of the characters and stories featured ; however , the animated portions were merely edited versions of previous animated television specials and , in some cases , re-dubbed as well . After Geisel died of cancer at the age of 87 in 1991 , his widow Audrey Geisel was placed in charge of all licensing matters . She approved a live - action feature - film version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas starring Jim Carrey , as well as a Seuss - themed Broadway musical called Seussical , and both premiered in 2000 . The Grinch has had limited engagement runs on Broadway during the Christmas season , after premiering in 1998 ( under the title How the Grinch Stole Christmas ) at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego , where it has become a Christmas tradition . In 2003 , another live - action film was released , this time an adaptation of The Cat in the Hat that featured Mike Myers as the title character . Audrey Geisel has spoken critically of the film , especially the casting of Myers as the Cat in the Hat , and stated that she would not allow any further live - action adaptations of Geisel 's books . However , a first animated CGI feature film adaptation of Horton Hears a Who ! was approved , and was eventually released on March 14 , 2008 , to critical acclaim . A second CGI - animated feature film adaptation of The Lorax was released by Universal on March 2 , 2012 ( on what would have been Seuss 's 108th birthday ) , and third CGI - animated feature film adaptation of The Grinch was released by Universal on November 9 , 2018 . Four television series have been adapted from Geisel 's work . The first , Gerald McBoing - Boing , was an animated television adaptation of Geisel 's 1951 cartoon of the same name and lasted three months between 1956 and 1957 . The second , The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss , was a mix of live - action and puppetry by Jim Henson Television , the producers of The Muppets . It aired for one season on Nickelodeon in the United States , from 1996 to 1997 . The third , Gerald McBoing - Boing , is a remake of the 1956 series . Produced in Canada by Cookie Jar Entertainment ( now DHX Media ) and North America by Classic Media ( now DreamWorks Classics ) , it ran from 2005 to 2007 . The fourth , The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! , produced by Portfolio Entertainment Inc. , began on August 7 , 2010 , in Canada and September 6 , 2010 , in the United States and is currently still showing . Geisel 's books and characters are also featured in Seuss Landing , one of many islands at the Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando , Florida . In an attempt to match Geisel 's visual style , there are reportedly `` no straight lines '' in Seuss Landing . The Hollywood Reporter has reported that Warner Animation Group and Dr. Seuss Enterprises have struck a deal to make new animated movies based on the stories of Dr. Seuss . Their first project will be a fully animated version of The Cat in the Hat . See also Biography portal Children 's literature portal Visual arts portal `` The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite '' -- a 1992 R.E.M. song referencing a reading from Seuss . References ^ Jump up to : `` Seuss '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` About the Author , Dr. Seuss , Seussville '' . Timeline . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Peter W. ( 1992 ) . `` Unforgettable Dr. Seuss '' . Unforgettable . Reader 's Digest Australia : 192 . ISSN 0034 - 0375 . Jump up ^ `` Theodor Seuss Geisel '' ( 2015 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` The Dr. Seuss Collection '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seuss , Geisel ( 2005 ) . `` Dr. Seuss Biography '' . In Taylor , Constance . Theodor Seuss Geisel The Early Works of Dr. Seuss. 1 . Miamisburg , OH : Checker Book Publishing Group . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 933160 - 01 - 2 Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , William Addams . `` Ancestry of Theodor Geisel '' . Wargs.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Municipal register of the city of Springfield -- Springfield ( Mass . ) -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1912 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Who Knew Dr. Seuss Could Brew ? '' . Narragansett Beer . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deal , Joshua . `` Filmcans and Vinyl : The life of Dr. Seuss '' . SunGazette.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Man Who Was Dr. Seuss . Woodlands : New Century Books . pp. 30 -- 31 , 37 . ISBN 0 - 930751 - 11 - 6 . Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Nell , Phillip ( March -- April 2009 ) . `` Impertient Questions '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Judith ; Morgan , Neil ( August 1996 ) . Dr. Seuss & Mr. Geisel : a biography . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80736 - 7 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Man Who Was Dr. Seuss . Woodlands : New Century Books . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 930751 - 11 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Pace , Eric ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Dr. Seuss , Modern Mother Goose , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . New York City : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ Pease ( 2010 ) , pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , pp. 59 -- 62 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , p. 86 Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 65 Jump up ^ Pease ( 2010 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Lambiek Comiclopedia . `` Dr. Seuss '' . Jump up ^ Pease ( 2010 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 79 Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Ten Things You May Not Have Known About Dr. Seuss '' . The Peel . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nel ( 2004 ) , pp. 119 -- 21 Jump up ^ Lurie , Alison . `` The Cabinet of Dr. Seuss '' . Popular Culture : An Introductory Text . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , pp. 79 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Seuss I am , an Oilman , '' website of American Oil & Gas Historical Society Jump up ^ EC Lantham , Dartmouth Alumni Magazine , April 1976 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2004 ) , p. 122 Jump up ^ Richard H. Minear , Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel p. 16 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 Jump up ^ Minear , Richard H. ( 1999 ) . Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisell . New York City : The New Press . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 565 - X . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` Waiting for the Signal from Home '' PM ( February 13 , 1942 ) Jump up ^ Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` Congress '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` Republican Party '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` February 19 '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` March 11 '' . Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , pp. 190 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , pp. 119 -- 20 Jump up ^ Ellin , Abby ( 2 October 2005 ) . `` The Return of Gerlad McBoing Boing ? '' . The New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kahn , Jr. , E.J. ( December 17 , 1960 ) . `` Profiles : Children 's Friend '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Menand , Louis ( December 23 , 2002 ) . `` Cat People : What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roback , Diane ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Reign Continues '' . Publishes Weekly . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` To Tell the Truth Primetime Episode Guide 1956 - 67 '' . `` To Tell the Truth '' on the Web . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( November 29 , 2000 ) . `` Public Lives : Mrs. Seuss Hears a Who , and Tells About It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laura Ingalls Wilder Award , Past winners . Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) -- American Library Association ( ALA ) . About the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award . ALSC -- ALA . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Awards and Citations '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Eric ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Dr. Seuss , Modern Mother Goose , Dies at 87 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Tom ; Miles Corwin ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Theodor Geisel Dies at 87 ; Wrote 47 Dr. Seuss Books , Author : His last new work , ' Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! ' has proved popular with executives as well as children '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Geisel Library Building '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mandeville Special Collections Library . `` Register of Hans Suess Papers 1875 -- 1989 '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Holiday Logos '' . Google . 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the ( Theodor Seuss ) Geisel Award home page ! '' . ALSC . ALA . `` Theodor Seuss Geisel Award '' . ALSC . ALA . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dartmouth Names Medical School in Honor of Audrey and Theodor Geisel '' . Geisel School of Medicine . April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corwin , Miles ; Gorman , Tom ( September 26 , 1991 ) . `` Dr. Seuss -- Hollywood Star Walk '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And to Think That It Happened at Dartmouth '' . now.dartmouth.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Melissa ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Theodor Seuss Geisel : Author Study '' . anapsid.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ( Source in PDF . ) Jump up ^ `` About the Author , Dr. Seuss , Seussville '' . Biography . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Things You Probably Did n't Know About Dr. Seuss '' . Thefw.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 219 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1995 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ The Political Dr. Seuss Springfield Library and Museums Association Jump up ^ Minear ( 1999 ) , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Hayley and Ron Lamothe ( interview ) ( August 2004 ) . `` Interview with filmmaker Ron Lamothe about The Political Dr. Seuss '' . MassHumanities eNews . Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lamothe , Ron ( October 27 , 2004 ) . `` PBS Independent Lens : The Political Dr. Seuss '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Buchwald , Art ( July 30 , 1974 ) . `` Richard M. Nixon Will You Please Go Now ! '' . The Washington Post . Katharine Weymouth . p . B01 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Seuss : Rhymes and Reasons ( 2003 documentary ) Part 9 of 9 '' . YouTube . September 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Masters , Kim ( March 14 , 2008 ) . `` In ' Horton ' Movie , Abortion Foes Hear an Ally '' . NPR . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bunzel , Peter ( April 6 , 1959 ) . `` The Wacky World of Dr. Seuss Delights the Child -- and Adult -- Readers of His Books '' . Life . Chicago : Time Inc . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . OCLC 1643958 . Most of Geisel 's books point a moral , though he insists that he never starts with one . ' Kids , ' he says , ' can see a moral coming a mile off and they gag at it . But there 's an inherent moral in any story . ' Jump up ^ Cott , Jonathan ( 1984 ) . `` The Good Dr. Seuss '' . Pipers at the Gates of Dawn : The Wisdom of Children 's Literature ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 50464 - 3 . OCLC 8728388 . Jump up ^ Mensch , Betty ; Freeman , Alan ( 1987 ) . `` Getting to Solla Sollew : The Existentialist Politics of Dr. Seuss '' . Tikkun : 30 . In opposition to the conventional -- indeed , hegemonic -- iambic voice , his metric triplets offer the power of a more primal chant that quickly draws the reader in with relentless repetition . Jump up ^ Fensch , Thomas , ed. ( 1997 ) . Of Sneetches and Whos and the Good Dr. Seuss . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0388 - 8 . OCLC 37418407 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( 1958 ) . Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories . Random House . OCLC 18181636 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( 1949 ) . Bartholomew and the Oobleck . Random House . OCLC 391115 . Jump up ^ `` Mandeville Special Collections Library , UC San Diego '' . UC San Diego . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` The Isolationist '' PM ( July 16 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` The head eats ... the rest gets milked '' PM ( May 19 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss ( w , a ) . `` You ca n't build a substantial V out of turtles ! '' PM ( March 21 , 1942 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Chuck ( October 17 , 1999 ) . `` Serious Seuss : Children 's author as political cartoonist '' . CNN . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geisel , Theodor . `` You ca n't kill an elephant with a pop gun ! '' . L.P.C. Co . Jump up ^ Geisel , Theodor . `` India List '' . Jump up ^ Geisel , Theordor . `` Flit kills ! '' . Jump up ^ Theodor Geisel ( w , a ) . `` Try and pull the wings off these butterflies , Benito ! '' PM ( November 11 , 1942 ) Jump up ^ Turvey , Debbie Hochman ( December 17 , 2001 ) . `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Random Uncovers ' New ' Seuss Stories '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blais , Jacqueline ; Memmott , Carol ; Minzesheimer , Bob ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Book buzz : Dave Barry really rocks '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins '' . IMDB . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Academy Awards ( 1944 ) '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Cartoon Database '' . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 26 , 2004 ) . Seussentenial : 100 years of Dr. Seuss . MSNBC . Retrieved on April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellin , Abby ( October 2 , 2005 ) . `` The Return of ... Gerald McBoing Boing ? '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Universal Orlando.com . The Cat in the Hat ride . Retrieved on April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Fernandez , Jay A. ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Cat in the Hat ' Movie in the Works From Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Further reading Cohen , Charles ( 2004 ) . The Seuss , the Whole Seuss and Nothing But the Seuss : A Visual Biography of Theodor Seuss Geisel . Random House Books for Young Readers . ISBN 0 - 375 - 82248 - 8 . OCLC 53075980 . Fensch , Thomas ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . Of Sneetches and Whos and the Good Dr. Seuss : Essays on the Writings and Life of Theodor Geisel . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0388 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Geisel , Audrey ( 1995 ) . The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43448 - 8 . Geisel , Theodor ( 1987 ) . Dr. Seuss from Then to Now : A Catalogue of the Retrospective Exhibition . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 89268 - 2 . Geisel , Theodor ( 2001 ) . Minnear , Richard , ed . Dr. Seuss Goes to War : The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel . New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 704 - 0 . Geisel , Theodor ( 2004 ) . The Beginnings of Dr. Seuss : An Informal Reminiscence . Dartmouth College . Geisel , Theodor ( 2005 ) . Theodor Seuss Geisel : The Early Works , Volume 1 . Checker Book Publishing . ISBN 1 - 933160 - 01 - 2 . Geisel , Theodor ( 1987 ) . Minnear , Richard , ed . The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough : Early Writings and Cartoons by Dr. Seuss . New York : Morrow / Remco Worldservice Books . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06548 - 1 . Lamothe , Ron ( 2004 ) . The Political Dr. Seuss ( DVD ) . Terra Incognita Films . Documentary aired on the Public Television System . Lathem , Edward Connery ( 2000 ) . Who 's Who and What 's What in the Books of Dr. Seuss . Dartmouth College . MacDonald , Ruth K. ( 1988 ) . Dr. Seuss . Twayne Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 7524 - 2 . Morgan , Judith ; Morgan , Neil ( 1995 ) . Dr. Seuss & Mr. Geisel . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41686 - 2 . Nel , Philip ( 2007 ) . The Annotated Cat : Under the Hats of Seuss and His Cats . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 83369 - 4 . Nel , Philip ( 2004 ) . Dr. Seuss : American Icon . Continuum Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1434 - 6 . Pease , Donald E. ( 2010 ) . Theodor Seuss Geisel . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532302 - 3 . Weidt , Maryann ; Maguire , Kerry ( 1994 ) . Oh , the Places He Went . Carolrhoda Books . ISBN 0 - 87614 - 627 - 2 . External links Find more aboutDr . Seussat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Seussville site Random House Dr. Seuss at the Internet Broadway Database Dr. Seuss at Internet Off - Broadway Database Dr. Seuss biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia Dr. Seuss Went to War : A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss The Advertising Artwork of Dr. Seuss The Register of Dr. Seuss Collection UC San Diego Hotchkiss , Eugene III ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Dr. Seuss Keeps Me Guessing : A Commencement story by President Emeritus Eugene Hotchkiss III '' . lakeforest.edu . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2004 . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Dr. Seuss / Theodor Geisel artwork can be viewed at American Art Archives web site Dr. Seuss on IMDb The Dr. Seuss That Switched His Voice -- poem by Joe Dolce , first published in Quadrant magazine . Register of the Dr. Seuss Collection , UC San Diego Dr. Seuss at Library of Congress Authorities , with 190 catalog records Theodor Seuss Geisel ( real name ) , Theo . LeSieg ( pseud . ) , and Rosetta Stone ( joint pseud . ) at LC Authorities with 30 , 9 , and 1 records Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) Live - action film The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Television The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) episodes Books The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Daisy - Head Mayzie Stage Seussical Related Dr. Seuss Memorial I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards ( Letters ) Love Songs by Sara Teasdale ( 1918 ) Corn Huskers by Carl Sandburg ( 1919 ) Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer ( 1919 ) Kenneth Roberts ( 1957 ) Garrett Mattingly for The Armada ( 1960 ) American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War ( 1961 ) James Thomas Flexner for George Washington , Vols . I - IV ( 1973 ) Alex Haley for Roots ( 1977 ) E.B. White ( 1978 ) Theodor Seuss Geisel ( 1984 ) Art Spiegelman for Maus ( 1992 ) Edmund Morgan ( 2006 ) Ray Bradbury ( 2007 ) Complete list ( Journalism ) ( Letters ) ( Arts ) ( Service ) VIAF : 7408695 LCCN : n91084846 ISNI : 0000 0001 2119 3188 GND : 107380153 SELIBR : 184009 SUDOC : 030083303 BNF : cb12044517b ( data ) ULAN : 500116672 MusicBrainz : e7a94b95 - e339 - 48eb - 83c3 - 7ba856969bbe NLA : 35710419 NDL : 00440695 NKC : jx20120913001 BNE : XX846595 SNAC : w6vd6zsw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Seuss&oldid=827037541 '' Categories : Dr. Seuss 1904 births 1991 deaths 20th - century American writers 20th - century American poets American children 's writers American editorial cartoonists American illustrators American military personnel of World War II American people of German descent Artists from Springfield , Massachusetts Children 's poets Dartmouth College alumni Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from oral cancer First Motion Picture Unit personnel Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal winners Massachusetts Democrats People from La Jolla , San Diego Primetime Emmy Award winners Poets from California Poets from Massachusetts Pseudonymous writers Pulitzer Prize winners RCA Records artists Recipients of the Legion of Merit United States Army Air Forces officers Warner Bros. Cartoons people Writers from Springfield , Massachusetts Writers who illustrated their own writing Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 11 : 54 . 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List of countries by life expectancy

List of countries by life expectancy - wikipedia List of countries by life expectancy This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 72 ( talk contribs ) at 20 : 52 , 18 August 2017 ( Reverted edits by 74.112. 41.242 ( talk ) to last version by AndersonPv ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 20 : 52 , 18 August 2017 by 72 ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted edits by 74.112. 41.242 ( talk ) to last version by AndersonPv ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Comparison of average male and female life expectancy at birth for countries and territories as defined in the 2013 CIA Factbook , with selected bubbles labelled . The dotted line corresponds to equal female and male life expectancy . The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their population . ( In the SVG file , hover over a bubble to highlight it and show its data . ) This is a collection of lists of countries by average life expectancy at birth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 List by the World Health Organization ( 2015 ) 3 List by the United Nations , for 2010 -- 2015 4 List from the `` GBD 2010 '' study 5 List by the CIA ( 2016 ) 6 List by the OECD ( 2013 ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Methodology ( edit ) Life expectancy equals the average number of years a person born in a given country is expected to live if mortality rates at each age were to remain steady in the future . The life expectancy is shown separately for males and females , as well as a combined figure . Several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list . The figures reflect the quality of healthcare in the countries listed as well as other factors including ongoing wars , obesity , and HIV infections . Worldwide , the average life expectancy at birth was 71.5 years ( 68 years and 4 months for males and 72 years and 8 months for females ) over the period 2010 -- 2015 according to United Nations World Population Prospects 2015 Revision , or 69 years ( 67 years for males and 71.1 years for females ) for 2016 according to The World Factbook . According to the 2015 World Health Organization ( WHO ) data , women on average live longer than men in all major regions and in all individual countries except for Mali and Swaziland . The countries with the lowest overall life expectancies per the WHO are Sierra Leone , the Central African Republic , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Guinea - Bissau , Lesotho , Somalia , Swaziland , Angola , Chad , Mali , Burundi , Cameroon , and Mozambique . Of those countries , only Lesotho , Swaziland , and Mozambique in 2011 were suffering from an HIV prevalence rate of greater than 10 percent in the 15 -- 49 age group . Comparing life expectancies from birth across countries can be problematic . There are differing definitions of live birth vs stillbirth even among more developed countries and less developed countries often have poor reporting . Taiwan 's data is not included in the following WHO statistics . According to the Ministry of the Interior of Taiwan , the life expectancy of the 23.5 - million Taiwanese people reached 80.2 years in 2015 , up from 79.84 years in 2014 . The life expectancy of Taiwanese males averaged 77.01 , while that of females reached 83.62 , both of which were record highs . Hong Kong is a territory with the world 's highest life expectancy according to Hong Kong Department of Health , the life expectancy reached 84.0 years in 2015 surpassing Japan 's 83.7 years . With men at 81.2 years and women at 87.3 years . The data is not included in the following WHO statistics as a separate entity since Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China , and is not itself a member of the WHO . List by the World Health Organization ( 2015 ) ( edit ) 2015 data published in May 2016 . HALE : Health - adjusted life expectancy Country Both sexes rank Both sexes life expectancy Female rank Female life expectancy Male rank Male life expectancy Both sexes rank ( HALE ) Both sexes life expectancy ( HALE ) Japan 1 83.7 1 86.8 6 80.5 1 74.9 Switzerland 2 83.4 6 85.3 1 81.3 4 73.1 Singapore 3 83.1 2 86.1 10 80.0 2 73.9 Australia 4 82.8 7 84.8 3 80.9 15 71.9 Spain 4 82.8 3 85.5 9 80.1 9 72.4 Iceland 6 82.7 10 84.1 2 81.2 7 72.7 Italy 6 82.7 7 84.8 6 80.5 5 72.8 Israel 8 82.5 9 84.3 5 80.6 5 72.8 Sweden 9 82.4 12 84.0 4 80.7 12 72.0 France 9 82.4 5 85.4 16 79.4 8 72.6 South Korea 11 82.3 3 85.5 20 78.8 3 73.2 Canada 12 82.2 10 84.1 8 80.2 10 72.3 Luxembourg 13 82.0 12 84.0 13 79.8 17 71.8 Netherlands 14 81.9 20 83.6 10 80.0 11 72.2 Norway 15 81.8 17 83.7 13 79.8 12 72.0 Malta 16 81.7 17 83.7 15 79.7 18 71.7 New Zealand 17 81.6 26 83.3 10 80.0 19 71.6 Austria 18 81.5 14 83.9 19 79.0 12 72.0 Ireland 19 81.4 23 83.4 16 79.4 20 71.5 United Kingdom 20 81.2 27 83.0 16 79.4 21 71.4 Belgium 21 81.1 22 83.5 22 78.6 26 71.1 Finland 21 81.1 16 83.8 24 78.3 28 71.0 Portugal 21 81.1 14 83.9 27 78.2 21 71.4 Germany 24 81.0 23 83.4 21 78.7 23 71.3 Greece 24 81.0 20 83.6 24 78.3 15 71.9 Slovenia 26 80.8 17 83.7 28 77.9 26 71.1 Denmark 27 80.6 29 82.5 22 78.6 25 71.2 Cyprus 28 80.5 28 82.7 24 78.3 23 71.3 Chile 28 80.5 23 83.4 29 77.4 29 70.4 Costa Rica 30 79.6 30 82.2 31 77.1 31 69.7 United States 31 79.3 33 81.6 32 76.9 36 69.1 Cuba 32 79.1 34 81.4 32 76.9 35 69.2 Czech Republic 33 78.8 32 81.7 38 75.9 33 69.4 Maldives 34 78.5 41 80.2 32 76.9 32 69.6 Qatar 35 78.2 43 80.0 29 77.4 47 67.7 Croatia 36 78.0 36 81.2 42 74.7 33 69.4 Albania 37 77.8 38 80.7 39 75.1 38 68.8 Panama 37 77.8 37 81.1 42 74.7 42 68.1 Brunei 39 77.7 47 79.2 36 76.3 29 70.4 Estonia 40 77.6 31 82.0 65 72.7 37 68.9 Poland 41 77.5 35 81.3 52 73.6 39 68.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 42 77.4 45 79.7 40 75.0 40 68.6 United Arab Emirates 43 77.1 57 78.6 35 76.4 44 67.9 Uruguay 44 77.0 40 80.4 56 73.3 44 67.9 Bahrain 45 76.9 71 77.9 37 76.2 55 67.0 Mexico 46 76.7 46 79.5 48 73.9 52 67.4 Slovakia 46 76.7 41 80.2 62 72.9 42 68.1 Oman 48 76.6 47 79.2 40 75.0 63 66.7 Antigua and Barbuda 49 76.4 57 78.6 46 74.1 50 67.5 Argentina 50 76.3 44 79.9 65 72.7 49 67.6 Jamaica 51 76.2 57 78.6 48 73.9 58 66.9 Ecuador 51 76.2 53 79.0 53 73.5 55 67.0 China 53 76.1 80 77.6 44 74.6 41 68.5 Montenegro 53 76.1 65 78.1 46 74.1 44 67.9 Bahamas 53 76.1 50 79.1 62 72.9 65 66.6 Vietnam 56 76.0 38 80.7 81 71.3 65 66.6 Hungary 57 75.9 50 79.1 71 72.3 52 67.4 Turkey 58 75.8 54 78.9 68 72.6 73 66.2 Macedonia 59 75.7 76 77.8 53 73.5 50 67.5 Algeria 60 75.6 81 77.5 50 73.8 75 66.0 Serbia 60 75.6 61 78.4 62 72.9 47 67.7 Iran 62 75.5 86 76.6 45 74.5 65 66.6 Peru 62 75.5 66 78.0 59 73.1 80 65.6 Barbados 62 75.5 71 77.9 59 73.1 65 66.6 Tunisia 65 75.3 76 77.8 61 73.0 63 66.7 Saint Lucia 66 75.2 71 77.9 68 72.6 74 66.1 Malaysia 67 75.0 83 77.3 65 72.7 70 66.5 Romania 67 75.0 55 78.8 78 71.4 59 66.8 Brazil 67 75.0 56 78.7 78 71.4 81 65.5 Lebanon 70 74.9 87 76.5 53 73.5 79 65.7 Thailand 70 74.9 66 78.0 74 71.9 59 66.8 Sri Lanka 70 74.9 63 78.3 75 71.6 55 67.0 Armenia 73 74.8 79 77.7 75 71.6 59 66.8 Nicaragua 73 74.8 71 77.9 77 71.5 103 63.7 Colombia 73 74.8 61 78.4 84 71.2 85 65.1 Kuwait 76 74.7 93 76.0 51 73.7 78 65.8 Honduras 77 74.6 85 77.0 71 72.3 90 64.9 Mauritius 77 74.6 76 77.8 78 71.4 59 66.8 Latvia 77 74.6 47 79.2 95 69.6 54 67.1 Saudi Arabia 80 74.5 93 76.0 58 73.2 96 64.5 Bulgaria 80 74.5 66 78.0 86 71.1 72 66.4 Georgia 82 74.4 63 78.3 91 70.3 70 66.5 Morocco 83 74.3 99 75.4 56 73.3 90 64.9 Jordan 84 74.1 96 75.9 70 72.5 88 65.0 Venezuela 84 74.1 60 78.5 94 70.0 83 65.2 Paraguay 86 74.0 93 76.0 73 72.2 83 65.2 Samoa 86 74.0 81 77.5 87 70.9 65 66.6 Dominican Republic 88 73.9 84 77.1 87 70.9 85 65.1 Grenada 89 73.6 91 76.1 84 71.2 88 65.0 Lithuania 89 73.6 50 79.1 104 68.1 75 66.0 Tonga 91 73.5 88 76.4 89 70.6 75 66.0 El Salvador 91 73.5 71 77.9 99 68.8 98 64.1 Cabo Verde 93 73.3 103 75.0 81 71.3 97 64.4 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 94 73.2 100 75.2 81 71.3 94 64.6 Seychelles 94 73.2 66 78.0 98 69.1 81 65.5 Libya 96 72.7 98 75.6 92 70.1 101 63.8 Azerbaijan 96 72.7 97 75.8 95 69.6 93 64.7 Belarus 98 72.3 66 78.0 119 66.5 85 65.1 Moldova 99 72.1 90 76.2 106 67.9 92 64.8 Vanuatu 100 72.0 107 74.0 92 70.1 94 64.6 Guatemala 101 71.9 100 75.2 102 68.5 116 62.1 Bangladesh 102 71.8 113 73.1 89 70.6 111 62.3 Suriname 103 71.6 105 74.7 101 68.6 107 63.1 Ukraine 104 71.3 91 76.1 120 66.3 98 64.1 Trinidad and Tobago 105 71.2 104 74.8 106 67.9 104 63.3 Kyrgyzstan 106 71.1 102 75.1 111 67.2 101 63.8 Egypt 107 70.9 111 73.2 99 68.8 113 62.2 Bolivia 108 70.7 110 73.3 103 68.2 113 62.2 DPR Korea 109 70.6 107 74.0 113 67.0 100 64.0 Russian Federation 110 70.5 89 76.3 127 64.7 104 63.3 Kazakhstan 111 70.2 105 74.7 123 65.7 104 63.3 Belize 112 70.1 113 73.1 110 67.5 111 62.3 Fiji 113 69.9 113 73.1 113 67.0 108 62.9 Bhutan 114 69.8 126 70.1 97 69.5 120 61.2 Tajikistan 115 69.7 109 73.6 116 66.6 116 62.1 Micronesia 116 69.4 124 70.6 104 68.1 109 62.5 Uzbekistan 116 69.4 116 72.7 122 66.1 110 62.4 Solomon Islands 118 69.2 121 70.8 106 67.9 116 62.1 Nepal 118 69.2 121 70.8 109 67.7 121 61.1 Indonesia 120 69.1 119 71.2 112 67.1 113 62.2 Iraq 121 68.9 118 71.8 121 66.2 124 60.0 Mongolia 122 68.8 111 73.2 127 64.7 119 62.0 Cambodia 123 68.7 123 70.7 116 66.6 130 58.9 Philippines 124 68.5 117 72.0 126 65.3 121 61.1 India 125 68.3 128 69.9 115 66.9 126 59.5 Timor - Leste 125 68.3 126 70.1 116 66.6 123 60.7 Sao Tome and Principe 127 67.5 130 69.4 124 65.6 128 59.1 Senegal 128 66.7 132 68.6 130 64.6 132 58.3 Myanmar 129 66.6 133 68.5 130 64.6 127 59.2 Pakistan 130 66.4 137 67.5 125 65.5 134 57.8 Kiribati 131 66.3 131 68.8 136 63.7 128 59.1 Turkmenistan 131 66.3 125 70.5 143 62.2 125 59.8 Guyana 133 66.2 133 68.5 134 63.9 130 58.9 Rwanda 134 66.1 120 71.1 150 60.9 140 56.6 Gabon 135 66.0 138 67.2 127 64.7 137 57.2 Namibia 136 65.8 135 68.3 139 63.1 136 57.5 Yemen 137 65.7 138 67.2 132 64.3 135 57.7 Laos 137 65.7 138 67.2 133 64.1 133 57.9 Botswana 137 65.7 136 68.1 137 63.3 138 56.9 Madagascar 140 65.5 141 67.0 134 63.9 138 56.9 Ethiopia 141 64.8 143 66.8 140 62.8 143 56.1 Congo 142 64.7 144 66.3 138 63.2 140 56.6 Eritrea 142 64.7 141 67.0 141 62.4 145 55.9 Syria 144 64.5 128 69.9 154 59.9 143 56.1 Sudan 145 64.1 146 65.9 141 62.4 145 55.9 Comoros 146 63.5 151 65.2 144 61.9 145 55.9 Djibouti 146 63.5 150 65.3 145 61.8 148 55.8 Haiti 146 63.5 148 65.5 147 61.5 150 55.4 Kenya 149 63.4 147 65.8 148 61.1 149 55.6 Mauritania 150 63.1 153 64.6 146 61.6 152 55.1 Papua New Guinea 151 62.9 149 65.4 152 60.6 142 56.4 South Africa 151 62.9 145 66.2 158 59.3 153 54.5 Ghana 153 62.4 155 63.9 149 61.0 151 55.3 Uganda 154 62.3 154 64.3 153 60.3 156 54.0 Niger 155 61.8 158 62.8 150 60.9 154 54.2 Tanzania 155 61.8 156 63.8 154 59.9 155 54.1 Zambia 155 61.8 152 64.7 161 59.0 158 53.6 Liberia 158 61.4 157 62.9 156 59.8 160 52.7 Gambia 159 61.1 159 62.5 156 59.8 157 53.8 Zimbabwe 160 60.7 160 62.3 161 59.0 163 52.3 Afghanistan 161 60.5 161 61.9 158 59.3 164 52.2 Benin 162 60.0 164 61.1 163 58.8 162 52.5 Burkina Faso 163 59.9 167 60.5 160 59.1 161 52.6 Togo 163 59.9 164 61.1 164 58.6 159 52.8 DR Congo 165 59.8 163 61.5 165 58.3 166 51.7 Burundi 166 59.6 162 61.6 168 57.7 164 52.2 Guinea 167 59.0 171 59.8 166 58.2 166 51.7 Guinea - Bissau 168 58.9 167 60.5 169 57.2 168 51.5 Swaziland 168 58.9 164 61.1 171 56.6 172 50.9 Malawi 170 58.3 170 59.9 170 56.7 169 51.2 Mali 171 58.2 175 58.3 166 58.2 171 51.1 Equatorial Guinea 171 58.2 169 60.0 171 56.6 169 51.2 Mozambique 173 57.6 172 59.4 175 55.7 175 49.6 South Sudan 174 57.3 173 58.6 173 56.1 174 49.9 Cameroon 174 57.3 173 58.6 174 55.9 173 50.3 Somalia 176 55.0 176 56.6 176 53.5 176 47.8 Nigeria 177 54.5 177 55.6 177 53.4 177 47.7 Lesotho 178 53.7 178 55.4 179 51.7 179 46.6 Cote d'Ivoire 179 53.3 180 54.4 178 52.3 178 47.0 Chad 180 53.1 179 54.5 179 51.7 180 46.1 Central African Republic 181 52.5 181 54.1 181 50.9 181 45.9 Angola 182 52.4 182 54.0 181 50.9 182 45.8 Sierra Leone 183 50.1 183 50.8 183 49.3 183 44.4 List by the United Nations , for 2010 -- 2015 ( edit ) On July 2015 , the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ( UN DESA ) , released World Population Prospects , The 2015 Revision . The following table shows the life expectancy at birth for the period 2010 to 2015 . Male life expectancy , 2009 . Female life expectancy , 2009 . UN World Population Prospects -- The 2006 Revision : 2005 - 2010 Life Expectancy at birth ( years ) . over 80 77.5 - 80.0 75.0 - 77.5 72.5 - 75.0 70.0 - 72.5 67.5 - 70.0 65.0 - 67.5 60 - 65 55 - 60 50 - 55 45 - 50 under 45 not available Life expectancy at birth ( years ) , UN World Population Prospects 2015 Rank State / Territory Overall Male Female 1 Hong Kong 83.74 80.91 86.58 2 Japan 83.31 80.00 86.49 3 Italy 82.84 80.27 85.23 4 Switzerland 82.66 80.43 84.74 5 Singapore 82.64 79.59 85.61 6 Iceland 82.30 80.73 83.84 7 Spain 82.28 79.42 85.05 8 Australia 82.10 79.93 84.28 9 Israel 82.07 80.18 83.82 10 Sweden 81.93 80.10 83.71 11 France ( metropol . ) 81.85 78.76 84.87 12 Canada 81.78 79.69 83.78 13 New Zealand 81.56 79.71 83.35 14 South Korea 81.43 77.95 84.63 15 Luxembourg 81.34 78.94 83.65 16 Norway 81.32 79.22 83.38 17 Netherlands 81.31 79.36 83.14 18 Chile 81.21 78.09 84.12 19 Martinique ( France ) 81.18 77.79 84.36 20 Austria 81.09 78.47 83.59 21 Germany 80.66 78.18 83.06 22 Greece 80.60 77.64 83.60 23 Ireland 80.57 78.40 82.74 24 Guadeloupe ( France ) 80.56 76.83 83.98 25 Portugal 80.55 77.43 83.50 26 = Belgium 80.53 77.95 83.02 26 = Finland 80.53 77.60 83.40 28 = Channel Islands ( UK ) 80.45 78.45 82.39 28 = United Kingdom 80.45 78.45 82.39 30 = Malta 80.30 78.55 81.98 30 = Macau 80.30 78.07 82.51 32 Slovenia 80.08 76.92 83.14 33 U.S. Virgin Islands ( US ) 80.06 77.24 82.92 34 Denmark 79.99 78.00 81.94 35 Cyprus 79.90 77.69 82.17 36 Réunion ( France ) 79.54 76.04 82.90 37 Mayotte ( France ) 79.34 76.04 82.90 38 Taiwan 79.26 76.43 82.30 39 Puerto Rico ( US ) 79.22 75.19 83.17 40 = Costa Rica 79.16 76.70 81.69 40 = Cuba 79.16 77.10 81.27 42 French Guiana ( France ) 78.98 75.75 82.58 43 United States 78.88 76.47 81.25 44 Lebanon 78.86 77.14 80.87 45 Guam ( US ) 78.72 76.14 81.47 46 Brunei 78.44 76.64 80.39 47 Czech Republic 78.35 75.36 81.27 48 Qatar 77.89 77.10 79.68 49 Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 77.77 74.50 80.70 50 Albania 77.49 75.04 80.19 51 Panama 77.32 74.34 80.49 52 Poland 77.14 73.06 81.14 53 Croatia 77.05 73.64 80.38 54 Uruguay 76.96 73.25 80.44 55 United Arab Emirates 76.67 76.02 78.23 56 Estonia 76.52 71.57 81.05 57 Mexico 76.48 74.04 78.93 58 Bahrain 76.38 75.58 77.42 59 Maldives 76.36 75.40 77.41 60 Oman 76.33 74.66 78.85 61 Bosnia and Herzegovina 76.26 73.71 78.82 62 New Caledonia ( France ) 76.19 73.55 79.31 63 French Polynesia ( France ) 76.12 73.97 78.55 64 Slovakia 76.04 72.24 79.73 65 Montenegro 76.02 73.83 78.18 66 Argentina 76.01 72.15 79.83 67 Antigua and Barbuda 75.82 73.29 78.21 68 Vietnam 75.57 70.73 80.31 69 Ecuador 75.54 72.82 78.37 70 Jamaica 75.44 73.07 77.89 71 China 75.43 73.97 77.02 72 Aruba ( Netherlands ) 75.39 72.89 77.76 73 Barbados 75.37 72.91 77.71 74 Republic of Macedonia 75.16 72.87 77.48 75 Bahamas 75.15 72.02 78.09 76 Iran 75.06 73.98 76.22 77 Hungary 74.98 71.23 78.54 78 Turkey 74.84 71.53 78.12 79 Saint Lucia 74.81 72.17 77.57 80 Serbia 74.65 71.83 77.50 81 = Sri Lanka 74.64 71.24 78.03 81 = Georgia 74.64 70.91 78.14 83 Tunisia 74.60 72.30 77.04 84 Armenia 74.56 70.74 78.39 85 Malaysia 74.50 72.21 76.88 86 Nicaragua 74.47 71.38 77.48 87 Romania 74.46 70.92 78.07 88 Algeria 74.42 72.14 76.84 89 Kuwait 74.28 73.34 75.56 90 = Mauritius 74.15 70.67 77.74 90 = Peru 74.15 71.54 76.84 92 Thailand 74.14 70.83 77.58 93 Saudi Arabia 74.08 72.82 75.47 94 Brazil 74.05 70.29 77.86 95 Bulgaria 74.04 70.64 77.56 96 = Venezuela 73.95 69.93 78.24 96 = Latvia 73.95 68.85 78.68 98 Jordan 73.79 72.21 75.52 99 Colombia 73.75 70.19 77.39 100 Morocco 73.61 72.60 74.62 101 Dominican Republic 73.19 70.16 76.45 102 Grenada 73.17 70.78 75.59 103 Lithuania 73.07 67.39 78.78 104 Samoa 73.02 70.02 76.39 105 Cape Verde 72.97 71.05 74.65 106 Seychelles 72.94 68.69 77.91 107 Honduras 72.83 70.39 75.40 108 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 72.75 70.70 74.90 109 Paraguay 72.74 70.70 74.92 110 Palestine 72.65 70.74 74.66 111 El Salvador 72.64 67.89 77.08 112 Tonga 72.60 69.72 75.56 113 Vanuatu 71.48 69.59 73.60 114 = Libya 71.47 68.79 74.41 114 = Guatemala 71.47 67.92 74.98 116 Moldova 71.33 67.22 75.43 117 Belarus 71.08 65.29 76.97 118 Bangladesh 71.01 69.85 72.26 119 Suriname 70.90 67.81 74.18 120 Egypt 70.84 68.71 73.05 121 Ukraine 70.76 65.73 75.67 122 Azerbaijan 70.62 67.54 73.77 123 Kyrgyzstan 70.26 66.35 74.29 124 Trinidad and Tobago 70.23 66.87 73.84 125 North Korea 69.91 66.30 73.27 126 Russian Federation 69.83 64.15 75.55 127 Belize 69.76 67.19 72.72 128 Fiji 69.72 66.93 72.89 129 Syria 69.51 63.98 76.26 130 Iraq 69.19 66.99 71.44 131 = Tajikistan 69.07 65.90 72.84 131 = Kazakhstan 69.07 64.29 73.87 133 Nepal 69.03 67.64 70.45 134 Federated States of Micronesia 68.93 67.99 69.85 135 Mongolia 68.89 64.76 73.29 136 Bhutan 68.88 68.63 69.09 137 Indonesia 68.59 66.61 70.70 138 Uzbekistan 68.25 64.90 71.61 139 Philippines 67.99 64.72 71.55 140 Timor - Leste 67.73 66.06 69.51 141 Bolivia 67.72 65.34 70.21 142 = Western Sahara 67.61 65.89 69.81 142 = Cambodia 67.61 65.50 69.55 144 Solomon Islands 67.53 66.19 69.03 145 India 67.47 66.13 68.93 146 Guyana 66.24 64.03 68.59 147 São Tomé and Príncipe 66.23 64.23 68.19 148 Pakistan 65.88 64.99 66.84 149 Senegal 65.81 63.86 67.61 150 Kiribati 65.74 62.55 68.93 151 Myanmar 65.64 63.58 67.66 152 Laos 65.51 64.14 66.84 153 Turkmenistan 65.39 61.31 69.69 154 Madagascar 64.50 63.02 66.00 155 Namibia 64.34 61.58 66.95 156 Botswana 64.12 61.80 66.51 157 Tanzania 64.04 62.55 65.55 158 Gabon 63.65 63.15 64.07 159 Yemen 63.51 62.18 64.88 160 Rwanda 63.14 59.65 66.30 161 Ethiopia 63.13 61.30 65.02 162 Sudan 63.08 61.60 64.60 163 Eritrea 63.07 60.90 65.18 164 Comoros 62.83 61.20 64.50 165 Mauritania 62.77 61.29 64.25 166 Papua New Guinea 62.31 60.25 64.49 167 Haiti 62.29 60.18 64.42 168 Djibouti 61.61 60.04 63.24 169 Congo 61.42 59.95 62.92 170 Ghana 61.03 60.06 61.97 171 Malawi 60.97 59.86 61.98 172 Niger 60.65 59.85 61.55 173 Kenya 60.62 59.08 62.17 174 Liberia 60.25 59.29 61.21 175 Gambia 59.83 58.54 61.21 176 Afghanistan 59.82 58.67 61.06 177 Benin 59.20 57.77 60.61 178 Togo 59.01 58.28 59.68 179 Zambia 58.75 57.16 60.33 180 Democratic Republic of the Congo 58.10 56.67 59.53 181 Burkina Faso 58.07 56.73 59.33 182 Guinea 58.04 57.58 58.49 183 Uganda 57.25 55.67 58.83 184 Mali 57.23 57.44 56.98 185 Equatorial Guinea 57.13 55.87 58.57 186 South Africa 57.11 54.85 59.11 187 Burundi 56.07 54.18 58.04 188 South Sudan 55.06 54.10 56.03 189 Somalia 54.88 53.28 56.51 190 Cameroon 54.87 53.74 56.02 191 Zimbabwe 54.78 53.60 55.95 192 Guinea - Bissau 54.72 53.00 56.50 193 Mozambique 54.63 52.94 56.18 194 Nigeria 52.29 51.97 52.61 195 Angola 51.68 50.20 53.17 196 Chad 51.13 50.08 52.18 197 Côte d'Ivoire 50.97 50.21 51.85 198 Sierra Leone 50.19 49.65 50.74 199 Central African Republic 49.53 47.83 51.25 200 Lesotho 49.50 49.19 49.59 201 Swaziland 49.18 49.69 48.54 List from the `` GBD 2010 '' study ( edit ) The Global Burden of Disease 2010 study published updated figures in 2012 , including recalculations of life expectancies which differ substantially in places from the UN estimates for 2010 ( reasons for this are discussed in the freely available appendix to the paper , pages 25 -- 27 , currently not available ) . Although no estimate is given for the sexes combined , for the first time life expectancy estimates have included uncertainty intervals . Life expectancy at birth ( years ) , Global Burden of Disease 2010 state / territory Male 95 % range Female 95 % range World average 67.50 ( 66.90 - 68.10 ) 73.30 ( 72.80 - 73.80 ) Afghanistan 58.20 ( 54.20 - 62.80 ) 57.30 ( 52.20 - 61.70 ) Albania 72.00 ( 69.20 - 74.90 ) 78.10 ( 75.90 - 80.20 ) Algeria 74.30 ( 73.20 - 75.40 ) 76.50 ( 75.50 - 77.50 ) Andorra 79.80 ( 78.80 - 81.00 ) 85.20 ( 84.20 - 86.20 ) Angola 57.90 ( 49.50 - 66.50 ) 63.90 ( 56.00 - 72.00 ) Antigua and Barbuda 74.10 ( 72.20 - 75.90 ) 79.00 ( 77.30 - 80.50 ) Argentina 72.50 ( 72.40 - 72.60 ) 79.30 ( 79.20 - 79.40 ) Armenia 68.90 ( 67.20 - 70.50 ) 78.50 ( 77.40 - 79.60 ) Australia 79.20 ( 79.10 - 79.30 ) 83.80 ( 83.70 - 83.90 ) Austria 77.70 ( 77.50 - 77.90 ) 83.30 ( 83.20 - 83.50 ) Azerbaijan 68.90 ( 67.60 - 70.20 ) 76.20 ( 74.90 - 77.40 ) Bahrain 76.40 ( 74.80 - 78.20 ) 79.10 ( 77.50 - 80.70 ) Bangladesh 67.20 ( 65.60 - 68.80 ) 71.00 ( 69.40 - 72.80 ) Barbados 74.30 ( 72.70 - 76.00 ) 77.00 ( 75.60 - 78.30 ) Belarus 64.10 ( 63.40 - 64.90 ) 76.00 ( 75.50 - 76.50 ) Belgium 76.70 ( 76.40 - 77.10 ) 82.30 ( 81.90 - 82.60 ) Belize 68.90 ( 67.30 - 70.30 ) 73.60 ( 72.30 - 75.00 ) Benin 60.70 ( 57.60 - 63.50 ) 65.90 ( 63.20 - 68.50 ) Bhutan 67.60 ( 60.90 - 73.30 ) 71.70 ( 65.70 - 77.10 ) Bolivia 69.70 ( 67.30 - 72.50 ) 71.70 ( 69.50 - 74.10 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 74.10 ( 73.90 - 74.40 ) 78.80 ( 78.50 - 79.00 ) Botswana 68.10 ( 63.60 - 73.60 ) 74.00 ( 69.20 - 80.60 ) Brazil 71.50 ( 71.20 - 71.80 ) 79.70 ( 79.50 - 79.90 ) Brunei 75.50 ( 74.30 - 76.60 ) 79.10 ( 78.00 - 80.30 ) Bulgaria 70.10 ( 69.90 - 70.30 ) 77.00 ( 76.80 - 77.20 ) Burkina Faso 52.80 ( 46.60 - 58.10 ) 57.60 ( 52.70 - 62.10 ) Burma 60.70 ( 51.40 - 69.80 ) 67.60 ( 60.10 - 73.60 ) Burundi 53.00 ( 42.70 - 63.00 ) 55.20 ( 45.20 - 64.60 ) Cambodia 64.60 ( 63.30 - 66.00 ) 70.10 ( 68.80 - 71.50 ) Cameroon 57.10 ( 53.50 - 60.90 ) 61.10 ( 57.80 - 64.30 ) Canada 78.50 ( 78.20 - 78.70 ) 82.70 ( 82.50 - 83.00 ) Cape Verde 70.90 ( 66.30 - 75.50 ) 79.10 ( 75.30 - 82.50 ) Central African Republic 43.60 ( 38.40 - 49.30 ) 49.30 ( 44.00 - 54.60 ) Chad 53.30 ( 47.20 - 58.20 ) 57.80 ( 53.00 - 62.30 ) Chile 75.50 ( 75.20 - 75.90 ) 81.50 ( 81.20 - 81.80 ) China 72.90 ( 71.80 - 74.00 ) 79.00 ( 78.00 - 80.00 ) Colombia 71.70 ( 70.20 - 73.00 ) 78.30 ( 77.30 - 79.40 ) Comoros 61.60 ( 56.50 - 65.80 ) 63.90 ( 59.10 - 68.20 ) Congo 56.30 ( 52.30 - 60.30 ) 61.60 ( 57.90 - 65.10 ) Costa Rica 77.10 ( 76.90 - 77.30 ) 81.90 ( 81.60 - 82.10 ) Côte d'Ivoire 52.80 ( 48.20 - 57.10 ) 60.20 ( 56.20 - 63.90 ) Croatia 73.40 ( 73.20 - 73.60 ) 79.90 ( 79.70 - 80.10 ) Cuba 76.10 ( 75.90 - 76.20 ) 79.80 ( 79.60 - 79.90 ) Cyprus 77.60 ( 77.10 - 78.10 ) 82.90 ( 82.40 - 83.40 ) Czech Republic 74.30 ( 74.20 - 74.50 ) 80.70 ( 80.50 - 80.80 ) Denmark 76.80 ( 76.60 - 77.00 ) 81.00 ( 80.80 - 81.30 ) Djibouti 62.20 ( 54.60 - 69.60 ) 64.40 ( 55.10 - 73.70 ) Dominica 70.10 ( 68.60 - 71.50 ) 77.90 ( 76.40 - 79.30 ) Dominican Republic 71.30 ( 70.00 - 72.80 ) 76.30 ( 75.10 - 77.60 ) DR Congo 52.80 ( 49.60 - 55.90 ) 57.70 ( 54.70 - 60.50 ) Ecuador 74.40 ( 73.30 - 75.40 ) 79.80 ( 78.90 - 80.60 ) Egypt 68.00 ( 67.00 - 69.00 ) 73.40 ( 72.50 - 74.20 ) El Salvador 69.90 ( 69.30 - 70.50 ) 78.20 ( 77.70 - 78.60 ) Equatorial Guinea 54.70 ( 43.50 - 66.20 ) 61.80 ( 52.90 - 73.80 ) Eritrea 59.00 ( 54.70 - 62.90 ) 62.00 ( 58.20 - 65.50 ) Estonia 70.60 ( 70.30 - 71.00 ) 80.60 ( 80.20 - 81.00 ) Ethiopia 59.50 ( 57.50 - 61.30 ) 62.30 ( 60.50 - 64.10 ) Federated States of Micronesia 63.40 ( 54.60 - 71.70 ) 68.30 ( 60.80 - 74.70 ) Fiji 65.60 ( 63.90 - 67.30 ) 68.80 ( 67.10 - 70.40 ) Finland 76.80 ( 76.60 - 77.00 ) 83.30 ( 83.10 - 83.60 ) France 77.50 ( 77.20 - 77.80 ) 84.30 ( 84.00 - 84.50 ) Gabon 55.00 ( 50.00 - 60.00 ) 63.30 ( 59.50 - 67.40 ) Georgia 67.40 ( 66.00 - 68.70 ) 77.90 ( 76.90 - 78.90 ) Germany 77.50 ( 77.30 - 77.70 ) 82.80 ( 82.60 - 83.10 ) Ghana 63.20 ( 60.70 - 65.70 ) 66.70 ( 64.50 - 68.90 ) Greece 77.10 ( 76.80 - 77.40 ) 82.10 ( 81.90 - 82.40 ) Grenada 68.60 ( 67.40 - 69.80 ) 73.50 ( 72.20 - 74.70 ) Guatemala 66.90 ( 66.30 - 67.50 ) 74.00 ( 73.50 - 74.50 ) Guinea - Bissau 54.80 ( 46.10 - 63.40 ) 58.60 ( 50.80 - 66.60 ) Guinea 58.40 ( 53.70 - 62.30 ) 60.50 ( 56.30 - 64.00 ) Guyana 63.10 ( 60.50 - 65.90 ) 69.10 ( 66.90 - 71.20 ) Haiti 32.50 ( 19.80 - 43.10 ) 43.60 ( 31.10 - 51.70 ) Honduras 70.50 ( 66.30 - 74.60 ) 73.20 ( 69.80 - 76.50 ) Hungary 70.40 ( 70.30 - 70.60 ) 78.40 ( 78.20 - 78.50 ) Iceland 80.00 ( 79.40 - 80.60 ) 84.40 ( 83.70 - 85.00 ) India 63.20 ( 60.60 - 65.70 ) 67.50 ( 65.50 - 69.90 ) Indonesia 67.70 ( 66.00 - 69.20 ) 71.80 ( 70.30 - 73.30 ) Iran 71.60 ( 68.50 - 74.60 ) 77.80 ( 75.30 - 80.20 ) Iraq 70.60 ( 67.20 - 73.70 ) 71.40 ( 68.30 - 74.40 ) Ireland 77.60 ( 77.40 - 77.90 ) 82.20 ( 81.90 - 82.40 ) Israel 79.20 ( 79.00 - 79.40 ) 82.90 ( 82.70 - 83.10 ) Italy 78.90 ( 78.70 - 79.10 ) 83.90 ( 83.70 - 84.10 ) Jamaica 73.30 ( 69.90 - 77.30 ) 77.30 ( 74.30 - 80.30 ) Japan 79.30 ( 79.30 - 79.40 ) 85.90 ( 85.80 - 85.90 ) Jordan 75.70 ( 73.90 - 77.50 ) 75.10 ( 73.20 - 77.00 ) Kazakhstan 61.30 ( 59.10 - 63.30 ) 72.20 ( 70.60 - 73.70 ) Kenya 62.70 ( 59.90 - 65.70 ) 66.90 ( 64.60 - 69.00 ) Kiribati 57.80 ( 51.30 - 64.00 ) 65.00 ( 59.80 - 69.70 ) Kuwait 76.10 ( 75.80 - 76.40 ) 79.60 ( 79.20 - 79.90 ) Kyrgyzstan 62.20 ( 60.60 - 63.90 ) 71.90 ( 70.40 - 73.20 ) Laos 62.40 ( 54.40 - 69.70 ) 67.10 ( 60.20 - 73.50 ) Latvia 68.90 ( 68.60 - 69.20 ) 78.50 ( 78.20 - 78.70 ) Lebanon 76.20 ( 74.10 - 77.90 ) 78.90 ( 77.50 - 80.40 ) Lesotho 44.10 ( 40.90 - 48.10 ) 50.70 ( 47.20 - 54.80 ) Liberia 56.50 ( 54.10 - 58.90 ) 57.90 ( 55.20 - 60.50 ) Libya 72.90 ( 70.70 - 75.00 ) 76.50 ( 74.60 - 78.50 ) Lithuania 68.70 ( 68.50 - 68.90 ) 79.30 ( 79.10 - 79.60 ) Luxembourg 78.00 ( 77.50 - 78.60 ) 82.20 ( 81.70 - 82.80 ) Republic of Macedonia 72.80 ( 72.50 - 73.00 ) 77.20 ( 77.00 - 77.50 ) Madagascar 62.20 ( 58.90 - 65.60 ) 65.10 ( 61.80 - 68.10 ) Malawi 50.90 ( 48.50 - 53.60 ) 54.90 ( 52.70 - 57.50 ) Malaysia 71.30 ( 71.00 - 71.60 ) 76.50 ( 76.20 - 76.80 ) Maldives 77.50 ( 76.70 - 78.30 ) 80.40 ( 79.70 - 81.20 ) Mali 56.90 ( 52.90 - 60.70 ) 57.70 ( 53.80 - 61.20 ) Malta 77.10 ( 76.60 - 77.60 ) 83.00 ( 82.40 - 83.60 ) Marshall Islands 61.90 ( 57.50 - 66.00 ) 66.00 ( 61.90 - 70.00 ) Mauritania 63.30 ( 59.10 - 67.20 ) 65.70 ( 61.80 - 68.80 ) Mauritius 69.70 ( 69.30 - 70.00 ) 76.90 ( 76.50 - 77.30 ) Mexico 72.50 ( 72.30 - 72.80 ) 78.40 ( 78.20 - 78.60 ) Moldova 65.50 ( 65.00 - 65.80 ) 74.60 ( 74.20 - 74.90 ) Mongolia 60.30 ( 58.60 - 62.20 ) 69.30 ( 67.80 - 70.80 ) Montenegro 73.00 ( 72.20 - 73.60 ) 78.20 ( 77.50 - 78.90 ) Morocco 70.90 ( 68.30 - 73.30 ) 74.40 ( 72.20 - 76.10 ) Mozambique 50.00 ( 46.90 - 53.40 ) 54.90 ( 51.80 - 58.30 ) Namibia 58.40 ( 55.20 - 61.60 ) 64.90 ( 61.90 - 67.60 ) Nepal 67.70 ( 65.50 - 70.10 ) 70.60 ( 68.60 - 72.80 ) Netherlands 78.50 ( 78.40 - 78.60 ) 82.60 ( 82.40 - 82.70 ) New Zealand 78.60 ( 78.40 - 78.80 ) 82.70 ( 82.50 - 83.00 ) Nicaragua 71.50 ( 70.60 - 72.20 ) 77.50 ( 76.70 - 78.20 ) Niger 56.90 ( 51.70 - 61.50 ) 58.70 ( 54.10 - 62.60 ) Nigeria 58.80 ( 56.50 - 61.40 ) 60.40 ( 58.20 - 62.90 ) North Korea 68.00 ( 64.90 - 70.70 ) 73.30 ( 70.60 - 75.50 ) Norway 78.50 ( 78.30 - 78.70 ) 83.10 ( 82.90 - 83.40 ) Oman 73.80 ( 72.20 - 75.40 ) 78.90 ( 77.50 - 80.10 ) Pakistan 63.90 ( 60.70 - 67.10 ) 67.80 ( 64.80 - 70.90 ) Palestine 70.30 ( 67.90 - 72.70 ) 76.40 ( 74.30 - 78.30 ) Panama 73.60 ( 72.30 - 74.90 ) 80.20 ( 78.90 - 81.50 ) Papua New Guinea 57.50 ( 48.10 - 66.50 ) 60.30 ( 51.90 - 69.00 ) Paraguay 71.00 ( 69.70 - 72.40 ) 75.60 ( 74.70 - 76.40 ) Peru 75.20 ( 73.80 - 76.70 ) 77.60 ( 76.10 - 79.00 ) Philippines 66.60 ( 65.50 - 67.80 ) 73.80 ( 72.80 - 74.80 ) Poland 72.10 ( 72.00 - 72.20 ) 80.50 ( 80.40 - 80.60 ) Portugal 76.30 ( 76.20 - 76.50 ) 82.30 ( 82.20 - 82.50 ) Qatar 78.90 ( 77.70 - 80.00 ) 82.10 ( 81.10 - 83.20 ) Romania 70.10 ( 70.00 - 70.20 ) 77.60 ( 77.40 - 77.70 ) Russia 63.10 ( 62.80 - 63.30 ) 74.70 ( 74.40 - 74.90 ) Rwanda 62.00 ( 60.10 - 63.90 ) 67.10 ( 65.50 - 69.00 ) Saint Lucia 70.90 ( 68.60 - 73.40 ) 76.50 ( 74.50 - 78.80 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 69.70 ( 68.50 - 71.00 ) 74.50 ( 73.10 - 75.80 ) Samoa 68.40 ( 65.40 - 70.90 ) 73.40 ( 70.90 - 75.80 ) São Tomé and Príncipe 68.20 ( 64.40 - 71.80 ) 72.10 ( 69.00 - 75.20 ) Saudi Arabia 75.00 ( 73.60 - 76.40 ) 79.90 ( 78.80 - 81.00 ) Senegal 63.50 ( 61.10 - 66.10 ) 67.10 ( 65.20 - 69.30 ) Serbia 74.00 ( 73.70 - 74.20 ) 79.50 ( 79.20 - 79.80 ) Seychelles 61.30 ( 60.20 - 62.40 ) 71.80 ( 70.70 - 72.90 ) Sierra Leone 56.50 ( 53.60 - 59.30 ) 60.90 ( 58.30 - 63.10 ) Singapore 78.80 ( 78.60 - 79.00 ) 83.30 ( 83.00 - 83.50 ) Slovakia 71.60 ( 71.40 - 71.70 ) 79.10 ( 78.90 - 79.30 ) Slovenia 75.90 ( 75.60 - 76.20 ) 82.50 ( 82.20 - 82.90 ) Solomon Islands 60.50 ( 52.20 - 68.10 ) 64.00 ( 55.40 - 71.40 ) Somalia 54.60 ( 45.40 - 62.60 ) 57.20 ( 47.70 - 65.60 ) South Africa 57.40 ( 54.80 - 59.60 ) 62.30 ( 59.90 - 64.70 ) South Korea 76.50 ( 76.30 - 76.70 ) 82.70 ( 82.60 - 82.90 ) Spain 78.40 ( 78.20 - 78.70 ) 84.20 ( 84.00 - 84.40 ) Sri Lanka 71.60 ( 70.30 - 72.80 ) 79.80 ( 78.70 - 80.70 ) Sudan 66.90 ( 64.20 - 69.00 ) 70.70 ( 68.80 - 72.90 ) Suriname 70.10 ( 68.20 - 72.20 ) 75.20 ( 73.70 - 76.80 ) Swaziland 47.40 ( 43.50 - 51.30 ) 51.40 ( 48.00 - 55.10 ) Sweden 79.20 ( 79.00 - 79.40 ) 83.50 ( 83.40 - 83.70 ) Switzerland 79.70 ( 79.50 - 79.80 ) 84.50 ( 84.30 - 84.70 ) Syria 75.10 ( 73.50 - 76.60 ) 80.20 ( 78.90 - 81.40 ) Taiwan 75.90 ( 75.80 - 76.00 ) 81.90 ( 81.80 - 82.00 ) Tajikistan 65.20 ( 62.70 - 67.50 ) 71.50 ( 69.40 - 73.60 ) Tanzania 60.90 ( 58.10 - 63.70 ) 62.60 ( 60.20 - 65.20 ) Thailand 70.90 ( 69.10 - 72.50 ) 77.50 ( 76.30 - 78.80 ) The Bahamas 71.40 ( 68.50 - 74.50 ) 80.40 ( 76.90 - 85.50 ) The Gambia 60.80 ( 53.40 - 69.00 ) 64.00 ( 55.90 - 72.40 ) Timor - Leste 67.80 ( 66.30 - 69.20 ) 69.70 ( 68.10 - 71.20 ) Togo 58.30 ( 54.70 - 61.80 ) 62.10 ( 58.40 - 65.60 ) Tonga 67.30 ( 64.70 - 69.90 ) 73.80 ( 71.40 - 76.10 ) Trinidad and Tobago 66.20 ( 65.00 - 67.40 ) 75.30 ( 74.10 - 76.40 ) Tunisia 74.10 ( 70.70 - 77.60 ) 78.90 ( 75.70 - 81.90 ) Turkey 71.20 ( 69.50 - 73.00 ) 77.70 ( 75.90 - 79.30 ) Turkmenistan 65.40 ( 60.70 - 69.50 ) 73.40 ( 69.50 - 77.20 ) Uganda 58.30 ( 55.30 - 61.40 ) 62.50 ( 59.80 - 65.10 ) UK 77.80 ( 77.80 - 77.90 ) 81.90 ( 81.80 - 82.00 ) Ukraine 64.50 ( 63.50 - 65.30 ) 74.90 ( 74.20 - 75.40 ) United Arab Emirates 75.30 ( 73.00 - 77.60 ) 78.60 ( 76.50 - 80.70 ) Uruguay 72.60 ( 72.10 - 73.10 ) 80.40 ( 79.90 - 80.90 ) USA 75.90 ( 75.80 - 75.90 ) 80.50 ( 80.50 - 80.60 ) Uzbekistan 65.60 ( 61.90 - 68.80 ) 72.30 ( 69.50 - 75.30 ) Vanuatu 62.20 ( 54.10 - 69.50 ) 66.90 ( 59.80 - 72.50 ) Venezuela 70.30 ( 68.90 - 71.50 ) 79.20 ( 78.40 - 80.00 ) Vietnam 71.60 ( 69.30 - 74.00 ) 79.60 ( 78.00 - 81.10 ) Yemen 65.50 ( 59.20 - 71.40 ) 66.30 ( 59.30 - 72.40 ) Zambia 54.30 ( 51.10 - 57.70 ) 57.30 ( 54.20 - 60.30 ) Zimbabwe 51.10 ( 46.60 - 55.60 ) 55.10 ( 51.30 - 59.30 ) List by the CIA ( 2016 ) ( edit ) 2012 life expectancy estimates by the CIA World Factbook . > 80 > 77.5 > 75 > 72.5 > 70 > 67.5 > 65 > 60 > 55 > 50 > 45 > 40 < 40 The US CIA published the following life expectancy data in its World Factbook . Rank Entity Overall life expectancy at birth Male life expectancy at birth Female life expectancy at birth 1 Monaco 89.5 85.6 93.5 2 Japan 85 81.7 88.5 3 Singapore 85 82.3 87.8 4 Macau ( China ) 84.5 81.6 87.6 5 San Marino 83.3 80.7 86.1 6 Iceland 83 80.9 85.3 7 Hong Kong ( China ) 82.9 80.3 85.8 8 Andorra 82.8 80.6 85.1 9 Switzerland 82.6 80.3 85 10 Guernsey 82.5 79.9 85.4 11 Israel 82.4 80.6 84.4 12 South Korea 82.4 79.3 85.8 13 Luxembourg 82.3 79.8 84.9 14 Australia 82.2 79.8 84.8 15 Italy 82.2 79.6 85 16 Sweden 82.1 80.2 84.1 17 Canada 81.9 79.2 84.6 18 Jersey 81.9 79.4 84.5 19 Liechtenstein 81.9 79.7 84.6 20 France ( metropolitan ) 81.8 78.7 85.1 21 Norway 81.8 79.8 83.9 22 Spain 81.7 78.7 84.9 23 Austria 81.5 78.9 84.3 24 Anguilla 81.4 78.8 84.1 25 Bermuda 81.3 78.1 84.5 26 Netherlands 81.3 79.2 83.6 27 Cayman Islands 81.2 78.5 84 28 Isle of Man 81.2 79.5 83 29 New Zealand 81.2 79.1 83.3 30 Belgium 81 78.4 83.7 31 Finland 80.9 77.9 84 32 Ireland 80.8 78.5 83.2 33 Germany 80.7 78.4 83.1 34 United Kingdom 80.7 78.5 83 35 Greece 80.5 77.9 83.3 36 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 80.5 78.2 83 37 Faroe Islands 80.4 77.8 83.1 38 Malta 80.4 78 82.8 39 European Union 80.2 77.4 83.2 40 Taiwan 80.1 77 83.5 41 U.S. Virgin Islands 80 77 83.2 42 Turks and Caicos Islands 79.8 77.1 82.7 43 United States 79.8 77.5 82.1 44 Wallis and Futuna 79.7 76.7 82.8 45 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 79.5 76.6 82.6 46 Denmark 79.4 77 82 47 Gibraltar 79.4 76.6 82.5 48 Puerto Rico 79.4 75.8 83.1 49 Portugal 79.3 76.1 82.8 50 Bahrain 78.9 76.7 81.1 51 Chile 78.8 75.7 81.9 52 Cuba 78.7 76.4 81.1 53 Cyprus 78.7 75.8 81.6 54 Qatar 78.7 76.7 80.8 55 British Virgin Islands 78.6 77.2 80.1 56 Costa Rica 78.6 75.9 81.4 57 Czech Republic 78.6 75.7 81.8 58 Panama 78.6 75.8 81.6 59 Albania 78.3 75.7 81.2 60 Slovenia 78.2 74.6 82 61 Dominican Republic 78.1 75.9 80.5 62 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 78.1 75.8 80.6 63 Kuwait 78 76.6 79.4 64 Northern Mariana Islands ( US ) 78 75.3 80.8 65 Falkland Islands 77.9 75.6 79.6 66 Saint Lucia 77.8 75 80.7 67 New Caledonia ( France ) 77.7 73.7 81.9 68 Lebanon 77.6 76.3 78.9 69 Poland 77.6 73.7 81.7 70 United Arab Emirates 77.5 74.8 80.2 71 Brunei 77.2 74.8 79.6 72 French Polynesia ( France ) 77.2 74.9 79.6 73 Paraguay 77.2 74.5 80 74 Uruguay 77.2 74.1 80.5 75 Argentina 77.1 74 80.4 76 Slovakia 77.1 73.5 80.9 77 Dominica 77 74 80.1 78 Morocco 76.9 73.8 80.1 79 Algeria 76.8 75.5 78.2 80 Aruba ( Netherlands ) 76.8 73.7 79.9 81 Ecuador 76.8 73.8 79.9 82 Sri Lanka 76.8 73.3 80.4 83 Bosnia and Herzegovina 76.7 73.7 80 84 Estonia 76.7 71.9 81.7 85 Antigua and Barbuda 76.5 74.4 78.8 86 Libya 76.5 74.7 78.3 87 Georgia 76.2 72.1 80.6 88 Republic of Macedonia 76.2 73.6 79 89 Tonga 76.2 74.7 77.8 90 Tunisia 76.1 74 78.4 91 Croatia 75.9 72.7 79.2 92 Hungary 75.9 72.2 79.8 93 Mexico 75.9 73.1 78.8 94 Cook Islands 75.8 73 78.8 95 Venezuela 75.8 72.7 78.9 96 Colombia 75.7 72.6 79 97 Saint Kitts and Nevis 75.7 73.3 78.2 98 Maldives 75.6 73.3 78 99 Mauritius 75.6 72.2 79.2 100 Oman 75.5 73.5 77.5 101 People 's Republic of China 75.5 73.5 77.9 102 Serbia 75.5 72.6 78.5 103 American Samoa ( US ) 75.4 72.4 78.5 104 Barbados 75.3 73 77.7 105 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 75.3 73.3 77.4 106 Saudi Arabia 75.3 73.2 77.4 107 Solomon Islands 75.3 72.7 78.1 108 Romania 75.1 71.7 78.8 109 Malaysia 75 72.2 78 110 West Bank 75 73 77.1 111 Iraq 74.9 72.6 77.2 112 Lithuania 74.9 69.5 80.6 113 Syria 74.9 72.5 77.4 114 Turkey 74.8 72.5 77.3 115 El Salvador 74.7 71.4 78.1 116 Seychelles 74.7 70.2 79.4 117 Thailand 74.7 71.5 78 118 Armenia 74.6 71.4 78.3 119 Jordan 74.6 73.2 76.1 120 Bulgaria 74.5 71.2 78 121 Latvia 74.5 69.9 79.3 122 Montserrat 74.4 75.8 72.9 123 Grenada 74.3 71.7 77.1 124 Gaza Strip 73.9 72.3 75.7 125 Brazil 73.8 70.2 77.5 126 Uzbekistan 73.8 70.7 77 127 Peru 73.7 71.7 75.9 128 Samoa 73.7 70.8 76.8 129 Jamaica 73.6 72 75.3 130 Vanuatu 73.4 71.8 75.1 131 Vietnam 73.4 70.9 76.2 132 Bangladesh 73.2 71 75.4 133 Nicaragua 73.2 71.1 75.5 134 Marshall Islands 73.1 70.9 75.4 135 Palau 73.1 69.9 76.5 136 Federated States of Micronesia 72.9 70.8 75 137 Trinidad and Tobago 72.9 69.9 75.9 138 Belarus 72.7 67.2 78.6 139 Egypt 72.7 71.4 74.2 140 Fiji 72.7 70 75.5 141 Indonesia 72.7 67.3 69.8 142 Azerbaijan 72.5 69.5 75.8 143 Greenland ( Denmark ) 72.4 69.7 75.2 144 The Bahamas 72.4 70 74.8 145 Guatemala 72.3 70.3 74.4 146 Suriname 72.2 69.8 74.8 147 Cabo Verde 72.1 69.8 74.5 148 Ukraine 71.8 67.1 76.9 149 Iran 71.4 69.8 73.1 150 Honduras 71.1 69.5 72.8 151 Kazakhstan 70.8 65.6 75.7 152 Kyrgyzstan 70.7 66.5 75.1 153 Moldova 70.7 66.9 74.8 154 Nepal 70.7 70.1 71.3 155 North Korea 70.4 66.6 74.5 156 Russia 70.3 64.3 76.4 157 Bhutan 70.1 69.1 71.1 158 Turkmenistan 70.1 67.1 73.3 159 Mongolia 69.6 65.4 74.1 160 Bolivia 69.2 66.4 72.1 161 Philippines 69.2 65.7 72.9 162 Belize 68.7 67.2 70.4 163 India 68.5 67.3 69.8 164 Guyana 68.4 65.4 71.5 165 Timor - Leste 68.1 66.5 69.7 166 Pakistan 67.7 65.8 69.8 167 Tajikistan 67.7 64.6 71 168 Papua New Guinea 67.2 65 69.5 169 Nauru 67.1 63 70.5 170 Burma 66.6 64.2 69.2 171 Ghana 66.6 64.1 69.1 172 Tuvalu 66.5 64.3 68.8 173 Kiribati 66.2 63.7 68.8 174 Madagascar 65.9 64.4 67.4 175 Yemen 65.5 63.4 67.8 176 Togo 65 62.3 69.7 177 Eritrea 64.9 62.4 67.5 178 São Tomé and Príncipe 64.9 63.6 66.3 179 The Gambia 64.9 62.5 67.3 180 Cambodia 64.5 62 67.1 181 Laos 64.3 62.2 66.4 182 Comoros 64.2 61.9 66.6 183 Equatorial Guinea 64.2 63.1 65.4 184 Sudan 64.1 62 66.3 185 Kenya 64 62.6 65.5 186 Haiti 63.8 61.2 66.4 187 Namibia 63.6 62.1 65.1 188 Djibouti 63.2 60.7 65.8 189 South Africa 63.1 61.6 64.6 190 Western Sahara 63 60.7 65.4 191 Mauritania 63 60.7 65.4 192 Ethiopia 62.2 59.8 64.7 193 Tanzania 62.2 60.8 63.6 194 Benin 61.9 60.5 63.3 195 Senegal 61.7 59.7 63.8 196 Malawi 61.2 59.2 63.2 197 Guinea 60.6 59 62.2 198 Burundi 60.5 58.8 62.3 199 Rwanda 60.1 58.5 61.7 200 Republic of the Congo 59.3 58.1 60.6 201 Liberia 59 57.3 60.8 202 Côte d'Ivoire 58.7 57.5 59.9 203 Cameroon 58.5 57.1 59.9 204 Sierra Leone 58.2 55.6 60.9 205 Zimbabwe 58 57.3 58.7 206 Democratic Republic of the Congo 57.3 55.8 58.9 207 Angola 56 54.8 57.2 208 Mali 55.8 53.9 57.7 209 Burkina Faso 55.5 53.4 57.6 210 Niger 55.5 54.3 56.8 211 Uganda 55.4 54 56.9 212 Botswana 54.5 56.3 52.6 213 Nigeria 53.4 52.4 54.5 214 Mozambique 53.3 52.6 54.1 215 Lesotho 53 52.9 53.1 216 Zambia 52.5 50.8 54.1 217 Somalia 52.4 50.3 54.5 218 Central African Republic 52.3 51 53.7 219 Gabon 52.1 51.6 52.5 220 Swaziland 51.6 52.2 51 221 Afghanistan 51.3 49.9 52.7 222 Guinea - Bissau 50.6 48.6 52.7 223 Chad 50.2 49 51.3 List by the OECD ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Life expectancy at birth ( years ) , OECD ( 2013 ) Rank state / territory Overall Male Female 1 Japan 83.4 80.2 86.6 2 Spain 83.2 80.2 86.1 3 Switzerland 82.9 80.7 85.0 4 Italy 82.8 80.3 85.2 5 France 82.3 79.0 85.6 6 Australia 82.2 80.1 84.3 7 = Israel 82.1 80.3 83.9 7 = Iceland 82.1 80.5 83.7 9 Sweden 82.0 80.2 83.8 10 Luxembourg 81.9 79.8 83.9 11 = Norway 81.8 79.8 83.8 11 = South Korea 81.8 78.5 85.1 13 Canada 81.5 79.3 83.6 14 = New Zealand 81.4 79.5 83.2 14 = Netherlands 81.4 79.5 83.2 14 = Greece 81.4 78.7 84.0 17 Austria 81.2 78.6 83.8 18 = United Kingdom 81.1 79.2 82.9 18 = Ireland 81.1 79.0 83.1 18 = Finland 81.1 78.0 84.1 21 Germany 80.9 78.6 83.2 22 Portugal 80.8 77.6 84.0 23 Belgium 80.7 78.1 83.2 24 Slovenia 80.4 77.2 83.6 25 Denmark 80.4 78.3 82.4 26 = Chile 78.8 76.3 81.4 26 = United States 78.8 76.4 81.2 28 Czech Republic 78.3 75.2 81.3 29 Estonia 77.3 72.8 81.7 30 Poland 77.1 73.0 81.2 31 Turkey 76.6 73.7 79.4 32 Slovakia 76.5 72.9 80.1 33 Hungary 75.7 72.2 79.1 34 Mexico 74.6 71.7 77.4 See also ( edit ) List of countries by hospital beds List of countries by intentional death rate List of countries by intentional homicide rate List of countries by suicide rate List of U.S. counties with shortest life expectancy List of U.S. states by life expectancy List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy List of countries by total health expenditure per capita References ( edit ) Figures are from the CIA World Factbook 2009 and from the 2010 revision of the United Nations World Population Prospects report , for 2005 -- 2010 , ( data viewable at http://esa.un.org/wpp/Sorting-Tables/tab-sorting_mortality.htm , with equivalent spreadsheets here , here , and here ) . Only countries / territories with a population of 100,000 or more in 2010 are included in the United Nations list . WHO database 2013 http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook Life Expectancy At Birth '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Central Intelligence Agency Factbook Population '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` United Nations World Population Prospects : 2015 revision '' ( PDF ) . UN . Jump up ^ `` The World Fact - book Life Expectancy '' . Cia.gov. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence of HIV , total ( % of population ages 15 -- 49 ) '' . Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/6/07-043471/en/ Jump up ^ Life expectancy in Taiwan reaches record 80.2 years , Taipei Times , 2016 - 9 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Health Facts of Hong Kong 2016 Edition '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` World Health Statistics 2016 : Monitoring health for the SDGs Annex B : tables of health statistics by country , WHO region and globally '' . World Health Organization . 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life expectancy increased by 5 years since 2000 , but health inequalities persist '' . WHO. 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ A = years lived healthily B = years lived with disability A + B = life expectancy A + fB = healthy life expectancy , where f is a weighting to reflect disability level. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Das , Pamela ; Samarasekera , Udani ( 2012 ) . `` The story of GBD 2010 : a `` super-human '' effort `` . The Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2067 -- 2070 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 62174 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wang , Haidong ; Dwyer - Lindgren , Laura ; Lofgren , Katherine T ; Rajaratnam , Julie Knoll ; Marcus , Jacob R ; Levin - Rector , Alison ; Levitz , Carly E ; Lopez , Alan D ; Murray , Christopher JL ( 2012 ) . `` Age - specific and sex - specific mortality in 187 countries , 1970 -- 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . The Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2071 -- 2094 . PMID 23245603 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61719 - X . Jump up ^ https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm Jump up ^ Data for Canada is for 2012 , see External links ( edit ) Global Agewatch has the latest internationally comparable statistics on life expectancy from 195 countries . Life expectancy trends interactive graph Life expectancy interactive world map Global Life Expectancy ( Infographic ) LiveScience ( hide ) Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 1989 2000 2005 2010 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure ( PPP ) per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy&oldid=796150963 '' Categories : Lists of countries Population Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans العربية অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 20 : 52 . 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Centrifugation

Centrifugation - wikipedia Centrifugation Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Centrifugation is a process which involves the application of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge , and is used in industrial and laboratory settings . This process is used to separate two miscible substances , but also to analyze the hydrodynamic properties of macromolecules . More - dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge , while less - dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis . Chemists and biologists may increase the effective gravitational force on a test tube so as to more rapidly and completely cause the precipitate ( pellet ) to gather on the bottom of the tube . The remaining solution ( supernatant ) may be discarded with a pipette . There is a correlation between the size and density of a particle and the rate that the particle separates from a heterogeneous mixture , when the only force applied is that of gravity . The larger the size and the larger the density of the particles , the faster they separate from the mixture . By applying a larger effective gravitational force to the mixture , like a centrifuge does , the separation of the particles is accelerated . This is ideal in industrial and lab settings because particles that would naturally separate over a long period of time can be separated in much less time . The rate of centrifugation is specified by the angular velocity usually expressed as revolutions per minute ( RPM ) , or acceleration expressed as g . The conversion factor between RPM and g depends on the radius of the centrifuge rotor . The particles ' settling velocity in centrifugation is a function of their size and shape , centrifugal acceleration , the volume fraction of solids present , the density difference between the particle and the liquid , and the viscosity . The most common application is the separation of solid from highly concentrated suspensions , which is used in the treatment of sewage sludges for dewatering where less consistent sediment is produced . In the chemical and food industries , special centrifuges can process a continuous stream of particle - laden liquid . Centrifugation is the most common method used for uranium enrichment , relying on the slight mass difference between atoms of U238 and U235 in uranium hexafluoride gas. . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mathematical formula 2 Centrifugation in biological research 2.1 Microcentrifuges 2.2 High - speed centrifuges 2.3 Fractionation process 2.4 Ultracentrifugations 2.5 Density Gradient Centrifugation 2.6 Differential Centrifugation 3 Other applications 4 History 5 Sources 6 References Mathematical formula ( edit ) The general formula for calculating the revolutions per minute ( RPM ) of a centrifuge is R P M = g r ( \ displaystyle RPM = ( \ sqrt ( g \ over r ) ) ) , where g represents the respective force of the centrifuge and r the radius from the center of the rotor to a point in the sample . However , depending on the centrifuge model used , the respective angle of the rotor and the radius may vary , thus the formula gets modified . For example , the Sorvall # SS - 34 rotor has a maximum radius of 10.8 cm , so the formula becomes R P M = 299 g r ( \ displaystyle RPM = 299 ( \ sqrt ( g \ over r ) ) ) , which can further simplify to R P M = 91 g ( \ displaystyle RPM = 91 ( \ sqrt ( g ) ) ) . the applied centrifugation field is square angular velocity in radians per sec . the radial distance o the particle from the axis Centrifugation in biological Research ( edit ) Microcentrifuges ( edit ) Microcentrifuges are used to process small volumes of biological molecules , cells , or nuclei . Microcentrifuge tubes generally hold 0.5 - 2.0 mL of liquid , and are spun at maximum angular speeds of 12,000 -- 13,000 rpm . Microcentrifuges are small enough to fit on a table - top and have rotors that can quickly change speeds . They may or may not have a refrigeration function . High - speed centrifuges ( edit ) High - speed or superspeed centrifuges can handle larger sample volumes , from a few tens of millilitres to several litres . Additionally , larger centrifuges can also reach higher angular velocities ( around 30,000 rpm ) . The rotors may come with different adapters to hold various sizes of test tubes , bottles , or microtiter plates . Fractionation process ( edit ) General method of fractionation : Cell sample is stored in a suspension which is : Buffered - neutral pH , preventing damage to the structure of proteins including enzymes ( which could affect ionic bonds ) Isotonic ( of equal water potential ) - this prevents water gain or loss by the organelles Cool - reducing the overall activity of enzyme released later in the procedure Cells are homogenised in a blender and filtered to remove debris The homogenised sample is placed in an ultracentrifuge and spun in low speed - nuclei settle out , forming a pellet The supernatant ( suspension containing remaining organelles ) is spun at a higher speed - chloroplasts settle out The supernatant is spun at a higher speed still - mitochondria and lysosomes settle out The supernatant is spun at an even higher speed - ribosomes , membranes settle out The ribosomes , membranes and Golgi complexes can be separated by another technique called density gradient centrifugation . Ultracentrifugations ( edit ) Main articles : Differential centrifugation , Isopycnic centrifugation , and ultracentrifugation Ultracentrifugation makes use of high centrifugal force for studying properties of biological particles . Compared to microcentrifuges or high - speed centrifuges , ultracentrifuges can isolate much smaller particles , including ribosomes , proteins , and viruses . Ultracentrifuges can also be used in the study of membrane fractionation . This occurs because ultracentrifuges can reach maximum angular velocities in excess of 70,000 rpm . Additionally , while microcentrifuges and supercentrifuges separate particles in batches ( limited volumes of samples must be handled manually in test tubes or bottles ) , ultracentrifuges can separate molecules in batch or continuous flow systems . In addition to purification , analytical ultracentrifugation ( AUC ) can be used for determination of the properties of macromolecules such as shape , mass , composition , and conformation . Samples are centrifuged with a high - density solution such as sucrose , caesium chloride , or iodixanol . The high - density solution may be at a uniform concentration throughout the test tube ( `` cushion '' ) or a varying concentration ( `` gradient '' ) . Molecular properties can be modeled through sedimentation velocity analysis or sedimentation equilibrium analysis . During the run , the particle or molecules will migrate through the test tube at different speeds depending on their physical properties and the properties of the solution , and eventually form a pellet at the bottom of the tube , or bands at various heights . Density gradient centrifugation ( edit ) Density gradient centrifugation Is considered one of the more efficient methods of separating suspended particles . Density gradient centrifugation can be used both as a separation technique and as a method of measuring the densities of particles or molecules in a mixture . A tube , after being centrifuged by this method , has particles in order of density based on height . The object or particle of interest will reside in the position within the tube corresponding to its density . Linderstorm - Lang , in 1937 , discovered that density gradient tubes could be used for density measurements . He discovered this when working with potato yellow - dwarf virus . This method was also used in Meselson and Stahl 's famous experiment in which they proved that DNA replication is semi-conservative by using different isotopes of nitrogen . They used density gradient centrifugation to determine which isotope or isotopes of nitrogen were present in the DNA after cycles of replication . Nevertheless , some non-ideal sedimentations are still possible when using this method . The first potential issue is the unwanted aggregation of particles , but this can occur in any centrifugation . The second possibility occurs when droplets of solution that contain particles sediment . This is more likely to occur when working with a solution that has a layer of suspension floating on a dense liquid , which in fact have little to no density gradient . Differential centrifugation ( edit ) Differential Centrifugation is a type of centrifugation in which one selectively spins down components of a mixture by a series of increasing centrifugation forces . This method is commonly used to separate organelles and membranes found in cells . Organelles generally differ from each other in density in size , making the use of differential centrifugation , and centrifugation in general , possible . The organelles can then be identified by testing for indicators that are unique to the specific organelles . Other applications ( edit ) Separating chalk powder from water Removing fat from milk to produce skimmed milk Separating particles from an air - flow using cyclonic separation The clarification and stabilization of wine Separation of urine components and blood components in forensic and research laboratories Aids in separation of proteins using purification techniques such as salting out , e.g. ammonium sulfate precipitation . History ( edit ) By 1923 Theodor Svedberg and his student H. Rinde had successfully analyzed large - grained sols in terms of their gravitational sedimentation . Sols consist of a substance evenly distributed in another substance , also known as a colloid . However , smaller grained sols , such as those containing gold , could not be analyzed . To investigate this problem Svedberg developed an analytical centrifuge , equipped with a photographic absorption system , which would exert a much greater centrifugal effect . In addition , he developed the theory necessary to measure molecular weight . During this time , Svedberg 's attention shifted from gold to proteins . By 1900 , it had been generally accepted that proteins were composed of amino acids ; however , whether proteins were colloids or macromolecules was still under debate . One protein being investigated at the time was hemoglobin . It was determined to have 712 carbon , 1,130 hydrogen , 243 oxygen , two sulfur atoms , and at least one iron atom . This gave hemoglobin a resulting weight of approximately 16,000 dalton ( Da ) but it was uncertain whether this value was a multiple of one or four ( dependent upon the number of iron atoms present ) . Through a series of experiments utilizing the sedimentation equilibrium technique , two important observations were made : hemoglobin has a molecular weight of 68,000 Da , suggesting that there are four iron atoms present rather than one , and that no matter where the hemoglobin was isolated from , it had exactly the same molecular weight . How something of such a large molecular mass could be consistently found , regardless of where it was sampled from in the body , was unprecedented and favored the idea the proteins are macromolecules rather than colloids . In order to investigate this phenomenon , a centrifuge with even higher speeds was needed , and thus the ultracentrifuge was created to apply the theory of sedimentation - diffusion . The same molecular mass was determined , and the presence of a spreading boundary suggested that it was a single compact particle . Further application of centrifugation showed that under different conditions the large homogeneous particles could be broken down into discrete subunits . The development of centrifugation was a great advance in experimental protein science . Sources ( edit ) Harrison , Roger G. , Todd , Paul , Rudge , Scott R. , Petrides D.P. Bioseparations Science and Engineering . Oxford University Press , 2003 . Dishon , M. , Weiss , G.H. , Yphantis , D.A. Numerical Solutions of the Lamm Equation . I. Numerical Procedure . Biopolymers , Vol. 4 , 1966 . pp. 449 -- 455 . Cao , W. , Demeler B. Modeling Analytical Ultracentrifugation Experiments with an Adaptive Space - Time Finite Element Solution for Multicomponent Reacting Systems . Biophysical Journal , Vol. 95 , 2008 . pp. 54 -- 65 . Cole , J.L. , Hansen , J.C. Analytical Ultracentrifugation as a Contemporary Biomolecular Research Tool . Methods and Reviews , 1999 / 2000 . Howlett , G.J. , Minton , A.P. , Rivas , G. Analytical Ultracentrifugation for the Study of Protein Association and Assembly . Current Opinion in Chemical Biology , Vol. 10 , 2006 . pp. 430 -- 436 . Dam , J. , Velikovsky , C.A. , Mariuzza R.A. , et al. Sedimentation Velocity Analysis of Heterogeneous Protein - Protein Interactions : Lamm Equation Modeling and Sedimentation Coefficient Distributions c ( s ) . Biophysical Journal , Vol. 89 , 2005 . pp. 619 -- 634 . Berkowitz , S.A. , Philo , J.S. Monitoring the Homogeneity of Adenovirus Preparations ( a Gene Therapy Delivery System ) Using Analytical Ultracentrifugation . Analytical Biochemistry , Vol. 362 , 2007 . pp. 16 -- 37 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2013 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Brooks / Cole , Cengage Learning . p. 111 . ISBN 9781133106296 . Jump up ^ Frei , Mark . `` Centrifugation Basics '' . Sigma - Aldrich . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Article on `` Centrifugation '' retrieved on 15th October 2013 from http://www.lenntech.com/library/clarification/clarification/centrifugation.htm Jump up ^ Ballou , David P. ; Benore , Marilee ; Ninfa , Alexander J. ( 2008 ) . Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology . ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 43 . ISBN 9780470087664 . Jump up ^ Ballou , David P. ; Benore , Marilee ; Ninfa , Alexander J. ( 2008 ) . Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology . ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 235 . ISBN 9780470087664 . ^ Jump up to : Brakke , Myron K. ( April 1951 ) . `` Density Gradient Centrifugation : A New Separation Technique '' . J. Am. Che . Soc. 73 ( 4 ) : 1847 -- 1848 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01148a508 . ^ Jump up to : Oster , Gerald ; Yamamoto , Masahide ( June 1963 ) . `` Density Gradient Techniques '' . Chem. Rev. 63 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 268 . doi : 10.1021 / cr60223a003 . Jump up ^ Ballou , David P. ; Benore , Marilee ; Ninfa , Alexander J. ( 2010 ) . Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology ( seconde ed . ) . University of Michigan : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08766 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ballou , David P. ; Benore , Marilee ; Ninfa , Alexander J. ( 2008 ) . Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology . ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . pp. 238 -- 239 . ISBN 9780470087664 . ^ Jump up to : Van Holde , K.E. ( 1998 ) . Analytical ultracentrifugation from 1924 to the present : A remarkable history . Chemtracts -- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 11 : 933 - 943 ^ Jump up to : Svedberg , T. ( 1927 ) . The Ultracentrifuge Nobel Lecture ^ Jump up to : Tanford , C. , and Reynolds , J. 2001 . Nature 's robots : A history of proteins . Oxford University Press . pp. 303 - 305 Jump up ^ Simoni , D.S. , Hill , R.L. , and Vaughan , M. ( 2002 ) . The structure and function of hemoglobin : Gilbery Smithson Adair and the Adair equations . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 277 ( 31 ) : e1 - e2 ( hide ) Separation processes Processes Absorption Acid - base extraction Adsorption Chromatography Cross-flow filtration Crystallization Cyclonic separation Dialysis ( biochemistry ) Dissolved air flotation Distillation Drying Electrochromatography Electrofiltration Filtration Flocculation Froth flotation Gravity separation Leaching Liquid -- liquid extraction Electroextraction Microfiltration Osmosis Precipitation ( chemistry ) Recrystallization Reverse osmosis Sedimentation Solid phase extraction Sublimation Ultrafiltration Devices API oil - water separator Belt filter Centrifuge Depth filter Electrostatic precipitator Evaporator Filter press Fractionating column Leachate Mixer - settler Protein skimmer Rotary vacuum - drum filter Scrubber Spinning cone Still Sublimation apparatus Vacuum ceramic filter Multiphase systems Aqueous two - phase system Azeotrope Eutectic Concepts Unit operation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centrifugation&oldid=798717115 '' Categories : Centrifugation Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Kurdî മലയാളം 日本 語 Oromoo Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 11 : 32 . 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Miami Vice Theme

Miami Vice theme - wikipedia Miami Vice theme Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' Japanese release cover Single by Jan Hammer from the album Miami Vice soundtrack Released August 1985 Genre Synthpop electro Length 2 : 26 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Jan Hammer Producer ( s ) Jan Hammer Jan Hammer singles chronology `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( 1985 ) `` Crockett 's Theme '' ( 1987 ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( 1985 ) `` Crockett 's Theme '' ( 1987 ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' is a musical piece composed and performed by Jan Hammer as the theme to the television series Miami Vice . It was first presented as part of the television broadcast of the show in September 1984 , was released as a single in 1985 , and peaked at the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was the last instrumental to top the Hot 100 until 2013 , when `` Harlem Shake '' by Baauer reached number one . It also peaked at number five in the UK and number four in Canada . In 1986 , it won Grammy Awards for `` Best Instrumental Composition '' and `` Best Pop Instrumental Performance . '' This song , along with Glenn Frey 's number two hit `` You Belong to the City '' , put the Miami Vice soundtrack on the top of the US album chart for 11 weeks in 1985 , making it the most successful TV soundtrack of all time until 2006 , when Disney Channel 's High School Musical beat its record . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Covers 6 Appearances 6.1 Episodes 6.2 Commercial 6.3 Radio 7 References Versions ( edit ) The 1 : 55 - minute version that aired with the pilot . The famous synthesized guitar lead hook is absent from it , and it features distinct synth guitar notes in its midsection . The 0 : 57 version in the following 3 regular episodes , which only contains the percussion and keyboards , without the synth guitar hook . It was essentially a shortened version of the pilot , although it already featured the same melody progression and conclusion at its end as in all the later episodes . According to Jan Hammer 's manager Elliot Sears , the missing guitar lead hook was the result of the sound elements not being mixed together as Hammer intended . The 1 : 00 synth guitar hook version that aired with all later episodes . It was first introduced at the end of the first regular episode , Heart of Darkness , over the closing credits , albeit with the guitar hook slightly more muted than in future episodes . The 2 : 26 full radio airplay version , the final 55 seconds of which are very similar to the 1 : 00 TV version . An extended dance remix , released in 1985 as a 12 '' single containing two different length versions ( in addition to the original version of the theme ) . Music video ( edit ) The music video of the theme is a mini-episode of the TV series with Hammer as a fugitive on the run from James `` Sonny '' Crockett and Ricardo Tubbs . Throughout the majority of the video , Hammer performs the theme in front of a projector screen playing footage from the TV series -- including scenes of the Vice duo chasing him . In the end of the video , he boards a helicopter and escapes from Crockett 's sight . The video also shows shots of Fairlight CMI screens including the page R ( sequencer ) page and the waveform page . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' MCA / MCAP1000 ( UK picture disc ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' -- 2 : 26 `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( TV version ) -- 1 : 00 `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( 12 '' edit ) -- 4 : 30 12 '' MCA / MCAT1000 ( UK ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( Extended Remix ) -- 6 : 54 `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( TV version ) -- 1 : 00 `` Miami Vice Theme '' ( 12 '' edit ) -- 4 : 30 Remix and 12 '' edit done by Louis Silas , Jr . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 25 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 23 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 16 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Black Singles 10 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 23 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 7 US Billboard Top Rock Tracks 29 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 36 US Billboard Hot 100 27 US Cash Box 11 Preceded by `` Cry '' by Godley & Creme Canadian CHUM number - one single October 12 , 1985 -- October 19 , 1985 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Cherish '' by Kool & the Gang Preceded by `` Part - Time Lover '' by Stevie Wonder US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 9 , 1985 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` We Built This City '' by Starship US Cash Box number - one single November 9 , 1985 ( 1 week ) Covers ( edit ) Alexi Laiho and Alexander Kuoppala of Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom did a short cover version of the theme on their 1997 album Something Wild . The cover is a hidden track within their song `` Touch Like Angel of Death '' . Appearances ( edit ) Episodes ( edit ) Miami Vice 's pilot episode , made as a two - hour TV movie , did not originally have a theme , but the musical sounds and notation that would become the theme were present as background score . When the series got picked up , Hammer created the 60 second version of the theme . The synth - guitar lead was missing in the aired version of the pilot and the first batch of episodes , and this unfinished version of the theme has remained attached to those episodes , even on the DVD video box set released in 2005 . Commercial ( edit ) The theme is also remembered as the song played during the first few three - point competitions at the NBA All - Star Weekend , including the one in 1986 where Larry Bird famously walked into the locker room and told all his competitors they were playing for second place . Radio ( edit ) From 1992 until 1997 , it was used as the theme music for Westwood One 's Radio Free D.C. : The G. Gordon Liddy Show . ( From 1992 until 1996 , an announcer would introduce the show during the music bed , saying , `` From Washington D.C. , Radio Free D.C. , with G. Gordon Liddy '' . ) Liddy had been a recurring guest on Miami Vice during its run . English radio presenter Paul Breeze adopted the tune to open his music shows on Blackpool 's Kit Kat Radio from 1996 to 1999 and , more recently , he re-adopted the tune for Paul & Lucy 's `` Best Kept Secrets '' show -- featuring what 's on news and interviews for the Blackpool area -- on internet radio station Fylde FM during early 2010 . In the Philippines , FM station DWFM or Radyo Singko 92.3 News FM use the music as the background music for its morning news program `` Punto Asintado '' which is presented by Erwin Tulfo and Martin Andanar . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiner , Jonah ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` On YouTube , Video Makes the Radio Star '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . New York . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 9299 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0593 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Miami Vice Theme '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Jan Hammer - Miami Vice Theme '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Jan Hammer -- Miami Vice Theme '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jan Hammer -- Allmusic '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending NOVEMBER 9 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` RPM 's Top 100 Singles of 1985 '' . RPM . Vol. 43 no . 16 . Library and Archives Canada . December 28 , 1985 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1985 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1985 '' . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jan Hammer Studio albums Like Children ( 1974 ) The First Seven Days ( 1975 ) Oh Yeah ? ( 1976 ) Untold Passion ( 1981 ) Here to Stay ( 1983 ) Live albums Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live ( 1977 ) Related articles Miami Vice Theme List of Miami Vice soundtracks Miami Vice Characters Sonny Crockett Ricardo Tubbs Accessories Cars Ferrari Testarossa Ferrari Daytona Firearms Music `` Miami Vice Theme '' `` Smuggler 's Blues '' `` You Belong to the City '' `` Crockett 's Theme '' Soundtracks Seasons Episodes `` Brother 's Keeper '' `` No Exit '' `` Out Where the Buses Do n't Run '' Video games Miami Vice ( 1986 game ) Miami Vice : The Game See also Guest stars Feature film Accolades Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami_Vice_Theme&oldid=827079619 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1985 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Instrumentals Miami Vice Television drama theme songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 17 : 27 . 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Red Dog Mine, Alaska

Red Dog mine , Alaska - wikipedia Red Dog mine , Alaska Jump to : navigation , search For the mine , see Red Dog mine . Red Dog Mine , Alaska Census - designated place Location in Northwest Arctic Borough and the state of Alaska . Coordinates : 68 ° 4 ′ 19 '' N 162 ° 52 ′ 34 '' W  /  68.07194 ° N 162.87611 ° W  / 68.07194 ; - 162.87611 Coordinates : 68 ° 4 ′ 19 '' N 162 ° 52 ′ 34 '' W  /  68.07194 ° N 162.87611 ° W  / 68.07194 ; - 162.87611 Country United States State Alaska Borough Northwest Arctic Government Borough mayor Clement Richards , Sr . State senator Donny Olson ( D ) State rep . Dean Westlake ( D ) Area Total 66.9 sq mi ( 173.2 km ) Land 66.9 sq mi ( 173.2 km ) Water 0.0 sq mi ( 0.0 km ) Elevation 853 ft ( 260 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 309 Density 4.6 / sq mi ( 1.8 / km ) Time zone Alaska ( AKST ) ( UTC - 9 ) Summer ( DST ) AKDT ( UTC - 8 ) Area code ( s ) 907 FIPS code 02 - 64980 GNIS feature ID 1865564 Website www.reddogalaska.com Red Dog Mine is a census - designated place ( CDP ) in the Northwest Arctic Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska . The population was 309 at the 2010 census . Contents ( hide ) 1 Economy 2 Mining 3 Geography 4 Demographics 5 Transportation 6 References 7 External links Economy ( edit ) The Red Dog mine is the only economic activity and the mine is the only inhabited site within the Red Dog Mine CDP . Mining ( edit ) The Red Dog Mine CDP derives its name from the Red Dog mine , the world 's largest source for zinc and a significant source of lead . Construction of the Red Dog mine began in 1987 , after exploration revealed that the area was rich in metals . The Red Dog ore body is one of the world 's most significant zinc deposits , containing a number of ore bodies . The mine is located in Alaska 's Northwest Arctic Borough , in the DeLong Mountains of the western Brooks Range , 90 miles north of Kotzebue and 55 miles from the Chukchi Sea . At the end of 2007 , the site 's proven and probable reserves plus indicated resources amounted to 77.5 million tons , containing 17.5 percent zinc and 4.8 percent lead , as well as 2.8 ounces per ton of silver . In addition , Red Dog also contains 36.6 million tons of inferred resources . The entire deposit lies inside a relatively small area ( one mile by one - half mile ) . The deposit is essentially flat - lying at the surface , making open pit mining the extraction method of choice. ( 1 ) Geography ( edit ) Red Dog Mine is located at 68 ° 04 ′ 19 '' N 162 ° 52 ′ 34 '' W  /  68.071989 ° N 162.876044 ° W  / 68.071989 ; - 162.876044 . It is in the DeLong Mountains in the remote western Brooks Range about 90 miles ( 140 km ) north of Kotzebue and 55 miles ( 89 km ) from the Chukchi Sea . Red Dog Mine is very isolated . It is located within the Northwest Arctic Borough , an area approximately the size of Indiana with only 11 communities , none connected by roads , with a total population of only 7,208 people at the 2000 census . The nearest of those communities are Noatak , population 428 , roughly 50 miles ( 80 km ) south and Kivalina , population 377 , roughly 60 miles ( 100 km ) west at the 2000 census . Although native populations have historically used the nearby area for seasonal food - gathering , there are no permanent residents at the mine or the port site . The mine 's workforce consists of about 460 employees and contractors , of which somewhat more than half will be on - site at any given time . At the mine , everyone stays in the single large housing unit , tucked in among the process buildings near the edge of the open pit , while a small portion of the work force stays at the port site . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 66.9 square miles ( 173 km ) , all land . Demographics ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 32 people , 0 households , and 0 families residing in the CDP . The population density was 0.5 people per square mile ( 0.2 / km2 ) . There were 0 housing units . The racial makeup of the CDP was 31.25 % White , 65.62 % Native American , and 3.12 % from two or more races . In the CDP , the age distribution of the population shows 18.8 % from 18 to 24 , 62.5 % from 25 to 44 , and 18.8 % from 45 to 64 . The median age was 34 years . For every 100 females there were 700.0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 700.0 males . The median income for both males and females in the CDP was $0 . The per capita income for the CDP was $34,438. 37.9 % of the population were living below the poverty line . Transportation ( edit ) A 52 - mile ( 84 km ) long haul road connects the mine to the mine 's port site on the Chukchi Sea . The region is accessible only by air , served by the Red Dog Airport , except during the 100 - day shipping season . Mine workers from remote villages in the region are ferried to the mine on small aircraft . Alaska Airlines is contracted by the mine to fly other mine workers out of Anchorage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.akaction.org/REPORTS/Red_Dog_Report/ACATRedDogReportFinal.pdf Jump up ^ Alaska Resource Data File , USGS Open File 00 - 23 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ D.J. Szumigala , Alaska , Mining Engineering , May 2007 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Operation and Site Performance 2006 , Red Dog Mine , Teck Cominco Ltd . External links ( edit ) NANA Regional Corporation Red Dog Mine ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Northwest Arctic Borough , Alaska , United States Borough seat : Kotzebue Cities Ambler Buckland Deering Kiana Kivalina Kobuk Kotzebue Noorvik Selawik Shungnak CDPs Noatak Red Dog Mine Unincorporated communities Candle Ghost towns Kiwalik Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Dog_Mine,_Alaska&oldid=763791599 '' Categories : Census - designated places in Alaska Census - designated places in Northwest Arctic Borough , Alaska Mining communities in Alaska Populated places of the Arctic United States Brooks Range Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2017 , at 07 : 12 . 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where is red dog mine located in alaska

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Iron Maiden

Iron Maiden - Wikipedia Iron Maiden Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the band . For the supposed torture device , see Iron maiden . For other uses , see Iron Maiden ( disambiguation ) . Iron Maiden Top : Steve Harris ( L ) , Dave Murray ( R ) Middle : Adrian Smith ( L ) , Bruce Dickinson ( R ) Bottom : Nicko McBrain ( L ) , Janick Gers ( R ) Background information Origin Leyton , London , England Genres Heavy metal Years active 1975 -- present Labels EMI Parlophone Universal Sanctuary Columbia Portrait BMG CMC Epic Capitol Harvest Associated acts The Entire Population of Hackney Gogmagog Praying Mantis Samson Trust Urchin Website ironmaiden.com Members Steve Harris Dave Murray Adrian Smith Bruce Dickinson Nicko McBrain Janick Gers Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton , East London , in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris . The band 's discography has grown to thirty - eight albums , including sixteen studio albums , twelve live albums , four EPs , and seven compilations . Pioneers of the new wave of British heavy metal , Iron Maiden achieved initial success during the early 1980s . After several line - up changes , the band went on to release a series of UK and US platinum and gold albums , including 1982 's The Number of the Beast , 1983 's Piece of Mind , 1984 's Powerslave , 1985 's live release Live After Death , 1986 's Somewhere in Time and 1988 's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son . Since the return of lead vocalist Bruce Dickinson and guitarist Adrian Smith in 1999 , the band have undergone a resurgence in popularity , with their 2010 studio offering , The Final Frontier , peaking at No. 1 in 28 countries and receiving widespread critical acclaim . Their sixteenth studio album , The Book of Souls , was released on 4 September 2015 to similar success . Despite little radio or television support , Iron Maiden are considered one of the most successful heavy metal bands in history , with The Sunday Times reporting in 2017 that the band have sold over 100 million copies of their albums worldwide . The band won the Ivor Novello Award for international achievement in 2002 . As of October 2013 , the band have played over 2000 live shows throughout their career . For over 35 years the band have been supported by their famous mascot , `` Eddie '' , who has appeared on almost all of their album and single covers , as well as in their live shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1975 -- 1978 ) 1.2 Record contract and early releases ( 1978 -- 1981 ) 1.3 Success ( 1981 -- 1985 ) 1.4 Experimentation ( 1986 -- 1989 ) 1.5 Upheaval ( 1989 -- 1994 ) 1.6 Blaze Bayley era , The X Factor and Virtual XI ( 1994 -- 1999 ) 1.7 Return of Dickinson and Smith , Brave New World ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 1.8 Dance of Death and A Matter of Life and Death ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 1.9 Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and Flight 666 ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.10 The Final Frontier and Maiden England World Tour ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 1.11 The Book of Souls and Legacy of the Beast ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Image and legacy 2.1 Influence on other artists 2.2 Appearance in media 2.3 Claims of Satanic references 2.4 Ed Force One 3 Musical style and influences 4 Accolades 5 Band members 6 Discography 7 Concert tours 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Citations 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( 1975 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) The Cart and Horses Pub , located in Maryland Point , Stratford , was where Iron Maiden played some of their first shows in 1976 . Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day in 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group , Smiler . Harris attributes the band 's name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas , the title of which reminded him of the iron maiden torture device . After months of rehearsal , Iron Maiden made their debut at St. Nicks Hall in Poplar on 1 May 1976 , before taking up a semi-residency at the Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland Point , Stratford . The original line - up did not last very long , however , with vocalist Paul Day being the first casualty as , according to Harris , he lacked `` energy or charisma on stage '' . He was replaced by Dennis Wilcock , a Kiss fan who used make - up and fake blood during live performances . Wilcock 's friend Dave Murray was invited to join , to the dismay of the band 's guitarists Dave Sullivan and Terry Rance . Their frustration led Harris to temporarily disband Iron Maiden in 1976 , though the group reformed soon after with Murray as the sole guitarist . Steve Harris and Dave Murray remain the band 's longest - standing members and have performed on all of their releases . Dave Murray and Steve Harris in 2008 . Harris and Murray are the only members to have performed on all of the band 's albums . Iron Maiden recruited yet another guitarist in 1977 , Bob Sawyer , who was sacked for embarrassing the band on stage by pretending to play guitar with his teeth . Tension ensued again , causing a rift between Murray and Wilcock , who convinced Harris to fire Murray , as well as original drummer Ron Matthews . A new line - up was put together , including future Cutting Crew member Tony Moore on keyboards , Terry Wapram on guitar , and drummer Barry Purkis ( better known today as Thunderstick ) . A bad performance at the Bridgehouse , a pub located in Canning Town , in November 1977 was the line - up 's first and only concert and led to Purkis being replaced by Doug Sampson . At the same time , Moore was asked to leave as Harris decided that keyboards did not suit the band 's sound . A few months later , Dennis Wilcock decided that he had had enough with the group and left to form his own band , V1 , and Dave Murray was immediately reinstated . As he preferred to be the band 's sole guitarist , Wapram disapproved of Murray 's return and was also dismissed . Steve Harris , Dave Murray and Doug Sampson spent the summer and autumn of 1978 rehearsing while they searched for a singer to complete the band 's new line - up . A chance meeting at the Red Lion pub in Leytonstone in November 1978 evolved into a successful audition for vocalist Paul Di'Anno . Steve Harris has stated , `` There 's sort of a quality in Paul 's voice , a raspiness in his voice , or whatever you want to call it , that just gave it this great edge . '' At this time , Murray would typically act as their sole guitarist , with Harris commenting , `` Davey was so good he could do a lot of it on his own . The plan was always to get a second guitarist in , but finding one that could match Davey was really difficult . '' Record contract and early releases ( 1978 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Soundhouse Tapes , Iron Maiden ( album ) , and Killers ( Iron Maiden album ) On New Year 's Eve 1978 , Iron Maiden recorded a demo , consisting of four songs , at Spaceward Studios in Cambridge . Hoping the recording would help them secure more gigs , the band presented a copy to Neal Kay , then managing a heavy metal club called `` Bandwagon Heavy Metal Soundhouse '' , located in Kingsbury Circle , northwest London . Upon hearing the tape , Kay began playing the demo regularly at the Bandwagon , and one of the songs , `` Prowler '' , eventually went to No. 1 in the Soundhouse charts , which were published weekly in Sounds magazine . A copy was also acquired by Rod Smallwood , who soon became the band 's manager , and , as Iron Maiden 's popularity increased , they released the demo on their own record label as The Soundhouse Tapes , named after the club . Featuring only three tracks ( one song , `` Strange World '' , was excluded as the band were unsatisfied with its production ) all five thousand copies were sold out within weeks . In December 1979 , the band secured a major record deal with EMI and asked Dave Murray 's childhood friend Adrian Smith of Urchin to join the group as their second guitarist. Smith declined as he was busy with his own band , Urchin , so Iron Maiden hired guitarist Dennis Stratton instead . Shortly afterwards , Doug Sampson left due to health issues and was replaced by ex-Samson drummer Clive Burr at Stratton 's suggestion on 26 December . Iron Maiden 's first appearance on an album was on the Metal for Muthas compilation ( released on 15 February 1980 ) with two early versions of `` Sanctuary '' and `` Wrathchild '' . The release led to an ensuing tour which featured several other bands linked with the new wave of British heavy metal . Paul Di'Anno and Steve Harris supporting Judas Priest on their British Steel Tour , 1980 Iron Maiden 's eponymous 1980 release , Iron Maiden , debuted at No. 4 in the UK Albums Chart . In addition to the title track ( a live version of which would be one of the first music videos aired on MTV ) , the album includes other early favourites such as `` Running Free '' , `` Transylvania '' , `` Phantom of the Opera '' , and `` Sanctuary '' -- which was not on the original UK release but appeared on the US version and subsequent remasters . The band set out on a headline tour of the UK , before opening for Kiss on their 1980 Unmasked Tour 's European leg as well as supporting Judas Priest on select dates . Iron Maiden also appeared , to much acclaim , at the Reading Festival 1980 . They were second to top of the bill on the Saturday , with UFO headlining . After the Kiss tour , Dennis Stratton was dismissed from the band as a result of creative and personal differences , and was replaced by Adrian Smith in October 1980 . In 1981 , Iron Maiden released their second album , entitled Killers . Containing many tracks written prior to their debut release , only two new songs were written for the record : `` Prodigal Son '' and `` Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( the latter 's title was taken from the short story by Edgar Allan Poe ) . Unsatisfied with the production on their debut album , the band hired veteran producer Martin Birch , who would go on to work for Iron Maiden until his retirement in 1992 . The record was followed by the band 's first world tour , which included their debut performance in the United States , opening for Judas Priest at The Aladdin Casino , Las Vegas . Success ( 1981 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Number of the Beast ( album ) , Piece of Mind , Powerslave , and Live After Death By 1981 , Paul Di'Anno was demonstrating increasingly self - destructive behaviour , particularly through his drug usage , about which Di'Anno comments , `` it was n't just that I was snorting a bit of coke , though ; I was just going for it non-stop , 24 hours a day , every day ... the band had commitments piling up that went on for months , years , and I just could n't see my way to the end of it . I knew I 'd never last the whole tour . It was too much . '' With his performances suffering , Di'Anno was immediately dismissed following the Killer World Tour , at which point the band had already selected his replacement . After a meeting with Rod Smallwood at the Reading Festival , Bruce Dickinson , previously of Samson , auditioned for Iron Maiden in September 1981 and was immediately hired . The following month , Dickinson went out on the road with the band on a small headlining tour in Italy , as well as a one - off show at the Rainbow Theatre in the UK . For the last show , and in anticipation of their forthcoming album , the band played `` Children of the Damned '' and `` 22 Acacia Avenue '' , introducing fans to the sound towards which they were progressing . In 1982 , Iron Maiden released The Number of the Beast , an album which gave the band their first UK Albums Chart No. 1 record and additionally became a Top Ten hit in many other countries . At the time , Dickinson was in the midst of legal difficulties with Samson 's management and was not permitted to add his name to any of the songwriting credits , although he still made what he described as a `` moral contribution '' to `` Children of the Damned '' , `` The Prisoner '' and `` Run to the Hills '' . For the second time the band embarked on a world tour , dubbed The Beast on the Road , during which they visited North America , Japan , Australia and Europe , including a headline appearance at the Reading Festival . A new and hugely successful chapter in Iron Maiden 's future was cemented ; in 2010 The New York Times reported that the album had sold over 14 million copies worldwide . The Beast on the Road 's US leg proved controversial when an American conservative political lobbying group claimed Iron Maiden were Satanic because of the new album 's title track , to the point where a group of Christian activists destroyed Iron Maiden records as a protest against the band . In recent years , Dickinson has stated that the band treated this as `` silliness '' , and that the demonstrations in fact gave them `` loads of publicity '' . Nicko McBrain has been Iron Maiden 's drummer since 1982 In December 1982 , drummer Clive Burr was fired from the band and replaced by Nicko McBrain , previously of French band Trust . Although Harris states that his dismissal took place because his live performances were affected by offstage activities , Burr objected to this and claimed that he was unfairly ousted from the band . Soon afterwards , the band journeyed for the first time to The Bahamas to record the first of three consecutive albums at Compass Point Studios . In 1983 , they released Piece of Mind , which reached the No. 3 spot in the UK , and was the band 's debut in the North American charts , reaching No. 70 on the Billboard 200 . Piece of Mind includes the successful singles `` The Trooper '' and `` Flight of Icarus '' , the latter of which being particularly notable as one of the band 's few songs to gain substantial airplay in the US . Soon after the success of Piece of Mind and its supporting tour , the band released Powerslave on 9 September 1984 . The album featured fan favourites `` 2 Minutes to Midnight '' , `` Aces High '' , and `` Rime of The Ancient Mariner '' , the latter based on Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's poem of the same name and running over 13 minutes long . The tour following the album , dubbed the World Slavery Tour , was the band 's largest to date and consisted of 193 shows in 28 countries over 13 months , playing to an estimated 3,500,000 people . Many shows were played back - to - back in the same city , such as in Long Beach , California , where the band played four consecutive concerts . It was here where the majority of their subsequent live release , Live After Death , was recorded , which became a critical and commercial success , peaking at No. 4 in the UK . Iron Maiden also made their debut appearance in South America , where they co-headlined ( with Queen ) the Rock in Rio festival to an estimated crowd of 300,000 . The tour was physically gruelling for the band , who demanded six months off when it ended ( although this was later reduced to four months ) . This was the first substantial break in the group 's history , including the cancellation of a proposed supporting tour for the new live album , with Bruce Dickinson threatening to quit unless the tour ended . Experimentation ( 1986 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Somewhere in Time ( Iron Maiden album ) and Seventh Son of a Seventh Son Returning from their time off , the band adopted a different style for their 1986 studio album , entitled Somewhere in Time , featuring , for the first time in the band 's history , synthesised bass and guitars to add textures and layers to the sound . The release charted well across the world , particularly with the single `` Wasted Years '' , but notably included no writing credits from lead singer Bruce Dickinson , whose material was rejected by the rest of the band . While Dickinson was focused on his own music , guitarist Adrian Smith , who typically collaborated with the vocalist , was `` left to ( his ) own devices '' and began writing songs on his own , coming up with `` Wasted Years '' , `` Sea of Madness '' , and `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' , the last of which would be the album 's second single . The experimentation evident on Somewhere in Time continued on their next album , entitled Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , which was released in 1988 . A concept album , based on the 1987 novel Seventh Son by Orson Scott Card , this would be the band 's first record to include keyboards , performed by Harris and Smith , as opposed to guitar synthesisers on the previous release . After his contributions were not used for Somewhere in Time , Dickinson 's enthusiasm was renewed as his ideas were accepted for this album . Another popular release , it became Iron Maiden 's second album to hit No. 1 in the UK charts , although it only achieved a Gold certification in the US , in contrast to its four predecessors . During the following tour , the band headlined the Monsters of Rock festival at Donington Park for the first time on 20 August 1988 , playing to the largest crowd in the festival 's history ( 107,000 ) . Also included on the bill were Kiss , David Lee Roth , Megadeth , Guns N ' Roses and Helloween . The festival was marred , however , by the deaths of two fans in a crowd - surge during the aforementioned Guns N ' Roses performance ; the following year 's festival was cancelled as a result . The tour concluded with several headline shows in the UK in November and December 1988 , with the concerts at the NEC Arena , Birmingham recorded for a live video , entitled Maiden England . Throughout the tour , Harris ' bass technician , Michael Kenney , provided live keyboards . Kenney has acted as the band 's live keyboard player ever since , also performing on the band 's four following albums before Harris took over as the group 's sole studio keyboardist from 2000 's Brave New World . Upheaval ( 1989 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Main articles : No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark ( Iron Maiden album ) During another break in 1989 , guitarist Adrian Smith released a solo album with his band ASAP , entitled Silver and Gold , and vocalist Bruce Dickinson began work on a solo album with former Gillan guitarist Janick Gers , releasing Tattooed Millionaire in 1990 , followed by a tour . At the same time , to mark the band 's ten - year recording anniversary , Iron Maiden released The First Ten Years , a series of ten CDs and double 12 - inch singles . Between 24 February and 28 April 1990 , the individual parts were released one - by - one , each containing two of Iron Maiden 's singles , including the original B - sides . Soon afterwards , Iron Maiden regrouped to work on a new studio record . During the pre-production stages , Adrian Smith left the band due to differences with Steve Harris regarding the direction the band should be taking , disagreeing with the `` stripped down '' style that they were leaning towards . Janick Gers , having worked on Dickinson 's solo project , was chosen to replace Smith and became the band 's first new member in seven years . The album , No Prayer for the Dying , was released in October 1990 and contained `` Bring Your Daughter ... to the Slaughter '' , the band 's first ( and to date , only ) UK Singles Chart No. 1 , originally recorded by Dickinson 's solo outfit for the soundtrack to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 : The Dream Child . After another tour and some more time off , the band recorded their next studio release , Fear of the Dark , which was released in 1992 and included the stand - out title track , which is now a regular fixture in the band 's concert setlists . Achieving their third No. 1 in the UK albums chart , the disc also featured the No. 2 single `` Be Quick or Be Dead '' and the No. 21 single `` From Here to Eternity '' . The album featured the first songwriting by Gers , and no collaboration at all between Harris and Dickinson on songs . The extensive worldwide tour that followed included their first ever Latin American leg ( after a single concert during the World Slavery Tour ) , and headlining the Monsters of Rock festivals in seven European countries . Iron Maiden 's second performance at Donington Park , to an audience of 68,500 ( the attendance was capped after the incident in 1988 ) , was filmed for the audio and video release , Live at Donington , and featured a guest appearance by Adrian Smith , who joined the band to perform `` Running Free '' . In 1993 , Bruce Dickinson left the band to further pursue his solo career , but agreed to remain for a farewell tour and two live albums ( later re-released in one package ) . The first , A Real Live One , featured songs from 1986 to 1992 , and was released in March 1993 . The second , A Real Dead One , featured songs from 1980 to 1984 , and was released after Dickinson had left the band . The tour did not go well , however , with Steve Harris claiming that Dickinson would only perform properly for high - profile shows and that at several concerts he would only mumble into the microphone . Dickinson denies the charge that he was under - performing , stating that it was impossible to `` make like Mr Happy Face if the vibe was n't right '' , saying that news of his exit from the band had prevented any chance of a good atmosphere during the tour . He played his farewell show with Iron Maiden on 28 August 1993 , which was filmed , broadcast by the BBC and released on video under the name Raising Hell . Blaze Bayley era , the X Factor and Virtual XI ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The X Factor ( album ) and Virtual XI In 1994 , the band listened to hundreds of tapes sent in by vocalists before convincing Blaze Bayley , formerly of the band Wolfsbane who had supported Iron Maiden in 1990 , to audition for them . Harris ' preferred choice from the outset , Bayley had a different vocal style from his predecessor , which ultimately received a mixed reception among fans . After a two - year hiatus ( as well as a three - year hiatus from studio releases -- a record for the band at the time ) Iron Maiden returned in 1995 . Releasing The X Factor , the band had their lowest chart position since 1981 for an album in the UK ( debuting at No. 8 ) , although it would go on to win Album of the Year awards in France and Germany . The record included the 11 - minute epic `` Sign of the Cross '' , the band 's longest song since `` Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' , as well as the singles , `` Man on the Edge '' , based on the film Falling Down , and `` Lord of the Flies '' , based on the novel of the same name . The release is notable for its `` dark '' tone , inspired by Steve Harris ' divorce . The band toured for the rest of 1995 and 1996 , playing for the first time in Israel and South Africa , before stopping to release Best of the Beast . The band 's first compilation , it included a new single , `` Virus '' , whose lyrics attack the critics who had recently written off the band . Iron Maiden returned to the studio to record Virtual XI , released in 1998 . The album 's chart scores were the band 's lowest to date , including the UK where it peaked at No. 16 failing to score one million worldwide sales for the first time in Iron Maiden 's history . At the same time , Steve Harris assisted in remastering the band 's entire discography , up to and including Live at Donington ( which was given a mainstream release for the first time ) . Bayley 's tenure in Iron Maiden ended in January 1999 when he was asked to leave during a band meeting . The dismissal took place due to issues Bayley had experienced with his voice during the Virtual XI World Tour , although Janick Gers has since stated that this was partly the band 's fault for forcing him to perform songs which were beyond his natural register . Return of Dickinson and Smith , Brave new World ( 1999 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ed Hunter and Brave New World ( Iron Maiden album ) Adrian Smith ( left ) re-joined Iron Maiden in 1999 , resulting in a three guitar line - up . While the group were considering a replacement for Bayley , Rod Smallwood convinced Steve Harris to invite Bruce Dickinson back into the band . Although Harris admits that he `` was n't really into it '' at first , he then thought , `` ' Well , if the change happens , who should we get ? ' The thing is , we know Bruce and we know what he 's capable of , and you think , ' Well , better the devil you know . ' I mean , we got on well professionally for , like , eleven years , and so ... after I thought about it , I did n't really have a problem with it . '' The band entered into talks with Dickinson , who agreed to rejoin during a meeting in Brighton in January 1999 , along with guitarist Adrian Smith , who was telephoned a few hours later . With Gers , Smith 's replacement , remaining , Iron Maiden now had a three - guitar line - up and embarked on a hugely successful reunion tour . Dubbed The Ed Hunter Tour , it tied in with the band 's newly released greatest hits collection , Ed Hunter , whose track listing was decided by a poll on the group 's website , and also contained a computer game of the same name starring the band 's mascot . One of Dickinson 's primary concerns on rejoining the group `` was whether we would in fact be making a real state - of - the - art record and not just a comeback album , '' which eventually took the form of 2000 's Brave New World . Having disliked the results from Harris ' personal studio , Barnyard Studios located on his property in Essex , which had been used for the last four Iron Maiden studio albums , the band recorded the new release at Guillaume Tell Studios , Paris in November 1999 with producer Kevin Shirley . Thematic influences continued with `` The Wicker Man '' -- based on the 1973 British cult film of the same name -- and `` Brave New World '' -- title taken from the Aldous Huxley novel of the same name . The album furthered the more progressive and melodic sound present in some earlier recordings , with elaborate song structures and keyboard orchestration . The world tour that followed consisted of well over 100 dates and culminated on 19 January 2001 in a show at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil , where Iron Maiden played to an audience of around 250,000 . While the performance was being produced for a CD and DVD release in March 2002 , under the name Rock in Rio , the band took a year out from touring , during which they played three consecutive shows at Brixton Academy in aid of former drummer Clive Burr , who had recently announced that he had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis . The band performed two further concerts for Burr 's MS Trust Fund charity in 2005 , and 2007 , before his death in 2013 . Dance of Death and a Matter of Life and Death ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Dance of Death ( album ) and A Matter of Life and Death ( album ) Following their Give Me Ed ... ' Til I 'm Dead Tour in the summer of 2003 , Iron Maiden released Dance of Death , their thirteenth studio album , which was met by worldwide critical and commercial success . Produced by Kevin Shirley , now the band 's regular producer , many critics also felt that this release matched up to their earlier efforts , such as Killers , Piece of Mind and The Number of the Beast . As usual , historical and literary references were present , with `` Montségur '' in particular being about the Cathar stronghold conquered in 1244 , and `` Paschendale '' relating to the significant battle which took place during The First World War . During the following tour , the band 's performance at Westfalenhalle , in Dortmund , Germany , was recorded and released in August 2005 as a live album and DVD , entitled Death on the Road . In 2005 , the band announced the Eddie Rips Up the World Tour which , tying in with their 2004 DVD entitled The History of Iron Maiden -- Part 1 : The Early Days , only featured material from their first four albums . As part of this celebration of their earlier years , `` The Number of the Beast '' single was re-released and went straight to No. 3 in the UK Chart . The tour included many headlining stadium and festival dates , including a performance at Ullevi Stadium in Sweden to an audience of almost 60,000 . This concert was also broadcast live on satellite television all over Europe to approximately 60 million viewers . Following this run of European shows , the band co-headlined the US festival tour , Ozzfest , with Black Sabbath , their final performance at which earned international press coverage after their show was sabotaged by singer Ozzy Osbourne 's family , who took offence to Dickinson 's remarks against reality - TV . The band completed the tour by headlining the Reading and Leeds Festivals on the 26 -- 28 August , and the RDS Stadium in Ireland on 31 August . For the second time , the band played a charity show for The Clive Burr MS Trust Fund , this time taking place at the Hammersmith Apollo . The same year , the band were inducted into the Hollywood RockWalk in Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles . Vocalist Bruce Dickinson during A Matter of Life and Death World Tour . Throughout the tour 's first leg , the band played the A Matter of Life and Death album in its entirety . At the end of 2005 , Iron Maiden began work on A Matter of Life and Death , their fourteenth studio effort , released in autumn 2006 . While not a concept album , war and religion are recurring themes in the lyrics , as well as in the cover artwork . The release was a critical and commercial success , earning the band their first top ten in the Billboard 200 and receiving the Album of the Year award at the 2006 Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards . A supporting tour followed , during which they played the album in its entirety ; response to this was mixed . The second part of the `` A Matter of Life and Death '' tour , which took place in 2007 , was dubbed `` A Matter of the Beast '' to celebrate the 25th anniversary of The Number of the Beast album , and included appearances at several major festivals worldwide . The tour opened in the Middle East with the band 's first performance in Dubai at the Dubai Desert Rock Festival , after which they played to over 30,000 people at the Bangalore Palace Grounds , marking the first concert by any major heavy metal band in the Indian sub-continent . The band went on to play a string of European dates , including an appearance at Download Festival , their fourth headline performance at Donington Park , to approximately 80,000 people . On 24 June they ended the tour with a performance at London 's Brixton Academy in aid of The Clive Burr MS Trust fund . Somewhere Back in time World tour and Flight 666 ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and Iron Maiden : Flight 666 On 5 September 2007 , the band announced their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour , which tied in with the DVD release of their Live After Death album . The setlist for the tour consisted of successes from the 1980s , with a specific emphasis on the Powerslave era for set design . The first part of the tour , commencing in Mumbai , India on 1 February 2008 , consisted of 24 concerts in 21 cities , travelling nearly 50,000 miles in the band 's own chartered aeroplane , named `` Ed Force One '' . They played their first ever concerts in Costa Rica and Colombia and their first shows in Australia and Puerto Rico since 1992 . Iron Maiden performing in Toronto during the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour 2008 . The stage set largely emulated that of the World Slavery Tour 1984 -- 85 . The tour led to the release of a new compilation album , entitled Somewhere Back in Time , which included a selection of tracks from their 1980 eponymous debut to 1988 's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , as well as several live versions from Live After Death . The Somewhere Back in Time World Tour continued with two further legs in the US and Europe in the summer of 2008 , during which the band used a more expansive stage - set , including further elements of the original Live After Death show . With the sole UK concert taking place at Twickenham Stadium , this would be the first time the band would headline a stadium in their own country . The three 2008 legs of the tour were remarkably successful ; it was the second highest grossing tour of the year for a British artist . The last part of the tour took place in February and March 2009 , with the band , once again , using `` Ed Force One '' . The final leg included the band 's first ever appearances in Peru and Ecuador , as well as their return to Venezuela and New Zealand after 17 years . The band also played another show in India ( their third in the country within a span of 2 years ) at the Rock in India festival to a crowd of 20,000 . At their concert in São Paulo on 15 March , Dickinson announced on stage that it was the largest non-festival show of their career , with an overall attendance of 63,000 people . The final leg ended in Florida on 2 April after which the band took a break . Overall , the tour reportedly had an attendance of over two million people worldwide over both years . At the 2009 BRIT Awards , Iron Maiden won the award for best British live act . Voted for by the public , the band reportedly won by a landslide . On 20 January 2009 , the band announced that they were to release a full - length documentary film in select cinemas on 21 April 2009 . Entitled Iron Maiden : Flight 666 , it was filmed during the first part of the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour between February and March 2008 . Flight 666 was co-produced by Banger Productions and was distributed in cinemas by Arts Alliance Media and EMI , with D&E Entertainment sub-distributing in the US . The film went on to have a Blu - ray , DVD and CD release in May and June , topping the music DVD charts in 22 countries . The Final Frontier and Maiden England World tour ( 2010 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Final Frontier , The Final Frontier World Tour , En Vivo ! ( Iron Maiden album ) , and Maiden England World Tour Following announcements that the band had begun composition of new material and booked studio time in early 2010 with Kevin Shirley producing , The Final Frontier was announced on 4 March . The album , the band 's fifteenth , was released on 16 August , garnering critical acclaim and the band 's greatest commercial success in their history , reaching No. 1 in twenty - eight countries worldwide . Although Steve Harris had been quoted in the past as claiming that the band would only produce fifteen studio releases , band members have since confirmed that there will be at least one further record . The album 's supporting tour saw the band perform 98 shows across the globe to an estimated audience of over 2 million , including their first visits to Singapore , Indonesia and South Korea , before concluding in London on 6 August 2011 . As the tour 's 2010 leg preceded The Final Frontier 's release , the band made `` El Dorado '' available as a free download on 8 June , which would go on to win the award for Best Metal Performance at the 2011 Grammy Awards on 13 February 2011 . It is the band 's first win following two previous Grammy nominations ( `` Fear of the Dark '' in 1994 and `` The Wicker Man '' in 2001 ) . On 15 March , a new compilation to accompany 2009 's Somewhere Back in Time was announced . Entitled From Fear to Eternity , the original release date was set at 23 May but was later pushed back to 6 June . The double disc set covers the period 1990 -- 2010 ( the band 's most recent eight studio albums ) , and , as on Somewhere Back in Time , live versions with Bruce Dickinson were included in place of original recordings which featured other vocalists , in this case Blaze Bayley . In a press release regarding From Fear to Eternity , band manager Rod Smallwood revealed that Iron Maiden will release a new concert video to DVD in 2011 , filmed in Santiago , Chile and Buenos Aires , Argentina during The Final Frontier World Tour . On 17 January 2012 , the band announced that the new release , entitled En Vivo ! , based on footage from the Chile concert , will be made available worldwide on CD , LP , DVD and Blu - ray on 26 March , except the United States and Canada ( where it was released on 27 March ) . In addition to the concert footage , the video release includes an 88 - minute tour documentary , entitled Behind The Beast , containing interviews with the band and their crew . In December 2012 , one song from the release ( `` Blood Brothers '' ) was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock / Metal Performance at the 2013 Grammy Awards . On 15 February 2012 , the band announced the Maiden England World Tour 2012 -- 14 , which was based around the video of the same name . The tour commenced in North America in the summer of 2012 and was followed by further dates in 2013 and 2014 , which included the band 's record - breaking fifth headline performance at Donington Park , their first show at the newly built national stadium in Stockholm , a return to the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil , and their debut appearance in Paraguay . In August 2012 , Steve Harris stated that the Maiden England video would be re-issued in 2013 , with a release date later set for 25 March 2013 in DVD , CD and LP formats under the title Maiden England ' 88 . On 11 November 2011 , Universal Music Group agreed to acqure Iron Maiden 's longtime label EMI for £ 1.2 billion . Universal completed the deal in September 2012 , but was required to divest certain record labels to other parties . On 7 February 2013 , Iron Maiden 's catalogue was transferred to EMI 's Parlophone , which Warner Music Group acquired for £ 487 million . One week later , Universal sold Sanctuary Records ( Iron Maiden 's label in the United States ) to BMG Rights Management for £ 40 million . The Book of Souls and Legacy of the Beast ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Main articles : The Book of Souls , The Book of Souls World Tour , and Legacy of the Beast World Tour Following confirmation from the group that 2010 's The Final Frontier would not be their last album , Bruce Dickinson revealed plans for a sixteenth studio record in July 2013 , with a potential release date in 2015 . In February 2015 , drummer Nicko McBrain revealed that a new album had been completed , although the release has been put on hold while Dickinson recovers from treatment for a cancerous tumour found on his tongue . On 15 May , after Dickinson had been given the all - clear , manager Rod Smallwood confirmed that the album would be released in 2015 , although the band will not tour until 2016 to allow Dickinson to recuperate . On 18 June 2015 , the band 's website announced its title , The Book of Souls , and confirmed a release date of 4 September 2015 . A critical and commercial success , it received positive reviews and became the band 's fifth UK No. 1 album . Smith , Harris , Murray and Gers performing in 2017 . The new record was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios , Paris , which they had previously used for 2000 's Brave New World , with regular producer Kevin Shirley in late summer 2014 . With a total time of 92 minutes , it is the group 's first double studio album . In addition , the release 's closing song , `` Empire of the Clouds '' , penned by Dickinson , surpassed `` Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' ( from 1984 's Powerslave ) as Iron Maiden 's longest song , at 18 minutes in length . A music video for the song `` Speed of Light '' was issued on 14 August . In February 2016 , the band embarked on The Book of Souls World Tour , which saw them play concerts in 35 countries in North and South America , Asia , Australasia , Africa and Europe , including their first ever performances in China , El Salvador and Lithuania . As with 2008 - 09 's Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and 2010 - 11 's The Final Frontier World Tour , the group travelled in a customised aeroplane , flown by Dickinson and nicknamed `` Ed Force One '' , although this time they used a Boeing 747 - 400 jumbo jet . The band completed the tour in 2017 with further European and North American shows . On 20 September 2017 , The Book of Souls : Live Chapter was announced . Recorded throughout The Book of Souls World Tour , it was released on 17 November 2017 . In the summer of 2016 , the group launched a mobile game , Iron Maiden : Legacy of the Beast . Inspired by the game 's title , the band will undertake the Legacy of the Beast World Tour from 2018 to 2019 , commencing with European shows in 2018 . Image and Legacy ( edit ) Iron Maiden were ranked No. 24 in VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' , No. 4 in MTV 's `` Top 10 Greatest Heavy Metal Bands of All Time '' and No. 3 in VH1 Classic 's `` Top 20 Metal Bands '' . The band also won the Ivor Novello Award for international achievement in 2002 and were inducted into the Hollywood RockWalk whilst touring in the US in 2005 . Iron Maiden frequently use the slogan `` Up the Irons '' in their disc liner notes , and the phrase can also be seen on several T - shirts officially licensed by the band . It is a paraphrase of `` Up the Hammers '' , the phrase which refers to the London football club , West Ham United , of which founder Steve Harris is a fan . Iron Maiden 's mascot , Eddie , is a perennial fixture in the band 's science fiction and horror - influenced album cover art , as well as in live shows . Originally a papier - mâché mask incorporated in their backdrop which would squirt fake blood during their live shows , the name would be transferred to the character featured in the band 's debut album cover , created by Derek Riggs . Eddie was painted exclusively by Riggs until 1992 , at which point the band began using artwork from numerous other artists as well , including Melvyn Grant . Eddie is also featured in the band 's first - person shooter video game , Ed Hunter , as well as their mobile role - playing game , Iron Maiden : Legacy of the Beast , in addition to numerous T - shirts , posters and other band - related merchandise . In 2008 , he was awarded the `` Icon Award '' at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods , while Gibson.com describes him as `` the most recognisable metal icon in the world and one of the most versatile too '' . Iron Maiden 's distinct logo has adorned all of the band 's releases since their debut , 1979 's The Soundhouse Tapes EP . The typeface originates with Vic Fair 's poster design for the 1976 science fiction film , The Man Who Fell to Earth , also used by Gordon Giltrap , although Steve Harris claims that he designed it himself , using his abilities as an architectural draughtsman . Influence on other artists ( edit ) According to Guitar World , Iron Maiden 's music has `` influenced generations of newer metal acts , from legends like Metallica to current stars like Avenged Sevenfold , '' with Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich commenting that he has `` always had an incredible amount of respect and admiration for them . '' Kerry King of Slayer has stated that `` they meant so much to ( him ) in their early days '' and Scott Ian of Anthrax said that `` they had a major impact on ( his ) life . '' M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold states that Iron Maiden `` are by far the best live band in the world and their music is timeless '' , while Trivium singer Matt Heafy comments that `` without Iron Maiden , Trivium surely would n't exist '' . Slipknot frontman Corey Taylor says that `` Steve Harris does more with four fingers than I 've ever seen anybody do . And Bruce Dickinson ? Dude ! To me , he was the quintessential old - school heavy metal singer . He could hit notes that were just sick , and he was a great showman . Everything made me a fan . And there was n't a dude that I hung out with that was n't trying to draw Eddie on their schoolbooks '' , while their music also helped Jesper Strömblad of In Flames to pioneer the melodic death metal genre , stating that he had wanted to combine death metal with Iron Maiden 's melodic guitar sounds . Other heavy metal artists who cite the band as an influence include Chris Jericho , lead singer of Fozzy , Cam Pipes , lead vocalist of 3 Inches of Blood , Vitaly Dubinin , bassist of Aria , and Mikael Åkerfeldt , guitarist and lead vocalist of Opeth . Both current and former Dream Theater members John Petrucci , John Myung and Mike Portnoy have stated that Iron Maiden were one of their biggest influences when their band first formed . Appearance in media ( edit ) The band 's name has been mentioned prominently in several songs , such as the singles `` Teenage Dirtbag '' by Wheatus , `` Back to the 80 's '' by Danish dance - pop band Aqua. and `` Fat Lip '' by Sum 41 . Iron Maiden have also been referenced in Weezer 's `` Heart Songs '' ( from their 2008 self - titled `` Red '' album ) , Blues Traveler 's `` Psycho Joe '' ( from 1997 's Straight on till Morning ) , and NOFX 's `` Eddie , Bruce and Paul '' ( from their 2009 album Coaster ) , which Sputnikmusic describes as `` a humorous retelling of Paul DiAnno 's departure '' . In 2008 , Kerrang ! released an album , entitled Maiden Heaven : A Tribute to Iron Maiden , composed of Iron Maiden cover songs played by artists such as Metallica , Machine Head , Dream Theater , Trivium , Coheed and Cambria , Avenged Sevenfold , and others who were influenced by Iron Maiden throughout their careers . In 2010 , Maiden uniteD , an acoustic tribute band consisting of members of Ayreon , Threshold and Within Temptation , released Mind the Acoustic Pieces , a re-interpretation of the entire Piece of Mind album . Many other Iron Maiden cover albums exist ( each featuring various artists ) , including piano , electro , string quartet and hip - hop tributes . Iron Maiden songs have been featured in the soundtracks of several video games , including Carmageddon 2 , Grand Theft Auto : Vice City , Grand Theft Auto : Episodes from Liberty City , Grand Theft Auto IV : The Lost and Damned , Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 4 , SSX on Tour and Madden NFL 10 . Their music also appears in the Guitar Hero and Rock Band series of rhythmic video games . Iron Maiden songs have also appeared in films , such as Phenomena ( entitled Creepers in the US ) , and Murder by Numbers ; while MTV 's animated duo Beavis and Butt - head have commented favourably on the band several times . Transformers author Bill Forster is an avowed Iron Maiden fan and made several Iron Maiden references , including song lyrics and the phrase `` Up the Irons '' in his books , including The Ark series and The AllSpark Almanac series . Claims of Satanic references ( edit ) In 1982 , the band released one of their most popular , controversial and acclaimed albums , The Number of the Beast . The artwork and title track led to Christian groups in the United States branding the band as Satanists , encouraging people to destroy copies of the release . The band 's manager , Rod Smallwood , later commented that Christians initially burnt the records , but later decided to destroy them with hammers through fear of breathing in the melting vinyl 's fumes . The protests were not restricted to the US , with Christian organisations preventing Iron Maiden from performing in Chile in 1992 . Contrary to the accusations , the band have always denied the notion that they are Satanists , with lead vocalist , Bruce Dickinson , doing so on - stage in the Live After Death concert video . Steve Harris has since commented that , `` It was mad . They completely got the wrong end of the stick . They obviously had n't read the lyrics . They just wanted to believe all that rubbish about us being Satanists . '' Harris has also stated that `` The Number of the Beast '' song was inspired by a nightmare he had after watching Damien : Omen II , and also influenced by Robert Burns ' Tam o ' Shanter . Furthermore , the band 's drummer , Nicko McBrain , has been a born again Christian since 1999 . Ed Force one ( edit ) Iron Maiden 's Boeing 747 - 400 , Ed Force One , as used during The Book of Souls World Tour in 2016 . For their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour in 2008 and 2009 , Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus Airlines Boeing 757 as transport . The aeroplane was converted into a combi configuration , which enabled it to carry the band , their crew and stage production , thereby allowing the group to perform in countries which were previously deemed unreachable logistically . It was also repainted with a special Iron Maiden livery , which the airline decided to retain after receiving positive feedback from customers . The aircraft , named `` Ed Force One '' after a competition on the band 's website , was flown by Dickinson , as he was also a commercial airline pilot for Astraeus , and plays a major role in the award - winning documentary , Iron Maiden : Flight 666 , which was released in cinemas in 42 countries in April 2009 . A different aeroplane ( registered G - STRX ) was used for The Final Frontier World Tour in 2011 with altered livery , adopting the artwork of The Final Frontier album , and features heavily in the 2012 documentary `` Behind the Beast '' . For The Book of Souls World Tour in 2016 , the band upgraded to an ex-Air France Boeing 747 - 400 jumbo jet , supplied by Air Atlanta Icelandic ( registered TF - AAK ) and customised by Volga - Dnepr Gulf , which allows for more space without the aircraft having to undergo a significant conversion to carry their equipment . Musical style and influences ( edit ) `` Run to the Hills '' ( 1982 ) `` Run to the Hills '' ( The Number of the Beast ) demonstrates the band 's trademark `` gallop '' riff style . `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' ( 1986 ) `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' ( Somewhere in Time ) . The band 's use of harmonised guitars and usage of `` gallop '' rhythm remains unchanged as synthesisers are added . `` Brave New World '' ( 2000 ) `` Brave New World '' ( Brave New World ) demonstrates the band 's increased use of progressive elements in the latter half of their career . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Steve Harris , Iron Maiden 's bassist and primary songwriter , has stated that his influences include Black Sabbath , Deep Purple , Led Zeppelin , Uriah Heep , Pink Floyd , Genesis , Yes , Jethro Tull , Thin Lizzy , UFO and Wishbone Ash . In 2010 Harris stated , `` I think if anyone wants to understand Maiden 's early thing , in particular the harmony guitars , all they have to do is listen to Wishbone Ash 's Argus album . Thin Lizzy too , but not as much . And then we wanted to have a bit of a prog thing thrown in as well , because I was really into bands like Genesis and Jethro Tull . So you combine all that with the heavy riffs and the speed , and you 've got it . '' In 2004 , Harris explained that the band 's `` heaviness '' was inspired by `` Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with a bit of Zeppelin thrown in . '' On top of this , Harris developed his own playing style , which guitarist Janick Gers describes as `` more like a rhythm guitar , '' cited as responsible for the band 's galloping style , heard in such songs as `` The Trooper '' and `` Run to the Hills . '' The band 's guitarists , Dave Murray , Adrian Smith and Janick Gers , each have their own individual influences and playing style . Dave Murray is known for his legato technique which , he claims , `` evolved naturally . I 'd heard Jimi Hendrix using legato when I was growing up , and I liked that style of playing . '' Stating that he `` was inspired by blues rock rather than metal , '' Adrian Smith was influenced by Johnny Winter and Pat Travers , leading to him becoming a `` melodic player . '' Janick Gers , on the other hand , prefers a more improvised style , largely inspired by Ritchie Blackmore , which he claims is in contrast to Smith 's `` rhythmic '' sound . Singer Bruce Dickinson , who typically works in collaboration with guitarist Adrian Smith , has an operatic vocal style , inspired by Arthur Brown , Peter Hammill , Ian Anderson and Ian Gillan , and is often considered to be one of the best heavy metal vocalists of all time . Although Nicko McBrain has only received one writing credit , on the Dance of Death album , Harris often relies on him while developing songs . Adrian Smith commented , `` Steve loves playing with him . ( They ) used to work for hours going over these bass and drum patterns . '' Throughout their career , the band 's style has remained largely unchanged , in spite of the addition of guitar synthesisers on 1986 's Somewhere in Time , keyboards on 1988 's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , and an attempt to return to the `` stripped down '' production of their earlier material on 1990 's No Prayer for the Dying . In recent years , however , the band have begun using more progressive elements in their songs , which Steve Harris describes as not progressive `` in the modern sense , but like Dream Theater , more in a 70s way '' . According to Harris , Seventh Son of a Seventh Son was the band 's first album which was `` more progressive '' , while they would only return to this style from 1995 's The X Factor , which he states is `` like an extension of Seventh Son ... , in the sense of the progressive element to it '' . The development contrasts with the band 's raw sounding earlier material , which AllMusic states was `` clearly drawing from elements of punk rock '' , although Harris firmly denies this . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Iron Maiden Bandit Rock Awards : 2011 : Best International Live Act 2015 : Best International Live Act 2016 : Best International Album -- The Book of Souls Brit Awards : 2009 : Best British Live Act Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards : 2006 : Album of the Year -- A Matter of Life and Death 2006 : VIP Award -- Rod Smallwood , Iron Maiden 2009 : Band of the Year 2015 : Album of the Year -- The Book of Souls Echo Music Prize : 2016 : Rock Alternative / International Emma - gaala : 2004 : The audience vote for Best Foreign Artist 2006 : The audience vote for Best Foreign Artist Grammy Awards : 2011 : Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance -- `` El Dorado '' Hollywood 's RockWalk : 2005 : RockWalk of Fame Inductee Ivor Novello Awards : 2002 : International Achievement Juno Awards : 2010 : Juno Award for Music DVD of the Year -- Iron Maiden : Flight 666 ( Sam Dunn and Scott McFadyen ) Kerrang ! Awards : 2005 : Kerrang ! Hall of Fame 2013 : Kerrang ! Inspiration 2016 : Kerrang ! Legend Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards : 2004 : Best UK Act 2008 : Best UK Band 2008 : Icon Award -- Eddie 2009 : Golden Gods Award 2009 : Best UK Band 2011 : Best UK Band 2012 : Best Event -- Iron Maiden 's UK Tour 2014 : Best UK Band 2016 : Best Album -- The Book of Souls 2017 : Best Game - Iron Maiden : Legacy of the Beast Metal Storm Awards : 2006 : Best Heavy Metal Album -- A Matter of Life and Death 2009 : Best DVD -- Iron Maiden : Flight 666 ' 2010 : Best Video -- `` The Final Frontier '' Silver Clef Award : 2004 : Special Achievement Award 2015 : O2 Silver Clef Award 2015 Rockbjörnen : 2011 : Best Hard Rock Live Act SXSW Film Festival : 2009 : 24 Beats Per Second -- Iron Maiden : Flight 666 Band members ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of Iron Maiden band members . Current members Steve Harris -- bass , backing vocals ( 1975 -- present ) , keyboards ( 1988 , 1998 -- present ) Dave Murray -- guitars ( 1976 -- 1977 , 1978 -- present ) Adrian Smith -- guitars , backing vocals ( 1980 -- 1990 , 1999 -- present ) , keyboards ( 1988 ) Bruce Dickinson -- lead vocals ( 1981 -- 1993 , 1999 -- present ) , piano ( 2015 ) Nicko McBrain -- drums , percussion ( 1982 -- present ) Janick Gers -- guitars ( 1990 -- present ) Touring musicians Michael Kenney -- keyboards ( 1988 -- present ) Former members Doug Sampson -- drums , percussion ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Paul Di'Anno -- lead vocals ( 1978 -- 1981 ) Dennis Stratton -- guitars , backing vocals ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Clive Burr -- drums , percussion ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Blaze Bayley -- lead vocals ( 1994 -- 1999 ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Iron Maiden discography Studio albums Iron Maiden ( 1980 ) Killers ( 1981 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1982 ) Piece of Mind ( 1983 ) Powerslave ( 1984 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1986 ) Seventh Son of a Seventh Son ( 1988 ) No Prayer for the Dying ( 1990 ) Fear of the Dark ( 1992 ) The X Factor ( 1995 ) Virtual XI ( 1998 ) Brave New World ( 2000 ) Dance of Death ( 2003 ) A Matter of Life and Death ( 2006 ) The Final Frontier ( 2010 ) The Book of Souls ( 2015 ) Concert tours ( edit ) Main article : List of Iron Maiden concert tours Duration Concert tour Lineups Dates Vocals Bass Guitars Drums Feb 1980 Metal for Muthas Tour P. Di'Anno S. Harris D. Murray D. Stratton N / A C. Burr 11 Apr -- Dec 1980 Iron Maiden Tour 101 Feb -- Dec 1981 Killer World Tour A. Smith 118 Feb -- Dec 1982 The Beast on the Road B. Dickinson 184 May -- Dec 1983 World Piece Tour N. McBrain 139 Aug 1984 -- Jul 1985 World Slavery Tour 187 Sep 1986 -- May 1987 Somewhere on Tour 151 Apr -- Dec 1988 Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour 98 Sep 1990 -- Sep 1991 No Prayer on the Road J. Gers 106 Jun -- Nov 1992 Fear of the Dark Tour 65 Mar -- Aug 1993 Real Live Tour 45 Sep 1995 -- Sep 1996 The X Factour B. Bayley 128 Apr -- Dec 1998 Virtual XI World Tour 81 Jul -- Oct 1999 The Ed Hunter Tour B. Dickinson A. Smith 28 Jun 2000 -- Jan 2001 Brave New World Tour 81 May -- Aug 2003 Give Me Ed ... ' Til I 'm Dead Tour 55 Oct 2003 -- Feb 2004 Dance of Death World Tour 52 May -- Sep 2005 Eddie Rips Up the World Tour 42 Oct 2006 -- Jun 2007 A Matter of Life and Death Tour 57 Feb 2008 -- Apr 2009 Somewhere Back in Time World Tour 90 Jun 2010 -- Aug 2011 The Final Frontier World Tour 98 Jun 2012 -- Jul 2014 Maiden England World Tour 100 Feb 2016 -- Jul 2017 The Book of Souls World Tour 117 May -- Aug 2018 Legacy of the Beast World Tour 37 * * Further dates to be confirmed See also ( edit ) Heavy metal portal Iron Maiden portal Book : Iron Maiden List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart List of new wave of British heavy metal bands List of bands and artists from England List of songs recorded by Iron Maiden List of Iron Maiden tribute albums The Iron Maidens Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phillips & Cogan 2009 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Green 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith 2009 . Jump up ^ Thring 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004d . Jump up ^ Official Charts Company 2005 . Jump up ^ Metal Underground 2004 . Jump up ^ Metal Underground 2005 . Jump up ^ KNAC 2005 ; Sullivan 2005 . Jump up ^ Wilde 2008 . Jump up ^ NME 2005 ; Williams 2005 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2006 . Jump up ^ Billboard 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Blabbermouth.net 2006b . Jump up ^ Vincentelli 2006 ; Evening Times 2006 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2007b . ^ Jump up to : Blabbermouth.net 2007a . Jump up ^ Vulliamy 2007 . Jump up ^ Metal Underground 2007 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2007d . ^ Jump up to : Lane 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Metal Storm 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cashmere 2008 . Jump up ^ Lane 2008 . Jump up ^ Sputnikmusic 2008 . Jump up ^ Thrash Hits 2007 . Jump up ^ Khan 2009 . Jump up ^ Bezer 2008 . Jump up ^ Soto 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaczuroski 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bezer 2009d . ^ Jump up to : Bezer 2009b . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2009c . ^ Jump up to : Bezer 2009a . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2009d . 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Jump up ^ PlaneSpotters.net ; Sands 2016 . Jump up ^ volga-dnepr.com 2016 . Jump up ^ MusicRadar 2010 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004c ; EMI 2004 ; Wall 2004 , p. 27 ; Wall 2004 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004c . Jump up ^ Popoff & 2005 ( c ) . Jump up ^ Fender . Jump up ^ Huey ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Lawson . Jump up ^ McIver & 2010 ( a ) . Jump up ^ McIver & 2010 ( c ) . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ McIver & 2010 ( b ) . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Dmme.net . Jump up ^ Rosen 2011 ; HearYa.com 2006 ; Blabbermouth.net 2009a ; Blabbermouth.net 2009b . Jump up ^ Ling 2005b . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Dome 2006a ; Dome 2006b . Jump up ^ Dome 2006b . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Huey ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ VH1 2011 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2011b . Jump up ^ Bandit Rock 2015 . Jump up ^ Bandit Rock 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC News 2015 . Jump up ^ Fulker 2016 . ^ Jump up to : YLE . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 . Jump up ^ Juno Awards 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones 2005 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker 2016 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004a . ^ Jump up to : Bezer 2009e . Jump up ^ Metal Storm 2011 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2012b . Jump up ^ Kielty 2014 . Jump up ^ Newsbeat 2016 . Jump up ^ Munro 2017a . Jump up ^ Metal Storm ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Metal Storm ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Metal Storm ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004b . Jump up ^ Cooper 2015 . Jump up ^ Wejbro 2011 . Jump up ^ Bezer 2009c . References ( edit ) Adams , Bret . `` Iron Maiden : Ed Hunter '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Alderslade , Merlin ( 15 February 2012 ) . `` Maiden announce US tour '' . Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Alderslade , Merlin ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Iron Maiden , Megadeth , Marilyn Manson , Lamb of God Among Grammy Nominees '' . Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on 9 June 2013 . 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Official website Iron Maiden Steve Harris Dave Murray Adrian Smith Bruce Dickinson Nicko McBrain Janick Gers Doug Sampson Paul Di'Anno Dennis Stratton Clive Burr Blaze Bayley ( details ) Studio albums Iron Maiden Killers The Number of the Beast Piece of Mind Powerslave Somewhere in Time Seventh Son of a Seventh Son No Prayer for the Dying Fear of the Dark The X Factor Virtual XI Brave New World Dance of Death A Matter of Life and Death The Final Frontier The Book of Souls Live albums Live After Death A Real Live One A Real Dead One Live at Donington Maiden England A Real Live Dead One Rock in Rio BBC Archives Beast over Hammersmith Death on the Road Flight 666 En Vivo ! 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The Final Frontier '' Tours Supporting `` Metal for Muthas Tour '' `` British Steel Tour '' `` Unmasked Tour '' `` World Wide Blitz Tour '' `` Blackout Tour '' `` Special Forces Tour '' Headlining `` Iron Maiden Tour '' `` Killer World Tour '' `` The Beast on the Road '' `` World Piece Tour '' `` World Slavery Tour '' `` Somewhere on Tour '' `` Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour '' `` No Prayer on the Road '' `` Fear of the Dark Tour '' `` Real Live Tour '' `` The X Factour '' `` Virtual XI World Tour '' `` The Ed Hunter Tour '' `` Brave New World Tour '' `` Give Me Ed ... ' Til I 'm Dead Tour '' `` Dance of Death World Tour '' `` Eddie Rips Up the World Tour '' `` A Matter of Life and Death Tour '' `` Somewhere Back in Time World Tour '' `` The Final Frontier World Tour '' `` Maiden England World Tour '' `` The Book of Souls World Tour '' `` Legacy of the Beast World Tour '' Related Articles Members Discography Tours Songs Awards and nominations Eddie Tribute albums Bands Urchin Psycho Motel Samson The Entire Population of Hackney The Iron Maidens People Kevin Shirley Derek Riggs Rod Smallwood Andy Taylor Martin Birch Book Portal VIAF : 141909049 LCCN : n91119210 ISNI : 0000 0001 2324 5420 GND : 5232500 - 3 SUDOC : 052494608 BNF : cb13904134p ( data ) MusicBrainz : ca891d65 - d9b0 - 4258 - 89f7 - e6ba29d83767 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Maiden&oldid=816120267 '' Categories : Iron Maiden ( band ) English heavy metal musical groups Musical groups established in 1975 Musical groups from London Brit Award winners Grammy Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners Kerrang ! Awards winners 1975 establishments in England EMI Records artists Universal Music Group artists Capitol Records artists Epic Records artists Harvest Records artists Parlophone artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 Lithuanian - language sources ( lt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Use dmy dates from August 2016 EngvarB from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 12 : 02 . 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Orange County Choppers

Orange County Choppers - wikipedia Orange County Choppers hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Orange County Choppers Type Privately held company Industry Motorcycle customizer Founded 1999 Headquarters Town of Newburgh , Orange County , New York 41 ° 30 ′ 18 '' N 74 ° 04 ′ 44 '' W  /  41.50499 ° N 74.078933 ° W  / 41.50499 ; - 74.078933 Products Custom motorcycles Number of employees 70 Website www.orangecountychoppers.com Orange County Choppers World Headquarters near Newburgh . Orange County Choppers ( OCC ) is a motorcycle manufacturer and lifestyle brand company based in the town of Newburgh , located in Orange County , New York , that was founded in 1999 by Paul Teutul Sr. , The company was featured on American Chopper , a reality TV show that debuted in September 2002 on the Discovery Channel . The series moved to Discovery Channel 's sister channel TLC in 2007 . Following cancellation of the Discovery series , the company was also featured on Orange County Choppers on the CMT network in 2013 . ' ' Orange County Choppers ' ' returned to Discovery Channel on March 1 2018 for a premier viewing of their reboot of American Chopper . The full series is set to start on May 28 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Key on air personnel 2.1 Former on air personnel 3 Bikes 4 Music 5 Orange County Choppers MotoCoaster 6 Popular meme 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2011 ) In the late 1990s , Paul Teutul Sr. began manufacturing custom motorcycles as an extension of his steel business ( OC Iron Works ) , and in 1999 he founded Orange County Choppers . The company 's first bike , `` True Blue , '' was debuted at the 1999 Daytona Biketoberfest . Key on air personnel ( edit ) Paul Teutul Sr. -- Founder / owner / CEO Rick Petko -- Designer / senior fabricator Jason Pohl -- Senior designer Former on air personnel ( edit ) Paul Teutul Jr. -- former minority owner / chief designer and fabricator Vincent DiMartino -- mechanic / assembler ( Resigned in 2007 ) Cody Connelly -- mechanic / assembler ( Resigned in 2007 ) Jim `` JQ '' Quinn -- Engineer / Machinist Bikes ( edit ) Main article : Orange County Choppers bikes OCC is known for building custom theme bikes featured on American Chopper . Additionally , OCC launched a limited edition production line of motorcycles in July 2007 , priced beginning at $31,000 . One of OCC 's most popular bikes is The Fire Bike , to commemorate the New York firefighters who lost their lives on 9 / 11 . The bike itself has been modeled after a fire truck , and an actual steel rivet from the World Trade Center has been integrated into the bike itself , mounted atop the bike 's gas tank . Paul Jr. stated that the bike was named `` 343 '' , the number of New York firefighters who gave their lives on 9 / 11 . The popularity of American Chopper led the United States Air Force to commission a $150,000 `` Air Force Bike '' , first put on public display in March 2005 . The motorcycle is ten feet long and is modeled after the F - 22 Raptor , complete with Air Force symbol rims , riveted gas tank , Raptor exhausts and rear view mirrors in the shape of jets . Music ( edit ) Orange County Choppers held a series of free music performances within the retail store . P.O.D. , Candlebox , Saliva , Red , 10 Years , Fair to Midland , and Framing Hanley have performed . On April 25 , 2009 , Smile Empty Soul and Earshot performed to celebrate the decade of the company 's work . Additionally , OCC in October in conjunction with RED / Sony released a classic rock compilation CD featuring some of Paul Sr. 's favorite songs titled OCC Rocks . The CD also includes original music from The OCC Band , which features four of the shop 's employees . Black Label Society performed a concert in the retail store to promote their album Order of the Black . Orange County Choppers MotoCoaster ( edit ) The MotoCoaster is a Zamperla built motorbike themed roller coaster installed at Darien Lake theme park in Darien Lake , NY . It was the first motorbike roller coaster to be installed in the United States , though the Pony Express , a similar model of coaster with horse themed trains , was erected Knott 's Berry Farm . The MotoCoaster is the same model as the prototype located outside Zamperla 's factory in Italy . The MotoCoaster opened in May 2008 with Orange County Choppers securing the naming rights . The MotoCoaster is located near the Darien Square area of the park , between Boomerang and Twister . Orange County Choppers built a custom motorcycle inspired by the ride and the park . The coaster was originally named the Orange County Choppers Motocoaster when it first opened in 2008 . However , the name was changed to the MotoCoaster in 2010 after the naming rights with OCC expired . Popular meme ( edit ) A popular internet meme , started in 2011 and based on the show , became widely popular on social media in early 2018 . The meme consists of five panels depicting a dispute between Paul Sr. and his son Paul Jr . In the original scene , Paul Sr. shouts at Paul Jr. for being late to work and Paul Jr. shouts back , throws a chair , and then eventually storms away . In the meme , users enter the dialogue of the five panels to create a dispute over any issue . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ romboutfire.com Jump up ^ `` BLACK LABEL SOCIETY Performance To Be Filmed For Upcoming Episode Of ' American Chopper ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The American Chopper meme , explained '' . Vox . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` There Is No Debate , The `` American Chopper '' Argument Meme Is Undeniably Funny `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . References ( edit ) Applebome , Peter ( December 25 , 2005 ) , `` Our Towns ; Just Regular Hard - Working Guys , Welding Their Way to TV Fame '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 Eyvazzadeh , Dave ( September 18 , 2009 ) , `` OCC Goes Green With a Hybrid Chopper '' , Wired , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 Kelly , Howard ; Lichter , Michael ; James , Jesse ; Leno , Jay ( 2009 ) , S&S Cycle Presents Today 's Top Custom Bike Builders , MBI Pub. Co. and Motorbooks , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3603 - 8 McGregor , Ewan ; Boorman , Charley ; Uhlig , Robert ( 2005 ) , Long Way Round : Chasing Shadows Across the World , Simon & Schuster , pp. 234 -- 296 , ISBN 0 - 7434 - 9934 - 4 Marshall , Alexandra ( 21 September 2003 ) , `` Born To Be Mild '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 Murphy , Meghan E. ( March 27 , 2010 ) , `` Choppers ' Paul Jr. ordered to stay away from the shop '' , Times Herald - Record , Middletown , New York , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 Scheller , William G. ( 2005 ) , American Chopper / Orange County Choppers : The Fine Art of the Custom Motorcycle , Hugh Lauter Levin Associates , ISBN 0 - 88363 - 117 - 2 Weichselbaum , Simone ( August 13 , 2009 ) , `` Charged up hog 's mean & green : Orange County Choppers unveils custom - built electric motorcycle '' , New York Daily News , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange County Choppers . Official website Orange County Choppers on CMT Darien Lake Roller coasters Boomerang : Coast to Coaster Batman The Escape Hoot N Holler Mind Eraser Moto Coaster The Predator Ride Of Steel Tantrum The Viper Attractions Shipwreck Falls Former attractions Nightmare at Phantom Cave American Chopper Companies Orange County Choppers ( OCC ) Paul Jr . Designs ( PJD ) Main Cast Paul Teutul Sr . Paul Teutul Jr . Michael Teutul Jason Pohl Mike Rowe ( narrator ; 2002 - 2007 ) Vincent DiMartino ( 2003 -- 2007 , 2010 ) Cody Connelly ( 2003 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Pilots & Specials Season 7 ( Sr vs. Jr ) Bikes Orange County Choppers bikes Motorcycle marques of the United States Current Alligator ATK Birmingham ( Motus ) Boss Hoss Brammo Cleveland CycleWerks Confederate Electric Moto Fischer Harley - Davidson Highland Indian Marine Turbine Technologies MotoCzysz Rokon Victory Z Electric Vehicle Zero Motorcycles Defunct Ace Allstate / Sears American IronHorse Bi-Autogo Big Dog Buell California Cleveland ( 1915 -- 1929 ) Crocker Cushman Cyclone Excelsior Excelsior - Henderson Flying Merkel Gelbke Henderson Hodaka Iver Johnson Johnson Motor Wheel Mustang Penton Pierce - Arrow Ridley Riverside / Montgomery Ward Roehr Simplex Thor Vectrix Wagner Motorcycle Company Whizzer Yankee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_County_Choppers&oldid=850189404 '' Categories : Motorcycle manufacturers of the United States Companies based in Orange County , New York American Chopper Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1999 CMT ( U.S. TV channel ) television series Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from December 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 07 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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My Girl (The Temptations song)

My Girl ( the Temptations song ) - wikipedia My Girl ( the Temptations song ) This article is about the Temptations song . For the Chilliwack song , see My Girl ( Gone , Gone , Gone ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` My Girl '' U.S. single picture sleeve Single by The Temptations B - side `` ( Talking ' Bout ) Nobody But My Baby '' Released December 21 , 1964 ( 1964 - 12 - 21 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded September 25 , November 10 & 17 , 1964 Studio Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) , Detroit , Michigan Genre Soul R&B Length 2 : 55 Label Gordy Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Ronald White Producer ( s ) Smokey Robinson Ronald White The Temptations singles chronology `` Girl ( Why You Wanna Make Me Blue ) '' ( 1964 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Growing '' ( 1965 ) `` My Girl '' is a soul music song recorded by the Temptations for the Gordy ( Motown ) record label . Written and produced by the Miracles members Smokey Robinson and Ronald White , the song became the Temptations ' first U.S. number - one single , and is today their signature song . Robinson 's inspiration for writing this song was his wife , Miracles member Claudette Rogers Robinson . The song was included on the Temptations 1965 album The Temptations Sing Smokey . In 2018 , it was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant . '' Contents 1 Recording and release 2 Reception 3 Personnel 4 Chart history 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Other renditions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Recording and release ( edit ) The recorded version of `` My Girl '' was the first Temptations single to feature David Ruffin on lead vocals . Previously , Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams had performed most of the group 's lead vocals , and Ruffin had joined the group as a replacement for former Temptation Elbridge Bryant . While on tour as part of the Motortown Revue , a collective tour for most of the Motown roster , Smokey Robinson caught the Temptations ' part of the show . The group had included a medley of soul standards in the show , one of which , the Drifters ' `` Under the Boardwalk '' , was a solo spot for Ruffin . Impressed , Robinson decided to produce a single with Ruffin singing lead . Robinson saw Ruffin as a `` sleeping giant '' in the group with a unique voice that was `` mellow '' yet `` gruff '' . Robinson thought that if he could write just the perfect song for Ruffin 's voice , then he could have a smash hit . The song was to be something that Ruffin could `` belt out '' yet something that was also `` melodic and sweet '' . After some persuasion from Ruffin 's bandmates , Robinson had the Temptations record `` My Girl '' instead of the Miracles , who were originally to record the song , and recruited Ruffin to sing the lead vocals . According to Robinson , he allowed the group to create their own background vocals `` because they were so great at background vocals '' . The signature guitar riff heard during the introduction and under the verses was played by Robert White of the Funk Brothers . This part can be heard without vocals on the 2004 deluxe edition of the soundtrack from the 2002 documentary Standing in the Shadows of Motown . `` My Girl '' was later sampled for `` Stay , '' a single from the Temptations ' 1998 album Phoenix Rising . The single was re-released in 1992 , following the November 1991 release of the film of the same name , which featured the song . It did not reach the Billboard charts , but did reach number two in the UK Singles Chart . Reception ( edit ) `` My Girl '' climbed to the top of the U.S. pop charts after its Christmas time 1964 release , making it the Temptations ' first number - one hit . The single was also the first number - one hit on the reinstated Billboard R&B Singles chart , which had gone on a fifteen - month hiatus from 1963 to 1965 . The single also gave the Gordy label its first number one on the Hot 100 . The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy . In 2004 , `` My Girl '' was ranked number 88 on Rolling Stone 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Personnel ( edit ) David Ruffin -- lead vocals Eddie Kendricks -- backing vocals Melvin Franklin -- backing vocals Paul Williams -- backing vocals Otis Williams -- backing vocals William `` Smokey '' Robinson -- writer , producer Ronald White -- writer , producer Paul Riser -- arrangement The Funk Brothers -- instrumentation Robert White -- guitar James Jamerson -- bass Benny Benjamin -- drums Detroit Symphony Orchestra -- strings Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 -- 65 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 8 UK 43 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 10 U.S. Cash Box 16 Other renditions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` My Girl '' US promotional single ( 1972 ) Single by Otis Redding from the album Otis Blue B - side `` Down in the Valley '' Released 1965 ( 1965 ) Format 7 - inch single ( UK ) Recorded 1965 Studio Stax , Memphis , Tennessee Genre Soul Length 2 : 54 Label Atlantic ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Smokey Robinson Ronald White Producer ( s ) Otis Redding , Jim Stewart Steve Cropper The Stax Staff In 1965 , Otis Redding brought a traditional blues flavor to the song . Produced by Steve Cropper , it was released on Redding 's album Otis Blue : Otis Redding Sings Soul . His version was not released as a single in the US , but Atlantic issued it in the UK to capitalize on the relative lack of success by the Temptations ' original version , and Redding 's cover eventually peaked at number 11 . In 1988 , Suave had a Top 40 Pop hit and Top 10 R&B hit with the song . R&B / soul group the Whispers covered the song in a disco style for their eponymous 1979 album . It was subsequently released as a single , and ( despite missing the US Charts completely ) was a Top 30 hit in the UK , reaching number 26 . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1965 List of number - one R&B singles of 1965 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Recording Registry Reaches 500 '' . Library of Congress . March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Elizabeth . `` My Girl '' . NPR . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 803 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( Nov 7 , 1998 ) . `` The Temptations '' . Billboard -- the International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment . 110 ( 45 ) : 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Lee ( Mar 2015 ) . `` THE DARK SIDE OF MOTOWN '' . Goldmine. 41 ( 3 ) : 42 -- 44 , 46 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1965 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , February 27 , 1965 Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- My Girl '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1965 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Temptations Otis Williams Ron Tyson Terry Weeks Larry Braggs Willie Green Melvin Franklin Eddie Kendricks Paul Williams Elbridge Bryant David Ruffin Dennis Edwards Ricky Owens Richard Street Damon Harris Glenn Leonard Louis Price Ali - Ollie Woodson Theo Peoples Harry McGilberry Barrington `` Bo '' Henderson Ray Davis G.C. Cameron Joe Herndon Bruce Williamson Studio albums Meet the Temptations The Temptations Sing Smokey The Temptin ' Temptations Gettin ' Ready The Temptations with a Lot o ' Soul The Temptations Wish It Would Rain Cloud Nine Puzzle People Psychedelic Shack Sky 's the Limit Solid Rock All Directions Masterpiece A Song for You House Party Wings of Love The Temptations Do the Temptations Bare Back Hear to Tempt You Power The Temptations Reunion Surface Thrills Back to Basics Truly for You Touch Me To Be Continued ... Together Again Special Milestone Phoenix Rising Ear - Resistible Awesome Legacy Still Here Cover albums The Temptations in a Mellow Mood For Lovers Only Reflections Back to Front Live albums Temptations Live ! Live at the Copa Live at London 's Talk of the Town The Temptations in Japan Other albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations TCB The Temptations Show Together On Broadway The Temptations Christmas Card Give Love at Christmas Lost and Found : You 've Got to Earn It ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits II Anthology Emperors of Soul The Ultimate Collection My Girl : The Very Best of the Temptations Psychedelic Soul Singles ( US / UK Top 10 ) `` My Girl '' `` Get Ready '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' `` All I Need '' `` You 're My Everything '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' `` Cloud Nine '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` Run Away Child , Running Wild '' `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' `` Psychedelic Shack '' `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` Masterpiece '' `` Let Your Hair Down '' `` Happy People '' `` Shakey Ground '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` The Motown Song '' `` My Girl '' ( reissue ) Related The Temptations ( miniseries ) Discography The Supremes The Undisputed Truth Smokey Robinson Norman Whitfield Barrett Strong Sly Stone George Clinton Book The Temptations singles discography 1960s `` Oh Mother of Mine '' ( 1961 ) `` Check Yourself '' ( 1961 ) `` ( You 're My ) Dream Come True '' ( 1962 ) `` Mind Over Matter ( I 'm Gonna Make You Mine ) '' ( 1962 ) `` Paradise '' ( 1962 ) `` I Want a Love I Can See '' ( 1963 ) `` Farewell My Love '' ( 1963 ) `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'll Be in Trouble '' ( 1964 ) / `` The Girl 's Alright with Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Girl ( Why You Wanna Make Me Blue ) '' ( 1964 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Growing '' ( 1965 ) `` Since I Lost My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` You 've Got to Earn It '' ( 1965 ) `` My Baby '' ( 1965 ) / `` Do n't Look Back '' ( 1965 ) `` Get Ready '' ( 1966 ) `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' ( 1966 ) `` Beauty Is Only Skin Deep '' ( 1966 ) `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' ( 1966 ) `` All I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` You 're My Everything '' ( 1967 ) / `` I 've Been Good To You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Loneliness Made Me Realize ) It 's You That I Need '' ( 1967 ) `` I Wish It Would Rain '' ( 1968 ) / `` I Truly , Truly Believe '' ( 1968 ) `` I Could Never Love Another ( After Loving You ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Please Return Your Love to Me '' ( 1968 ) `` Cloud Nine '' ( 1968 ) `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( 1968 ) / `` Silent Night '' ( 1968 ) `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Runaway Child , Running Wild '' ( 1969 ) `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1969 ) `` Do n't Let the Joneses Get You Down '' ( 1969 ) `` I Second That Emotion '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't Get Next to You '' ( 1969 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Psychedelic Shack '' ( 1970 ) `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What the World Is Today ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ungena Za Ulimwengu ( Unite the World ) '' ( 1970 ) / `` Hum Along and Dance '' ( 1970 ) `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' ( 1971 ) `` It 's Summer '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar ( Remember How You Got Where You Are ) '' ( 1971 ) `` Take a Look Around '' ( 1972 ) `` Mother Nature '' ( 1972 ) / `` Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On '' ( 1972 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( 1972 ) `` Masterpiece '' ( 1973 ) `` Plastic Man '' ( 1973 ) `` Hey Girl ( I Like Your Style ) '' ( 1973 ) `` Law of the Land '' ( 1973 ) `` Let Your Hair Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Heavenly '' ( 1974 ) `` You 've Got My Soul on Fire '' ( 1974 ) `` Happy People '' ( 1974 ) `` Shakey Ground '' ( 1975 ) `` Glasshouse '' ( 1975 ) `` Keep Holdin ' On '' ( 1976 ) `` Up the Creek ( Without a Paddle ) '' ( 1976 ) `` Who are You ( and What are You Doing the Rest of Your Life ) '' ( 1976 ) `` In a Lifetime '' ( 1977 ) `` Think for Yourself '' ( 1977 ) `` Bare Back '' ( 1978 ) `` Ever Ready Love '' ( 1978 ) 1980s `` Power '' ( 1980 ) `` Struck By Lightning Twice '' ( 1980 ) `` Aiming At Your Heart '' ( 1981 ) `` Oh What A Night '' ( 1981 ) `` Standing On The Top - Pt. 1 '' ( 1982 ) `` More On The Inside '' ( 1982 ) `` Money 's Hard To Get '' ( 1982 ) `` Love On My Mind Tonight '' ( 1983 ) `` Surface Thrills '' ( 1983 ) `` Miss Busy Body ( Get Your Body Busy ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Sail Away '' ( 1984 ) `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' ( 1984 ) `` My Love Is True ( Truly For You ) '' ( 1985 ) `` How Can You Say That It 's Over '' ( 1985 ) `` Do You Really Love Your Baby '' ( 1985 ) `` Deeper Than Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Touch Me '' ( 1986 ) `` I 'm Fascinated '' ( 1986 ) `` A Fine Mess '' ( 1986 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1986 ) `` Lady Soul '' ( 1986 ) `` To Be Continued ... '' ( 1986 ) `` Someone '' ( 1987 ) `` I Wonder Who She 's Seeing Now '' ( 1987 ) `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' ( re-issue ) ( 1987 ) `` Look What You Started '' ( 1987 ) `` Do You Wanna Go With Me '' ( 1988 ) `` All I Want From You '' ( 1989 ) `` Special '' ( 1989 ) `` Loveline '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Soul to Soul '' ( 1990 ) `` One Step At A Time ( Remix ) '' ( 1990 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` The Jones '' ( 1991 ) `` My Girl '' ( re-issue ) ( 1992 ) `` Hoops of Fire '' ( 1992 ) `` Error of Our Ways '' ( 1994 ) `` Silent Night '' ( 1995 ) `` Stay '' ( 1998 ) `` This is My Promise '' ( 1998 ) `` How Could He Hurt You '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` I 'm Here '' ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Girl_(The_Temptations_song)&oldid=861925327 '' Categories : 1964 singles 1965 singles 1992 singles The Temptations songs Motown singles Otis Redding songs Glen Campbell songs Atco Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Smokey Robinson Songs written by Ronald White Song recordings produced by Smokey Robinson Gordy Records singles 1964 songs The Rolling Stones songs Stevie Wonder songs Michael Jackson songs United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced quotes Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 00 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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1924 Winter Olympics

1924 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 1924 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) I Olympic Winter Games Poster for the 1924 Winter Olympic Games Host city Chamonix , France Nations participating 16 Athletes participating 258 Events 16 in 6 sports ( 9 disciplines ) Opening ceremony January 25 Closing ceremony February 5 Officially opened by Gaston Vidal Athlete 's Oath Camille Mandrillon Stadium Stade Olympique Winter St Moritz 1928 > Summer < Antwerp 1920 Paris 1924 > The 1924 Winter Olympics , officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les Iers Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) , were a winter multi-sport event which was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France . Originally called Semaine Internationale des Sports d'Hiver ( `` International Winter Sports Week '' ) and held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics , the sports competitions were held at the foot of Mont Blanc in Chamonix , and Haute - Savoie , France between January 25 and February 5 , 1924 . The Games were organized by the French Olympic Committee , and were in retrospect designated by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as the I Olympic Winter Games . The tradition of holding the Winter Olympics in the same year as the Summer Olympics would continue until 1992 , after which the current practice of holding a Winter Olympics in the second year after each Summer Olympics began . Although Figure Skating had been an Olympic event in both London and Antwerp , and Ice Hockey had been an event in Antwerp , the winter sports had always been limited by the season . In 1921 , at the convention of the IOC in Lausanne , there was a call for equality for winter sports , and after much discussion it was decided to organize an `` international week of winter sport '' in 1924 in Chamonix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highlights 1.1 Day 2 1.2 Day 4 1.3 Day 6 1.4 Day 8 1.5 Day 10 1.6 Epilogue 2 Events 3 Venues 4 Participating nations 4.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees 5 Medal count 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Highlights ( edit ) Day 2 ( edit ) The first gold medal awarded in the Olympic Winter games was won by Charles Jewtraw of the United States in the 500 - meter speed skate . Day 4 ( edit ) Sonja Henie , at just eleven years old , skates in the ladies ' figure skating competition . Although she finishes last , she becomes popular with fans , and will take the gold at the next three Winter Olympics . Day 6 ( edit ) Finding himself in a unique situation , the figure skater Gillis Grafström is the first one ever to successfully defend his Summer Olympics title at the Winter Olympics . Day 8 ( edit ) The Canadian ice - hockey team finished their qualifying round with 3 wins , scoring a total of 85 goals against Switzerland , Czechoslovakia , and Sweden without surrendering even a single goal against . Day 10 ( edit ) Finding themselves in the same situation Gillis Grafström , the Canadian ice - hockey team is the last ever to successfully defend its Summer Olympics title at the Winter Olympics . Canada would dominate ice hockey in early Olympic competition , winning six of the first seven gold medals awarded . Epilogue ( edit ) At the closing of the games a prize was awarded for a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments : Pierre de Coubertin presented a prize for ' alpinisme ' ( mountaineering ) to Charles Granville Bruce , the leader of the expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922 . For the first time in the history of the modern Olympics , the host country , in this case , France , failed to win any gold medals , finishing with three bronze medals . This feat would later occur at the next Winter Olympics in St. Moritz where Switzerland won only a single bronze medal , the lowest ever output by a host nation at an Olympics . Later host nations to finish without gold medals included Canada at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and Yugoslavia at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo . In 1925 , the IOC decided to organize Olympic Winter Games every four years , independent of the Olympic Games proper , and recognized the International Winter Sports Week as the first Olympic Winter games in retrospect . In 1974 the final individual medal of Chamonix 1924 was presented . Anders Haugen , who until then had been recorded as finishing fourth in the ski jumping event , received a bronze medal . After fifty years an error had been discovered in the score of Thorleif Haug . In 2006 , the IOC confirmed that the awarded medals to 1924 curling teams were official . The IOC verified that curling was officially part of the program , after the Glasgow Herald newspaper filed a claim on behalf of the families of the team . Events ( edit ) Medals were awarded in 16 events contested in 5 sports ( 9 disciplines ) . Many sources do not list curling and the military patrol , or list them as demonstration events . However , no such designation was made in 1924 . In February 2006 the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) ruled that curling was a full part of the Olympic program , and have included the medals awarded in the official count . Bobsleigh ( 1 ) ( details ) Curling ( 1 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 1 ) ( details ) Skating Figure skating ( 3 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Nordic skiing ( details ) Military patrol ( 1 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 2 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 1 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 1 ) ( details ) Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 1924 Winter Olympics La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins -- Bobsleigh Le Tremplin Olympique du Mont -- Ski jumping , Nordic combined ( ski jumping ) Stade Olympique de Chamonix -- Cross-country skiing , Curling , Figure skating , Ice hockey , Military patrol , Nordic combined ( cross-country skiing ) , and Speed skating Participating nations ( edit ) Athletes from 16 nations competed in the first Winter Olympic Games . Germany was banned from competing in the games , and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele . ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Austria ( 4 ) Belgium ( 18 ) Canada ( 12 ) Czechoslovakia ( 27 ) Finland ( 17 ) France ( 43 ) ( host ) Great Britain ( 44 ) Hungary ( 4 ) Italy ( 23 ) Latvia ( 2 ) Norway ( 14 ) Poland ( 7 ) Sweden ( 31 ) Switzerland ( 30 ) United States ( 24 ) Yugoslavia ( 4 ) Estonia speed skater Christfried Burmeister was also in the list of participants but the message about his withdrawal was n't sent to the organizers . Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Country Athletes GBR Great Britain 44 FRA France 43 SWE Sweden 31 SUI Switzerland 30 TCH Czechoslovakia 27 USA United States 24 ITA Italy 23 BEL Belgium 18 FIN Finland 17 NOR Norway 14 CAN Canada 12 POL Poland 7 AUT Austria HUN Hungary YUG Yugoslavia LAT Latvia Total 258 Medal count ( edit ) Main article : 1924 Winter Olympics medal table Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway 7 6 17 Finland 11 Austria 0 Switzerland 0 5 United States 6 Great Britain 7 Sweden 0 8 Canada 0 0 9 France ( host nation ) 0 0 10 Belgium 0 0 Total 16 16 17 49 See also ( edit ) Olympics portal 1900 Summer Olympics -- Paris 1924 Summer Olympics -- Paris List of IOC country codes Other Olympic Games celebrated in France Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games 1968 Winter Olympics -- Grenoble 1992 Winter Olympics -- Albertville Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The official website of the Olympic Movement now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . However the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called Nordic Skiing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1924 Winter Olympics -- Medals , Posters and Bobsleighs '' . My Art Deco Style . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anna ( 9 February 2006 ) . `` GB curlers awarded belated gold '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biathlon Results - Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Medals , Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 646 : Le Programme ... II . -- Epreuves par équipes - 12 . Ski : Course militaire ( 20 à 30 kilomètres , avec tir ) . ( The Programme ... II . -- Team events - 12 . Skiing : Military Race ( 20 to 30 kilometres , with shooting ) ) . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 664 : CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE . ( Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race ) Jump up ^ `` I taliolümpiamängud Chamonix 1924 ( 25 . jaanuar -- 5 . veebruar ) '' ( in Estonian ) . Postimees. 2006 - 01 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1924 Winter Olympics . `` Chamonix 1924 '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Official Report ( 1924 ) of both Summer and Winter games : ( ed . ) M. Avé , Comité Olympique Français . Les Jeux de la VIII Olympiade Paris 1924 -- Rapport Officiel ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Paris : Librairie de France . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) 1924 Olympic Curling Medals Count : CBC News February 8 , 2006 Olympic Games in Chamonix 1.924 The program of the 1924 Chamonix Winter Olympics New sporting event Winter Olympics I Olympic Winter Games ( 1924 ) Succeeded by St. Moritz Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 1924 Winter Olympics ( Chamonix ) Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Ice hockey Military patrol Nordic combined Ski jumping Speed skating Nations at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France Austria Belgium Canada Czechoslovakia Finland France Great Britain Hungary Italy Latvia Norway Poland Switzerland Sweden United States Yugoslavia Venues of the 1924 Winter Olympics La Piste de Bobsleigh des Pellerins Le Tremplin Olympique du Mont Stade Olympique de Chamonix VIAF : 266661525 GND : 4333034 - 4 Olympics portal France portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1924_Winter_Olympics&oldid=807044106 '' Categories : 1924 Winter Olympics Olympic Games in France Winter Olympics by year 1924 in multi-sport events 1924 in French sport First events January 1924 sports events February 1924 sports events Winter sports competitions in France Hidden categories : CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 57 . 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Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas

Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas - wikipedia Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum before a football game . The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders ( Mark Davis ) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland , California to Las Vegas , Nevada . The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League ( NFL ) season ( although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium ) , playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium . NFL team owners voted 31 -- 1 to approve the move , which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix , Arizona on March 27 , 2017 . The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s , following the Rams ' move from St. Louis , Missouri to Los Angeles , California on January 12 , 2016 , and the Chargers ' move from San Diego , California to Los Angeles on January 12 , 2017 . The Raiders ' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The hunt for a home 2.1 2011 : Levi 's Stadium 2.2 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum City 2.3 2013 : Concord , California 2.4 2014 : San Antonio , Texas 2.5 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics 2.6 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams 3 2016 − 2017 : Negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort 3.1 2016 3.2 2017 4 Relocation to Las Vegas 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Oakland Raiders were founded as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The team joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . From 1966 until 1981 , it played home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which it shared with Major League Baseball 's Oakland Athletics after that team moved to Oakland in 1968 . In 1980 Al Davis , dissatisfied with the stadium situation in Oakland and seeing luxury boxes as the future of the NFL came to an agreement with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum commission to move the Raiders to Los Angeles . The NFL had refused to let the team move , but a court over-ruled the league , clearing the way for the Raiders to move to Los Angeles and become the Los Angeles Raiders . In 1982 , the Raiders ( then owned by Al Davis ) were approved to relocate from Oakland to Los Angeles . The Raiders played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 -- 1994 . In 1995 , after being unable to secure a new stadium in the Los Angeles area the Raiders moved back to Oakland . Meanwhile , Las Vegas had been home to a number of other professional football franchises between 1994 and the Raiders ' arrival , none of which were particularly successful . The Las Vegas Posse , part of the Canadian Football League 's effort to enter the U.S. market , lasted one season in 1994 and suffered from poor on - field product and worse attendance figures . The XFL included the Las Vegas Outlaws in its lone 2001 season ; its attendance and on - field performance were respectable , and the team embraced the city 's culture , but the Outlaws ' modest success was overshadowed by the failure of the XFL . The Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League were a major on - field success and were one of the UFL 's best teams ; it nonetheless suffered from poor attendance to start that continued to decline throughout the league 's existence to the point that its last home game drew only 600 fans . The Arena Football League included three teams in Las Vegas over the course of its history : the Las Vegas Sting ( 1994 and 1995 ) , Las Vegas Gladiators ( 2003 to 2007 , now the Cleveland Gladiators ) , and another Las Vegas Outlaws ( 2015 ) . The Las Vegas Sin of the Lingerie Football League ( now the Legends Football League ) played in the city from 2011 to 2014 . The hunt for a home ( edit ) Raiders owner Mark Davis Recent efforts to either renovate or replace the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum with a new football stadium in Oakland or elsewhere date back to November 18 , 2009 . In 2011 , Al Davis died and control of the team was assumed by his son Mark Davis who made finding a solution to the 3 decade long stadium problem a top priority . The Raiders were free to move after the 2013 NFL season , when its lease on the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum expired . While exploring possible solutions in the Bay Area and potential relocation candidates , the Raiders signed one - year extensions of its lease on the Coliseum . 2011 : Levi 's stadium ( edit ) There had been discussions for the Raiders to share Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California with the San Francisco 49ers . However , the 49ers went ahead without the Raiders and broke ground on the $1.2 billion stadium on April 19 , 2012 and afterwards sold $670 million worth of seats including 70 % of club and luxury suites , making it more unlikely that the Raiders would continue to explore the idea of sharing the stadium as they would then be secondary tenants with little to no commercial rights over the highly lucrative luxury suites . Mark Davis further increased the unlikelihood of the Raiders and the 49ers to share Levi 's stadium when he told NFL Network reporter Ian Rapoport that he had no plans to share the stadium but that he did recognize the Raiders ' need for a new home and that he hoped the new home would be in Oakland . When Levi 's Stadium had its grand opening on July 17 , 2014 , NFL commissioner Roger Goodell mentioned to the live crowd that it would make a great home for the Raiders and that it was up for the team to decide whether or not it wanted to play there or build a stadium on the site of the Oakland Coliseum . 2012 − 2013 : Coliseum city ( edit ) On March 7 , 2012 , then - mayor Jean Quan unveiled an ambitious project to the media that was designed to improve the sports facilities of all three major league sports teams in the city ( the Raiders , Major League Baseball ( MLB ) 's Athletics and the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's Golden State Warriors ) , as well as attract new businesses to the city . The project , dubbed Coliseum City , had entailed the redevelopment of the existing Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum complex . The redevelopment would have seen the construction of two new stadiums on the present location , a baseball - only stadium and a football - only stadium , while Oracle Arena , home of the Warriors , would have been either rebuilt or undergone extensive renovations . A sum of $3.5 million was committed to preliminary planning on the project . However , no officials from either of Oakland 's major league teams were present at the media conference . According to the San Francisco Business Times , Oakland 's assistant city administrator Fred Blackwell said the Bay Investment Group LLC , an entity being formed by Colony Capital LLC , Rashid Al Malik ( chairman and CEO of HayaH Holdings ) , and the city , had numerous details to continue working out for the prospective $2 billion Coliseum City project , which covered 800 acres surrounding the Oakland -- Alameda Coliseum Complex . The development team also included JRDV Urban International , HKS Architects , and Forest City Real Estate Services . In an ideal situation , construction could have started by the end of 2014 . Meanwhile , the Warriors began to go forward with plans to build a new arena at Mission Bay , not far from AT&T Park , and move back across the Bay Area from Oakland to San Francisco as soon as 2019 . 2013 : Concord , California ( edit ) The abandoned Concord Naval Weapons Station , 26.6 miles from Oakland , was announced in 2013 as a possible location for a new stadium but developments failed to materialize . 2014 : San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) In July 2014 , San Antonio , Texas , emerged as a potential relocation candidate for the team , after Raiders owner Mark Davis visited an event hosted for former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch in the city . San Antonio , while it was in a smaller media market than the San Francisco Bay Area , had the advantage of having a relatively new and NFL - ready stadium in the Alamodome and less sporting competition . On July 29 , 2014 , it was reported by the San Antonio Express - News that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio after the 2014 -- 15 NFL season . Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch 's induction into a local Hall of Fame , but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio . The Raiders would have played at the 65,000 - seat Alamodome until a new stadium could be built . San Antonio remained in contention as a site through at least November 2014 , when Raiders staffers scouted the stadium and began negotiating with San Antonio officials . 2015 : Raiders attempt to put together a project with Athletics ( edit ) It was reported in early 2015 that the Raiders sat down with Athletics owner Lewis Wolff in an effort to create a stadium solution where two separate stadiums ( one for the Raiders and one for the Athletics ) would have been built on the coliseum site . The Athletics balked at the deal . In an interview with J.T. the Brick on KGMZ on April 4 , 2017 , Davis revealed that he offered Wolff ( the owner of the Athletics ) 20 percent of the Raiders in an attempt to get a deal done . Davis further elaborated that the closest that the Raiders came to a deal in Oakland was in 2013 with Colony Capital , before the Athletics agreed to a 10 - year lease extension at the Coliseum with the city of Oakland . 2015 : Los Angeles project and losing to the Rams ( edit ) Main articles : National Football League in Los Angeles , Carson Stadium , Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , and History of the Los Angeles Raiders § Attempted return to Los Angeles On February 19 , 2015 , the Raiders and the then San Diego Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson , California if they were to move back to the Los Angeles market . Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities . The Carson City Council would bypass the public vote and approved the plan 3 -- 0 . The council voted without having clarified several issues , including who would finance the stadium , how the required three - way land swap would be performed , and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant . On January 12 , the NFL rejected the Raiders ' relocation request in favor of a competing plan by Stan Kroenke to move the then St. Louis Rams back to Los Angeles and construct a stadium and entertainment district in Inglewood , California . However , the NFL left open the possibility of the Raiders relocating to Los Angeles by 2019 and playing in the new stadium under construction to house the Los Angeles Rams . The San Diego Chargers however had the first option to join the Rams at the new stadium , the Raiders would have been authorized to negotiate an agreement if the Chargers did not exercise their option by January 2017 . The Chargers exercised their choice and announced their relocation to Los Angeles in January 2017 , shutting the Raiders out of the Southern California market . Around this time other markets expressed interest in luring the Raiders . For example Duluth , Minnesota submitted a proposal to construct a new stadium for the team , a proposal that was not taken seriously because of the metro area 's small size , proximity to the Minnesota Vikings and unwillingness to commit money to the stadium proposal . Less than a month after the Chargers announced their move to Los Angeles , Las Vegas had emerged as the most likely destination candidate for the Raiders . 2016 − 2017 : negotiations to move to Las Vegas and last Oakland stadium effort ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas Stadium 2015 view of the Las Vegas Stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 2016 ( edit ) On January 29 , 2016 , Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about possibly relocating to a $2.3 billion , 65,000 capacity domed stadium in Las Vegas , Nevada . During Davis ' meeting with Adelson , he also visited the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) , which included a contingent consisting of the university 's president Len Jessup , former university president Donald Snyder , Steve Wynn , and former Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) owner Lorenzo Fertitta . The proposed stadium would replace Sam Boyd Stadium and would serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels college football program . A relocation to Las Vegas would be a long - term proposal , as Sam Boyd Stadium is undersized for the NFL and there are no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . Raiders officials were also in Las Vegas to tour locations in the valley for a potential new home ; they were also on the 42 - acre site of the proposed stadium to ask questions about the site . Interviewed by sports columnist Tim Kawakami of the San Jose Mercury News , Davis said that he had a `` great '' visit in the city he described it as interesting . Davis also said that Las Vegas was a global city and that `` it 's absolutely an NFL city , '' as well as saying that `` the Raider brand would do well '' and `` I think Las Vegas is coming along slowly . '' On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan , '' referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas . Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez , athletic director Tina Kunzer - Murphy , adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of a proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . At a media conference in UNLV 's Stan Fulton Building , Davis also said the club had `` made a commitment to Las Vegas at this point in time and that 's where it stands . '' In an interview with ESPN after returning from a meeting for the 2016 NFL draft he expanded upon reasons why Southern Nevada held a certain appeal over the East Bay of the Oakland -- San Francisco Bay Area , how he tried to make it work in Oakland and why ( as he told Sandoval ) he hopes to turn Nevada into the `` Silver and Black State '' ; he also spoke of the meeting saying , `` It was a positive , well - organized presentation that I believe was well - received '' , and stating , `` It was a very positive step in finding the Raiders a home . '' On May 20 , 2016 , New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft said he would support Davis and the Raiders move to Las Vegas , stating , `` I think it would be good for the NFL . '' On May 23 , 2016 , the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets reported that a group led by former San Francisco 49ers safety ( and Pro Football Hall of Fame member ) Ronnie Lott and retired quarterback Rodney Peete were looking into building a new Oakland stadium for the Raiders . The group met with team executives and Oakland city officials to brief them on their proposal . They also met with mayor Libby Schaaf . The Alameda County Board of Supervisors voted to begin negotiations with Lott 's group and with the city of Oakland regarding the `` price and terms of sale '' for the 120 - acre land of the Oakland Coliseum and Oracle Arena . Davis publicly reiterated his commitment to his announced plans to relocate the Raiders franchise to Las Vegas , Nevada with the support of the state of Nevada and casino mogul Sheldon Adelson , and said he did not wish to negotiate further with Oakland while the Las Vegas deal was still actively in progress ; any relocation to Las Vegas needed to be approved by a three - quarters majority of all NFL owners , and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell publicly stated his preference for keeping the Raiders franchise in Oakland if at all possible . However , it was reported that the NFL had issues with the Lott Group 's financier Fortress Investment Group due to past issues the group had . On August 11 , 2016 , Raiders ' officials met with Northern Nevada officials about the possibility of Reno being the site of a new training camp / practice facility and toured several sites including the University of Nevada , Reno , Reno area high schools , and sports complexes . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a new stadium ( located west of Interstate 15 at Las Vegas ) were released to the public . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . On October 11 , 2016 , the Nevada Senate voted 16 -- 5 to approve the funding bill for the Las Vegas stadium proposal . The Nevada Assembly voted 28 -- 13 three days later to approve the bill to fund the new Las Vegas stadium proposal ; two days later , Sandoval signed the funding bill into law . Davis told ESPN on October 15 , 2016 that even if the Raiders were approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area , the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum in 2017 and 2018 , stating `` We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area . '' The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires . Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas , at Sam Boyd Stadium , as early as the 2017 season . ( The Raiders ' 2017 schedule has both preseason games in Oakland . ) On October 17 , 2016 , Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval signed into law Senate Bill 1 and Assembly Bill 1 which approved a hotel room rate tax increase to accommodate $750 million in public funding for the new stadium . On November 12 , 2016 , a report from the NFL 's own in - house media team outlined how Las Vegas might not be a done deal . The report stated that the majority of owners favored the Raiders staying in Oakland due to market size and stability . The vast majority of the NFL 's revenue comes from TV contracts . So because of that , it made little sense for the other 31 NFL owners to vote in favor of one of their partners abandoning the 6th biggest media market for the 42nd . On November 30 , 2016 , a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced . In addition to the public land , the city of Oakland would commit $200 million to improve the infrastructure of the surrounding area . The Raiders would contribute $500 million to the stadium , while Lott 's group would contribute $400 million ; the NFL already committed $300 million when it rejected the Raiders ' bid to return to Los Angeles in 2015 . Ronnie Lott had no financial or ownership stake in the Raiders ; some sources indicated that Lott was also asking for an ownership stake ( reportedly around 20 percent ) in the Raiders franchise as part of the deal , a condition that was unacceptable to Raiders owner Mark Davis . The Oakland proposal was officially announced in December 2016 , and called for a $1.3 billion , football - only stadium built on the existing Coliseum site . It included mixed use development for possible office or retail space , hotel or residential living and parking , as well as 15 acres set aside for a new baseball - only facility for the Oakland Athletics if the A 's so desired . The site also could have been expanded to include the land Oracle Arena sits on , with the Warriors cleared to move to their new San Francisco arena by the 2019 season . The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13 , 2016 and approved by Oakland in a 7 -- 0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3 -- 1 vote . 2017 ( edit ) The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland , California , to Las Vegas , Nevada , on January 19 , 2017 . The Raiders needed 24 of the 32 NFL club owners to vote to officially approve the move to Las Vegas . On January 30 , 2017 , it was announced that Adelson had dropped out of the stadium project , also withdrawing the Las Vegas Sands ' proposed $650 million contribution from the project . Instead , the Raiders would increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . One day after Adelson 's announcement , Goldman Sachs ( the company behind the financing to the proposed Las Vegas stadium ) announced its intent to withdraw from the project . On January 31 , 2017 , in the aftermath of Adelson and Goldman Sachs ' withdrawal from the Las Vegas deal , the San Diego Union - Tribune reported that Mayor Kevin Faulconer reached out to an NFL official to let them know they were eager to engage ; a city official also spoke to a Raiders official on the phone . The Union - Tribune noted that any possible Raiders relocation to San Diego or bringing a team to the city would have been aided by a proposal for a soccer - specific stadium and mixed development . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell reiterated , during his State of the NFL address , that San Diego would need a new stadium in order to be a relocation possibility . Another roadblock for a Raiders relocation to the city would have been the owners of the current Los Angeles teams . Stan Kroenke and Dean Spanos would block any team from sharing Southern California , especially if that team is the Raiders ( given the team 's continued popularity in the region ) . San Diego , as an option for the Raiders , was remote . San Diego was previously home to the San Diego Chargers from 1961 until 2016 ( when the team relocated to the Greater Los Angeles Area ) ; a Raiders move there would have been ironic given that the team 's primary rival the Chargers were based in that city . On February 16 , 2017 , the San Diego Union - Tribune obtained a letter from Doug Manchester that stated he had `` assembled a powerful group of associates '' who would develop a 70,000 - seat stadium on the land of Qualcomm Stadium ; the letter also stated the project would provide `` a viable alternative '' to the Raiders in case Las Vegas fell through ; the group also stated that they were `` open to working with the Chargers , Raiders , other NFL owners , or a new ownership group '' ; it also stated an NFL franchise could participate as a partner or tenant : `` Our group will provide the funds previously allocated to be provided by the City of San Diego and guarantee the stadium 's expeditious construction . Accordingly it will not require voter approval . '' It also said they would provide `` new state of the art scoreboards and upgrade Qualcomm Stadium while the new stadium is being constructed '' . On March 1 , 2017 , Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the Oakland stadium plan to the NFL . Relocation to Las Vegas ( edit ) On March 6 , 2017 , the Raiders revealed that Bank of America would be replacing Sheldon Adelson 's portion of the funding for the new stadium in Las Vegas . On March 27 , 2017 , the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31 -- 1 vote , ensuring them a new stadium in the process . However , even though the Raiders were approved to move to Las Vegas , the club will still play the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and still be known as the Oakland Raiders so as long as they play in the San Francisco Bay Area . About one thousand season ticket holders asked for and received refunds after the move to Las Vegas was announced . Their tickets were sold to other fans within hours , and the Raiders ' 53,250 season tickets were all sold out by late May . The league levied a $350 million relocation fee on the Raiders , which will be paid in ten annual installments beginning in 2019 . This figure is slightly more than half of the $650 million fee that the Rams and Chargers each paid to relocate to Los Angeles . Popular culture ( edit ) In season 3 of the HBO television series Ballers , which was produced in 2016 and aired in 2017 , Spencer Strasmore ( Dwayne Johnson ) leads an effort to relocate the Raiders to Las Vegas . See also ( edit ) Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis Cleveland Browns relocation controversy National Football League franchise moves and mergers Relocation of professional sports teams National Football League controversies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers announce decision to relocate to Los Angeles '' . National Football League . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the best and worst NFL stadiums , from No. 1 ( Lambeau ) to 31 ( Soldier ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NFL 's Best and Worst Stadiums '' . Athlon Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Puma , Mike ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Good guys wear black '' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( June 24 , 1995 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Raiders Run a Reverse Play Back to Oakland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Grey Cup stirs memories of Posse '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kantowski , Ron ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ESPN film examines XFL 's short life , legacy '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . I spent a lot of time in Las Vegas a couple of years ago , '' said Charlie Ebersol , son of Dick Ebersol , the NBC Sports executive who co-founded the XFL with pro wrestling mastermind Vince McMahon . `` I think it spoke to the ethos of what that city is about . Jump up ^ Dewey , Todd ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sparse crowd sees Las Vegas Locos roll over Omaha '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders relocation to Las Vegas : Timeline of events '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kukura , Joe . `` NFL May Bribe Raiders , 49ers Into Shotgun Wedding '' . Nbcbayarea.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Raiders '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Taylor Price ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` 49ers break ground on Santa Clara stadium '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Niners strike gold with new stadium '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NFL.com ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Oakland Raiders have no plans to share stadium with 49ers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodell : Levi 's might fit Raiders ESPN.com ( 07 / 18 / 2014 ) Jump up ^ Torres , Bianca ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Oakland 's Coliseum City project could cost $2 billion '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner scouts Concord site for new stadium '' . SF Gate . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders owner confirms talks with San Antonio '' . Associated Press ( AP ) . 2014 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis , San Antonio group meet '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ DailyNewsVinny ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` 2 . To propose a joint development project on Coliseum land that would have built new stadiums for both teams . But A 's declined '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ J.T. the Brick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis breaks down relocation brick by brick with JT `` the Brick '' `` . KGMZ . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric D. ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders reveal L.A. plan '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Ian ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Chargers , Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jablon , Robert ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Logan , Tim ; Nathan Fenno ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Carson City Council may be set to approve NFL stadium , sight unseen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Chargers think L.A. proposal has doable components '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An NFL team in Duluth - Superior ? Proctor is going long '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Sands wants stadium for UNLV , possibly Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Kraft would support Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ronnie Lott wants to help build a Raiders stadium in Oakland '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis rails against Oakland ' disrespect , ' has sole focus on Las Vegas '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breech , John ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland , while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders relocation could include Reno training camp '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 -- 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Davis : Raiders ' Oakland plan unchanged even if Las Vegas deal OK 'd '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boilard , Kevin ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Report : NFL against Las Vegas , wants to keep Raiders in Oakland '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matier & Ross ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Outline emerges of Oakland stadium deal to keep Raiders '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oakland , Ronnie Lott Group Unveil Stadium Plan To Keep Raiders '' . KPIX - TV . Associated Press . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vergara , Andre . `` Oakland reveals stadium proposal to keep Raiders '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland , Alameda County approve stadium deal to try to keep Raiders '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Raiders stay in Oakland ? Negotiations on $1.3 - billion stadium OK 'd '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders file paperwork for Las Vegas relocation '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adelson no longer involved in Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Financial giant Goldman Sachs backs out of Raiders ' stadium deal '' . ESPN . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders secure financing for potential Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Mark Saraceno ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas stadium gets boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leuty , Ron ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move led about 1,000 fans to seek ticket refunds '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skurski , Jay ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bills ' piece of national NFL revenue pie revealed to be a whopping $244 million '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Aaron ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ballers ' recap : Meet Candace Brewer , the brilliant woman between Spencer and Las Vegas '' . The Undefeated . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Sin City Or Bust -- A profile on how Mark Davis moved the Raiders to Las Vegas from ESPN 's Outside the Lines Las Vegas Raiders from the Oakland Raiders ' official website ( hide ) Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jack Del Rio Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Raiders_relocation_to_Las_Vegas&oldid=806312419 '' Categories : Oakland Raiders Las Vegas Raiders National Football League controversies National Football League franchise relocations 2017 in sports in California 2017 in sports in Nevada Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when is the raiders first game in las vegas

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Steve Rowe (businessman)

Steve Rowe ( businessman ) - wikipedia Steve Rowe ( businessman ) Steve Rowe Stephen Joseph Rowe July 1967 ( age 50 -- 51 ) Residence Purley , England Nationality British Occupation CEO , Marks & Spencer Salary £ 810,000 plus benefits and bonuses Parent ( s ) Joe Rowe Stephen Joseph Rowe ( born July 1967 ) is a British businessman , CEO of Marks & Spencer since April 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 References Early life ( edit ) Stephen Joseph Rowe was born in July 1967 . He is from Croydon . His father , Joe Rowe also worked for M&S , where he was head of food , and a main board director . Career ( edit ) Rowe has spent almost his entire career at Marks & Spencer , starting in Croydon working on Saturdays , aged 15 . Aged 18 , Rowe joined Topshop as a trainee , and soon became a store manager , but returned to M&S , `` frustrated with the lack of career development at the company '' . On 7 January 2016 it was announced that Marc Bolland , who was CEO since 2010 would step down on 2 April 2016 , and be replaced by Rowe , who was then head of clothing , and had previously been head of the food business . On 2 April , he became the CEO of M&S . Personal life ( edit ) Rowe is a `` diehard Millwall fan '' . He lives in Purley . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chris Green ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Marks & Spencer names Steve Rowe as new chief executive Business News News '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Joseph ROWE - Personal Appointments ( free information from Companies House ) '' . Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Rowe : Everything you need to know about the man replacing Marc Bolland at Marks & Spencer '' . City A.M. 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Sarah ; Kollewe , Julia ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` M&S boss Marc Bolland to step down '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Zoe Wood ( 1 January 1970 ) . `` New M&S boss Steve Rowe faces baptism of fire as sales fall Business '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel O'Mahony ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Croydon businessman Steve Rowe appointed Marks and Spencer chief executive after joining company as 15 - year - old Saturday boy ( From Croydon Guardian ) '' . Croydonguardian.co.uk . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Business positions Preceded by John Dixon Director of General Merchandise at Marks & Spencer July 2015 - April 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by John Dixon Director of Food at Marks & Spencer November 2012 - July 2015 Succeeded by Andy Adcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Rowe_(businessman)&oldid=803296207 '' Categories : Living people 1967 births People from Croydon British chief executives English businesspeople in retailing Marks & Spencer Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 17 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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Aaron Judge

Aaron Judge - wikipedia Aaron Judge Jump to : navigation , search Aaron Judge Judge with the Yankees in 2017 New York Yankees -- No. 99 Right fielder Born : ( 1992 - 04 - 26 ) April 26 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Linden , California Bats : Right Throws : Right MLB debut August 13 , 2016 , for the New York Yankees MLB statistics ( through 2017 season ) Batting average . 270 Hits 169 Home runs 56 Runs batted in 124 Teams New York Yankees ( 2016 -- present ) Career highlights and awards All - Star ( 2017 ) Home Run Derby champion ( 2017 ) AL home run leader ( 2017 ) MLB Records Most home runs in a rookie season ( 52 ) Aaron James Judge ( born April 26 , 1992 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Judge played college baseball at Fresno State . A right - handed batter and thrower , Judge , who stands 6 feet 7 inches ( 2.01 m ) tall and weighs 282 pounds ( 128 kg ) , is one of the physically largest players in the major leagues . The Yankees selected Judge in the first round of the 2013 MLB draft . After making his MLB debut in 2016 and hitting a home run in his first career at bat , Judge went on to have a record - breaking rookie season in 2017 . He was named an All - Star and won the Home Run Derby , the first rookie to do so . He broke the Yankees ' record for home runs by a rookie ( besting Joe DiMaggio 's 29 with 30 before the All - Star break ) . He won the American League 's ( AL ) Rookie of the Month Awards for April , May , June and September , as well as the AL 's Player of the Month Award for June and September . Judge hit 52 home runs as a rookie , breaking Mark McGwire 's MLB rookie record of 49 . He also hit 33 home runs at Yankee Stadium , breaking the record of 32 set by Babe Ruth in 1921 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and amateur career 2 Professional career 2.1 Minor leagues 2.2 New York Yankees 2.2. 1 2016 2.2. 2 2017 2.3 New York Yankees franchise records 2.4 MLB records 3 Uniform 4 Player profile 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life and amateur career Judge was born and raised in Linden , California and was adopted the day after he was born by Patty and Wayne Judge , who both worked as teachers . When he was 10 years old , his parents told him that he was adopted ; he recalls , `` I knew I did n't look like them . '' ( He is African - American . ) He telephones his parents every day . He has an older brother , John , who was also adopted . Judge attended Linden High School , where he was a three - sport star . He played as a pitcher and first baseman for the baseball team , a wide receiver for the football team , and as a center for the basketball team . He set a school record for touchdowns ( 17 ) in football and led the team in points per game ( 18.2 ) in basketball . In baseball , he was part of the Linden High School team that made the California Interscholastic Federation Division III playoffs . Various colleges recruited Judge to play tight end in football , including Notre Dame , Stanford , and UCLA , but he preferred baseball . The Oakland Athletics selected him in the 31st round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft , but he opted to enroll at California State University , Fresno ( Fresno State ) to play for the Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team in the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . Louisville Slugger named him a Freshman All - American . He won the 2012 TD Ameritrade College Home Run Derby . In his junior year , Judge led the Bulldogs in home runs , doubles , and runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Judge was named to the all - conference team in all three of his seasons for the Bulldogs -- in the WAC in his first two seasons , and the Mountain West Conference ( MW ) as a junior ( the Bulldogs joined the MW in July 2012 , between his sophomore and junior seasons ) . Professional career Minor leagues Judge during Yankees ' spring training in 2015 The Yankees drafted Judge in the first round of the 2013 Major League Baseball draft with the 32nd overall selection , a pick the team received as compensation after losing Nick Swisher in free agency . Judge signed with the Yankees , receiving a $1.8 million signing bonus . He tore a quadriceps femoris muscle while participating in a base running drill , which kept him out of the 2013 season . He made his professional debut with the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League in 2014 . He had a . 333 batting average , . 428 on - base percentage ( OBP ) , . 530 slugging percentage ( SLG ) , and hit nine home runs with 45 RBIs in 65 games for Charleston . The Yankees promoted him to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League during the season , where he hit . 283 with a . 411 OBP , . 442 SLG , eight home runs , and 33 RBIs in 66 games for Tampa . The Yankees invited Judge to spring training as a non-roster player in 2015 . Judge began the 2015 season with the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League . After Judge batted . 284 with a . 350 OBP and 12 home runs in 63 games for Trenton , the Yankees promoted Judge to the Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League in June . He was chosen to represent the Yankees at the 2015 All - Star Futures Game . The Yankees decided not to include Judge in their September call - ups . Judge batted . 224 with eight home runs in 61 games for Scranton / Wilkes - Barre . The Yankees invited Judge to spring training in 2016 , and he began the season with Scranton / Wilkes - Barre . Judge was named to the International League All - Star Team in 2016 , but did not play in the 2016 Triple - A All - Star Game after he spent a month on the disabled list due to a knee sprain . In 93 games for the RailRiders , Judge had a . 270 batting average , 19 home runs , and 65 RBIs . New York Yankees 2016 Judge batting in 2016 Judge made his MLB debut on August 13 , 2016 , starting in right field against the Tampa Bay Rays . In his first at - bat , Judge hit a home run off Matt Andriese ; the previous batter , Tyler Austin , also making his MLB debut , had done the same . This marked the first time that two teammates had hit home runs in their first career at bats in the same game . Judge also hit a home run in his second MLB game , becoming the second Yankees player to do so , after Joe Lefebvre in 1980 . Judge 's debut season , in which he batted . 179 and struck out 42 times in 84 at - bats ( 95 plate appearances ) , ended prematurely when he was placed on the 15 - day disabled list with a grade 2 right oblique strain on September 13 , 2016 against the Los Angeles Dodgers . 2017 The Yankees named Judge their right fielder for Opening Day against the Tampa Bay Rays . He had his first multi-home run game on April 28 against the Baltimore Orioles to help the Yankees win 14 -- 11 , coming back from a 9 -- 1 deficit . One of the home runs had a measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour ( 192.2 km / h ) , the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast since it was adopted in 2015 . Judge ended the month of April with 10 home runs , tying the rookie record set by José Abreu and Trevor Story . He was named the American League 's ( AL ) Rookie of the Month for April . In April , he had a . 303 batting average , 10 home runs , 20 RBIs , and a . 411 OBP in 22 games . The Yankees debuted a cheering section in the right - field seats of Yankee Stadium on May 22 , called `` The Judge 's Chambers '' , three rows in section 104 , containing 18 seats . Fans are chosen by the team to sit there and are outfitted with black robes , wigs , and foam gavels . In a game against the Oakland Athletics on May 28 , Judge hit his first career grand slam . Judge was named AL Rookie of the Month once again for May . In May , he had a . 347 batting average , seven home runs , 17 RBIs , and a . 441 OBP in 26 games . On June 10 , Judge hit a home run that had an exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour ( 194.9 km / h ) , again setting a new record for the hardest measured by Statcast . The following day , Judge went 4 - for - 4 with two home runs , one of which traveled 495 feet ( 151 m ) , which was the longest in MLB in the 2017 season . On June 12 , Judge was named the AL Player of the Week . His week ended with him leading the AL in all three Triple Crown categories . Judge was named the AL Player of the Month for the month of June , batting . 324 with 10 home runs , 25 RBIs and a . 481 OBP . His performance in the month of June also earned him his third consecutive AL Rookie of the Month award , the longest streak since Mike Trout won four in a row in 2012 . Judge had a 32 - game on - base streak , including reaching base in every game in the month of June . On July 2 , Judge was voted as a starting outfielder to the 2017 MLB All - Star Game , receiving 4,488,702 votes , the most out of any player in the AL . Judge broke Joe DiMaggio 's record for most home runs hit in a Yankees ' rookie season with his 30th on July 7 . He became the second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All - Star break after Mark McGwire in 1987 , the first Yankee to do so since Alex Rodriguez in 2007 and the first player in baseball since Chris Davis and Miguel Cabrera in 2013 . Before the All - Star break , Judge hit . 329 with 30 home runs and 66 RBIs . Judge won the 2017 Home Run Derby , besting Minnesota Twins third baseman Miguel Sanó 11 -- 10 in the final round to become the first rookie to win the Derby outright . Judge hit four home runs over 500 feet , one of which travelled 513 feet , the farthest in the Derby . After his performance , MLB commissioner Rob Manfred stated that Judge is a player `` who can become the face of the game . '' On July 21 , Judge a hit a home run that almost travelled out of Safeco Field . The ball was hit so hard that Statcast could not measure the details on the home run . On July 27 , Judge lost a portion of his front left tooth during a celebration circle after Brett Gardner hit a walk - off home run . The next game , Judge hit his 33rd home run of the season , for 37 home runs total through his first 125 career games , third-most in MLB history . On August 17 , Judge hit a 457 - foot home run at Citi Field that reached the third deck but also struck out in the game , which marked 33 consecutive games with a strikeout , breaking Adam Dunn 's record for a position player . On August 20 , Judge tied pitcher Bill Stoneman 's streak of striking out in 37 consecutive games . On September 4 , Judge became the first AL rookie to record 100 walks in a single season since Al Rosen ( 1950 ) , and the first player in MLB to do it since Jim Gilliam ( 1953 ) . During a game on September 10 , Judge received his 107th walk , the most walks by a rookie in a season since Ted Williams in 1939 . During the same game , he also became the second rookie in MLB history to hit 40 home runs in a season since McGwire ( 1987 ) . He joined Babe Ruth ( 1920 ) , Lou Gehrig ( 1927 ) , Joe DiMaggio ( 1937 ) and Mickey Mantle ( 1956 ) as the only Yankees to hit 40 home runs in a season at age 25 or younger . On September 20 , Judge became the first player since José Bautista in 2010 and the first rookie to record 100 runs , 45 home runs , 100 RBIs , and 100 walks in a single season . On September 25 , Judge hit his 49th and 50th home runs , tying and surpassing Mark McGwire 's single season rookie home run record . On September 30 , Judge hit his 52nd home run of the season and his 33rd at Yankee Stadium , beating Babe Ruth 's record for the franchise set in 1921 . After the conclusion of September , Judge won Player of the Month for the second time and Rookie of the Month for the fourth time , slashing . 311 /. 463 /. 889 with 15 homers , 32 RBIs , 28 walks and 29 runs scored . Entering September , Judge 's second - half batting average was . 179 , but he managed to raise it to . 228 by the end of the month . Judge finished the 2017 season with a . 284 batting average , 154 hits , 114 RBIs , a . 422 on - base percentage , a . 627 slugging percentage , and nine stolen bases . He led the American League in three categories , with 128 runs scored , 52 home runs , and 127 walks ( 11 intentional ) . He became the first Yankee to lead the league in home runs , walks , and runs scored since Jason Giambi ( who led the AL in walks in 2005 ) , Mark Teixeira ( who was the AL home run leader in 2009 ) , and Curtis Granderson ( who scored the most runs in the AL in 2011 ) . He ranked second in the league in RBIs , on - base percentage , and slugging . He also struck out an MLB - leading 208 times , breaking the Yankees record previously set by Curtis Granderson in 2012 and a rookie record previously set by Kris Bryant in 2015 . With the Yankees finishing the year with a 91 - 71 record , the team clinched a Wild Card spot . During the AL Wild Card Round against the Minnesota Twins , Judge hit his first career postseason home run en route to an 8 - 4 victory . In Game 3 of the ALDS , Judge robbed Francisco Lindor of a home run , preserving the tie game . Judge struck out 16 times in the series , setting a ALDS - record . Judge hit three home runs for the Yankees in the ALCS , also robbing Yulieski Gurriel of a potential home run in the Game 7 loss to the Houston Astros , but finished with 27 strikeouts in the entire postseason , a major league record ( this record would be broken by Cody Bellinger in Game 7 of the 2017 World Series just 11 days later ) . End of season awards for Judge included selection as an outfielder on Baseball America 's All - MLB Team . New York Yankees franchise records Most home runs in a season hit at home : 33 ( Babe Ruth held the record with 32 ) . Most home runs in a season by a rookie : 52 ( Joe DiMaggio held the record with 29 ) Fifth Yankee to have 50 home runs in a single season . He joins Babe Ruth ( 54 in 1920 , 59 in 1921 , 60 in 1927 , 54 in 1928 ) , Mickey Mantle ( 52 in 1956 , 54 in 1961 ) , Roger Maris ( 61 in 1961 ) , and Alex Rodriguez ( 54 in 2007 ) . First Yankee with at least 110 walks and 110 runs scored since Mickey Mantle in 1961 ( 126 walks , 131 runs ) . Second player in Yankees history to hit a home run in each of his first two games . ( Joe Lefebvre was the first Yankee to do so in 1980 ) . Holds the Yankees single season record for strikeouts with 208 ( Passing Curtis Granderson 's 195 ) 33 home runs in 36 games at Yankee Stadium in a single season . ( Broke Babe Ruth 's record , 32 in 1921 ) . First right - handed hitter in Yankees history with at least 100 RBIs , 100 runs scored and 100 walks ; in a single season Eighth player in Yankees history with at least 100 runs , 100 RBIs and 100 walks in a season . Fourth rookie in franchise history with 100 RBIs in a season ( joining Joe DiMaggio , Tony Lazzeri and Hideki Matsui ) . Third rookie in Yankees history to hit a homerun in postseason debut after Elston Howard ( 1955 ) and Shane Spencer ( 1998 ) . MLB records Most home runs by a rookie , 52 ( Mark McGwire held record with 49 ) Became the youngest player to hit 13 home runs within the first 26 games of a season . Measured exit velocity of 119.4 miles per hour ( 192.2 km / h ) , the fastest exit velocity for a home run measured by Statcast. ( April 28 , 2017 ) Measured exit velocity of 121.1 miles per hour ( 194.9 km / h ) , again setting a new record for the hardest ever measured by Statcast . ( June 10 , 2017 ) Second rookie to hit 30 home runs before the All - Star break after Mark McGwire ( 33 in 1987 ) . Holds the MLB record for striking out in 37 consecutive games . ( 2017 ) Holds the MLB record for most strikeouts by a rookie with 208 . Holds the MLB record for most walks by a rookie with 127 . First rookie in MLB history with at least 45 home runs , 100 RBIs and 100 runs scored . Second rookie in MLB history with 100 + RBIs , 100 + runs scored and 100 + walks in a season . ( Ted Williams is the other ) . Fourth rookie to post an OPS of more than 1.000 with a 1.049 mark , only behind `` Shoeless '' Joe Jackson ( 1911 ) , Ted Williams ( 1939 ) and Albert Pujols ( 2001 ) . Most Golden Sombreros in postseason play since 1903 . Second AL rookie to hit 4 home runs in a single postseason . Evan Longoria has 6 HR ( 2008 ) . Uniform Judge has worn the unusual uniform number of 99 since it was given to him during 2016 spring training ( higher numbers are often given to young players who are not expected to make the regular - season team ) . Judge has stated he would prefer either No. 44 ( retired by the Yankees to honor Reggie Jackson ) or No. 35 ( worn by Michael Pineda since 2014 ) , but is not sure whether he would switch if the latter two were to become available . MLB along with the MLB Players Association , created Players Weekend to let players ' express themselves while connecting with their past in youth baseball ' . From August 25 -- 27 , 2017 , players wore alternate team jerseys inspired by youth league designs . They also had the option to replace their last names with their nicknames on their jersey nameplates , and the vast majority of players did so . Judge chose the nickname `` All Rise '' ( given to him by teammate Todd Frazier ) to be worn on the back of his jersey nameplate . Player profile Judge is listed at 6 feet 7 inches ( 2.01 m ) and 282 pounds ( 128 kg ) . Due to his large size and strength , he has elicited comparisons to Giancarlo Stanton , Richie Sexson , Dave Winfield , and Willie Stargell . Personal life Judge is a Christian and has posted about his faith on his Twitter account . He keeps a note on his phone that reads ``. 179 '' , his batting average with the Yankees in 2016 , and looks at it daily as a source of motivation . Judge appeared on the cover of the edition of May 15 , 2017 of Sports Illustrated . On May 15 , 2017 , he appeared on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where he posed undercover to ask Yankee fans questions about himself . Judge has earned praise for his humble personality and willingness to be a team player . See also Baseball portal 50 home run club References ^ Jump up to : `` Klapisch : Yankees ' Aaron Judge never forgot his roots '' . northjersey.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fourteen alumni from RBI selected in the 2013 MLB Player Draft '' . Major League Baseball . 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Reid , Alvin ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Big week for black players -- present and future -- in Major League Baseball '' . St. Louis American . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kernan , Kevin ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Blessed ' Yankees prospect elicits Stargell , Stanton comps '' . New York Post . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Apstein , Stephanie ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Powerful Yankees slugger Aaron Judge stands out , but all he wants to do is blend in '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Braziller , Zach ( May 6 , 2017 ) . `` Where Aaron Judge comes from explains who he is '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ballew , Bill ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` SAL notes : Yanks ' Judge advocates patience '' . MiLB.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feinsand , Mark ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees prospect Aaron Judge has a huge future in pinstripes '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bulldogs ' Judge takes College Home Run Derby title '' . Omaha.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB draft : Fresno State 's Aaron Judge looks like a first - round pick '' . Fresno Bee . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge is making a powerful impression on the Yankees -- FOX Sports '' . foxsports.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yanks come to terms with first - round pick Judge '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Santasiere III , Alfred ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Feature on Prospect Aaron Judge -- in the Spring Issue of Yankees Magazine '' . MLB.com / Yankees Magazine . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuty , Brendan ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees spring training : Aaron Judge , Luis Severino headline non-roster invitees '' . NJ.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 3 - run homer as Thunder open with win '' . trentonian.com. April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge , Yankees ' top position prospect , gets a hit in first Triple - A game '' . Newsday . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prospects Aaron Judge and Gary Sanchez to represent Yankees in Futures Game '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiPietro , Lou ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Yankees ' September call - ups will be ' all hands on deck ' -- except Aaron Judge : GM Brian Cashman confirms top prospect wo n't be in the Bronx on Sept. 1 '' . YES Network . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuty , Brendan ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Why Yankees prospect Aaron Judge struggled at Triple - A '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - A All - Star Game Rosters BaseballAmerica.com '' . BaseballAmerica.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge to come off DL in 4 -- 5 days Bronx Pinstripes BronxPinstripes.com '' . bronxpinstripes.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Yanks release Alex Rodriguez , promote Aaron Judge , Tyler Austin '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` After A-Rod's final game , Yankees call up Aaron Judge and bat him 8th vs. Rays '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vorkunov , Mike ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees ' Tyler Austin and Aaron Judge Hit Back - to - Back Homers in Debuts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kussoy , Howie ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge shows off power with encore Day 2 homer '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Braziller , Zach ; Kerber , Fred ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` If Aaron Judge 's strange year is finished , he gets a thumbs up '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Judge named Yanks ' Opening Day right fielder '' . MLB . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees 14 , Orioles 11 : Judge , Castro , Holliday help Yankees come back from 9 -- 1 deficit -- River Avenue Blues '' . River Avenue Blues. April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Ken ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Aaron Judge craze hits stunning peak after stunning shot New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge continues destroying baseballs and Statcast records '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Aaron Judge has big April with 10 homers MLB.com '' . M.mlb.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike . `` Aaron Judge wins AL Rookie of the Month after dominant April '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge wins AL Rookie of the Month after dominant April '' . NY Daily News . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` LOOK : Yankee Stadium now has ' The Judge 's Chambers ' in right - field seats '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clair , Michael ; Hoch , Bryan ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge now has very own Judge 's Chambers section at Yankee Stadium '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Every team needs a Judge 's Chambers section , and here are some suggestions '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jane ; Martell , Matthew . `` Yankees break out behind Aaron Judge 's 1st slam '' . MLB . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge named AL Rookie of Month for May '' . Newsday . June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tasch , Justin . `` VIDEO : Aaron Judge hits hardest home run ever recorded '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Aaron Judge crushes a 495 - foot HR '' . MLB . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adler , David ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Triple Crown - leading Judge named AL POW : Yankees rookie earns distinction for 1st time in career '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge makes more history after a scorching June '' . NJ.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ III , George A. King ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees finally get to splurge on international free agents '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Receives Most All - Star Votes For AL Players '' . www.fanragsports.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 30th HR , breaks Joe DiMaggio 's mark for Yankees rookies '' . Boston.com . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 30th homer to break Joe DiMaggio 's rookie record for Yankees '' . Los Angeles Times . July 7 , 2017 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge obliterates Joe DiMaggio 's Yankees rookie home run record '' . Sporting News . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge drops the gavel on Miguel Sano to win All - Star Home Run Derby '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge puts on unbelievable show , wins 2017 Home Run Derby '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Home Run Derby moonshots that compare to Aaron Judge 's 500 - footers '' . For The Win . July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Rob Manfred Says Aaron Judge Could Become the Face of MLB '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruff , Rivea . `` Aaron Judge Seems to Break Statcast with Ridiculous Home Run '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walk - off celebration goes awry as Judge loses tooth in 6 -- 5 victory over Rays '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martell , Matthew . `` Aaron Judge OK , but tooth caper a hot topic '' . MLB . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge Reveals Safety Plan After Belting Another Homer '' . NY Post . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despite HR , Judge sets dubious strikeout mark '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Aaron Judge hits 117 - mph rocket into 3rd deck at Citi Field '' . MLB . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judge whiffs again , extends streak to 37 games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Ken ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Aaron Judge 's strikeout streak ends with whiff of controversy '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Timothy . `` Aaron Judge Sets MLB Rookie Record for Most Walks in a Season '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dayn ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge becomes second rookie to reach 40 home runs '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge hits 40th , 41st home runs , as Yankees crush Rangers '' . The Denver Post . 2017 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge hits 45th home run '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge bashes 49th and 50th to surpass Mark McGwire rookie record '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natham , Alec . Aaron Judge Breaks Babe Ruth 's Yankees Record for Most HRs at Home in a Season . CNN.Com September 30 , 2017 . ( 1 ) Accessed October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Leaderboards '' 2017 '' Batters '' Standard Statistics FanGraphs Baseball `` . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees Beat Orioles 8 - 2 '' . NBC New York . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge breaks MLB record in first inning Saturday '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Judge goes deep in first postseason game '' . MLB . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler . `` Aaron Judge Sets Record for Strikeouts in Postseason Series in ALDS vs. Indians '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge sets record for postseason strikeouts in Yankees Game 7 loss '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cody Bellinger broke Aaron Judge 's postseason strikeout record '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Baseball America Press Release ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` From afterthought to foundation of a winner '' . Baseball America . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joltin ' Judge : Rookie tops DiMaggio HR mark '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Katie ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` Yankees with 110 + runs and 110 + walks in a season : Aaron Judge Mickey Mantle ( 6x ) Lou Gehrig ( 5x ) Babe Ruth ( 10x ) '' . @ ktsharp . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Writer , RONALD BLUM AP Baseball . `` Yankees go from perennial to millennials '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge , Todd Frazier homer in Yankees ' blowout win over Orioles '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aaron Judge keeps forcing his way into the record books '' . September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Gregorius tops Jeter HR total , Yankees top Twins for sweep '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge breaks Mark McGwire 's rookie home run record '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Yankees ' Judge breaks a record as home - run binge continues '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge sets exit velocity record '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` Watch : Judge HR sets Statcast - era exit velocity record '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge obliterates Joe DiMaggio 's Yankees rookie home run record '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge 's historic strikeout streak does n't mean anything '' . For The Win. 2017 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge : Hits 45th home run '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://nyp.st/2fIr5pH Jump up ^ Baer , Bill . Aaron Judge sets postseason series record for strikeouts . NBCsports October 11 , 2017 ( 2 ) Accessed October 14 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge on wearing 99 , not his favorite number '' . NJ.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickname Jerseys Revealed '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mercandetti , Vince . `` Aaron Judge , Comparing Top Yankees Prospect to Other Players of his Stature '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge on Twitter : `` Happy Easter everyone ! He is Risen ! '' `` . Twitter.com. April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From . 179 to the All - Star Game : The climb of Aaron Judge '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees ' Aaron Judge latest highlight : Sports Illustrated cover man ( PHOTO ) '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge wore a disguise to interview Yankees fans on ' The Tonight Show ' '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Judge 's high school coaches say he was always a humble star '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aaron Judge . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Aaron Judge on Twitter 2013 Major League Baseball Draft First Round Selections Mark Appel Kris Bryant Jon Gray Kohl Stewart Clint Frazier Colin Moran Trey Ball Hunter Dozier Austin Meadows Phil Bickford Dominic Smith D.J. Peterson Hunter Renfroe Reese McGuire Braden Shipley J.P. Crawford Tim Anderson Chris Anderson Marco Gonzales Jonathon Crawford Nick Ciuffo Hunter Harvey Chi Chi Gonzalez Billy McKinney Christian Arroyo Eric Jagielo Phillip Ervin Rob Kaminsky Ryne Stanek Travis Demeritte Jason Hursh Aaron Judge Ian Clarkin New York Yankees first - round draft picks 1965 : Burbach 1966 : Lyttle 1967 : Blomberg 1968 : Munson 1969 : Spikes 1970 : Cheadle 1971 : Whitfield 1972 : McGregor 1973 : Heinhold 1974 : Sherrill 1975 : McDonald 1976 : Tabler 1977 : S. Taylor 1978 : Hudler , Winters , Ryder 1979 : None 1980 : None 1981 : None 1982 : None 1983 : None 1984 : Pries 1985 : Balabon 1986 : None 1987 : None 1988 : None 1989 : None 1990 : Everett 1991 : B. Taylor 1992 : Jeter 1993 : Drews 1994 : Buchanan 1995 : Morenz 1996 : Milton 1997 : Godwin , Bradley 1998 : Brown , Prior 1999 : Walling 2000 : Parrish 2001 : Griffin , Sardinha , Skaggs 2002 : None 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Hughes , Poterson , Marquez 2005 : Henry 2006 : Kennedy , Chamberlain 2007 : Brackman 2008 : Cole , Bleich 2009 : Heathcott 2010 : Culver 2011 : Bichette 2012 : Hensley 2013 : Jagielo , Judge , Clarkin 2014 : None 2015 : Kaprielian , Holder 2016 : Rutherford 2017 : Schmidt American League season home run leaders 1901 : Lajoie 1902 : Seybold 1903 : Freeman 1904 : H. Davis 1905 : H. Davis 1906 : H. Davis 1907 : H. Davis 1908 : Crawford 1909 : Cobb 1910 : Stahl 1911 : Baker 1912 : Baker & Speaker 1913 : Baker 1914 : Baker 1915 : Roth 1916 : Pipp 1917 : Pipp 1918 : Ruth & Walker 1919 : Ruth 1920 : Ruth 1921 : Ruth 1922 : K. Williams 1923 : Ruth 1924 : Ruth 1925 : Meusel 1926 : Ruth 1927 : Ruth 1928 : Ruth 1929 : Ruth 1930 : Ruth 1931 : Ruth & Gehrig 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Gehrig 1935 : Greenberg & Foxx 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : DiMaggio 1938 : Greenberg 1939 : Foxx 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : T. Williams 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : York 1944 : Etten 1945 : Stephens 1946 : Greenberg 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : DiMaggio 1949 : T. Williams 1950 : Rosen 1951 : Zernial 1952 : Doby 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Doby 1955 : Mantle 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Sievers 1958 : Mantle 1959 : Killebrew & Colavito 1960 : Mantle 1961 : Maris 1962 : Killebrew 1963 : Killebrew 1964 : Killebrew 1965 : Conigliaro 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski & Killebrew 1968 : Howard 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Howard 1971 : Melton 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Allen 1975 : Jackson & Scott 1976 : Nettles 1977 : Rice 1978 : Rice 1979 : Thomas 1980 : Jackson & Oglivie 1981 : Grich , Murray , Evans & Armas 1982 : Jackson & Thomas 1983 : Rice 1984 : Armas 1985 : Evans 1986 : Barfield 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Canseco 1989 : McGriff 1990 : Fielder 1991 : Canseco & Fielder 1992 : González 1993 : González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Belle 1996 : McGwire 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Glaus 2001 : Rodriguez 2002 : Rodriguez 2003 : Rodriguez 2004 : Ramirez 2005 : Rodriguez 2006 : Ortiz 2007 : Rodriguez 2008 : Cabrera 2009 : Peña & Teixiera 2010 : Bautista 2011 : Bautista 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : C. Davis 2014 : Cruz 2015 : C. Davis 2016 : Trumbo 2017 : Judge Home Run Derby champions 1985 : Parker 1986 : Joyner , Strawberry 1987 : Dawson 1988 : ( canceled due to rain ) 1989 : Davis 1990 : Sandberg 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : McGwire 1993 : J. González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Bonds 1997 : Martinez 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Sosa 2001 : L. Gonzalez 2002 : Giambi 2003 : Anderson 2004 : Tejada 2005 : Abreu 2006 : Howard 2007 : Guerrero 2008 : Morneau 2009 : Fielder 2010 : Ortiz 2011 : Canó 2012 : Fielder 2013 : Céspedes 2014 : Céspedes 2015 : Frazier 2016 : Stanton 2017 : Judge New York Yankees current roster Active roster 11 Brett Gardner 12 Chase Headley 14 Starlin Castro 18 Didi Gregorius 19 Masahiro Tanaka 22 Jacoby Ellsbury 24 Gary Sánchez 26 Tyler Austin 27 Austin Romine 30 David Robertson 31 Aaron Hicks 33 Greg Bird 39 Tyler Wade 40 Luis Severino 41 Caleb Smith 43 Adam Warren 45 Chasen Shreve 47 Jordan Montgomery 48 Tommy Kahnle 50 Giovanny Gallegos 54 Aroldis Chapman 55 Sonny Gray 57 Chad Green 61 Ben Heller 64 Domingo Germán 65 Jonathan Holder 66 Bryan Mitchell 67 Miguel Andújar 68 Dellin Betances 74 Ronald Torreyes 77 Clint Frazier 85 Luis Cessa 99 Aaron Judge -- Garrett Cooper -- Ronald Herrera -- Kyle Higashioka Coaching staff Manager Vacant Bench 59 Rob Thomson First base 56 Tony Peña Third base Vacant Hitting 62 Alan Cockrell Pitching 58 Larry Rothschild Bullpen 60 Mike Harkey Assistant hitting 63 Marcus Thames Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Judge&oldid=808993464 '' Categories : 1992 births Living people People from Linden , California Baseball players from California American adoptees Major League Baseball outfielders New York Yankees players Fresno State Bulldogs baseball players Charleston RiverDogs players Tampa Yankees players Scottsdale Scorpions players Trenton Thunder players Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders players Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Twitter username same as Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 14 : 08 . 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what race is aaron judge of the new york yankees

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United States Secret Service

United States Secret Service - wikipedia United States Secret Service United States Secret Service Secret Service Special Agent badge U.S. Secret Service flag Common name Secret Service Abbreviation USSS Agency overview Formed July 5 , 1865 ; 153 years ago ( 1865 - 07 - 05 ) Employees 7,000 + ( 2017 ) Annual budget $2.2 billion ( 2017 ) Headquarters Washington , D.C. Agency executives Randolph Alles , Director William Callahan , Deputy Director Parent agency U.S. Department of Homeland Security ( 2003 -- present ) U.S. Department of the Treasury ( 1865 -- 2003 ) Facilities Field and resident offices 116 Overseas offices 20 Website www.secretservice.gov The United States Secret Service ( also USSS or Secret Service ) is a federal law enforcement agency under the United States Department of Homeland Security , charged with conducting criminal investigations and protecting the nation 's leaders . Until 2003 , the Service was part of the U.S. Department of the Treasury , as the agency was originally founded to combat the then - widespread counterfeiting of U.S. currency . The U.S. Secret Service is tasked with two distinct and critical national security missions : Investigative Mission -- The investigative mission of the USSS is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic - based crimes . Financial investigations include counterfeit U.S. currency , bank & financial institution fraud , mail fraud , wire fraud , illicit financing operations , and major conspiracies . Electronic investigations include cybercrime , network intrusions , identity theft , access device fraud , credit card fraud , and intellectual property crimes . The Secret Service is a key member of the FBI 's Joint Terrorism Task Force ( JTTF ) which investigates and combats terrorism on a national and international scale , as well as of the High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas ( HIDTA ) task force which seeks to reduce and eliminate drug trafficking in critical regions of the United States . The Service also investigates missing and exploited children and is a core partner of the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children ( NCMEC ) . Protective Mission -- The protective mission of the USSS is to ensure the safety of the President of the United States , the Vice President of the United States , the President 's and Vice President 's immediate families , former presidents , their spouses , and their minor children under the age of 16 , major presidential and vice presidential candidates and their spouses , and foreign heads of state . The USSS also provides physical security for the White House Complex , the neighboring Treasury Department building , the Vice President 's residence , and all foreign diplomatic missions in Washington , D.C. The protective mission includes protective operations to coordinate manpower and logistics with state and local law enforcement , protective advances to conduct site and venue assessments for protectees , and protective intelligence to investigate all manners of threats made against protectees . The Secret Service is the lead agency in charge of the planning , coordination , and implementation of security operations for events designated as National Special Security Events ( NSSEs ) . As part of the Service 's mission of preventing an incident before it occurs , the agency relies on meticulous advance work and threat assessments developed by its Intelligence Division to identify potential risks to protectees . The Secret Service 's initial responsibility was to investigate the counterfeiting of U.S. currency , which was rampant following the American Civil War . The agency then evolved into the United States ' first domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency . Many of the agency 's missions were later taken over by subsequent agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) , and IRS Criminal Investigation Division ( IRS - CI ) . Contents 1 Dual mission 2 History 2.1 Early years 2.2 20th century 2.2. 1 Taft assassination attempt 2.2. 2 1950s 2.2. 3 1960s 2.2. 4 1980s 2.2. 5 1990s 2.3 21st century 2.3. 1 2000s 2.3. 1.1 September 11 attacks 2.3. 1.2 Domestic expansion 2.3. 1.3 International expansion 2.3. 2 2010s 3 Attacks on presidents 4 Significant investigations 5 Structure 6 Special Agent 7 Uniformed Division Officer 8 Special Officer 9 Weapons and equipment 9.1 Previous firearms 9.2 Current weapons 9.3 Badges 9.4 Attire 9.5 Vehicles 10 Field offices 11 Misconduct 12 In popular culture 12.1 Films 12.2 Television 12.3 Video games 13 Other U.S. federal law enforcement agencies 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 17 Further reading 18 External links Dual mission ( edit ) Secret Service agents conducting electronic investigations . Secret Service agents protecting President George W. Bush in 2002 . Secret Service and FBI agents investigate the Boston Marathon bombing . The Secret Service is mandated by Congress to carry out a unique dual mission : safeguarding the financial and critical infrastructure of the United States , and protecting the nation 's leaders . The two core missions of investigations and protection synergize with the other , providing crucial benefits to special agents during the course of their careers . Skills developed during the course of investigations which are also used in an agent 's protective duties include but are not limited to : Proficiency in analyzing handwriting and forgery techniques being applied in protective investigations of handwritten letters and suspicious package threats . Expertise in investigating electronic and financial crimes being applied in protective investigations of threats made against the nation 's leaders on the Internet . Tactical operation ( i.e. surveillance , arrests , and search warrants ) and law enforcement writing ( i.e. affidavits , after action reports , and operations plans ) skills being applied to both investigative and protective duties . Partnerships that are created between field offices and local law enforcement during the course of investigations being used to gather both protective intelligence and in coordinating protection events . The Secret Service 's primary investigative mission is to protect the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic - based crimes including counterfeit U.S. currency , bank & financial institution fraud , illicit financing operations , cybercrime , identity theft , intellectual property crimes , and any other violations that may affect the United States economy and financial systems . The agency 's key focus is on large , high - dollar economic impact cases involving organized criminal groups . Financial criminals include embezzling bank employees , armed robbers at automatic teller machines , heroin traffickers , and criminal organizations that commit bank fraud on a global scale . The USSS plays a leading role in facilitating relationships between other law enforcement entities , the private sector , and academia . The Service maintains the Electronic Crimes Task Forces , which focus on identifying and locating international cyber criminals connected to cyber intrusions , bank fraud , data breaches , and other computer - related crimes . Additionally , the Secret Service runs the National Computer Forensics Institute ( NCFI ) , which provides law enforcement officers , prosecutors , and judges with cyber training and information to combat cybercrime . Protection of the nation 's highest elected leaders and other government officials remains the other key mission of the United States Secret Service . After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley , Congress also directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States . The Secret Service is authorized by law to protect : The President , Vice President ( or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President , should the Vice Presidency be vacant ) , President - elect and Vice President - elect The immediate families of the above individuals Former Presidents and their spouses for their lifetimes ( except when the spouse divorces or remarries ) , under the Former Presidents Act . From 1997 until 2013 , legislation was in place limiting Secret Service protection to former Presidents and their spouses to a period of 10 years from the date the former President leaves office . President Barack Obama signed legislation on January 10 , 2013 , reversing this limit and reinstating lifetime protection . The widow or widower of a former President who dies in office or dies within a year of leaving office for a period of one year after the President 's death ( the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time ) Children of former Presidents until age 16 or 10 years after the presidency Former Vice Presidents , their spouses , and their children under 16 years of age , for up to 6 months from the date the former Vice President leaves office ( the Secretary of Homeland Security can extend the protection time ) Visiting heads of states or governments and their spouses traveling with them Other distinguished foreign visitors to the United States and official representatives of the United States performing special missions abroad , as directed by the President Major presidential and vice presidential candidates The spouses of major presidential and vice presidential candidates ( within 120 days of a general presidential election ) Other individuals as designated per executive order of the President National Special Security Events , when designated as such by the Secretary of Homeland Security The laws states that individuals other than the President , the Vice President ( or other officer next in the order of succession to the Office of President ) , the President - elect , and the Vice President - elect may decline Secret Service protection , but the law neither allows nor disallows these excepted offices from declining . When Hillary Clinton became Secretary of State in 2009 , the Secret Service continued to protect her at home ; however the Diplomatic Security Service protected her while she was performing her duties as the Secretary of State , including foreign travel . The Secret Service investigates thousands of incidents each year of individuals threatening the President of the United States . In the face of budget pressure , hiring challenges and some high - profile lapses in its protective service role in 2014 , the Brookings Institution and some members of Congress are asking whether the agency 's focus should shift more to the protective mission , leaving more of its original mission to other agencies . History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Logo of the United States Secret Service With a reported one third of the currency in circulation being counterfeit at the time , the Secret Service was created on July 5 , 1865 in Washington , D.C. , to suppress counterfeit currency . Chief William P. Wood was sworn in by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch . It was commissioned in Washington , D.C. as the `` Secret Service Division '' of the Department of the Treasury with the mission of suppressing counterfeiting . The legislation creating the agency was on Abraham Lincoln 's desk the night he was assassinated . At the time , the only other federal law enforcement agencies were the United States Customs Service , the United States Park Police , the U.S. Post Office Department 's Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations ( now known as the United States Postal Inspection Service ) , and the United States Marshals Service . The Marshals did not have the manpower to investigate all crime under federal jurisdiction , so the Secret Service began to investigate everything from murder to bank robbery to illegal gambling . After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901 , Congress informally requested that the Secret Service provide presidential protection . A year later , the Secret Service assumed full - time responsibility for presidential protection . In 1902 , William Craig became the first Secret Service agent to die while serving , in a road accident while riding in the presidential carriage . The Secret Service was the first U.S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency . Domestic intelligence collection and counterintelligence responsibilities were vested in the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) upon the FBI 's creation in 1908 . The Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II . The U.S. Secret Service is not a part of the U.S. Intelligence Community . 20th century ( edit ) Taft assassination attempt ( edit ) In 1909 , President William H. Taft agreed to meet with Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in El Paso , Texas and Ciudad Juárez , Mexico , the first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president visited Mexico . But the historic summit resulted in serious assassination threats and other security concerns for the then small Secret Service , so the Texas Rangers , 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops , BOI agents , U.S. marshals , and an additional 250 private security detail led by Frederick Russell Burnham , the celebrated scout , were all called in by Chief John Wilkie to provide added security . On October 16 , the day of the summit , Burnham discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route . Burnham signaled a Texas Ranger , Private C.R. Moore , and the two men captured and disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft , preventing the shooting of both Presidents . 1950s ( edit ) In 1950 , President Harry S. Truman was residing in Blair House while the White House , across the street , was undergoing renovations . On November 1 , 1950 , two Puerto Rican nationalists , Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola , approached Blair House with the intent to assassinate President Truman . Collazo and Torresola opened fire on Private Leslie Coffelt and other White House Police officers . Though mortally wounded by three shots from a 9 mm German Luger to his chest and abdomen , Private Coffelt returned fire , killing Torresola with a single shot to his head . As of 2017 , Coffelt is the only member of the Secret Service killed while protecting a US president against an assassination attempt ( Special Agent Tim McCarthy stepped in front of President Ronald Reagan during the assassination attempt of March 30 , 1981 , and took a bullet to the abdomen but made a full recovery ) . Collazo was also shot , but survived his injuries and served 29 years in prison before returning to Puerto Rico in late 1979 . 1960s ( edit ) In 1968 , as a result of Robert F. Kennedy 's assassination , Congress authorized protection of major presidential and vice presidential candidates and nominees . In 1965 and 1968 , Congress also authorized lifetime protection of the spouses of deceased presidents unless they remarry and of the children of former presidents until age 16 . 1980s ( edit ) Secret Service analyst examining counterfeit documents . The Secret Service Presidential Protective Division safeguards the President of the United States and his immediate family . They work with other federal , state , and local law enforcement agencies and the military to safeguard the President when he travels in Air Force One , Marine One and by limousine in motorcades . Although the most visible role of the Secret Service today , personal protection is an anomaly in the responsibilities of an agency focused on fraud and counterfeiting . In 1984 , the US Congress passed the Comprehensive Crime Control Act , which extended the Secret Service 's jurisdiction over credit card fraud and computer fraud . 1990s ( edit ) In 1990 , the Secret Service initiated Operation Sundevil , which they originally intended as a sting against malicious hackers , allegedly responsible for disrupting telephone services across the entire United States . The operation , which was later described by Bruce Sterling in his book The Hacker Crackdown , affected a great number of people unrelated to hacking , and led to no convictions . The Secret Service , however , was sued and required to pay damages . In 1994 and 1995 , it ran an undercover sting called Operation Cybersnare . The Secret Service has concurrent jurisdiction with the FBI over certain violations of federal computer crime laws . They have created 24 Electronic Crimes Task Forces ( ECTFs ) across the United States . These task forces are partnerships between the Service , federal / state and local law enforcement , the private sector and academia aimed at combating technology - based crimes . In 1998 , President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 62 , which established National Special Security Events ( NSSE ) . That directive made the Secret Service responsible for security at designated events . In 1999 , the United States Secret Service Memorial Building was dedicated in DC , granting the agency its first headquarters . Prior to this , the agency 's different departments were based in office space around the DC area . 21st century ( edit ) 2000s ( edit ) September 11 attacks ( edit ) The New York City Field office was located at 6 World Trade Center . Immediately after the World Trade Center was attacked as part of the September 11 attacks , Special Agents and other New York Field office employees were among the first to respond with first aid . Sixty - seven Special Agents in New York City , at and near the New York Field Office , helped to set up triage areas and evacuate the towers . One Secret Service employee , Master Special Officer Craig Miller , died during the rescue efforts . On August 20 , 2002 , Director Brian L. Stafford awarded the Director 's Valor Award to employees who assisted in the rescue attempts . Domestic expansion ( edit ) Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Force ( ECTF ) Secret Service Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering Task Force ( AFMLTF ) . Effective March 1 , 2003 , the Secret Service transferred from the Treasury to the newly established Department of Homeland Security . The USA Patriot Act , signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26 , 2001 , mandated the Secret Service to establish a nationwide network of ECTFs in addition to the one already active in New York . As such , this mandate expanded on the agency 's first ECTF -- the New York Electronic Crimes Task Force , formed in 1995 -- which brought together federal , state and local law enforcement , prosecutors , private - industry companies , and academia . These bodies collectively provide necessary support and resources to field investigations that meet any one of the following criteria : significant economic or community impact ; participation of organized criminal groups involving multiple districts or transnational organizations ; or use of schemes involving new technology . The network prioritizes investigations that meet the following criteria : Significant economic or community impact , Participation of multiple - district or transnational organized criminal groups , Use of new technology as a means to commit crime . Investigations conducted by ECTFs include crimes such as computer generated counterfeit currency ; bank fraud ; virus and worm proliferation ; access device fraud ; telecommunications fraud ; Internet threats ; computer system intrusions and cyberattacks ; phishing / spoofing ; assistance with Internet - related child pornography and exploitation ; and identity theft . International expansion ( edit ) Secret Service Cyber Intelligence Center ( CIS ) On July 6 , 2009 , the U.S. Secret Service expanded its fight on cybercrime by creating the first European Electronic Crime Task Force , based on the successful U.S. domestic model , through a memorandum of understanding with Italian police and postal officials . Over a year later , on August 9 , 2010 , the agency expanded its European involvement by creating its second overseas ECTF in the United Kingdom . Both task forces are said to concentrate on a wide range of `` computer - based criminal activity , '' including : Identity theft Network intrusions Other computer - related crimes affecting financial and other critical infrastructures . 2010s ( edit ) As of 2010 , the Service had over 6,500 employees : 3,200 Special Agents , 1,300 Uniformed Division Officers , and 2,000 technical and administrative employees . Special agents serve on protective details and investigate financial , cyber , and homeland security - related crimes . In September 2014 , the United States Secret Service came under criticism following two high - profile incidents involving intruders at the White House . One such intruder entered the East Room of the White House through an unlocked door . Another incident involved a violation of procedure in which an armed security guard for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention rode in the same elevator as President Barack Obama during a visit to that agency 's headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia , to discuss U.S. response to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa . The guard used his phone to record a video of Obama and refused to comply with a request to stop . The guard had been arrested multiple times in the past , but had never been convicted of a crime . Attacks on Presidents ( edit ) Main article : List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots Secret Service agents in response to the assassination attempt of Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley , Jr. on March 30 , 1981 Since the 1960s , Presidents John F. Kennedy ( killed ) , Gerald Ford ( twice attacked , but uninjured ) and Ronald Reagan ( seriously wounded ) have been attacked while appearing in public . Agents on scene though not injured during attacks on Presidents include William Greer and Roy Kellerman . One of the agents was Robert DeProspero , the Special Agent In Charge ( SAIC ) of Reagan 's Presidential Protective Division ( PPD ) from January 1982 to April 1985 . DeProspero was deputy to Jerry Parr , the SAIC of PPD during the Reagan assassination attempt on March 30 , 1981 . Secret Service agents guard President George W. Bush in 2008 . The Kennedy assassination spotlighted the bravery of two Secret Service agents . First , an agent protecting Mrs. Kennedy , Clint Hill , was riding in the car directly behind the presidential limousine when the attack began . While the shooting continued , Hill leapt from the running board of the car he was riding on and jumped onto the back of the President 's moving car and guided Mrs. Kennedy from the trunk back into the rear seat of the car . He then shielded the President and the First Lady with his body until the car arrived at the hospital . Rufus Youngblood was riding in the vice-presidential car . When the shots were fired , he vaulted over the front seat and threw his body over Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson . That evening , Johnson called Secret Service Chief James J. Rowley and cited Youngblood 's bravery . Youngblood would later recall some of this in his memoir , Twenty Years in the Secret Service . The period following the Kennedy assassination was the most difficult in the modern history of the agency . Press reports indicated that morale among the agents was `` low '' for months following the assassination . The agency overhauled its procedures in the wake of the Kennedy killing . Training , which until that time had been confined largely to `` on - the - job '' efforts , was systematized and regularized . The Reagan assassination attempt also highlighted the bravery of several Secret Service agents , particularly agent Tim McCarthy , who spread his stance to protect Reagan as six bullets were being fired by the would - be assassin , John Hinckley Jr . McCarthy survived a . 22 - caliber round in the abdomen . For his bravery , McCarthy received the NCAA Award of Valor in 1982 . Jerry Parr , the agent who pushed President Reagan into the limousine , and made the critical decision to divert the presidential motorcade to George Washington University Hospital instead of returning to the White House , was also honored with U.S. Congress commendations for his actions that day . Significant investigations ( edit ) Arrest and indictment of Max Ray Butler , co-founder of the Carders Market carding website . Butler was indicted by a federal grand jury in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , after his September 5 , 2007 arrest , on wire fraud and identity theft charges . According to the indictment , Butler hacked over the Internet into computers at financial institutions and credit card processing centers and sold the tens of thousands of credit card numbers that he acquired in the process . Operation Firewall : In October 2004 , 28 suspects -- located across eight U.S. states and six countries -- were arrested on charges of identity theft , computer fraud , credit - card fraud , and conspiracy . Nearly 30 national and foreign field offices of the U.S. Secret Service , including the newly established national ECTFs , and countless local enforcement agencies from around the globe , were involved in this operation . Collectively , the arrested suspects trafficked in at least 1.7 million stolen credit card numbers , which amounted to $4.3 million of losses to financial institutions . However , authorities estimated that prevented loss to the industry was in the hundreds of millions of dollars . The operation , which started in July 2003 and lasted for more than a year , led investigators to identify three cybercriminal groups : Shadowcrew , Carderplanet , and Darkprofits . Arrest and indictment of Albert Gonzalez and 11 individuals ; three U.S. citizens , one from Estonia , three from Ukraine , two from the People 's Republic of China , one from Belarus , and one known only by an online alias . They were arrested on August 5 , 2008 , for the theft and sale of more than 40 million credit and debit card numbers from major U.S. retailers , including TJX Companies , BJ 's Wholesale Club , OfficeMax , Boston Market , Barnes & Noble , Sports Authority , Forever 21 , and DSW . Gonzalez , the main organizer of the scheme , was charged with computer fraud , wire fraud , access device fraud , aggravated identity theft , and conspiracy for his leading role in the crime . Structure ( edit ) Secret Service agents protecting President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama Ranks of the Secret Service ( not inclusive ) Director of Secret Service Deputy Director Chief Operating Officer Assistant Director Deputy Assistant Director -- - Special Agent in Charge ( SAIC ) Deputy Special Agent in Charge ( DSAIC ) Assistant Special Agent in Charge ( ASAIC ) Assistant to the Special Agent in Charge ( ATSAIC ) Special Agent ( SA ) Special Officer ( SO ) Uniformed Division Officer ( UD ) -- - Administrative , Professional , Technical ( APT ) Special agent ( edit ) Secret Service agents executing a protective operation . The Secret Service special agent position is highly competitive . In 2011 , the Service accepted less than 1 % of its 15,600 special agent applicants . While the Secret Service has always been a popular career path for former military and law enforcement personnel , the Service seeks to hire agents from a diverse range of backgrounds in fulfilling its dual mission , including accountants , lawyers , scientists , engineers , and foreign language specialists . At a minimum , a prospective agent must be a U.S. citizen , possess a current valid driver 's license , be in excellent health and physical condition , possess visual acuity no worse than 20 / 60 uncorrected , correctable to 20 / 20 in each eye , and be between the ages of 21 and 37 at the time of appointment . However , preference eligible veterans may apply after age 37 . In 2009 , the Office of Personnel Management issued implementation guidance on the Isabella v. Department of State court decision : OPM Letter . Prospective agents must also qualify for a TS / SCI ( Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information ) clearance , and undergo an extensive background investigation , to include in - depth interviews , drug screening , medical diagnosis , and full - scope polygraph examination . Secret Service agent trainees at the James J. Rowley Training Center ( RTC ) Special agents receive training in two locations , totaling approximately 7 months . The first phase , the Criminal Investigator Training Program ( CITP ) is conducted at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers ( FLETC ) at Glynco , GA , lasting approximately 12 weeks . The second phase , the Special Agent Training Course ( SATC ) is conducted at the Secret Service Academy , James J. Rowley Training Center ( JJRTC ) , just outside Washington , D.C in Laurel , Maryland , lasting approximately 18 weeks . Secret Service agent trainees practice executing a search warrant . A typical special agent career path , depending upon performance and promotions that affect individual assignments , begins with the first six to eight years on the job assigned to a field office . Applicants are directed to list their office location preference during the application process , and upon receiving a final job offer , usually have several locations to choose from . After their field office experience , agents are usually transferred to a protective assignment where they will stay for three to five years . Following their protective assignment , many agents return to a field office for the rest of their careers , or opt for a headquarters based assignment located in Washington , D.C. During their careers , agents also have the opportunity to work overseas in one of the agency 's international field offices . This typically requires foreign language training to ensure language proficiency when working alongside the agency 's foreign law enforcement counterparts . Special agents are hired at either the GL - 07 or GL - 09 grade level , depending on individual qualifications and / or education . Agents are eligible for promotion on a yearly basis , from GL - 07 , to GL - 09 , to GS - 11 , to GS - 12 , to GS - 13 ( GL - 08 and GS - 10 grade levels are skipped ) . The full performance grade level for a journeyman agent is GS - 13 , which a GL - 07 and GL - 09 agent may reach in as little as four and three years respectively . GS - 13 agents are eligible for competitive promotion to supervisory agent positions , which compasses the GS - 14 , GS - 15 , and SES grade levels . GS - 13 agents who wish to remain as senior field agents continue to advance the GS - 13 step level , capping at GS - 13 Step - 10 . Special agents also receive Law Enforcement Availability Pay ( LEAP ) , a type of premium overtime pay which provides them with an additional 25 % bonus pay on top of their salary , as agents are required to work an average workweek of 50 hours as opposed to 40 . Therefore , an agent living in the Greater New York City area will earn an annual salary of approximately $65,733 ( GL - 07 ) , $74,850 ( GL - 09 ) , $87,639 ( GS - 11 ) , $105,044 ( GS - 12 ) , $124,909 ( GS - 13 ) , $147,606 ( GS - 14 ) , and $164,200 ( GS - 15 ) . Moreover , due to the nature of their work and unique among their federal law enforcement counterparts ( e.g. FBI , DEA , ATF , ICE ) , Secret Service agents are regularly eligible for scheduled overtime pay ( SOT pay ) in addition to LEAP for hours they work beyond 50 per week , and enjoy a raised statutory pay cap of $189,600 per year ( Level II of the Executive Schedule ) as opposed to $164,200 per year ( Level IV of the Executive Schedule ) . Uniformed Division Officer ( edit ) Main article : United States Secret Service Uniformed Division Secret Service officer and his police dog as part of the Emergency Response Team ( ERT ) The Secret Service Uniformed Division is a security police similar to the U.S. Capitol Police or DHS Federal Protective Service and is in charge of protecting the physical White House grounds and foreign diplomatic missions in the Washington , D.C. area . Established in 1922 as the White House Police , this organization was fully integrated into the Secret Service in 1930 . In 1970 , the protection of foreign diplomatic missions was added to the force 's responsibilities , and its name was changed to the Executive Protective Service . The name United States Secret Service Uniformed Division was adopted in 1977 . Secret Service Uniformed Division officers provide protection for the White House Complex , the Vice President 's residence , the main Treasury Building and Annex , and foreign diplomatic missions and embassies in the Washington , D.C. , area . Additionally , Uniformed Division officers travel in support of presidential , vice presidential and foreign head of state government missions . Officers may , as their careers progress , be selected to participate in one of several specialized units , including the : Canine Unit : Performing security sweeps and responding to bomb threats and suspicious packages . Emergency Response Team : Providing a coordinated tactical response for the White House and other protected facilities . Counter-sniper Team : Utilizing observation , sighting equipment and high - performance weapons to provide a secure environment for protectees . Motorcade Support Unit : Providing motorcycle tactical support for official movements of motorcades . Crime Scene Search Unit : Photographing , collecting and processing physical and latent evidence . Office of Training : Serving as firearms and classroom instructors or recruiters . Special Operations Section : Handling special duties and functions at the White House Complex , including conducting the daily congressional and public tours of the White House . Special Officer ( edit ) Secret Service special officers ( not to be confused with Uniformed Division Officers ) are federal agents who work within the Special Agent Division and perform a wide range of security functions and support assignments as part of the protective mission for the Secret Service . Whereas special agents alternate between protection and investigative assignments , special officers are hired only to work protection details . They must have a familiarity with all phases of protective responsibilities sufficient to assist in protective movements , cover designated security posts and drive protective vehicles . Assignments may include Maintaining designated protective security posts that control movement of persons into and around multiple Secret Service facilities and associated areas Inspecting all operational , safety , emergency , and convenience equipment of protective vehicles to ensure peak - operating condition Driving protective or follow - up vehicles Monitoring and operating various communications equipment Using various advanced x-ray screening technologies to detect and identify high - risk items Special officers are sworn law enforcement officers , and are authorized to make arrests in connection with their official duties . They are classified as federal agents but use `` special officer '' as their official title much the same way as Deputy US Marshals are special agents but use the title `` Deputy US Marshal '' . Newly appointed special officers must successfully complete eight ( 8 ) weeks of intensive training at the Special Officer Basic Training Course at the Secret Service James J. Rowley Training Center just outside Washington , D.C. The training includes courses such as Criminal Law , Laws of Arrest , Search and Seizure , Control Tactics , Civil Liability , Emergency Medicine , Basic Water Safety , Firearms and Weapons Handling , Radio Communications , Emergency Driving and Physical Fitness Training . Weapons and equipment ( edit ) Secret Service snipers protect Vice President Mike Pence in Indianapolis , 2017 Since the agency 's inception , a variety of weapons have been carried by its agents . Previous firearms ( edit ) Initially the firearms were privately procured and there was little if any standardization . In the 1930s , the USSS issued the Colt M1911A1 pistol in . 45 ACP caliber . In the 1950s and 1960s , Special Agents carried the Smith & Wesson Model 36 and Colt Detective Special . 38 - Special revolvers . Following President Kennedy 's assassination , USSS Special Agents were authorized to carry the . 357 Magnum Smith & Wesson Model 19 revolver . Between 1981 and 1991 , the Secret Service issued the Smith & Wesson Model 19 and the Smith & Wesson Model 66 . 357 Magnum revolvers , with 2.5 - inch barrels all the way up to the 4 - inch - barreled models , loaded with hollow - point rounds . By 1992 , the standard issue weapon became the SIG Sauer P228 9mm pistol . This weapon stayed in service through 1999 . The Secret Service replaced the Thompson submachine gun with the Uzi submachine gun in the 1970s . Uzis that the Secret Service used have slightly shorter - than - standard barrels so they could to fit inside the standard size Samsonite briefcases that concealed them . They phased out the Uzi in the mid 1990s and replaced it with the H&K MP5 . The Secret Service was the last Federal agency to use the Uzi . The Counter-Assault Team used the M4 carbine from the early 1990s until 2006 . Current weapons ( edit ) Secret Service `` counter-sniper '' marksman on top of the White House 's roof , armed with a sniper rifle . The current sidearm for USSS agents is the SIG Sauer P229 chambered in . 357 SIG ( which entered service in 1999 ) or FN Five - seveN chambered in FN 5.7 x28mm . Agents and officers are trained on standard shoulder weapons that include the FN P90 submachine gun , the 9mm Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun , and the 12 - gauge Remington 870 shotgun . The agency has initiated a procurement process to ultimately replace the MP5 with a 5.56 mm rifle . As a non-lethal option , Special Agents , Special Officers , and Uniformed Division Officers are armed with the ASP 16 '' expandable baton , and Uniformed Division officers also carry pepper spray . Special Operations Division ( SOD ) units are authorized to use a variety of non-standard weapons . The Counter Assault Team ( CAT ) and the Emergency Response Team ( ERT ) both use the 5.56 mm Knight 's Armament Company SR - 16 CQB assault rifle in an 11.5 '' configuration . CAT also deploys 12 gauge Remington 870 MCS breaching shotguns . Uniform Division technicians assigned to the Counter Sniper ( CS ) team use custom built . 300 Winchester Magnum - chambered bolt - action rifles referred to as JARs ( `` Just Another Rifle '' ) . These rifles are built with Remington 700 long actions in Accuracy International stocks and use Schmidt & Bender optics . CS technicians also use the 7.62 mm KAC SR - 25 / Mk11 Mod 0 semi-automatic sniper rifle with a Trijicon 5.5 × ACOG optic . Badges ( edit ) Secret Service badge ( 1875 - 1890 ) Secret Service badge ( 1890 - 1971 ) Secret Service badge ( 1971 - 2003 ) Secret Service badge ( 2003 - Present ) Attire ( edit ) Secret Service agent in business suit working President Obama 's protection detail . Special Agents and Special Officers of the Secret Service wear attire that is appropriate for their surroundings , in order to blend in as much as possible . In most circumstances , the attire of a close protection shift is a conservative suit , but it can range from a tuxedo to casual clothing as required by the environment . Stereotypically , Secret Service agents are often portrayed wearing reflective sunglasses and a communication earpiece . Often their attire is customized to conceal the wide array of equipment worn in service . Agents wear a distinctive lapel pin that identifies them to other agents . The attire for Uniformed Division Officers includes standard police uniforms or utility uniforms and ballistic / identification vests for members of the counter-sniper team , Emergency Response Team ( ERT ) , and canine officers . The shoulder patch of the Uniformed Division consists of the U.S. coat of arms on white or black , depending on the garment . Also , the shoulder patch is embroidered with `` U.S. Secret Service Uniformed Division Police '' around the emblem . Vehicles ( edit ) When transporting the President in a motorcade , the Secret Service uses a fleet of custom - built armored Cadillac Parade Limousines , the newest and largest version of which is known as `` The Beast '' . Armored Chevrolet Suburbans are also used when logistics require such a vehicle or when a more low profile appearance is required . For official movement the limousine is affixed with U.S. and presidential flags and the presidential seal on the rear doors . For unofficial events the vehicles are left sterile and unadorned . Field offices ( edit ) Secret Service Field Offices Main article : List of United States Secret Service field offices The Secret Service has agents assigned to 136 field offices and field agencies , and the headquarters in Washington , D.C. The Service 's offices are located in cities throughout the United States and the world . The offices in Lyon and The Hague are respectively responsible for liaison with the headquarters of Interpol and Europol , located in those cities . Misconduct ( edit ) See also : 6th Summit of the Americas § U.S. security misconduct In April 2012 , an incident involving the president 's security detail received international press attention . The incident involved 11 agents and personnel from four branches of the U.S. military ; they allegedly engaged prostitutes while assigned to protect the U.S. President at the 6th Summit of the Americas in Cartagena , Colombia . As of April 24 , 2012 , nine employees had resigned or retired . After the incident was publicized , the Secret Service implemented new rules for its personnel . The rules prohibit personnel from visiting `` non-reputable establishments '' and from consuming alcohol fewer than ten hours before starting work . Additionally , they restrict who is allowed in hotel rooms . A few weeks later , stories emerged of Secret Service agents hiring strippers and prostitutes prior to Obama 's 2011 visit to El Salvador . In 2015 , two inebriated senior service agents drove an official car into the White House complex and collided with a barrier . One of the congressmen in the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that investigated that incident was Jason Chaffetz . In September 2015 , it was revealed that 18 Secret Service employees or supervisors , including Assistant Director Ed Lowery , accessed an unsuccessful 2003 application by Chaffetz for employment with the agency and discussed leaking the information to the media in retaliation for Chaffetz ' investigations of agency misconduct . The confidential personal information was later leaked to The Daily Beast . Agency Director Joe Clancy apologized to Chaffetz and said that disciplinary action would be taken against those responsible . In March 2017 , a member of US Vice President Mike Pence 's detail was suspended after he was caught visiting a prostitute at a hotel in Maryland . In popular culture ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Mister 880 ( 1950 ) : Unlike most films with a Secret Service theme , this one features their anti-counterfeiting role : an agent ( Burt Lancaster ) tracks down an elderly man ( Edmund Gwenn ) who counterfeits only small amounts of money . Suddenly ( 1954 ) : A group of hired assassins take over a house overlooking a rail - station in the small town of Suddenly where the President of the United States is expected to make a stop . The town 's sheriff and a team of Secret Service agents work to foil the plot . Stars Frank Sinatra , Sterling Hayden , James Gleason and Nancy Gates . Being There ( 1979 ) : Peter Sellers is seen advising a Uniformed Division Officer at post # W - 4 in front of the White House . Also Secret Service agents are seen throughout the movie escorting and protecting the president . The film was an inductee of the 2005 National Film Registry list . To Live and Die in L.A. ( 1985 ) : A Secret Service agent ( William L. Petersen ) is determined to bring down , by any means necessary , a counterfeiter ( Willem Dafoe ) who murdered the agent 's partner . Assassination ( 1987 ) : U.S. Secret Service agent Jay Killion ( Charles Bronson ) must protect First Lady Lara Royce Craig ( Jill Ireland ) from a plot on her life . The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) : Kevin Costner stars as a former Secret Service agent who is hired as a bodyguard to protect a music star , played by Whitney Houston , from an unknown stalker . In the Line of Fire ( 1993 ) : Psychological thriller in which Clint Eastwood plays a Secret Service Agent who had been on the presidential protection detail during the assassination of John F. Kennedy . He is now pursuing a deranged former CIA special operations assassin who is intent on killing the current U.S. President . Guarding Tess ( 1994 ) : Nicolas Cage plays an agent assigned to guard a former First Lady . Hackers ( 1995 ) : Secret Service Agent Richard Gill ( Wendell Pierce ) is responsible for the pursuit of the young hackers throughout the entire film . First Kid ( 1996 ) : Sinbad and Timothy Busfield appear as Secret Service agents in charge of protecting the President 's son . Air Force One ( 1997 ) : Xander Berkeley plays a Secret Service agent , who is secretly a mole that helps Kazakh terrorists that hijack Air Force One . Murder at 1600 ( 1997 ) : A thriller adaptation starring Wesley Snipes of the novel Murder In The White House by Margaret Truman , daughter of President Truman . First Target ( 1999 ) : Daryl Hannah is a Secret Service agent who uncovers a plot involving senior US politicians and rogue Secret Service agents to kill the President whilst on vacation . Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) : Action parody starring Will Smith and Kevin Kline as , respectively , U.S. Army Captain James West and U.S. Marshal Artemus Gordon . Set in 1869 , they battle a madman who kidnaps President Ulysses S. Grant as part of his plot to dismember the United States . At the end of the film , President Grant promotes them to Agents # 1 and # 2 of his new Secret Service . First Daughter ( 2004 ) : Katie Holmes as the daughter of the President , who goes to college . The Sentinel ( 2006 ) : Thriller starring Michael Douglas , Kiefer Sutherland , and Eva Longoria as Secret Service agents investigating a potential assassination attempt and traitor in the Secret Service . Vantage Point ( 2008 ) : An assassination attempt on the President of the United States is seen from a different set of vantage points through the eyes of eight witnesses . Dennis Quaid plays the Secret Service agent pursuing the terrorists . Olympus Has Fallen ( 2013 ) : An attempt to target and capture the White House and the President of United States , Benjamin Asher ( Aaron Eckhart ) , by a North Korean terrorist leader , Kang Yeonsak ( Rick Yune ) with his commandos . A former Army Ranger - turned Secret Service agent , Michael Banning ( Gerard Butler ) , was trapped in the White House ( Olympus ) and works with officials at The Pentagon to save the President . Continued in the next sequels London Has Fallen ( 2016 ) and Angel Has Fallen . White House Down ( 2013 ) : John Cale ( Channing Tatum ) is a U.S. Capitol Police officer and is a hopeful candidate for a special agent position at the U.S. Secret Service . Cale attempts to foil a terrorist attack on the White House and save the President from the terrorists . The Purge : Election Year ( 2016 ) : Former LAPD sergeant Leo Barnes ( Frank Grillo ) is the chief of security for a US Senator running for the presidency and hoping to outlaw an annual 12 - hour period taking place from March 21 to 22 wherein all crimes are legal . He is later promoted to chief of the Secret Service upon the Senator 's victory in the election two months after the final annual Purge . Television ( edit ) The Wild Wild West ( 1965 ) : A highly popular Western action series , set in the early - to mid - 1870s , starring Robert Conrad and Ross Martin as Secret Service agents James West and Artemus Gordon . West and Gordon pursue a variety of villains across the old west and often report directly to President Ulysses S. Grant . Two reunion telemovies were screened in 1979 and 1980 , followed by the film Wild Wild West ( above ) . 24 ( 2001 ) : Involves many characters and operations within the Secret Service as they protect the presidents throughout the series , most notable Agent Aaron Pierce , played by Glenn Morshower . House of Cards ( 2013 ) : Edward Meechum initially serves as a bodyguard to President Frank Underwood when he was Majority Whip but later gets promoted to the Secret Service when Underwood became Vice President ( remaining on his detail when he becomes president ) . During an assassination attempt on President Underwood , Edward Meechum takes a bullet for the president and shoots and kills the gunman before immediately dying from his injuries . Intelligence ( 2014 ) : U.S. Secret Service agent Riley Neal ( Meghan Ory ) is recruited by the U.S. Cyber Command to provide protective services for Cyber Command agent Gabriel Vaughn ( Josh Holloway ) , into whose brain a high - tech microchip has been implanted . Wayward Pines ( 2015 ) : After a car crash , U.S. Secret Service agent Ethan Burke ( Matt Dillon ) wakes up in the mysterious town of Wayward Pines , where the inexplicable happens and from which there is no escape . Video games ( edit ) Resident Evil 4 ( 2007 ) : Leon S. Kennedy is a Secret Service agent after the events of Resident Evil 2 . His mission in the game is to find the President 's daughter , who has been kidnapped . Secret Service ( 2008 ) : A first - person shooter video game , developed by Cauldron HQ and published by Activision Value for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 . Other U.S. federal law enforcement agencies ( edit ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Marshals Service ( USMS ) Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) Federal Air Marshal Service ( FAMS ) Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) Naval Criminal Investigative Service ( NCIS ) Army Criminal Investigation Command ( CID ) Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( OSI ) See also ( edit ) United States portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations Bodyguard Commander - in - Chief 's Guard -- The American Revolutionary War unit that also had the dual responsibilities of protecting the Commander - in - Chief and the Continental Army 's money . Secret Service codename References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.secretservice.gov/about/leadership/ Jump up ^ Resse , Shawn ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` The U.S. Secret Service : An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secret Service History '' . United States Secret Service . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service : Investigative Mission '' . Secretservice.gov . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service : Protective Mission '' . Secretservice.gov . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Code : Title 18 , Section 3056 '' . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd J. `` Obama signs lifetime Secret Service protection for George W. Bush , himself and future presidents '' . Trail Blazers Blog . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Compton , Ann ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Lifetime Secret Service Protection Restored for Presidents Bush and Obama '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USSS . `` USSS Fiscal Year 2010 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Service : What 's next for the new director Brookings Institution '' . Brookings . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service Recruitment Campaign Amps Up '' . www.wbur.org . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Secret Service '' . Clinton2.nara.gov . July 1 , 1922 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petro , Joseph ; Jeffrey Robinson ( 2005 ) . Standing Next to History , An Agent 's Life Inside the Secret Service . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 33221 - 1 . Jump up ^ 11 Asian L.J. 147 ( 2004 ) , Foreword : Sixty Years after the Internment : Civil Rights , Identity Politics , and Racial Profiling ; Tamaki , Donald K . Jump up ^ Intelligence.gov Archived May 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harris & Sadler 2009 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Harris & Sadler 2009 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Taft 's Peril ; Reported Plot to Kill Two Presidents '' . Daily Mail . London . October 16 , 1909 . ISSN 0307 - 7578 . Jump up ^ Hammond ( 1935 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 Jump up ^ Harris & Sadler 2009 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 90 -- 331 Jump up ^ `` Wireless Industry Salutes U.S. Secret Service '' . Ctia.org . September 11 , 1995 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . www.secretservice.gov . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Master Special Officer Craig J. Miller '' . ODMP.org . The Officer Down Memorial Page , Inc . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kessler , Ronald . In the President 's Secret Service : Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service : Electronic Crimes Task Forces and Working Groups '' . Secretservice.gov . October 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the U.S. Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Forces '' . Secretservice.gov . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Forces '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service Signs Partnership Agreement With Italian Officials Establishing the First European Electronic Crimes Task Force '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service Signs Partnership Agreement With United Kingdom Officials Establishing the Second European Electronic Crimes Task Force '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . August 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service : Frequently Asked Questions '' . SecretService.gov . January 1 , 1997 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` House intruder entered East Room , used unlocked door '' . FOX News , Associated Press . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Armed contractor with arrest record was on elevator with Obama in Atlanta '' . Washington Post . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` One Day in an Elevator With Obama , Then Out of a Job '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elaine Quijano ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` Secret Service told grenade landed near Bush '' . CNN.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chilcote ( January 11 , 2006 ) . `` Bush grenade attacker gets life '' . CNN . Retrieved January 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Petro , Joseph ; Jeffrey Robinson ( 2005 ) . Standing Next to History , An Agent 's Life Inside the Secret Service . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 140 -- 141 & 202 -- 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 33221 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Robert L. DeProspero '' . WVUAlumni . West Virginia University Alumni Association . 2005 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Praises Agent 's Bravery : Honors Guard Who Shielded Him in Dallas Shooting ' Courage ' Is Cited '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . December 5 , 1963 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` The Transfer of Power '' . Time . November 29 , 1963 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 27 , 1963 ) . `` Johnson Says Agent in Dallas Screened Him With His Body '' . The New York Times . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Youngblood , Rufus ( 1973 ) . Twenty Years in the Secret Service . New York : Simon and Schuster . pp. 147 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor 's Guilt : The Secret Service and the Failure to Protect the President '' . Jump up ^ `` He Took a Bullet for Reagan '' . CBS News . June 11 , 2004 . ' In the Secret Service , ' ( McCarthy ) continued , ' we 're trained to cover and evacuate the president . And to cover the president , you have to get as large as you can , rather than hitting the deck . ' Jump up ^ By means of the NCAA Award of Valor , the National Collegiate Athletic Association recognizes `` courageous action or noteworthy bravery '' by persons involved with intercollegiate athletics . McCarthy had played NCAA football at the University of Illinois . Jump up ^ Wilber , Del Quentin ( 2011 ) . Rawhide Down : The Near Assassination of Ronald Reagan . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 9346 - X . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service Investigation Disrupts Identity Theft Ring '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . September 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Secret Service 's Operation Firewall Nets 28 Arrests '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . October 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Additional Indictments Announced in Ongoing Secret Service Network Intrusion Investigation '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . August 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service Agent Selection Tougher Than Harvard '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Agent : Career Path '' . US Secret Service . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` CHCOC.gov '' . CHCOC.gov . August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Agent Training '' . Jump up ^ `` LEAP Pay '' . Jump up ^ `` LEAP Salary Calculator '' . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service Agent Overtime Pay '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Uniformed Division Careers '' . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Richard D. Jane 's Infantry Weapons 2009 / 2010 . Jane 's Information Group ; 35th edition ( January 27 , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7106 - 2869 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Additional Presolicitation Conference for Rifle Requirement -- Federal Business Opportunities : Opportunities '' . Jump up ^ `` The Gear and Guns of the Secret Service '' World of Firepower , Vol 4 Issue 3 , May / June 2016 , pp 9 - 10 , ASIN : B01GK8XJEY Jump up ^ `` The American Presidency '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secret Service Field Office Contact Details '' . United States Secret Service . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` 3 in Scandal Being Forced Out of Secret Service , Officials Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Jackson ; Richard Wolf ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Obama : ' Angry ' if Secret Service allegations are true '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service amends standards of conduct after KIRO 7 investigation '' . KIRO - TV . April 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Norah O'Donnell ; Jillian Hughes ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` New code of conduct issued for Secret Service agents '' . CBS News . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Secret Service Tightens Travel Rules for Its Staff '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Nakamura ; Ed O'Keefe ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` Secret Service imposes new rules on agents for foreign trips '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Secret Service investigating more allegations of misconduct '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Alicia A. , `` Investigation : Secret Service tried to discredit US lawmaker `` , Associated Press / Stars and Stripes , September 30 , 2015 Jump up ^ Landers , Elizabeth Secret Service agent on VP 's detail caught after meeting with prostitute at Maryland hotel April 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ accessed March 18 , 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Hammond , John Hays ( 1935 ) . The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 05913 - 1 . Harris , Charles H. III ; Sadler , Louis R. ( 2009 ) . The Secret War in El Paso : Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue , 1906 -- 1920 . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 4652 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Costello , Mark ( 2002 ) . Big If . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05116 - 2 . Emmett , Dan ( 2014 ) . Within Arm 's Length : A Secret Service Agent 's Definitive Inside Account of Protecting the President ( First ed . ) . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9781250044716 . Kessler , Ronald ( 2010 ) . In the President 's Secret Service : Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect ( 1st paperback ed . ) . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 9780307461360 . Roberts , Marcia ( 1991 ) . Looking Back and Seeing the Future : The United States Secret Service , 1865 -- 1990 . Association of Former Agents of the United States Secret Service . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Secret Service . Official website United States Secret Service at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 1 , 2000 ) `` Protecting the U.S. President abroad '' , by BBC News `` Inside the Secret Service '' -- slide show by Life Agencies under the United States Department of Homeland Security Headquarters : Nebraska Avenue Complex Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary of Homeland Security Claire Grady , Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary United States Coast Guard Immigration and Customs Enforcement Citizenship and Immigration Services Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Law Enforcement Training Center United States Secret Service Office of Operations Coordination Transportation Security Administration Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans Office of Immigration Statistics Homeland Security Advisory Council National Protection and Programs National Protection and Programs Directorate Federal Protective Service Office of Cybersecurity and Communications Office of Infrastructure Protection Office of Biometric Identity Management Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis Science and Technology Science and Technology Directorate Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency Explosives Division Chemical and Biological Defense Division Border and Maritime Security Division Human Factors and Behavioral Sciences Division Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division Cyber Security Division ( National Cybersecurity Center ) Intelligence and Analysis Office of Intelligence and Analysis Management Management Directorate Law enforcement in the United States Terrorism in the United States Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States Department of Commerce Office of Export Enforcement National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - 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Foreign language influences in English

Foreign language influences in English - wikipedia Foreign language influences in English Jump to : navigation , search According to one study , the percentage of modern English words derived from each language group are as follows : Latin ( including words used only in scientific / medical / legal contexts ) : ~ 29 % French : ~ 29 % Germanic : ~ 26 % Others : ~ 16 % The core of English language descends from Old English , the language brought with the Angles , Saxon , and Jutish settlers to what was to be called England in and after the 500s . The bulk of the language in spoken and written texts is from this source . As a statistical rule , around 70 percent of words in any text are Anglo - Saxon . Moreover , the grammar is largely Anglo - Saxon . A significant portion of the English vocabulary comes from Romance and Latinate sources . Estimates of native words ( derived from Old English ) range from 20 % -- 33 % , with the rest made up of outside borrowings . A portion of these borrowings come directly from Latin , or through one of the Romance languages , particularly Anglo - Norman and French , but some also from Italian , Portuguese , and Spanish ; or from other languages ( such as Gothic , Frankish or Greek ) into Latin and then into English . The influence of Latin in English , therefore , is primarily lexical in nature , being confined mainly to words derived from Latin roots . While some new words enter English as slang , most do not . Some words are adopted from other languages ; some are mixtures of existing words ( portmanteau words ) , and some are new creations made of roots from dead languages : e.g. , thanatopsis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Word origins 2 Languages influencing the English language 2.1 Celtic 2.2 French 2.3 Latin 2.4 Greek 2.5 Norman 2.6 Dutch 2.7 Spanish 2.8 Italian 2.9 Indian Languages 2.10 German 2.11 Old Norse 2.12 Hebrew and Yiddish 2.13 Arabic 3 Counting 4 Opposition 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Word Origins ( edit ) A computerized survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) was published in Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff ( 1973 ) that estimated the origin of English words as follows : Influences in English vocabulary French : 28.3 % Latin , including modern scientific and technical Latin : 28.24 % Germanic languages -- inherited from Old English , from Proto - Germanic , or a more recent borrowing from a Germanic language such as Old Norse ; does not include Germanic words borrowed from a Romance language , i.e. , coming from the Germanic element in French , Latin or other Romance languages : 25 % Greek : 5.32 % No etymology given : 4.04 % Derived from proper names : 3.28 % All other languages : less than 1 % A survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language of 10,000 words taken from several thousand business letters gave this set of statistics : French ( langue d'oïl ) : 41 % `` Native '' English : 33 % Latin : 15 % Old Norse : 5 % Dutch : 1 % Other : 5 % Languages influencing the English language ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Here is a list of the most common foreign language influences in English , where other languages have influenced or contributed words to English . Celtic ( edit ) Main article : Lists of English words of Celtic origin Words are almost absent , except for dialectal words , such as the Yan Tan Tethera system of counting sheep . However , hypotheses have been made that English syntax was influenced by Celtic languages , such as the system of continuous tenses was a cliché of similar Celtic phrasal structures ; this is controversial , as the system has clear native English and other Germanic developments . French ( edit ) Main article : English words of French origin The French contributed legal , military , technological , and political terminology . Their language also contributed common words , such as the names of meats : veal , mutton , beef , pork , and how food was prepared : boil , broil , fry , roast , and stew ; as well as words related to the nobility : prince , duke , marquess , viscount , baron , and their feminine equivalents . Nearly 30 percent of English words ( in an 80,000 word dictionary ) may be of French origin . Latin ( edit ) Main article : Latin influence in English Scientific and technical words , medical terminology , academic and legal terminology . Greek ( edit ) See also : English words of Greek origin and List of Greek morphemes used in English Scientific and medical terminology ( for instance - phobias and - ologies ) , Christian theological terminology . Norman ( edit ) Castle , cauldron , kennel , catch , cater are among Norman words introduced into English . The Norman language also introduced ( or reinforced ) words of Norse origin such as mug . Dutch ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Dutch origin , List of place names of Dutch origin , Dutch linguistic influence on naval terms , and List of English words of Afrikaans origin There are many ways through which Dutch words have entered the English language : via trade and navigation , such as skipper ( from schipper ) , freebooter ( from vrijbuiter ) , keelhauling ( from kielhalen ) ; via painting , such as landscape ( from landschap ) , easel ( from ezel ) , still life ( from stilleven ) ; warfare , such as forlorn hope ( from verloren hoop ) , beleaguer ( from beleger ) , to bicker ( from bicken ) ; via civil engineering , such as dam , polder , dune ( from duin ) ; via the New Netherland settlements in North America , such as cookie ( from koekie ) , boss from baas , Santa Claus ( from Sinterklaas ) ; via Dutch / Afrikaans speakers with English speakers in South Africa , such as wildebeest , apartheid , boer ; via French words of Dutch / Flemish origin that have subsequently been adopted into English , such as boulevard ( from bolwerk ) , mannequin ( from manneken ) , buoy ( from boei ) . Spanish ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Spanish origin Words relating to warfare and tactics , for instance flotilla and guerrilla ; or related to science and culture , whether created in Arabic , originated in Amerindian civilizations ( Cariban : cannibal , hurricane ; Mescalero : apache ; Nahuatl : tomato , coyote , chocolate ; Quechua : potato ; Taíno : tobacco ) , or Iberian Romance languages ( aficionado , albino , alligator , cargo , cigar , embargo , guitar , jade , mesa , paella , platinum , plaza , renegade , rodeo , salsa , savvy , sierra , siesta , tilde , tornado , vanilla etc . ) . Italian ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Italian origin Words relating to some music , piano , fortissimo . Or Italian culture , such as piazza , pizza , gondola , balcony , fascism . The English word umbrella comes from Italian ombrello . Indian languages ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Hindi origin Words relating to culture , originating from the colonial era . Many of these words are of Persian origin rather than Hindi because Persian was the official language of the Mughal courts . e.g. , pyjamas , bungalow , verandah , jungle , curry , shampoo , khaki . German ( edit ) See also : List of German expressions in English German words relating to World War I and World War II found their way into the English language , words such as Blitzkrieg , Führer and Lebensraum ; food terms , such as bratwurst , hamburger and frankfurter ; words related to psychology and philosophy , such a gestalt , Übermensch , zeitgeist and realpolitik . From German origin are also : wanderlust , schadenfreude , kaputt , kindergarten , autobahn , rucksack . Old Norse ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Old Norse origin Words of Old Norse origin have entered English primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries ( see also Danelaw ) . Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary , such as egg , sky or knife . Hebrew and yiddish ( edit ) Words used in religious contexts , like Sabath , kosher , hallelujah , amen , and jubilee or words that have become slang like schmuck , shmooze , nosh , oy vey , and schmutz . Arabic ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Arabic origin Trade items such as borax , coffee , cotton , hashish , henna , mohair , muslin , saffron ; Islamic religious terms such as jihad , hadith and sharia ; scientific vocabulary borrowed into Latin in the 12th and 13th centuries ( alcohol , alkali , algebra , azimuth , cipher , nadir ) ; plants or plant products originating in tropical Asia and introduced to medieval Europe through Arabic intermediation ( camphor , jasmine , lacquer , lemon , orange , sugar ) ; Middle Eastern cuisine words ( couscous , falafel , hummus , kebab , tahini ) . Counting ( edit ) Cardinal numbering in English follows two models , Germanic and Italic . The basic numbers are zero through ten . The numbers eleven through nineteen follow native Germanic style , as do twenty , thirty , forty , fifty , sixty , seventy , eighty , and ninety . Standard English , especially in very conservative formal contexts , continued to use native Germanic style as late as World War I for intermediate numbers greater than 20 , viz. , `` one - and - twenty , '' `` five - and - thirty , '' `` seven - and - ninety , '' and so . But with the advent of the Industrial Revolution , the Latin tradition of counting as `` twenty - one , '' `` thirty - five , '' `` ninety - seven , '' etc. , which is easier to say and was already common in non-standard regional dialects , gradually replaced the traditional Germanic style to become the dominant style by the end of nineteenth century . Opposition ( edit ) Main article : Linguistic purism in English Linguistic purism in the English language is the belief that words of native origin should be used instead of foreign - derived ones ( which are mainly Romantic , Latin and Greek ) . `` Native '' can mean `` Anglo - Saxon '' or it can be widened to include all Germanic words . In its mild form , it merely means using existing native words instead of foreign - derived ones ( such as using `` begin '' instead of `` commence '' ) . In its more extreme form , it involves reviving native words that are no longer widely used ( such as `` ettle '' for `` intend '' ) and / or coining new words from Germanic roots ( such as word stock for vocabulary ) . This dates at least to the inkhorn term debate of the 16th and 17th century , where some authors rejected the foreign influence , and has continued to this day , being most prominent in Plain English advocacy to avoid Latinate terms if a simple native alternative exists . See also ( edit ) Linguistic purism in English Cultural globalization Internet culture Neologism Untranslatability Philosophy of language References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fennell , Barbara 1998 . A history of English . A sociolinguistic approach . Oxford : Blackwell . Jump up ^ McWhorter , Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue , 2008 , pp. 89 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Finkenstaedt , Thomas ; Dieter Wolff ( 1973 ) . Ordered profusion ; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter . ISBN 3 - 533 - 02253 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph M. Willams , Origins of the English Language at '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Origins Jump up ^ Algeo , John ( 2010 ) . The Origins and Development of the English Language ( PDF ) ( 6th ed . ) . Boston : Wadsworth . ISBN 1 - 4282 - 3145 - 5 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Joseph M ( 1986 ) . Origins of the English Language . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0029344700 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Mathematical Words : Origins and Sources ( John Aldrich , University of Southampton ) The contribution of French , Latin , Greek and German are surveyed . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_language_influences_in_English&oldid=809543835 '' Categories : English language Cultural exchange Global culture Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Seven Brides for Seven Brothers

Seven Brides for Seven brothers - Wikipedia Seven Brides for Seven brothers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( disambiguation ) . Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Theatrical release poster Directed by Stanley Donen Produced by Jack Cummings Screenplay by Albert Hackett Frances Goodrich Dorothy Kingsley Based on The Sobbin ' Women by Stephen Vincent Benét Starring Howard Keel Jane Powell Jeff Richards Matt Mattox Marc Platt Jacques d'Amboise Tommy Rall Russ Tamblyn Julie Newmar Ruta Lee Norma Doggett Virginia Gibson Betty Carr Nancy Kilgas Ian Wolfe Marjorie Wood Russell Simpson Howard Petrie Music by Gene de Paul Johnny Mercer Adolph Deutsch Saul Chaplin Cinematography George J. Folsey Edited by Ralph E. Winters Distributed by Metro -- Goldwyn -- Mayer Release date July 22 , 1954 ( 1954 - 07 - 22 ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2,540,000 Box office $9,403,000 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers is a 1954 musical film , photographed in Ansco Color in the CinemaScope format . The film was directed by Stanley Donen , with music by Saul Chaplin and Gene de Paul , lyrics by Johnny Mercer , and choreography by Michael Kidd . The screenplay , by Albert Hackett , Frances Goodrich , and Dorothy Kingsley , is based on the short story `` The Sobbin ' Women '' , by Stephen Vincent Benét , which was based in turn on the Ancient Roman legend of The Rape of the Sabine Women . Seven Brides for Seven Brothers , which is set in Oregon in 1850 , is particularly known for Kidd 's unusual choreography , which makes dance numbers out of such mundane frontier pursuits as chopping wood and raising a barn . Film critic Stephanie Zacharek has called the barn - raising sequence in Seven Brides `` one of the most rousing dance numbers ever put on screen . '' Seven Brides for Seven Brothers won the Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture and was nominated for four additional awards , including Best Picture of the Year ( where it lost the award to Elia Kazan 's On the Waterfront ) . In 2006 , American Film Institute named Seven Brides for Seven Brothers as one of the best American musical films ever made . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Brothers 2.2 Brides 2.3 Townspeople 3 Production 4 Songs and music 5 Reception 6 Publicity slogan 7 Awards and honors 8 Adaptations and remakes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1850 , backwoodsman Adam Pontipee comes into a town in the Oregon Territory to search for a bride . Met with ridicule by some locals , he comes upon the local tavern where he meets Milly . Convinced of her worth by the quality of her cooking and her insistence on finishing her chores before she would leave with him , he proposes and she accepts despite knowing each other for only a few hours . On the journey home Milly talks about how she is excited to be cooking and taking care of only one man , visibly upsetting Adam . When they arrive at his cabin in the mountains , Milly is surprised to learn that Adam is one of seven brothers living under the same roof . The brothers have been named alphabetically from the Old Testament in order of birth : Adam , Benjamin , Caleb , Daniel , Ephraim , Frank ( short for frankincense , the Old Testament having no names beginning with F ) , and Gideon . All of the brothers have red hair and all but Gideon are well over six feet tall . Understandably sad about having to tend to the needs of not one , but seven men , and with an idea to solve the situation , a smart and reasonable Milly decides to marry Adam 's brothers off to some girls from the town . During an attempt to accomplish this , Milly teaches Adam 's rowdy , ill - behaved younger brothers some manners and social mores . She also shows them how to dance . At first , the brothers have a hard time changing from their `` mountain man '' ways , but eventually each comes to see that the only way he will get a woman of his own is to do things Milly 's way . They try out their new manners and make an attempt to begin courting the girls . This takes place at a social gathering in the town ( dance + barn - raising ) , where they meet six women they like -- Dorcas , Ruth , Martha , Liza , Sarah , and Alice . The girls take a fancy to the brothers as well . However , they already have suitors among the young men of the town , who jealously taunt the brothers into fighting during the barn - raising . At first the six brothers remember Milly 's teaching and try to resist being drawn into a fight by accepting physical indignities . Adam refuses to let himself be pushed around by the rival suitors and calls his younger brothers cowards for letting them get away with their behavior . The girls ' suitors from the town finally go too far when they attack Adam , provoking Gideon into fighting back . A free - for - all ensues in which the brothers dominate their physically weaker townie rivals . Although the Pontipees did not start the fight , they are banished from the town after demolishing the barn they were raising in the course of the brawl . Winter finds the six younger brothers pining for the girls for whom they had fallen fast and hard . Milly asks Adam to talk to the brothers as she fears they will want to leave because of missing the girls . Adam reads his brothers the story of `` The Sobbin ' Women '' ( taken from Plutarch 's story of the Sabine Women ) , one of the books Milly brought to the homestead . He tells them that they should stop moping around and take whatever action is necessary to get their women . Aided by Adam , the brothers kidnap the six girls , then cause an avalanche in Echo Pass so that they can not be followed by the townspeople . The only problem : they forgot to bring the parson to perform the marriages . Milly is furious with Adam , as are the six kidnapped women . Milly consigns the brothers to the barn `` with the rest of the livestock '' while the women live in the house . Adam , feeling betrayed by Milly 's reaction , leaves for the trapping cabin farther up the mountain to live out the winter by himself , unknowingly hurting Milly 's feelings . Soon after , Milly realizes that she is pregnant by Adam . The winter months slowly pass . The women vent their frustration and resentment by playing pranks on the brothers , such as hitting them with rock - filled snowballs and dumping basins of wash water on them . By spring , the women have forgiven their kidnappers and fallen in love with the brothers , who are now allowed to court them . Milly gives birth to a daughter , Hannah . Gideon rides to the cabin to inform Adam of his daughter 's arrival and asks him to come home . Adam refuses , saying that he had said he would return home only when the snow had melted enough that the pass was open to traffic . Having time to think about his baby daughter , Adam returns home in the spring just as Echo Pass is opening and reconciles with Milly . As a newly responsible father , he has become aware of how worried the townspeople would be about what has happened to the six abducted girls . Adam realizes he was wrong to tell his brothers to kidnap them . He tells his brothers they need to take the women back to their homes in town , but his brothers are unwilling . The six women also do not want to return to their homes ; they all want to stay at the farm with their new suitors and hide so they will not be taken back home . When Milly discovers that the women are not in the house , Adam tells his brothers to go after them and bring them back . The townspeople arrive with the intention of lynching the Pontipee brothers for the kidnappings . Upon finding the brothers trying to force the women to return , the fathers believe their daughters are being assaulted and charge to their rescue . Alice 's father ( Ian Wolfe ) , a preacher , hears baby Hannah cry in the distance , and worries that the baby might belong to one of the kidnapped girls . The fathers and other townsmen round up the Pontipees and announce they intend to hang them . Alice 's father , the Reverend Alcott , asks the women whose baby he had heard . They all decide , simultaneously , to claim the baby as their own . This misinformation gives the women and the brothers their wish : the townspeople , including the girls ' fathers , insist that all six couples marry at once in a shotgun wedding , performed by the parson while Adam and Milly watch and the fathers stand behind their daughters ' grooms , shotguns over their arms . Cast ( edit ) The Brothers and their Brides : Howard Keel as Adam and Jane Powell as Milly Jeff Richards as Benjamin and Julie Newmar ( Newmeyer ) as Dorcas Matt Mattox as Caleb and Ruta Lee ( Kilmonis ) as Ruth Marc Platt as Daniel and Norma Doggett as Martha Jacques d'Amboise as Ephraim and Virginia Gibson as Liza Tommy Rall as Frank and Betty Carr as Sarah Russ Tamblyn as Gideon and Nancy Kilgas as Alice Brothers ( edit ) To perform the dance numbers and action sequences , choreographer Michael Kidd wanted dancers to portray all six of Adam Pontipee 's brothers . Kidd said that he `` had to find a way to have these backwoods men dance without looking ridiculous . I had to base it all around activities you would accept from such people -- it could n't look like ballet . And it could only have been done by superbly trained dancers . '' However , he was able to integrate into the cast two non-dancer MGM contract players who were assigned to the film , Jeff Richards , who performed just the simpler dance numbers , and Russ Tamblyn , utilizing him in the dance numbers by exploiting his talents as a gymnast and tumbler . The other four brothers were portrayed by professional dancers -- Matt Mattox , Marc Platt , Tommy Rall , and Jacques d'Amboise . All four balanced on a beam together during their barn - raising dance . The wood - chopping scene in Lonesome Polecat was filmed in a single take . Adam ( light green shirt ) : Howard Keel , a professional singer , appeared as the eldest of the seven brothers . He also appeared as Petruchio in the film version of Kiss Me Kate , and appeared , in leading roles , in other musical films including Rose Marie and Show Boat . Benjamin ( orange shirt ) : Jeff Richards was a former professional baseball player who topped out at the AAA level of the minor leagues . Although obviously athletic , he is noticeably in the background , seated , or standing during the dance numbers so as to not expose his lesser dancing skills . This often relegated his partner , the classically trained ballet dancer Julie Newmar , to the background as well . Caleb ( yellow shirt ) : Matt Mattox , a professional dancer , appeared on stage on Broadway and also danced in many Hollywood musical films . His singing voice for the film was dubbed by Bill Lee . Daniel ( mauve shirt ) : Marc Platt , a professional dancer , danced the role of Chalmers / Dream Curly in the original 1943 Broadway production of Oklahoma ! and also had a dancing / speaking role in the 1955 film version of Oklahoma ! as the friend of Curly who bought Curly 's saddle for $10 at the auction and who said that Ado Annie 's pie had given him a ' three day bellyache ' . Ephraim ( dark green shirt ) : Jacques d'Amboise , a principal dancer with New York City Ballet , was given special leave for the filming of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( although he was recalled before filming was completed ) . He also danced in other musical films , including the ballet role of the Starlight Carnival `` barker '' in the film Carousel ( in which he partnered Susan Luckey in Louise 's ballet ) . The Academy Award and Tony Award winning documentary film , He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' is about Jacques d'Amboise and his teaching children how to dance . Frank ( red shirt ) : Tommy Rall , a professional dancer and singer , appeared on stage on Broadway and in many musical films . These included the role of Bill Calhoun ( Lucentio ) in the film version of Kiss Me Kate -- and as one of the Gallini brothers in the film Merry Andrew ( including him being one of the three featured acrobatic dancers in the circus engagement scene -- Tommy Rall is the dancer in the center wearing the red shirt ) . He was also in the film Funny Girl , in the role of the Prince who partnered Barbra Streisand in a parody of the ballet Swan Lake . Gideon ( blue shirt ) : Russ Tamblyn was cast in the role of youngest brother Gideon . Tamblyn showcased his gymnastics training throughout the action sequences . Brides ( edit ) Professional dancers played all seven of the brides . The four girls , whom Adam sees in the Bixby store when he first goes into town , are Dorcas , Ruth , Liza and Sarah . Milly : Jane Powell channeled her experiences growing up in Oregon to create Milly . She and Howard Keel would later reprise their roles in a Seven Brides for Seven Brothers stage revival . She also appeared in dancing and singing roles in many other musical films , including Royal Wedding , and Rich , Young and Pretty and also A Date with Judy . Dorcas Gaylen : Julie Newmar ( Newmeyer ) , wore a purple dress in the barn raising scene . Dorcas is one of the more confident girls , and has stated that she always wanted to be a June bride and have a baby right away . She is also the only girl shown to have a sibling , a younger sister . At the end of the film , she marries Benjamin . A classically trained ballerina , she would later rise to fame as Catwoman in the 1960s TV version of Batman . She also won a Supporting Actress Tony Award for The Marriage - Go - Round ( starring Claudette Colbert ) . She appeared on her neighbor James Belushi 's sitcom According to Jim after the two settled a highly publicized lawsuit . Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Betty Allen . Ruth Jepson : Ruta Lee ( Kilmonis ) enjoyed a long stage and television career , appearing in dozens of films and TV series , working with Lucille Ball , Sammy Davis , Jr. , Elizabeth Taylor , Natalie Wood , and Frank Sinatra. Lee appeared in the sitcom Roseanne as the first girlfriend of Roseanne 's mother . Her singing parts for the film were dubbed in post-production by Betty Noyes . She is wearing a blue dress in the barn raising scene , and is shown to like baking pies . She marries Caleb . Martha : Norma Doggett performed in the 1940s - 50s Broadway shows Bells Are Ringing , Fanny , Wish You Were Here , Miss Liberty , and Magdalena . Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Bobbie Canvin . She wears a green dress during the barn raising scene . She marries Daniel . Liza : Virginia Gibson was nominated for a Tony Award in 1957 and performed regularly , as singer and dancer , on the Johnny Carson show . She wears a pink dress during the barn raising scene . She marries Ephraim . Sarah Kine : Betty Carr was also a Broadway veteran , dancing in Damn Yankees , Happy Hunting , Mask and Gown , and Fanny ( alongside Norma Doggett ) . Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Norma Zimmer . She wears a yellow dress during the barn raising . She marries Frank . Alice Elcott : Nancy Kilgas made her film debut in Seven Brides for Seven Brothers . The youngest of the girls in the story , she is especially close with Milly and wears a peach colored dress in the barn raising scene . Her father is the town reverend . Gideon falls in love with her at first sight . She danced in the film versions of Oklahoma ! , Shake , Rattle & Rock ! , and Alfred Hitchcock 's Torn Curtain . Her singing voice for the film was dubbed by Marie Greene . She marries Gideon . Townspeople ( edit ) Reverend Elcott ( Ian Wolfe ) is the local preacher and father of Alice , one of the brides . He is the officiant in both wedding ceremonies in the movie . A longtime Hollywood character actor , he is perhaps best remembered for his roles as Carter , chief clerk to `` Wilfred the Fox , '' Sir Wilfred Roberts in Witness for the Prosecution ; Mr. Atoz in the Star Trek episode `` All Our Yesterdays '' ; as Father Joseph the Abbot in The Frisco Kid ; and as `` Hirsch , '' `` Mrs. Carlson 's '' butler on WKRP in Cincinnati . Pete Perkins ( Howard Petrie ) is a leading citizen of the town where the Pontipees do their trading . Another longtime Hollywood character actor , he is also known for his role as Tom Hendricks in Bend of the River and as Mr. Lattimore , the prosecuting attorney in the Randolph Scott movie Rage At Dawn . Mrs. Bixby ( Marjorie Wood ) , co-owner of the general store in the town . Perhaps best known for playing Lady Lucas opposite Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier in Pride and Prejudice , she was a Hollywood veteran of 34 films going back to the silent movie era . She died a year after shooting wrapped on the movie . Mr. Bixby ( Russell Simpson ) , co-owner of the general store in the town . A longtime Hollywood actor with 244 movie and television credits to his name going well back into the silents in 1914 , his best known roles are as Pa Joad in The Grapes of Wrath , and Red Kelly in San Francisco . Harry ( Earl Barton ) Matt ( Dante DiPaolo ) Carl ( Kelly Brown ) Ruth 's Uncle ( Matt Moore ) Dorcas ' Father ( Dick Rich ) Production ( edit ) Choreographer Michael Kidd originally turned down the film , recalling in 1997 : `` Here are these slobs living off in the woods . They have no schooling , they are uncouth , there 's manure on the floor , the cows come in and out -- and they 're gon na get up and dance ? We 'd be laughed out of the house . '' Lyricist Johnny Mercer said that the musical numbers were written at Kidd 's behest , as an example `` of how a songwriter sometimes has to take his cue from his collaborators . '' For example , Kidd explained to Mercer and dePaul his conception of the `` Lonesome Polecat '' number , the lament of the brothers for the women , and the two worked out the music and lyrics . In his introduction to a showing on Turner Classic Movies on January 17 , 2009 , host Robert Osborne , as well as Jane Powell in her autobiography , The Girl Next Door , both say MGM was much less interested in Seven Brides than it was in Brigadoon which was also filming at the time , even cutting its budget and transferring the money to the Lerner and Loewe vehicle . Most of the movie was shot on the MGM sound stages . One exterior sequence not filmed at the studio was shot on location at Corral Creek Canyon in Sun Valley , Idaho . It was here that the escape following the brothers ' kidnapping their future brides and the avalanche that closed the pass was filmed . On the 2004 DVD commentary , Stanley Donen states that the film was originally shot in two versions , one in CinemaScope and another in normal ratio , because MGM was concerned that not all theaters had the capability to screen it . Despite the fact that it cost more than the widescreen version to make , he says , the other version was never used . However both versions are available on the 2004 DVD release . The dresses worn by the female cast were made from old quilts that costume designer Walter Plunkett found at the Salvation Army . Songs and music ( edit ) The `` Main Title '' is a medley of the songs `` Sobbin ' Women '' , `` Bless Your Beautiful Hide '' and `` Wonderful , Wonderful Day '' . In the film , Matt Mattox 's voice is dubbed in by Bill Lee on `` Lonesome Polecat '' . Mattox can be heard singing the song on the soundtrack album . Song / Music Title Characters Vocalists ( Singers and speakers etc . ) Instrumental Music Year recorded Main Title N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Bless Your Beautiful Hide Adam Howard Keel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Bless Your Beautiful Hide ( reprise ) Adam Howard Keel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Wonderful , Wonderful Day Milly Jane Powell M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 When You 're in Love Milly Jane Powell M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Goin ' Courtin ' Milly and Brothers Jane Powell , Tommy Rall , Russ Tamblyn , Marc Platt , Matt Mattox , Jacques d'Amboise , Jeff Richards , Howard Hudson , Gene Lanham & Robert Wacker M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Barn Dance N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Barn Raising N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 When You 're in Love ( reprise ) Adam Howard Keel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Lonesome Polecat The Brothers Bill Lee and the M-G-M Studio Chorus M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Sobbin ' Women Adam & Brothers Howard Keel , Tommy Rall , Russ Tamblyn , Matt Mattox , Alan Davies , C. Parlato , Marc Platt , Robert Wacker , Gene Lanham & M. Spergel M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1953 Kidnapped And Chase N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 June Bride The Brides Virginia Gibson , Barbara Ames , Betty Allan , Betty Noyes , Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 June Bride ( reprise ) Brides & Milly Virginia Gibson , Barbara Ames , Betty Allan , Betty Noyes , Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer & Jane Powell M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Spring , Spring , Spring Brothers & Brides Howard Keel , Tommy Rall , Russ Tamblyn , Matt Mattox , Alan Davies , C. Parlato , Robert Wacker , Gene Lanham , M. Spergel , Bill Lee , Virginia Gibson , Barbara Ames , Betty Allan , Betty Noyes , Marie Vernon & Norma Zimmer M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 End Title N / A N / A M-G-M Studio Orchestra 1954 Reception ( edit ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers was the 5th most popular film at the British box office in 1955 . According to MGM records it made $5,526,000 in the US and Canada and $3,877,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $3,198,000 . The film came in third in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the UK 's `` Number One Essential Musicals '' and was listed as number eight in the `` Top 10 MGM musicals '' in the book Top 10 of Film by Russell Ash . In 2004 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In 2006 , it was ranked # 21 on the American Film Institute 's list of best musicals . In 2008 , the film was ranked number 464 in Empire magazine 's list of the 500 greatest films of all time . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes awards Seven Brides for Seven Brothers an 88 % `` Fresh '' rating based on 24 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The critics ' consensus states : `` Buoyed by crowd - pleasing tunes and charming performances , Seven Brides for Seven Brothers makes a successful transition from Broadway to screen that 's sure to please the whole family . '' Publicity slogan ( edit ) The following slogan was used to publicize the film in 1954 : Adam abducted Milly Benjamin brought Dorcas Caleb caught Ruth Daniel detained Martha Ephraim eloped with Liza Frank fetched Sarah Gideon grabbed Alice Awards and honors ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 30 , 1955 Best Picture of the Year Jack Cummings Nominated Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay Albert Hackett , Frances Goodrich , and Dorothy Kingsley Nominated Best Cinematography , Color George J. Folsey Nominated Best Film Editing Ralph E. Winters Nominated Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin Won BAFTA Awards February 16 , 1955 Best Film from any Source Stanley Donen ( United States ) Nominated Directors Guild of America February 13 , 1955 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Stanley Donen Nominated National Board of Review December 20 , 1954 Top Ten Best Films of the Year 2nd place National Film Registry December 28 , 2004 Honored Satellite Awards December 17 , 2005 Best Youth DVD For the 50th Anniversary Two - Disc Special Edition DVD Nominated Writers Guild of America February 28 , 1955 Best Written American Musical Albert Hackett , Frances Goodrich , and Dorothy Kingsley Won The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- # 21 Adaptations and remakes ( edit ) The 1978 stage musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers is an adaptation of the film , with a book by Lawrence Kasha and David Landay . Four songs from the film ( `` Bless Your Beautiful Hide '' , `` Wonderful Wonderful Day '' , `` Goin ' Courtin ' '' , and `` Sobbin ' Women '' ) were kept for the stage musical ; the rest of the score consisted of new songs written by Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn . The TV series Seven Brides for Seven Brothers , loosely based on the film , ran weekly on CBS from September 19 , 1982 to March 23 , 1983 . The 1982 Bollywood film Satte Pe Satta ( `` Seven On Seven '' ) was a remake of Seven Brides for Seven Brothers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . Jump up ^ For domestic figures see `` All Time Domestic Champs '' , Variety , 6 January 1960 p 34 Jump up ^ Gold , Sylviane ( March 2008 ) . `` DEATHS : Michael Kidd ( 1915 - 2007 ) '' . Dance Magazine . 82 ( 3 ) : 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ( March 3 -- 9 , 1997 ) . `` Kidd embraced by the Academy '' . Variety . p. 54 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ TCM 's article about Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Jump up ^ Silverman , 1996 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Filming notes in the DVD anniversary edition Jump up ^ The Seattle Times - interview with Marc Platt Jump up ^ Jacques d'Amboise - Ballet Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jane ( 1988 ) . The Girl Next Door ... and How She Grew ( 1st ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06757 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Kidd '' . The Independent . 29 December r2007 . p. 44 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Furia , Philip & Patterson , Laurie ( 2010 ) . The Songs of Hollywood . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 188 . ISBN 0195337085 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047472/trivia?ref_=tt_ql_2 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Dirk Bogarde favourite film actor ' , The Irish Times ( 1921 - Current File ) ( Dublin , Ireland ) 29 Dec 1955 : 9 . Jump up ^ Top ten musicals - BBC Radio 2 Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . `` Seven Brides for Seven Brothers : Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 16th May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers on IMDb Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at Rotten Tomatoes Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at AllMovie Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at the TCM Movie Database Seven Brides for Seven Brothers at the American Film Institute Catalog Jacket Magazine : some background information ( hide ) Films directed by Stanley Donen On the Town ( 1949 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Love Is Better Than Ever ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) Fearless Fagan ( 1952 ) Give a Girl a Break ( 1953 ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( 1954 ) Deep in My Heart ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Funny Face ( 1957 ) The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) Kiss Them for Me ( 1957 ) Indiscreet ( 1958 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Once More , with Feeling ! ( 1960 ) Surprise Package ( 1960 ) The Grass Is Greener ( 1960 ) Charade ( 1963 ) Arabesque ( 1966 ) Two for the Road ( 1967 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Staircase ( 1969 ) The Little Prince ( 1974 ) Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) Movie Movie ( 1978 ) Saturn 3 ( 1980 ) Blame It on Rio ( 1984 ) Love Letters ( 1999 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers&oldid=805716220 '' Categories : 1954 films English - language films American films 1950s musical films 1950s romantic comedy films Films about weddings Films adapted into plays Films adapted into television programs Films based on short fiction Films directed by Stanley Donen Films set in Oregon Films set in the 1850s American musical films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films United States National Film Registry films Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Fictional septets Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 04 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played alice in seven brides for seven brothers

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90th Minnesota Legislature

90th Minnesota Legislature - wikipedia 90th Minnesota Legislature Jump to : navigation , search Ninetieth Minnesota Legislature ← 89th Minnesota State Capitol Overview Term January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) -- January 7 , 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 07 ) Election 2016 General Election Website www.leg.state.mn.us Senate Members 67 senators President Michelle Fischbach ( R ) Majority Leader Paul Gazelka ( R ) Minority Leader Tom Bakk ( DFL ) Party control Republican Party House of Representatives Members 134 representatives Speaker Kurt Daudt ( R ) Majority Leader Joyce Peppin ( R ) Minority Leader Melissa Hortman ( DFL ) Party control Republican Party Sessions 2017 January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) -- May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 2018 Reconvenes February 20 , 2018 Special sessions 2017 , 1st May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) -- May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) The Ninetieth Minnesota Legislature is the current legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota . It is composed of the Minnesota Senate and the Minnesota House of Representatives , based on the results of the 2016 Senate election and the 2016 House election . It convened in Saint Paul on January 3 , 2017 and will end its biennial session on January 7 , 2019 . The legislature 's 2017 session ended on May 22 , 2017 , and reconvened on February 20 , 2018 . The legislature will adjourn no later than May 21 , 2018 , as mandated by the Minnesota Constitution . A special session to complete unfinished budget - related business was held from May 23 to 26 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major events 2 Major legislation 2.1 Enacted 2.2 Proposed 2.2. 1 Vetoed 2.2. 1.1 2017 , 1st Special Session 3 Summary of actions 4 Political composition 4.1 Senate 4.2 House of Representatives 5 Leadership 5.1 Senate 5.1. 1 Majority ( Republican ) leadership 5.1. 2 Minority ( DFL ) leadership 5.2 House of Representatives 5.2. 1 Majority ( Republican ) leadership 5.2. 2 Minority ( DFL ) leadership 6 Members 7 Changes in membership 7.1 Senate 7.2 House of Representatives 8 Committees 8.1 Senate 8.2 House of Representatives 9 Administrative officers 9.1 Senate 9.2 House of Representatives 10 References 11 External links Major events ( edit ) January 23 , 2017 : Governor Mark Dayton delivered his 2017 State of the State address before a joint legislative session . Nearing the end of his speech , Dayton collapsed and was attended to by , among others , state senators and physicians Scott Jensen and Matt Klein . February 22 , 2017 : A joint legislative session was held to elect regents of the University of Minnesota . March 14 , 2018 : Governor Dayton delivered his 2018 State of the State address before a joint legislative session . Major legislation ( edit ) Enacted ( edit ) January 26 , 2017 : Health insurance premium subsidy act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 2 ) March 7 , 2017 : Off - sale intoxicating liquor sales on Sunday act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 6 ) April 4 , 2017 : Reinsurance act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 13 ) May 18 , 2017 : Real ID implementation act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 76 ) Omnibus appropriations acts : May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus agriculture act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 88 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus higher education act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 89 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus environment and natural resources act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 93 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus jobs , economic development , and energy act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 94 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus judiciary and public safety act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 95 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus transportation act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 3 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus state government act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 4 ) Two appropriations line - item vetoed . May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus education act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 5 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus health and human services act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 6 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus legacy act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 91 ) May 30 , 2017 : Environment and natural resources trust fund appropriations act ( Laws 2017 , chapter 96 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus tax act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 1 ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus capital investment `` bonding '' act ( Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 8 ) Proposed ( edit ) Boldface indicates the bill was passed by its house of origin . Cell phone use while driving bill ( H.F. No. 1180 / S.F. No. 837 ) Civil liability for public safety response costs bill ( H.F. No. 322 / S.F. No. 679 ) Defense of dwelling and person bill ( H.F. No. 238 / S.F. No. 292 ) Female genital mutilation bill ( H.F. No. 2621 / S.F. No. 2355 ) Firearm permit to carry repeal bill ( H.F. No. 188 / S.F. No. 650 ) K -- 12 education scholarship donation tax credit bill ( H.F. No. 386 / S.F. No. 256 ) Obstruction of controlled - access highways bill ( H.F. No. 1066 / S.F. No. 918 ) Obstruction of trunk highways bill ( H.F. No. 390 / S.F. No. 676 ) Proposed constitutional amendment allowing recreational marijuana bill ( H.F. No. 926 ) Recreational marijuana bill ( H.F. No. 927 / S.F. No. 1320 ) Renewable energy bill ( H.F. No. 1772 / S.F. No. 1531 ) Uniform State Labor Standards Act ( H.F. No. 600 / S.F. No. 580 ) Vetoed ( edit ) Boldface indicates the act was passed by both houses . May 10 , 2017 : Abortion public funding prohibition act ( H.F. No. 809 / S.F. No. 702 ) May 10 , 2017 : Abortion facility license act ( H.F. No. 812 / S.F. No. 704 ) Omnibus appropriations acts : May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus agriculture act ( H.F. No. 895 / S.F. No. 780 ) May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus environment and natural resources act ( H.F. No. 888 / S.F. No. 723 ) May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus education act ( H.F. No. 890 / S.F. No. 718 ) May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus state government act ( H.F. No. 691 / S.F. No. 605 ) May 12 , 2017 : Omnibus health and human services act ( H.F. No. 945 / S.F. No. 800 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus transportation act ( H.F. No. 861 / S.F. No. 1060 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus judiciary and public safety act ( H.F. No. 896 / S.F. No. 803 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus jobs , economic development , and energy act ( H.F. No. 2209 / S.F. No. 1937 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus higher education act ( H.F. No. 2477 / S.F. No. 2214 ) May 15 , 2017 : Omnibus tax act ( H.F. No. 4 / S.F. No. 2255 ) May 18 , 2017 : Teacher licensing act ( H.F. No. 140 / S.F. No. 4 ) 2017 , 1st Special Session ( edit ) May 30 , 2017 : Omnibus labor act ( H.F. No. 4 / S.F. No. 3 ) Summary of actions ( edit ) In this Legislature , all acts have been approved ( signed ) by Governor Mark Dayton , with the notable exceptions of H.F. No. 809 , an act that would prohibit public funding of abortion ; H.F. No. 812 , an act that would require facilities that perform abortions to be licensed ; a first set of acts appropriating money for the state budget ; H.F. No. 4 , the first omnibus tax act ; H.F. No. 140 , an act that would change how public school teachers are licensed ; and 2017 , First Special Session S.F. No. 3 , an act that would most notably prohibit local governments from setting a higher minimum wage and requiring benefits for private sector employees than what is required by law , all of which were vetoed . In Laws 2017 , First Special Session chapter 4 , the omnibus state government appropriations act , two appropriations for the Senate and the House of Representatives were line - item vetoed . Chapter 13 , the reinsurance act , became law without the governor 's signature . In total , 18 acts have been vetoed -- including one from the 2017 , First Special Session , two items of appropriation in one act from the 2017 , First Special Session have been line - item vetoed , and two acts have become law without the governor 's signature . No acts or items have been enacted by the Legislature over the governor 's veto . After the adjournment of the First Special Session , legislative leaders sued Governor Dayton over the validity of his line - item vetoes for legislative appropriations . The ensuing court case , Ninetieth Minnesota State Senate v. Dayton , proceeded to the Minnesota Supreme Court ; the Court upheld the Governor 's vetoes . Political composition ( edit ) Resignations and new members are discussed in the `` Changes in membership '' section below . Senate ( edit ) Senate composition 34 Republican 33 DFL Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Republican Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor End of the previous Legislature 28 38 66 Begin 34 33 67 0 December 15 , 2017 34 32 February 20 , 2018 34 33 0 Latest voting share 7001507000000000000 ♠ 50.7 % 7001493000000000000 ♠ 49.3 % House of Representatives ( edit ) House composition 77 Republican 57 DFL Party ( Shading indicates majority caucus ) Total Vacant Republican Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor End of the previous Legislature 73 61 134 0 Begin 76 57 133 February 21 , 2017 77 134 0 November 30 , 2017 76 133 February 2018 77 134 0 Latest voting share 7001575000000000000 ♠ 57.5 % 7001425000000000000 ♠ 42.5 % Leadership ( edit ) Minnesota This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Minnesota Constitution Executive ( show ) Governor : Mark Dayton Lieutenant Governor : Tina Smith Secretary of State : Steve Simon State Auditor : Rebecca Otto Attorney General : Lori Swanson Cabinet Executive Council Legislature ( show ) 90th Legislature Senate President : Michelle Fischbach Majority Leader : Paul Gazelka Minority Leader : Tom Bakk House of Representatives Speaker : Kurt Daudt Majority Leader : Joyce Peppin Minority Leader : Melissa Hortman Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Court of Appeals District Courts Elections ( show ) Political parties Political party strength Divisions ( show ) Counties Cities Townships Federal representation ( show ) United States Senate Amy Klobuchar ( DFL ) Al Franken ( DFL ) United States House of Representatives 1 : Tim Walz ( DFL ) 2 : Jason Lewis ( R ) 3 : Erik Paulsen ( R ) 4 : Betty McCollum ( DFL ) 5 : Keith Ellison ( DFL ) 6 : Tom Emmer ( R ) 7 : Collin Peterson ( DFL ) 8 : Rick Nolan ( DFL ) Politics of the United States Politics portal Senate ( edit ) President : Michelle Fischbach ( R ) President pro tempore : Warren Limmer ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader : Paul Gazelka Deputy Majority Leaders : Michelle Benson Jeremy Miller Assistant Majority Leaders : Gary Dahms Bill Ingebrigtsen Warren Limmer Eric Pratt Minority ( DFL ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Tom Bakk Assistant Minority Leaders : Jeff Hayden ( from January 5 , 2017 ) Susan Kent ( from January 5 , 2017 ) Carolyn Laine ( from January 24 , 2017 ) Minority Whips : Kent Eken ( from January 24 , 2017 ) John Hoffman ( from January 24 , 2017 ) Ann Rest ( from January 24 , 2017 ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Speaker : Kurt Daudt ( R ) Speaker pro tempore : Tony Albright ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) leadership ( edit ) Majority Leader : Joyce Peppin Majority Whip : Ron Kresha Assistant Majority Leaders : Dan Fabian Kelly Fenton Randy Jessup Jim Nash Marion O'Neill Roz Peterson Minority ( DFL ) leadership ( edit ) Minority Leader : Melissa Hortman Deputy Minority Leaders : Jon Applebaum Paul Marquart Rena Moran Assistant Minority Leaders : Rob Ecklund Mike Freiberg Laurie Halverson Ben Lien Ilhan Omar Dave Pinto Members ( edit ) For full lists of members of the 90th Minnesota Legislature , see Minnesota Senate and Minnesota House of Representatives . Changes in membership ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) District Vacator Reason for change Successor Date successor seated 54 Dan Schoen ( DFL ) Resigned effective December 15 , 2017 . A special election was held on February 12 , 2018 . Karla Bigham ( DFL ) TBD House of Representatives ( edit ) District Vacator Reason for change Successor Date successor seated 32B Bob Barrett ( R ) Ineligible for re-election . A special election was held on February 14 , 2017 . Anne Neu ( R ) February 21 , 2017 23B Tony Cornish ( R ) Resigned effective November 30 , 2017 . A special election was held on February 12 , 2018 . Jeremy Munson ( R ) TBD Committees ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) Committee Chair Vice Chair DFL Lead Aging and Long - Term Care Policy Karin Housley Jerry Relph Kent Eken Agriculture , Rural Development , and Housing Finance Torrey Westrom Mark Johnson Kari Dziedzic Agriculture , Rural Development , and Housing Policy Bill Weber Mike Goggin Foung Hawj Capital Investment Dave Senjem Bill Ingebrigtsen Sandy Pappas Commerce and Consumer Protection Finance and Policy Gary Dahms Karin Housley Dan Sparks E -- 12 Education Finance Carla Nelson Eric Pratt Chuck Wiger E -- 12 Education Policy Eric Pratt Justin Eichorn Susan Kent Energy and Utilities Finance and Policy David Osmek Andrew Mathews John Marty Environment and Natural Resources Finance Bill Ingebrigtsen Carrie Ruud David Tomassoni Environment and Natural Resources Policy and Legacy Finance Carrie Ruud Bill Weber Chris Eaton Finance Julie Rosen Michelle Fischbach Dick Cohen Health and Human Services Finance and Policy Michelle Benson Scott Jensen Tony Lourey Higher Education Finance and Policy Michelle Fischbach Rich Draheim Greg Clausen Human Services Reform Finance and Policy Jim Abeler Paul Utke Jeff Hayden Jobs and Economic Growth Finance and Policy Jeremy Miller Paul Anderson Bobby Joe Champion Judiciary and Public Safety Finance and Policy Warren Limmer Dan Hall Ron Latz Local Government Dan Hall Bruce Anderson Patricia Torres Ray Rules and Administration Paul Gazelka Michelle Benson Tom Bakk Subcommittees Committees Paul Gazelka Conference Committees Paul Gazelka Ethical Conduct Michelle Fischbach Litigation Expenses ( established January 31 , 2017 ) Scott Newman State Government Finance and Policy and Elections Mary Kiffmeyer Mark Koran Jim Carlson Taxes Roger Chamberlain Dave Senjem Ann Rest Transportation Finance and Policy Scott Newman John Jasinski Scott Dibble Veterans and Military Affairs Finance and Policy Bruce Anderson Andrew Lang Jerry Newton Select Committees Health Care Consumer Access and Affordability ( established May 22 , 2017 ) Scott Jensen House of Representatives ( edit ) Committee Chair Vice Chair DFL Lead ( s ) Agriculture Finance Rod Hamilton Tim Miller Jeanne Poppe Agriculture Policy Paul Anderson Jeff Backer David Bly Capital Investment Dean Urdahl Mark Uglem Alice Hausman Civil Law and Data Practices Policy Peggy Scott Dennis Smith John Lesch Commerce and Regulatory Reform Joe Hoppe Kelly Fenton Linda Slocum Education Finance Jenifer Loon Peggy Bennett Jim Davnie Education Innovation Policy Sondra Erickson Brian Daniels Carlos Mariani Environment and Natural Resources Policy and Finance Dan Fabian Josh Heintzeman Rick Hansen Subcommittee Mining , Forestry , and Tourism Chris Swedzinski Dale Lueck Jason Metsa Ethics Sondra Erickson Mary Murphy Government Operations and Elections Policy Tim O'Driscoll Cindy Pugh Mike Nelson Health and Human Services Finance Matt Dean Tony Albright Erin Murphy Health and Human Services Reform Joe Schomacker Glenn Gruenhagen Tina Liebling Subcommittees Aging and Long - Term Care Deb Kiel Tama Theis Susan Allen Childcare Access and Affordability Mary Franson Roz Peterson Peggy Flanagan Higher Education and Career Readiness Policy and Finance Bud Nornes Drew Christensen Gene Pelowski Job Growth and Energy Affordability Policy and Finance Pat Garofalo Jim Newberger Tim Mahoney Karen Clark Jean Wagenius Legacy Funding Finance Bob Gunther Sandy Layman Leon Lillie Public Safety and Security Policy and Finance Tony Cornish ( until November 9 , 2017 ) Brian Johnson ( until February 8 , 2018 ) Debra Hilstrom Brian Johnson ( from February 8 , 2018 ) Rules and Legislative Administration Joyce Peppin Dave Baker Melissa Hortman State Government Finance Sarah Anderson Jim Nash Sheldon Johnson Subcommittee Workplace Safety and Respect ( established February 7 , 2018 ) Division Veterans Affairs Bob Dettmer Matt Bliss Paul Rosenthal Taxes Greg Davids Joe McDonald Paul Marquart Division Property Tax and Local Government Finance Steve Drazkowski Jerry Hertaus Diane Loeffler Transportation Finance Paul Torkelson John Petersburg Frank Hornstein Transportation and Regional Governance Policy Linda Runbeck Jon Koznick Connie Bernardy Ways and Means Jim Knoblach Bob Vogel Lyndon Carlson Select Committees Technology and Responsive Government ( established February 16 , 2017 ) Dave Baker Administrative officers ( edit ) Senate ( edit ) Secretary : Cal Ludeman First Assistant Secretary : Colleen Pacheco Second Assistant Secretary : Mike Linn Third Assistant Secretary : Jessica Tupper Engrossing Secretary : Melissa Mapes Sergeant at Arms : Sven Lindquist Assistant Sergeant at Arms : Marilyn Logan Chaplain : Mike Smith House of Representatives ( edit ) Chief Clerk : Patrick Murphy First Assistant Chief Clerk : Tim Johnson Second Assistant Chief Clerk : Gail Romanowski Desk Clerk : Marilee Davis Legislative Clerk : David Surdez Chief Sergeant at Arms : Bob Meyerson Assistant Sergeant at Arms : Erica Brynildson Assistant Sergeant at Arms : Andrew Olson Index Clerk : Carl Hamre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` S.C.R. No. 8 '' . Minnesota Senate . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ; Coolican , J. Patrick ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Legislature adjourns special session '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Gov. Mark Dayton fainted near the end of his annual statewide address '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Dayton recovering after collapsing during his State of the State address '' . Twin Cities . 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Verges , Josh ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Sviggum , General Mills CEO elected to UMN Board of Regents '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayton , Mark ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Letter '' ( PDF ) ( Letter ) . Letter to Kurt Daudt . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton , GOP legislators strike deal on insurance rebates '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierschbach , Briana ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton signs booze bill ; liquor stores can be open on Sundays starting July 2 '' . MinnPost . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton wo n't block $542 M for insurance companies , but withholds signature '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierschbach , Briana ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` With new law , Minnesota becomes the last state to comply with federal Real ID Act '' . MinnPost . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coolican , J. Patrick ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton signs 10 budget bills and tax cuts , but defunds Legislature '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox , Peter ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Students at Minnesota 's public colleges face likely tuition hikes '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magan , Christopher ; Vezner , Tad ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Protester penalties out , ban on undocumented immigrant driver 's licenses in '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Janet ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Transportation bill staves off transit cuts -- for now '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magan , Christopher ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Education budget boosts funding , but teachers union urges veto '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zdechlik , Mark ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Holding his nose , Dayton signs Health and Human Services bill '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Bill ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Get ready for some construction cranes . Mark Dayton signs $990 M infrastructure bill '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Janet ; Harlow , Tim ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Distracted - driving bill aims ' to stop the carnage on our roads today ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Tim ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Measure banning Minnesota drivers from using hand - held devices faces long odds '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Furst , Randy ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Bill to crack down on Minnesota protesters appears to be national trend '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Brandt ; Cox , Peter ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Committee debates bills aimed at self - defense , permit to carry laws '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vezner , Tad ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota gun rights legislation fails to get far , despite Republican legislative control '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Jennifer ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota House cracks down on female genital mutilation '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koumpilova , Mila ; Mahamud , Faiza ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota bill against female genital mutilation raises opposition '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Beatrice ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` School choice debate kicks off at Minn . State Capitol '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Ricardo ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Bills to crack down on Minnesota protesters advance in House , Senate '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coolican , J. Patrick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Some DFL lawmakers call for legal marijuana , acknowledge uphill battle '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Elizabeth ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton administration pushes ambitious renewable energy mandate '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` In first step , Minnesota House votes to block cities ' wage , workplace rules '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Senate approves bill blocking cities ' wage , sick - leave ordinances '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lopez , Ricardo ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` As expected , Gov. Dayton vetoes two bills that sought limits on abortions in Minnesota '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Republicans in Legislature line up behind budget plan '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Dayton follows through on threat , vetoes 5 budget bills '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Dayton vetoes all budget bills -- with only six days to go '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coolican , J. Patrick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans want to reshape environmental protection , meeting stiff DFL resistance '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magan , Christopher ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Education budget proposal focuses on flexibility ; critics say it 's not enough '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierschbach , Briana ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` State budget battle revolves around a basic question : How much should it cost to run Minnesota 's government ? '' . MinnPost . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota House passes $2.2 billion plan to improve roads , bridges '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Senate GOP transportation plan calls for diverting general fund money '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vezner , Tad ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` From police training to protests , Legislature drafts joint public safety bill '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierschbach , Briana ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why higher ed funding could be a major sticking point in budget negotiations at the state Capitol '' . MinnPost . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Budget progress in Minnesota Legislature delayed with lawmaker 's absence '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Magan , Christopher ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Dayton vetoes teacher licensing overhaul bill '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stassen - Berger , Rachel E. ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Dayton vetoes bill curtailing cities ' paid - time off , minimum wage rules '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - Governor Mark Dayton '' . Veto Details , Minnesota Legislature . Minnesota Legislative Reference Library . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden , Erin ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Supreme Court upholds Gov. Mark Dayton 's veto of House , Senate budget '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate DFL Caucus elects Assistant Leaders '' . Minnesota Senate DFL . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senate DFL Caucus Appoints Freshman Assistant Leader and Caucus Whips '' . Minnesota Senate DFL . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Xiong , Chao ; Coolican , J. Patrick ( November 23 , 2017 ) . `` Despite resignation , Sen. Dan Schoen 's lawyer says DFLer ' never meant to sexually harass anybody ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lawmaker does n't live in district , MN Supreme Court rules ; ballot wo n't count '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coolican , J. Patrick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota state Rep. Tony Cornish to resign after harassment claims '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday , February 2 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Senate . Minnesota Senate . p. 458 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monday , May 22 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Senate . Minnesota Senate . p. 6100 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mohr , Jonathan ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Johnson appointed chairman of House Public Safety Committee '' . Session Daily . Minnesota House of Representatives Public Information Services . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cook , Mike ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` House creates subcommittee to address workplace respect issues '' . Session Daily . Minnesota House of Representatives Public Information Services . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday , February 16 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the House . Minnesota House of Representatives . p. 552 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Legislature 2017 Regular Session Laws 2017 , 1st Special Session Laws Legislative Tracker Senate List of popular or interesting bills compiled by the Senate Information Service List of bill summaries prepared by the Senate Counsel , Research and Fiscal Analysis Office Fiscal tracking spreadsheets prepared by the Senate Counsel , Research and Fiscal Analysis Office House of Representatives List of bill summaries prepared by the House Research Department List of act summaries prepared by the House Research Department Fiscal tracking spreadsheets prepared by the House Fiscal Analysis Department Official website of the Minnesota Senate Republican Caucus Preceded by Eighty - ninth Minnesota Legislature Ninetieth Minnesota Legislature 2017 -- 2018 Succeeded by Ninety - first Minnesota Legislature ( hide ) Minnesota Legislatures by year convened Territorial State 1st ( 1849 ) 2nd ( 1851 ) 3rd ( 1852 ) 4th ( 1853 ) 5th ( 1854 ) 6th ( 1855 ) 7th ( 1856 ) 8th ( 1857 ) 1st ( 1857 ) 2nd ( 1859 ) 3rd ( 1861 ) 4th ( 1862 ) 5th ( 1863 ) 6th ( 1864 ) 7th ( 1865 ) 8th ( 1866 ) 9th ( 1867 ) 10th ( 1868 ) 11th ( 1869 ) 12th ( 1870 ) 13th ( 1871 ) 14th ( 1872 ) 15th ( 1873 ) 16th ( 1874 ) 17th ( 1875 ) 18th ( 1876 ) 19th ( 1877 ) 20th ( 1878 ) 21st ( 1879 ) 22nd ( 1881 ) 23rd ( 1883 ) 24th ( 1885 ) 25th ( 1887 ) 26th ( 1889 ) 27th ( 1891 ) 28th ( 1893 ) 29th ( 1895 ) 30th ( 1897 ) 31st ( 1899 ) 32nd ( 1901 ) 33rd ( 1903 ) 34th ( 1905 ) 35th ( 1907 ) 36th ( 1909 ) 37th ( 1911 ) 38th ( 1913 ) 39th ( 1915 ) 40th ( 1917 ) 41st ( 1919 ) 42nd ( 1921 ) 43rd ( 1923 ) 44th ( 1925 ) 45th ( 1927 ) 46th ( 1929 ) 47th ( 1931 ) 48th ( 1933 ) 49th ( 1935 ) 50th ( 1937 ) 51st ( 1939 ) 52nd ( 1941 ) 53rd ( 1943 ) 54th ( 1945 ) 55th ( 1947 ) 56th ( 1949 ) 57th ( 1951 ) 58th ( 1953 ) 59th ( 1955 ) 60th ( 1957 ) 61st ( 1959 ) 62nd ( 1961 ) 63rd ( 1963 ) 64th ( 1965 ) 65th ( 1967 ) 66th ( 1969 ) 67th ( 1971 ) 68th ( 1973 ) 69th ( 1975 ) 70th ( 1977 ) 71st ( 1979 ) 72nd ( 1981 ) 73rd ( 1983 ) 74th ( 1985 ) 75th ( 1987 ) 76th ( 1989 ) 77th ( 1991 ) 78th ( 1993 ) 79th ( 1995 ) 80th ( 1997 ) 81st ( 1999 ) 82nd ( 2001 ) 83rd ( 2003 ) 84th ( 2005 ) 85th ( 2007 ) 86th ( 2009 ) 87th ( 2011 ) 88th ( 2013 ) 89th ( 2015 ) 90th ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=90th_Minnesota_Legislature&oldid=826729922 '' Categories : Minnesota legislative sessions 2010s in Minnesota Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 18 : 21 . 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Dallas Cowboys

Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 TDs ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo , who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . The season also featured second - year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league 's conduct policy . The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed back to November . The Cowboys finished the year at 9 - 7 without making the playoffs . Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush Running backs 21 Ezekiel Elliott 49 Jamize Olawale FB 45 Rod Smith 34 Trey Williams Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 18 Brian Brown 85 Noah Brown 88 Dez Bryant 81 K.D. Cannon 17 Allen Hurns 14 Lance Lenoir 10 Ryan Switzer 15 Deonte Thompson 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 84 James Hanna 89 Blake Jarwin 87 Geoff Swaim 82 Jason Witten Offensive linemen 71 La'el Collins T / G 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 75 Cameron Fleming T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 62 Jarron Jones T 73 Joe Looney C / G 63 Marcus Martin G / C 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive linemen 76 Richard Ash DT 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 56 Datone Jones DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 92 Brian Price DT 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE Linebackers 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 54 Jaylon Smith MLB 48 Joe Thomas MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS -- Marqueston Huff FS 31 Byron Jones FS / CB 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 28 Jameill Showers FS / SS 26 Duke Thomas CB -- Jason Thompson SS 39 Marquez White CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / SS Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS Reserve lists 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) Restricted FAs 95 David Irving DT / DE Rookies in italics Roster updated March 25 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 62 Active , 1 Inactive , 1 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Owens , Terrell Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Seasons Inducted Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive Line -- Paul Alexander Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive Backs / Passing Game Coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Ken Amato Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Doug Colman Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and Conditioning Director of Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . 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Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . 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List of Code Black episodes

List of Code Black episodes - wikipedia List of Code Black episodes Code Black is an American medical drama , starring Marcia Gay Harden and Rob Lowe , that premiered on CBS on September 30 , 2015 . The series follows the understaffed , busy emergency room of Angels Memorial Hospital , which lacks sufficient resources . On May 16 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on September 28 , 2016 . On May 14 , 2017 , CBS renewed the show for a third season . On May 24 , 2018 CBS canceled the series after three seasons . As of July 11 , 2018 , 46 episodes of Code Black have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 18 September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 16 September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 13 April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Semel Michael Seitzman September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) CB101 8.58 The new residents at Angels Memorial Hospital in Los Angeles are introduced to the ER and deal with a series of patients including a dropped - off gang member , a foreign child with a collapsed lung , an organ donor and his daughter who were in a car crash , a stroke patient , and a nine - month pregnant woman with unexplained flu symptoms . `` We Plug Holes '' Christopher Misiano Michael Seitzman October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) CB102 6.83 The ER deals with car crash victims , a hockey player suffering from seizures who is unwilling to acknowledge his illness , a blind 14 - year - old climber and a woman desperate to have her dead husband 's baby . `` Pre-Existing Conditions '' Lee Rose David Marshall Grant October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) CB103 6.96 The ER is under a 36 hour period of code black and receives two brothers involved in a car accident . Leighton is pushed by fellow resident Savetti to cut open the chest of a patient who had come in with pelvic , chest and rib fractures . Lorenson faces a moral dilemma while treating a prisoner with renal failure . `` Sometimes It 's a Zebra '' Adam Kane Brett Mahoney October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) CB104 7.13 Dr. Guthrie 's son joins the hospital as a surgeon and often disagrees with Leanne . Meanwhile , after the death of her son , Christa struggles to help an infant . 5 5 `` Doctors with Borders '' David Von Ancken Molly Newman October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) CB105 5.96 The ER is overwhelmed with patients with an unknown respiratory ailment , requiring them to be quarantined . When Dr. Hudson 's mother is among them , he clashes with his father over the proper treatment . A man impaled on a piece of rebar is desperate to make up with his daughter . 6 6 `` In Extremis '' Vincent Misiano Matt Partney and Corey Evett November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) CB106 6.44 The ER must deal with two shot police officers , and the dilemma whether to save one of them or their shooter . A man deals with his gay , brain dead son 's lover . Tensions between the two Dr. Guthries heat up . Pineda must deal with her pregnant former lover . 7 7 `` Buen Árbol '' Nick Gomez Corinne Marrinan November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) CB107 6.90 The ER must deal with the injured after a car ran onto a sidewalk at a street fair , along with the driver who seems to suffer from seizure - induced amnesia . Other patients include a child of an illegal immigrant , a young woman whose eye is bulging out ( Skyler Day ) , an old lady prepared to face her end , and a man with an enlarged organ who puts Savetti in an uncomfortable position . 8 8 `` You Are the Heart '' Alex Zakrzewski David Marshall Grant November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) CB108 6.59 On a rainy LA night , the ER deals with the victims of a boating accident , an HIV - positive patient which endangers Savetti and causes tensions between him and Leighton , and Guthrie and Rorish butt heads on a surgery . Pineda runs a bone marrow drive for her former lover , much to her dismay . 9 9 `` The Son Rises '' Andrew Bernstein Michael Seitzman and Kristen Kim November 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) CB109 7.45 A family is the victim of a home invasion with a father who was stabbed near the heart , a mother who was repeatedly stabbed , and a son who was injured during his search for rescue by jumping from a window of the building . Mario and Angus clash over the mother who has bruising around her eyes . Taylor is suspended for bringing a child around the ER , and the doctors clash early with his replacement . Meanwhile , a son struggles to get his father off life support . 10 10 `` Cardiac Support '' Oz Scott Brett Mahoney December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) CB110 8.50 The ER adjusts to the new department head who questions Rorish 's decisions . An ambulance arrives with its paramedics knocked out by their patient , who attacks Jesse . Later , Jesse has a heart attack . As the doctors try to save him , other patients include a man hit by a train , the daughter of a controlling Beverly Hills mother , and the wife of a veteran who is struggling with addiction . Meanwhile , Mario leaves the hospital to find the train victim 's son who has intellectual disabilities , against Hudson 's orders . 11 11 `` Black Tag '' Omar Madha Molly Newman December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) CB111 8.38 Leanne , Neal , Christa , Angus , Mario , Malaya , and Heather are sent to the scene of a multi-car collision on a canyon road above Los Angeles . Leanne clashes with the physician in charge , making a decision he questions . Christa treats an injured family whose car is in a ravine . Angus , Heather , and Mario help a man stuck in cement . Mario and Heather find their lives in danger when a patient 's husband holds them at gunpoint to save his wife . Meanwhile , Jesse recovers from his heart attack . 12 12 `` The Fog of War '' Rob Bailey David Marshall Grant January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) CB112 6.66 Neal stays behind at the car crash scene to look for Christa , Mario , and Heather . Mario and Heather continue trying to revive the wife of a grieving husband , who later attempts to commit suicide . Leanne and Neal face the consequences of having left a patient in Malaya 's care resulting in both doctors being investigated . After Heather hugs Angus , he decides he wants to ask her out , unaware she has a relationship with Mario . Carla gives birth to her son , Philip , before dying . 13 13 `` First Date '' Constantine Makris Kristen Kim January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) CB113 7.29 When a 16 - year - old girl who is from a Christian - Scientist family comes into Angels requiring surgery , the ER must deal with her father who forbids the surgery . Angus ' brother begins an observational rotation prior to accepting a new job in the hospital as an attending surgeon . Christa treats a patient who is experiencing breathing problems who does n't seem to be improving ; when the patient dies following discharge , she blames herself for her death . Later , Neal and Christa kiss , while Malaya treats a patient named Gordon who flirts with her . Meanwhile , Leanne decides to leave her job . 14 14 `` The Fifth Stage '' Oz Scott Brett Mahoney January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) CB114 7.49 In a shooting accident between two feuding families , one of the victims is required a kidney transplant with their cousin being the perfect match ; however , the father refuses . Neal and Christa begin their relationship and Leanne forgives the drunk driver who killed her family . Malaya again deals with Gordon , who seems to be following her more often now . Later , he sneaks into the staff lockers to confront Gina , but he stabs her to death . Christa discovers her body and calls for help . 15 15 `` Diagnosis of Exclusion '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett and Matthew Partney February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) CB115 6.90 In the aftermath of Gina 's death , the doctors are questioned . Gordon had been at the hospital at least 17 times under different aliases and frequently asking for Malaya . Once Gina had been attacked , he followed Malaya to the elevator . She lies to him and takes another floor , but he continues to follow her . He asks her out , but she tells him that she is gay . Angry , he attacks her by slitting her and attempts to rape her . Angus arrives in time and pushes Gordon to the ground . He tells her to go to the ER . During Angus ' fight with Gordon , Gordon accidentally stabs a knife into his neck . Angus , who had lied to human resources , heard Gordon telling him that he intended to kill Malaya and Angus lets him to bleed out , ultimately killing him when complications arose . At center stage , while all three were being treated , Gina is pronounced dead when surgery was no longer an option to save her and everyone mourns her death . Meanwhile , Leanne is given Gina 's job and Neal is put on probation for surgery . Neal and Christa announce their relationship to human resources . 16 16 `` Hail Mary '' Alex Zakrzewski Michael Seitzman & Molly Newman February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) CB116 7.11 Christa becomes insecure in her new relationship with Neal when his ex-girlfriend Dr. Grace Adams ( Meagan Good ) , returns to Angels Memorial after spending a year volunteering in Haiti . Also , New York Giants wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. comes to the ER to convince his stubborn high school football coach , Pete Delaney ( Beau Bridges ) , to have life - saving surgery . Neal accepts a job as surgical attending at Angels . Christa and Malaya treat a marathon runner and new single mother , Katie Miller ( Annie Wersching ) , who is having lung issues . 17 17 `` Love Hurts '' Constantine Makris David Marshall Grant & Ryan McGarry February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) CB117 6.11 Christa and Grace deal with a teenager who claims to have been abused at a camp . Angus begins to take ADHD medication to remain focused , after it is revealed that he deliberately refused to aid Gordon after he removed the knife from his throat , causing Gordon 's death . Leanne deals with a VIP patient who had embryos implanted in her without her husband 's knowledge . Meanwhile , Christa feels at odds with Grace due to her past history with Neal . 18 18 `` Blood Sport '' David Von Ancken Michael Seitzman & Kayla Alpert February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) CB118 6.91 When the location of a presidential debate suffers an explosion , the ER must work under the scrutiny of the Secret Service to save both candidates and their families . Mario confronts Angus about his drug abuse , which in turn leads to Heather being caught by Campbell using his scripts to prescribe the Adderall . The love triangle between Neal , Christa , and Grace becomes more complex . Dr. Rorish asks Dr. Taylor for advice on how to cope with Jesse and the other nurses ' impending strike over wages and the addition of more nurses to the staff . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Second Year '' Loni Peristere Michael Seitzman September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) CB201 6.37 Col. Ethan Willis joins the team , bringing new techniques and technologies learned in the field of combat to the hospital ; Willis and Mike take a helicopter to Malibu to help shark bite victims ; Jesse welcomes new residents . 20 `` Life and Limb '' Lee Rose David Marshall Grant October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) CB202 5.87 Willis helps a young soccer player injured in a bus crash ; a patient 's hesitancy to disclose that she 's transgender compromises the doctors ' ability to diagnose her abdominal pain . 21 `` Corporeal Form '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett and Matthew Partney October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) CB203 5.99 Willis , Mario and Heather perform a radical operation on a maintenance worker stuck under a boiler that exploded ; Angus ' father tries to seize power of attorney over Mike , who remains in a coma . 22 `` Demons and Angels '' Luis Prieto Michael Brandon Guercio October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) CB204 5.67 On Halloween night , Willis , Noa and Elliott rush to the scene of a fire at a haunted theater , where Dr. Nolan and her boyfriend 's son are trapped . 23 5 `` Landslide '' David McWhirter Jessica Ball November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) CB205 4.45 The doctors treat victims who were caught in a landslide ; the entire ER is put at risk when children with measles are brought in . 24 6 `` Hero Complex '' David Von Ancken Kayla Alpert November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) CB206 6.03 When a college student regains consciousness at the hospital , Malaya must tell her that she has been raped ; Willis and Campbell are at odds when a terminally ill woman wants to end her life on her own terms . 25 7 `` What Lies Beneath '' Constantine Makris Zachary Lutsky November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) CB207 5.68 Willis and Campbell travel to a Russian submarine to treat a sailor who has been wounded in an explosion ; the staff at Angels Memorial treats violent criminals who got injured during a prison riot . 26 8 `` 1.0 Bodies '' P.J. Pesce Kristen Kim November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) CB208 6.18 The doctors treat the members of a cult who survived a mass suicide attempt ; Mario wants to connect with his late father 's girlfriend . 27 9 `` Sleight of Hand '' Rob Greenlea Julian Meiojas November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) CB209 5.92 Willis , Leanne and Jesse put their lives on the line to operate on an officer with an explosive bullet in her leg ; Mario , Noa and Guthrie tend to a magician with breathing trouble . 28 10 `` Ave Maria '' Kelly Makin Kevin Hazzard December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) CB210 6.75 When Campbell 's daughter is set to undergo surgery , he learns about Guthrie 's Parkinson 's symptoms and becomes furious . In the fallout , some doctors who knew are suspended and Jesse is fired . 29 11 `` Exodus '' Jet Wilkinson Corey Evett & Matthew Partney December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) CB211 5.98 After Jesse takes a new job at a plastic surgery clinic , he must take one of his patients to Angels when she crashes on the operating table . While in code black , the hospital loses power and the backup generators do not work , as they are still under repair following the boiler room explosion ( S. 2 , Ep. 3 ) . While the patients are evacuated to an urgent care facility , Pinkney and Dixon must deliver a baby in the elevator . 30 12 `` One in a Million '' Rob Bailey David Marshall Grant & Jessica Ball January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) CB212 5.98 Defying Campbell 's orders , Leanne uses the hospital helicopter to reunite a family one last time ; Willis and Noa find a cellphone app to help them communicate with an autistic girl . 31 13 `` Unfinished Business '' David Von Ancken Michael Seitzman January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) CB213 6.33 While taking on a new role as the hospital chaplain , Guthrie considers undergoing a risky surgery to treat his Parkinson 's ; victims of an apartment fire arrive at Angels Memorial Hospital . 32 14 `` Vertigo '' Carol Banker Kayla Alpert & Michael Brandon Guercio January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) CB214 5.68 Ethan and Mario are asked to attend to two injured construction workers who are trapped on a crane platform 40 stories in the air . Meanwhile , the Angels ' staff tends to victims and perpetrators of a school prank gone horribly wrong . 33 15 `` The Devil 's Workshop '' David Von Ancken Corey Evett & Matthew Partney February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) CB215 6.80 The ER is quarantined when a viral outbreak jeopardizes the lives of the doctors and patients ; a young girl whom Leanne bonded with a year ago when she lost her father returns to Angels Memorial . 34 16 `` Fallen Angels '' Michael Seitzman Jessica Ball & Julian Meiojas February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) CB216 6.07 The doctors and the Center for Disease Control try to find an antidote to the deadly virus ; Leanne makes a life - changing decision ; Jesse welcomes a new batch of residents . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 35 `` Third Year '' Rob Bowman Michael Seitzman April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) CB301 5.64 Ethan rides along with Rox to help victims in a still - active police raid on a drug house . Victims later brought to the hospital include a nine - year - old with a bullet wound whose drug - addicted uncle brought her to the house , plus several officers who were exposed to fentanyl . Later , new intern Pepper is exposed to fentanyl at the hospital . Meanwhile , Dr. Campbell has Angus assist on a surgery , leading him to offer Angus a surgical residency position . Also , Mario has difficulty getting over his personal feelings for Noa when the two disagree on a diagnosis . 36 `` Better Angels '' P.J. Pesce David Marshall Grant May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) CB302 5.17 A patient appears to be psychic , but Mario insists her visions are due to a brain tumor that needs to be removed . Noa empathizes with a 39 - year - old ballet dancer who is in for surgery , knowing that the clock is ticking on his career . Meanwhile , Ethan performs a daring underwater rescue of a young woman from a submerged vehicle , earning him the ire of Rox . It is revealed that the passenger who escaped from the car is a Congressman and the young woman is his intern with whom he was having an affair . When the woman revives , she says the Congressman left her behind to die . 37 `` La Familia '' Michael Schultz Barbie Kligman May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) CB303 5.03 Jesse 's brother Jose is taken to Angels after an accident . Although the team is able to save him from his injuries , they discover he has congestive heart failure and wo n't live for long . Mario and Noa treat an engaged couple who are both badly injured from a fight that took place at a baseball game . Leanne tries to define her relationship with Ariel , while Ethan opens up to Rox about his brother when she finds a memorial flag in his home . 38 `` The Same as Air '' Diana Valentine Corey Evett & Matthew Partney May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) CB304 5.95 Elliot doubts his ability as a doctor when he 's sued for his role in the death of a SWAT officer . Also , Willis and Rox arrive at a road rage accident resulting in multiple serious injuries , and Leanne discovers Ariel on an ice cream `` date '' with Max , a young patient at the hospital . 39 5 `` Cabin Pressure '' Randy Zisk Mike Weiss May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) CB305 6.38 40 6 `` Hell 's Heart '' Larry Shaw Eduardo Javier Canto & Ryan Maldonado May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) CB306 6.28 41 7 `` Step Up '' Ed Ornelas Jessica Ball June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) CB307 5.67 42 8 `` Home Stays Home '' Lin Oeding Rebecca Cutter June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) CB308 6.18 43 9 `` Only Human '' Doug Hannah David Marshall Grant June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) CB309 5.70 44 10 `` Change of Heart '' Jennifer Lynch Barbie Kligman June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) CB310 5.74 45 11 `` One of Our Own '' Nicole Rubio Corey Evett & Matthew Partney July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) CB311 4.80 46 12 `` As Night Comes and I 'm Breathing '' Thomas J. Wright Jessica Ball July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) CB312 5.72 47 13 `` Business of Saving Lives '' TBA TBA July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Code Black : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 Ep. 17 Ep. 18 Average 8.58 6.83 6.96 7.13 5.96 6.44 6.90 6.59 7.45 8.50 8.38 6.66 7.29 7.49 6.90 7.11 6.11 6.91 7.11 6.37 5.87 5.99 5.67 4.45 6.03 5.68 6.18 5.92 6.75 5.98 5.98 6.33 5.68 6.80 6.07 N / A 5.98 5.67 5.17 5.03 5.95 6.38 6.28 5.67 6.18 5.70 TBD TBD TBD TBD N / A 5.78 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Renews Code Black , Odd Couple and 2 Other Bubble Shows '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; O'Connell , Michael ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` CBS 's ' Code Black ' Renewed for Third Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Arrow ' adjusted up , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Rosewood ' adjusted up , ' Empire ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Supernatural ' adjusts down , ' The Middle ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' adjusts up , ' Criminal Minds ' rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Blackish ' and ' Code Black ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Rosewood , ' ' Survivor ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Modern Family ' lead week 17 , ' Shades of Blue ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Charlie Brown Thanksgiving , ' FOX reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals and ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' and ' Reverie ' adjust up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Code Black ' and NBC 's fireworks hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - code black on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Black : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Black : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Black : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Code Black episodes on IMDb Code Black at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Code_Black_episodes&oldid=850043681 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of medical television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 06 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did the last episode of code black air

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Bring It On Again

Bring It On Again - wikipedia Bring It On Again Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bring It On Again DVD cover Directed by Damon Santostefano Produced by Marc Abraham Thomas Bliss Kelli Konop Screenplay by Claudia Grazioso Brian Gunn Mark Gunn Story by Claudia Grazioso Starring Anne Judson - Yager Bree Turner Kevin Cooney Faune A. Chambers Bryce Johnson Richard Lee Jackson Bethany Joy Lenz Music by Paul Haslinger Cinematography Richard Crudo Edited by Tony Lombardo Production company Beacon Pictures Strike Entertainment Distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment Release date January 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 13 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Bring It On Again is a 2004 direct - to - video cheerleading comedy film directed by Damon Santostefano and starring Anne Judson - Yager and Bree Turner . This film , which is a sequel to Bring It On , has a tenuous link to its predecessor , featuring only a similar plot of competing cheerleading teams that have to try something different in order to win . There are no recurring cast members or canonical references to the previous film . Bring It On Again is also the only straight to video sequel of the four that followed Bring It On that shared the same producers . No one else involved in the original film participated in the creation of this film , nor in any of the following . The film does stylistically refer to its predecessor during the end credits , both of which feature outtakes and clips of the cast having fun dancing and singing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Whittier arrives at the fictional California State College hoping to join the national champion varsity cheerleading team . She meets up with her friend from cheerleading camp , Monica , and they 're both impressive at the tryouts . Head cheerleader Tina is ready to ask them to join the team , but Greg goes a step further , telling Tina that Whittier will be the next head cheerleader . This angers Tina 's pal Marni who had the position staked out , but at the urging of Dean Sebastian , Tina goes along with the plan , taking Whittier under her wing . Whittier meets Derek , a campus D.J. who immediately takes an interest in her . Tina is very demanding and controlling and warns Whittier that Derek is not the type of boy she should be dating . Monica is bothered by Tina 's meddling , but Whittier momentarily lets her cheerleading ambition get the better of her , and betrays Derek . Then , Tina , upset with Monica 's sassy attitude , punishes her which leads to an injury and she forces Whittier to choose between her friendship and the squad . Whittier and Monica get fed up and quit Tina 's tyranny , but Whittier 's school spirit can not be suppressed . With Monica 's help , she gathers up the outcasts from the drama club , the dance club , and other groups that have lost their funding because of the squad and forms a ragtag squad of her own , determined to battle the varsity squad for a spot at the national championship . The two teams end up competing for the spot at nationals , with Whittier 's squad ultimately winning . Afterward , Whittier offers Tina a spot on her squad , a position that Tina initially refuses but ends up wanting . The film ends with Tina sucking up to Whittier and Monica , deciding she wants to be on their squad after all , while Marni comically throws a fit . Cast ( edit ) Anne Judson - Yager as Whittier Smith Bree Turner as Tina Hammersmith Kevin Cooney as Dean Sebastian Faune A. Chambers as Monica Bryce Johnson as Greg Richard Lee Jackson as Derek Bethany Joy Lenz as Marni Potts Holly Towne as Janice Dennis Hemphill Jr. as Francis Felicia Day as Penelope Hope Katherine Bailess as Colleen Lipman Joshua Gomez as Sammy Stinger Kelly Stables as Tiny Blonde Brian Wade as Fatneck Darren Geare as Croquet Teammate Jerry Trainor as Smug Guy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DVD Talk External links ( edit ) Bring It On Again on IMDb Bring It On Again at AllMovie Bring It On Films Bring It On ( 2000 ) Again ( 2004 ) All or Nothing ( 2006 ) In It to Win It ( 2007 ) Fight to the Finish ( 2009 ) Worldwide # Cheersmack ( 2017 ) Musical Bring It On : The Musical Films directed by Damon Santostefano Fright Show ( 1985 ) Severed Ties ( 1992 ) Three to Tango ( 1999 ) Last Man Running ( 2003 ) Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) Best Player ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) Pure Country : Pure Heart ( 2017 ) Marc Abraham Producer A Thousand Acres ( 1997 ) Playing God ( 1997 ) Trippin ' ( 1999 ) The Family Man ( 2000 ) Bring It On ( 2000 ) Spy Game ( 2001 ) The Emperor 's Club ( 2002 ) Tuck Everlasting ( 2002 ) The Rundown ( 2003 ) Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Let 's Go to Prison ( 2006 ) Flash of Genius ( 2008 ) The Last Exorcism ( 2010 ) In Time ( 2011 ) The Thing ( 2011 ) The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) The Last Exorcism Part II ( 2013 ) RoboCop ( 2014 ) The Man with the Iron Fists 2 ( 2014 ) Director Flash of Genius ( 2008 ) I Saw the Light ( 2015 ) Related Eric Newman Strike Entertainment Beacon Pictures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_On_Again&oldid=841129172 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s sequel films 2000s sports films 2000s teen comedy films 2004 direct - to - video films American direct - to - video films American films American sequel films American sports comedy films American teen comedy films Beacon Pictures films Bring It On ( film series ) Cheerleading films Direct - to - video comedy films Direct - to - video sequel films Films directed by Damon Santostefano Films produced by Marc Abraham Films shot in Los Angeles Teen sports films Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 05 : 54 . 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who plays marnie in bring it on again

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Holy War (Utah vs. BYU)

Holy War ( Utah vs. BYU ) - wikipedia Holy War ( Utah vs. BYU ) Jump to : navigation , search Holy War ( Utah vs BYU ) Utah Utes BYU Cougars Sport American college football First meeting April 6 , 1896 Utah 12 , BYU 4 Latest meeting September 9 , 2017 LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah Utah 19 , BYU 13 Next meeting November 24 , 2018 Rice - Eccles Stadium Salt Lake City Trophy Beehive Boot Statistics Meetings total 98 All - time series Utah leads , 60 -- 34 -- 4 Largest victory Utah : 49 -- 0 ( 1922 ) BYU : 56 -- 6 ( 1980 ) Longest win streak Utah : 9 ( 1929 -- 1937 ) BYU : 9 ( 1979 -- 1987 ) Current win streak Utah , 7 ( 2010 -- present ) The Holy War is an American college football rivalry game played by the University of Utah Utes and Brigham Young University Cougars . The game is part of the larger Utah -- BYU rivalry . In this rivalry context , the term `` Holy War '' refers to the fact that BYU is owned and administered by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS ) and the University of Utah is a public university owned and administered by the State of Utah . Although many Utah fans are LDS members , the term `` Holy War '' also refers to the stark cultural differences of the respective fan bases . The proximity of the two schools , the athletic successes of the two teams , and the longevity of the series also contribute to the rivalry . Both teams played in the same conference from 1922 to 2010 and the Holy War game often decided the conference title . Despite Utah moving to the Pac - 12 Conference in 2011 and BYU becoming an independent that same year , the two universities agreed to play between 2011 and 2013 prior to a brief interruption in the series for 2014 and 2015 -- the first since 1943 to 1945 , when BYU did not field a team due to World War II . Games between 2016 and 2020 were also subsequently booked , which might precede another break in the series . The two - year hiatus of 2014 -- 2015 was unexpectedly cut short when the 2015 Las Vegas Bowl pitted BYU against Utah , creating the `` Holy War in Sin City '' in the postseason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rivalry components 1.1 Religion 1.2 Longevity 1.3 Proximity 1.4 Successful teams 1.5 Fan base comparisons 2 Series history 2.1 The Brigham Young Academy years 2.2 Utah 's early dominance 2.3 The LaVell Edwards era 2.3. 1 1977 -- 1981 : Edwards versus Howard 2.3. 1.1 Wayne Howard 's Crusade 2.3. 1.2 Jim McMahon says , `` Scoreboard . '' 2.3. 2 1982 -- 1984 : Edwards versus Stobart 2.3. 2.1 National Champions 2.3. 3 1985 -- 1989 : Edwards versus Fassel 2.3. 3.1 The Rice Bowl 2.3. 3.2 Revenge 2.4 The modern rivalry 2.4. 1 1990 -- 2000 : Edwards versus McBride 2.4. 1.1 The Kaneshiro Doink 2.4. 1.2 Utah cheerleader pummels an aggressive fan 2.4. 1.3 Edwards ' last game 2.4. 2 2001 and 2002 : Crowton versus McBride 2.4. 3 2003 and 2004 : Crowton versus Meyer 2.4. 3.1 Scoring streak ends 2.4. 3.2 BCS busters 2.4. 4 2005 -- 2015 : Mendenhall versus Whittingham 2.4. 4.1 First overtime game 2.4. 4.2 Beck to Harline 2.4. 4.3 Magic happens . 2.4. 4.4 BCS busting ... again 2.4. 4.5 Second overtime game 2.4. 4.6 Burton 's block 2.4. 4.7 Shock and awe 2.4. 4.8 Fandemonium 2.4. 4.9 Twenty - Thirteen in 2013 2.4. 4.10 2015 Las Vegas Bowl 2.4. 5 2016 -- present : Whittingham versus Sitake 2.4. 5.1 2016 : Hindsight is 20 -- 20 2.4. 5.2 2017 3 Future games 4 Game results 5 See also 6 References Rivalry components ( edit ) There are a number of components that make the Holy War particularly fierce . The University of Utah and Brigham Young University are the two biggest colleges in the state of Utah . There is a stark contrast between the campuses and student bodies , as one is a religious institution while the other is a public university . As the name of the rivalry implies , religion is a large component to the rivalry . Brigham Young University is owned by the LDS church , and thus imposes religious restrictions upon its students . Although both are dry campuses , variation between the religious student body at BYU and more lax , traditional university student body of Utah creates further animosity between the two schools . The long length of rivalry is also a major element . Religion ( edit ) There 's too much religion involved . I did not like that . I really did n't . -- Former Utah head coach Wayne Howard The University of Utah is the flagship university of the state of Utah , while Brigham Young University is the flagship university of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The matchup has been described as taking on religious , or `` church vs. state '' undertones . Utah fans may drink alcohol or swear around BYU fans , both of which are known to be forbidden by the Church Educational System Honor Code , which all BYU students and faculty are required to maintain . In 2013 , two Utah football players videotaped a mock baptism in their practice facility tub that some BYU fans believed was mocking the LDS ordinance of baptism . Longevity ( edit ) The two schools disagree on when the first game was played . Utah claims that the first game was played in 1896 against Brigham Young Academy . BYU 's athletic website shows their schedule dating back to 1922 , but no earlier . Utah claims a lead of 58 -- 34 -- 4 , while BYU claims Utah leads 55 -- 31 -- 4 . BYU does not count the six games between Utah and Brigham Young Academy in its records . Utah has a large lead in the overall series and has dominated the rivalry both prior to 1972 ( 41 -- 8 -- 4 ) and after 1992 ( 18 -- 7 ) . In stark contrast , from 1972 to 1992 BYU dominated the series with a record of 19 -- 2 versus Utah . Since 1983 , when BYU won 55 -- 7 , the largest point spread is 44 points , which occurred in 2011 when Utah won 54 -- 10 in Provo . Utah 's average margin of victory in the games it has won since 2000 is 14 points , while BYU 's is four points . The Cougars have n't had a dominating victory over Utah since 1996 ( 37 -- 17 ) , while the Utes have notched three blowout wins ( 2004 , 2008 , 2011 ) in the series ' most recent 10 games . Proximity ( edit ) When Brigham Young came into the valley , he pointed to where the University of Utah would be and said , `` This is the place . '' Provo was just an afterthought . -- Former Utah Head Coach Ron McBride BYU , which is in Provo , Utah , and the University of Utah , which is in Salt Lake City , are about 50 miles ( 80 km ) apart and approximately an hour 's drive away on Interstate 15 . Consequently , the two teams compete for recruits and fan support . It is not uncommon for friends , neighbors , and even family members to have opposite allegiances . Successful teams ( edit ) While the two teams have not necessarily been strong at the same time , the two teams had the most conference championships in the Mountain West Conference ( MW ) before both left the MW in 2011 . Each team has had four conference championships since the creation of the MW in 1999 . Including championships of other conferences , Utah has 24 conference championships in its history , while BYU has 23 . Both of these numbers are well ahead of the current MW member with the most conference championships , Colorado State , who has 15 . Other than the 2011 meeting , the recent games in the Holy War have tended to be close , with the final score of fifteen of the last nineteen games being within a touchdown ( seven points , including a successful conversion kick ) or less . BYU lays claim to a consensus national championship for going undefeated in 1984 and beating Michigan in the 1984 Holiday Bowl . During the era of the now - defunct Bowl Championship Series ( 1998 -- 2013 ) , Utah played in two BCS bowls : the 2005 Fiesta Bowl ( a 35 -- 7 victory over Pitt ) and the 2009 Sugar Bowl ( a 31 -- 17 victory over Alabama ) . For these BCS bowl victories , Utah finished ranked in the AP Poll # 4 and # 2 , respectively . Many sports media members and observers , including ESPN 's Rick Reilly , argued that Utah ( the nation 's lone undefeated FBS team ) should have been awarded the AP National Championship and should have been selected to play Florida in the BCS title game . Fan base comparisons ( edit ) In 2011 the New York Times polled fans of all current FBS schools to rank them according to the size of their respective fan bases . BYU was ranked # 43 nationally with 709,864 people self - identifying as BYU fans while Utah was ranked # 67 with 351,939 people self - identifying as fans . In 2016 Utah saw an average of 46,506 fans attend home games and 41,303 fans on the road ( including a bowl game ) . Rice - Eccles Stadium holds a maximum of 45,807 meaning that the stadium was typically over capacity and utilized standing - room - only areas . BYU averaged 58,569 fans at home and 44,296 at away games . LaVell Edwards Stadium has a capacity of 63,470 . Series history ( edit ) The Brigham Young Academy years ( edit ) Before 1903 , BYU was known as Brigham Young Academy ( BYA ) . During the 1890s , Utah and BYA played six times in football . The two schools split the series 3 -- 3 . The first meeting was an unusual April contest that Utah won 12 -- 4 . BYA stopped playing football in 1900 , following a player death , and did not start again until 1922 , after it had become Brigham Young University ( BYU ) . BYU does not recognize these first six meetings as it only recognizes football games played from 1922 onward . Utah 's early dominance ( edit ) After twenty - three years of not having a team , BYU resumed play for the 1922 season . Utah began its early dominance over BYU with a 49 -- 0 victory on October 14 , 1922 . BYU would not get another win in the series until 1942 , when the Cougars shocked the Utes 12 -- 7 at Utah . The rivalry then took a hiatus from 1943 to 1945 because BYU did not field a team due to World War II . When the rivalry continued in 1946 , the Utes continued their domination over the Cougars , winning or tying the next twelve contests . Save for a three - year BYU winning streak from 1965 -- 1967 , the rivalry continued this trend through the 1971 season , at which point Utah had amassed a 41 -- 8 -- 4 (. 811 ) record against BYU . The LaVell Edwards era ( edit ) In 1972 , the rivalry shifted in favor of BYU . The Cougars had hired LaVell Edwards and in his first season , BYU beat Utah 16 -- 7 for BYU 's first victory over Utah in four years . The win signaled the beginning of BYU 's dominance against Utah . From 1972 to 1992 , BYU went 19 -- 2 (. 905 ) against Utah . During those years , Utah went through a series of coaches that all ended with losing records against LaVell Edwards and BYU . Bill Meek 's Utes went 0 -- 2 against Edwards during Meek 's last two years ( 1972 -- 1973 ) . Tom Lovat ( 1974 -- 1976 ) was 0 -- 3 . Wayne Howard ( 1977 -- 1981 ) was 1 -- 4 . Chuck Stobart ( 1982 -- 1984 ) was 0 -- 3 . Jim Fassel was 1 -- 4 . Finally , Utah found some success when it hired Ron McBride in 1990 . McBride would finish with a 5 -- 6 record against LaVell Edwards , but he started with three consecutive losses to Edwards . 1977 -- 1981 : Edwards versus Howard ( edit ) Wayne Howard 's crusade ( edit ) The hatred between BYU and Utah is nothing compared to what it will be . It will be a crusade to beat BYU from now on . -- Utah coach Wayne Howard , 1977 During the 1977 meeting , BYU was on the way to winning in a 38 -- 8 blowout . Nonetheless , LaVell Edwards put starting quarterback Marc Wilson back into the game so Wilson could set an NCAA record for passing yards . Wilson succeeded in setting the record ( subsequently broken ) and finished the game with 571 passing yards . The incident infuriated Utah head coach Wayne Howard . After the game , he said , `` This today will be inspiring . The hatred between BYU and Utah is nothing compared to what it will be . It will be a crusade to beat BYU from now on . This is a prediction : in the next two years Utah will drill BYU someday , but we wo n't run up the score even if we could set an NCAA record against them . '' The next year , Wayne Howard made good on his promise . The Utes came from behind to upset the Cougars 23 -- 22 . The 1978 win was Utah 's first against a LaVell Edwards coached BYU team . Jim McMahon says , `` scoreboard . '' ( edit ) What I hated the most about BYU was getting trounced . -- Former Utah tight end Steve Folsom During the 1980 Holy War , BYU quarterback Jim McMahon helped engineer a blowout . Most of the game he was heckled by a contingent of Utah fans at Rice Stadium . After throwing for another touchdown late in the 56 -- 6 win , he simply pointed at the scoreboard to quiet the hecklers . The game was in the midst of a 12 -- 1 BYU season . It was also their second consecutive win against Utah and their eighth win out of the last nine games against Utah . The fifty point margin of victory is the largest for either team in the series . 1982 -- 1984 : Edwards versus Stobart ( edit ) National champions ( edit ) On November 17 , 1984 , BYU entered the Holy War 10 -- 0 and ranked # 3 in the AP Poll . BYU overcame several turnovers to win 24 -- 14 . BYU would finish the season 13 -- 0 and the only undefeated team in Division I-A ( now the Football Bowl Subdivision ) . They were voted number one in the final AP Poll as well as the Coaches ' Poll to become consensus national champions . This was the last time a team outside the current Power Five conferences won a national championship ; the next most recent was Army in 1945 . 1985 -- 1989 : Edwards versus Fassel ( edit ) The Rice Bowl ( edit ) In 1988 , Utah had not beaten BYU since 1978 and entered the Holy War as 11 - point underdogs . Utah had a mediocre 5 -- 5 record while BYU was 8 -- 2 and had already accepted an invitation to the Freedom Bowl . BYU looked ready to humiliate the Utes again . Instead Utah and quarterback Scott Mitchell jumped on BYU early and took a 21 -- 0 lead on the way to winning 57 -- 28 . The 1988 team set a series record for points scored against BYU -- a record that stands today . The game came to be known locally as `` the Rice Bowl '' because the game was played at Utah 's Rice Stadium . Revenge ( edit ) It was just as easy as it looked . It was like we were running against air . It was easy to break tackles and find holes . Their defense did n't seem to be there . -- BYU running back Fred Whittingham The next year , in 1989 , BYU got their revenge . They set a series record by scoring 70 against Utah . BYU jumped to a 49 -- 0 lead before Utah scored its first touchdown just before halftime . Behind quarterback Ty Detmer , BYU would score eight touchdowns on its first eight possessions and amass over 750 yards of total offense during the 70 -- 31 win . Utah would score three touchdowns in the fourth quarter against BYU 's reserves . The 101 points the two teams scored is still a series record . The modern rivalry ( edit ) By the mid-1990s , the Cougars ' success leveled off from the years of the 1970s and ' 80s . Around this time , the Utes also improved significantly , and the rivalry became much more competitive . 1990 -- 2000 : Edwards versus McBride ( edit ) The rivalry began to change in 1993 , during Ron McBride 's fourth season as head coach , the Utes won their first game in Provo in twenty - two seasons and their first since LaVell Edwards became BYU head coach . Late in the fourth quarter , Utah 's kicker Chris Yergensen , who had already missed two out of three field goals on the day , attempted to break the 31 -- 31 tie . This time , Yergensen did not miss and kicked the game - winning 55 - yard field goal , the longest of his career , with less than a minute remaining . All those guys think that 's all there is to life . But when I 'm making $50 -- 60,000 a year , they 'll be pumping my gas . They 're low - class losers . -- BYU nose guard Lenny Gomes on Utah and its fans , 1993 After the win , Utah fans and players attempted to tear down the north end zone goalpost at what was then Cougar Stadium . Cougar players returned to the field to protect the goalpost from being torn down . About the incident , Lenny Gomes , a BYU nose guard , said , `` Typical Utah bullshit . All those guys think that 's all there is to life . But when I 'm making $50 -- 60,000 a year , they 'll be pumping my gas . They 're low - class losers . '' The remark is still remembered in rivalry history today . The 1994 season was McBride 's best , as he led the Utes to a 10 -- 2 record and a top - 10 finish in national rankings . The Utes and Cougars also staged one of the best matchups in the rivalry 's history , meeting for the first time as top - 25 ranked teams . The Utes won the game 34 -- 31 , which was coincidentally the same score of their meeting a year before . Utah ran its rivalry winning streak up to three games a year later , with a 34 -- 17 win at BYU . The Utes and Cougars would trade wins and losses the next couple of years , before the 2000 season . The Kaneshiro doink ( edit ) In 1998 , the first Holy War was played at the newly renovated Rice - Eccles Stadium . BYU entered the game with an 8 -- 3 ( 6 -- 1 WAC ) record and was playing for a berth in the WAC Championship game . Utah entered the game with a 7 -- 3 ( 5 -- 2 WAC ) record and was hoping to land a bowl game and spoil BYU 's WAC Championship hopes . BYU took a 26 -- 17 lead when Owen Pochman connected on a 47 - yard field goal with 2 : 41 left to play in the game . On the ensuing kickoff , Utah 's Daniel Jones returned the ball 95 yards to cut the lead to 26 -- 24 . Utah 's defense held BYU and forced them to punt . Utah moved the ball to the 15 - yard line where Ryan Kaneshiro attempted a 32 - yard field goal . The attempt bounced off the right upright , which preserved the win for BYU and caused the goalpost to shake from the `` doink '' . Utah cheerleader pummels an aggressive fan ( edit ) Even our cheerleaders are kicking your butt . -- Utah wide receiver Steve Smith , 1999 During the 1999 edition of the Holy War , Utah recorded its fourth consecutive win in Provo . Early in the fourth quarter , Utah scored a touchdown when quarterback T.D. Crowshaw completed a four - yard - pass to Donny Utu to put Utah up 20 -- 10 . In celebration , Utah cheerleader Billy Priddis ran along the visitor 's sideline with a large `` U '' flag . A BYU fan who was later banned from the BYU campus , ran onto the sideline and tackled Priddis from behind . Priddis turned around and started punching the fan . He landed seven or eight punches before security separated them . About the incident , Priddis said , `` '' There 's 65,000 fans here , does he think I 'm not going to retaliate ? '' From now on we 're going to leave our flags at home and they should do the same . -- BYU Athletic Director Val Hale , 1999 From the Utah sideline , receiver Steve Smith taunted BYU fans and yelled , `` Even our cheerleaders are kicking your butt . '' BYU 's athletic director Val Hale purported to have chastised Priddis and the rest of the Utah cheerleaders . After the game , he said , `` I told them from now on we 're going to leave our flags at home and they should do the same . All it does is initiate the fans to throw things out of the stands . '' Edwards ' last game ( edit ) Entering the 2000 season , legendary head coach LaVell Edwards announced that he was retiring . His final game as Cougars head coach came against the Utes in Salt Lake City , where BYU won 34 -- 27 with an exciting last - minute drive that ended on a touchdown with little time remaining on the clock . 2001 and 2002 : Crowton versus McBride ( edit ) In 2001 , under new head coach Gary Crowton , BYU entered their game against Utah undefeated and looking to become the first team from outside the BCS to play in a BCS bowl game . A tight game ended with a comeback by BYU . BYU running back Luke Staley raced down the sideline with 1 : 16 left to play to make it 24 -- 21 and BYU DB Jenaro Gilford intercepted a pass on the ensuing Ute drive to seal the victory . The win gave the Cougars consecutive wins against the Utes for the first time in nearly ten years . The Cougs , however , failed to bust the BCS , losing to Hawai ʻi in their final game . McBride , who had guided Utah to six bowl games and three bowl wins , entered the 2002 rivalry game in danger of being fired . The Utes had struggled all season long and even with their 13 -- 6 victory against BYU , Utah finished with their second losing season in three years . The 5 -- 6 finish sealed McBride 's fate and he was fired in 2002 ; Weber State University hired him in December 2004 . 2003 and 2004 : Crowton versus Meyer ( edit ) Urban Meyer was hired to replace Ron McBride . Under Meyer , Utah players were not allowed to use the name BYU and began referring rather to the Team Down South or TDS ( BYU being about 50 miles south of the University of Utah ) , imitating Ohio State coach Woody Hayes practice of referring to Michigan as `` that team up north . '' This reference has become a tradition among some Utah fans . Scoring streak ends ( edit ) See also : List of most consecutive games scoring in NCAA football In Meyer 's first season , the Utes won the Mountain West Conference and finished 10 -- 2 , which was their best record since the 1994 season . The last game of the regular season , Utah beat BYU for the second straight year with a 3 -- 0 victory . The victory snapped BYU 's NCAA record for scoring in 361 straight games -- BYU 's first shutout since a 20 -- 0 loss to Arizona State on September 25 , 1975 . BCS busters ( edit ) Utah fans carry the goalpost after the Utes defeated the Cougars to complete a perfect regular season I really hate them . Playing in the game helped me understand . They are the most arrogant people . It 's the whole church and state thing . They 're the `` good kids . '' We 're the `` bad kids . '' I did n't feel it in my gut last year like I do now . -- Utah quarterback Alex Smith , 2004 In 2004 Utah would have its best season up to that point , going 12 -- 0 and becoming the first team from outside the BCS to play in a BCS bowl game . They went on to win their matchup against Pittsburgh in the 2005 Fiesta Bowl . The Utes final regular season game , a 52 -- 21 victory over BYU , clinched the invitation to a BCS bowl . Urban Meyer then left Utah for Florida . After the 2004 season , Gary Crowton resigned after finishing with his third consecutive losing season . 2005 -- 2015 : Mendenhall versus Whittingham ( edit ) In 2005 , Bronco Mendenhall and Kyle Whittingham started as head coaches at their respective programs . Whittingham was offered the job at BYU before turning it down and accepting the position at Utah . This has added to the rivalry between the two coaches . Whittingham won the overall series against Mendenhall with a tally of 7 -- 3 . Eight of the ten games were decided by a touchdown or less . In a December 17 , 2009 column , writer Stewart Mandel called the coaching rivalry the best coaching rivalry of that decade . First overtime game ( edit ) The 2005 season saw some striking parallels between the two programs . Both had replaced their former head coaches , struggled through parts of their seasons , and would finish the regular season with 6 -- 5 records . When the two met in Provo in November 2005 , BYU was looking for its first win against the Utes in three seasons . Utah was looking for a winning record and a shot at a bowl game . BYU entered as the favorite because Utah would be playing without its starting quarterback and its best wide receiver , who had been injured in their previous game . The Utes were starting JC transfer Brett Ratliff who had taken just three snaps the week before . Ratliff surprised the Cougars by completing 17 of 32 passes for 240 yards and four touchdowns , and rushing for 112 yards on 19 carries and a touchdown . He was responsible for all five Utah touchdowns . The Utes won 41 -- 34 . Beck to Harline ( edit ) When the two teams met again in November 2006 , this time in Salt Lake City , BYU jumped out to an early lead , then fell behind and trailed for much of the game , but finally won it 33 -- 31 with an impressive last - minute drive , capped by a touchdown pass from John Beck to Jonny Harline with no time on the clock . The win gave BYU an undefeated record of 8 -- 0 in Mountain West Conference play . Harline caught the pass on his knees in the end zone with no Utah defender near him . The play led to BYU fans creating and wearing T - shirts reading `` Harline 's still open . '' Magic happens ( edit ) Obviously , when you 're doing what 's right on and off the field , I think the Lord steps in and plays a part in it . Magic happens . -- BYU wide receiver Austin Collie , 2007 In 2007 , the teams clashed on November 24 , in what was a mostly defensive game . The game 's first 12 points were only field goals , BYU 's Mitch Payne scoring 9 points . Utah then scored the first touchdown , taking the lead 10 -- 9 . In the fourth quarter , BYU came back with a late - game drive that included a 4th and 18 from its own 12 - yard line . Four plays later , freshman running back Harvey Unga bulled into the endzone to win it 17 -- 10 . Austin Collie , who caught the Max Hall pass to convert the 4th and 18 to a first down said about the play , `` I would n't say it was lucky . We executed the play well . We should have had another one . Obviously , when you 're doing what 's right on and off the field , I think the Lord steps in and plays a part in it . Magic happens . '' The comment further fueled the religious animosity between the two teams . BCS busting ... again ( edit ) Only four years removed from shocking the college football world in 2004 and becoming the first team from outside the BCS to bust into the BCS , Utah returned to the national stage by going undefeated throughout the year . The game was fairly even until Utah scored a touchdown with 15 seconds left in the half to put the Utes up by 10 . In the second half , BYU cut the lead to three by the end of the third quarter but could n't keep Utah out of the endzone in the fourth quarter . Utah would score three times in the final quarter to win 48 -- 24 . Utah was then invited to the Allstate Sugar Bowl to play against Alabama . Utah once again shocked the world by beating the Crimson Tide 31 -- 17 after Utah jumped out to a 21 -- 0 lead in the first quarter . Second overtime game ( edit ) File : Utah Utes vs. BYU Cougars , 2009 -- Flickr image 4158421474. jpg BYU fans storm the field after the overtime win of the Cougars in the 2009 game I do n't like Utah . In fact , I hate them . I hate everything about them . I hate their program , their fans . I hate everything . It felt really good to send those guys home . -- BYU quarterback Max Hall , 2009 In 2009 , in the second overtime game in series history , BYU defeated Utah 26 -- 23 . BYU held a 20 -- 6 lead entering the fourth quarter . Utah scored 14 fourth - quarter points to force overtime , but their comeback fell short . Utah managed a field goal in overtime to take a 23 -- 20 lead , but on BYU 's possession , Max Hall connected to tight end Andrew George for a 25 - yard touchdown reception and the victory . The game was dubbed `` George is still running '' by BYU fans . During the postgame press conference , Hall was asked if he felt he had redeemed himself for his performance in the previous year 's game in which he had five interceptions and one fumble . Hall responded , `` A little bit , yeah . I do n't like Utah . In fact , I hate them . I hate everything about them . I hate their program . I hate their fans . I hate everything . So , it feels good to send those guys home . They did n't deserve it . It was our time and it was our time to win . We deserved it . We played as hard as we could tonight , and it felt really good to send them home and to get them out of here , so it is a game I 'll always remember . '' When asked for a clarification and whether he really hated Utah , Hall said , `` I think the whole university and their fans and organization is classless . They threw beer on my family and stuff last year , and did a whole bunch of nasty things . I do n't respect them , and they deserve to lose . '' The next day , Hall issued an apology for his `` remarks '' . He alleged that his `` family was spit on , had beer dumped on them and were physically assaulted on several occasions '' during the previous year 's game at Rice - Eccles Stadium . Burton 's block ( edit ) For 2010 , the game was played at Rice - Eccles Stadium in Salt Lake City . It was the last game for the two teams as conference rivals . BYU entered the game with a 6 -- 5 while Utah came in at 9 -- 2 . In a low scoring affair , BYU scored two field goals , one in each of the first two quarters , to lead 6 -- 0 at halftime . In the third quarter , the Cougars got a touchdown on a 21 - yard pass play from Jake Heaps to McKay Jacobson , to take a 13 -- 0 lead . The fourth quarter began with Utah scoring a 40 - yard field goal , cutting the lead to 13 -- 3 , and then after Utah recovered a BYU fumble , Utah capitalized with a 37 - yard touchdown pass from Jordan Wynn to DeVonte Christopher to make the score 13 -- 10 . The Cougars responded with a field goal , to make it 16 -- 10 . Utah responded to a series of turnovers with a Matt Asiata touchdown on a 3 - yard run to make it 17 -- 16 with 4 : 24 remaining . BYU then drove down the field to Utah 's 22 - yard line , to set up Mitch Payne for a game - winning field goal with 4 seconds remaining . However , Utah cornerback Brandon Burton raced from the outside to block the kick and secure a 17 -- 16 Utah victory . Rivalry tensions were heightened in the play 's aftermath , as several Utah players taunted the Cougars trying to leave the field . Matt Martinez , a Utah linebacker , was seen shoving senior BYU kicker Mitch Payne . Shock and awe ( edit ) With Utah having left for the Pac - 12 and BYU declaring conference independence , the 2011 BYU home game against Utah was the rivalry 's first non-conference game since 1898 . BYU suffered a rough start on its opening drive , when on its third play , the ball was snapped over quarterback Jake Heaps ' head and recovered for a touchdown by Utah DE Derrick Shelby . The remainder of the 1st quarter held similar luck for BYU , with Running back JJ Di'Luigi fumbling on 1st and Goal from the Utah 6 - yard line . The 2nd quarter proved more competitive with BYU completing a 32 - yard TD pass to WR Ross Apo . Utah answered with 30 - yard TD pass from QB Jordan Wynn to freshman TE Jake Murphy , just two minutes before the half . Utah led at halftime 14 -- 10 . After a first half that seemed to promise the typical nail - biter game that the last decade of the rivalry had shown , it was anything but . The Utes scored 40 unanswered points in the 2nd half ( a total of 47 unanswered ) . Turnovers continued to plague BYU , who would finish with 7 , including JD Falslev 's mishandled kickoff return at their own 6 - yard line , QB Jake Heaps fumble at their own 6 - yard line , and QB Riley Nelson 's ( substituted in for Heaps in the 4th quarter ) fumble after being sacked , returned 57 yards for a TD by freshman LB V.J Fehoko . The final result of 54 -- 10 was the largest margin of victory for either team in the Holy War since a 55 -- 7 BYU victory in 1983 , and Utah 's second - largest margin of victory ever in the Holy War . Utah 's 54 points were the second most the Utes had ever scored against BYU . Fandemonium ( edit ) The 2012 incarnation of the Holy War ended in dramatic and odd fashion . Utah went into the 4th quarter up 17 points , but the BYU offense brought it within 3 . With less than 30 seconds remaining , BYU quarterback Riley Nelson successfully drove into Utah territory on 4th and long with a 40 - yard pass to wide receiver , Cody Hoffman . On what was thought to be the final play of the game , Nelson 's deflected pass fell incomplete as time seemingly expired and the Utah fans rushed the field . The pass , however , was shown to hit the ground with one second left , giving BYU an opportunity to kick a field goal from 51 yards ( once the fans had been cleared from the field of play ) . On the attempt , the kick was blocked , the ball recovered by BYU , and the runner subsequently tackled . However , Utah fans again rushed the field , this time before the play was over , thus earning a penalty that gave BYU another chance at a field goal , this one from only 36 yards . That attempt was unsuccessful , however , when the kick hit the left upright and went awry , leading Utah fans to rush the field for a third and final time . Utah won the game 24 -- 21 . Twenty - thirteen in 2013 ( edit ) Not conference mates any longer , Utah and BYU played the 2013 game with the understanding it would be the final contest until 2016 -- a fact that served as motivation for both teams to avoid having to endure a defeat for three calendar years . Utah dominated the first half 13 -- 0 and quieted the raucous crowd at LaVell Edwards Stadium . BYU did n't score their first points , a field goal , until 11 : 39 remaining in the third quarter and the Cougars tacked on another exactly six minutes later . Utah , though , responded with a 79 - yard touchdown drive to extend its lead to 20 -- 6 with 12 : 44 remaining in regulation . BYU did n't score its first touchdown , a one - yard run by running back Michael Alisa , until 5 : 44 left in the game to close the gap to seven points . After holding and false start penalties forced a three - and - out on Utah 's next possession , BYU quarterback Taysom Hill was intercepted on the Cougars ' next drive with a little more than 90 seconds remaining -- appearing to seal the win for Utah . After another three - and - out for Utah , though , BYU received the ball near midfield with 39 seconds left and one final chance to tie the game . However , four straight incomplete passes by Hill -- including a Hail Mary attempt to receiver Mitch Mathews as time expired , during which he committed offensive pass interference by pulling a Utah defensive back to the ground -- punctuated Utah 's fourth straight win over BYU and sent the Utes into the three - year hiatus on a resounding high . 2015 Las Vegas Bowl ( edit ) I 'm lucky enough to be one of the many players on the football team that actually has never lost to these bastards , which leads me to end and say , this is Utah 's world and BYU 's living in it . -- Utah punter Tom Hackett , 2015 The planned hiatus for 2014 -- 2015 was unexpectedly cut short . On December 6 , 2015 , it was announced that BYU would play Utah on December 19 , 2015 in the Las Vegas Bowl . It was the first time the teams met in the postseason and the first Holy War game to be played at a neutral site . During the build - up to the game , the pot was stirred by Utah 's two - time Ray Guy Award - winning Australian punter Tom Hackett . At a pregame event , Hackett called the Cougars `` bastards '' , and finished by saying `` this is Utah 's world and BYU 's living in it . '' Less than eight minutes had passed before Utah took a 35 -- 0 lead in the game . The Utes set a Las Vegas Bowl record for points in the first quarter , scoring five touchdowns off of five BYU turnovers . The Utes did not play as well over the remainder of the game , allowing BYU to score 28 unanswered points before holding on for a 35 -- 28 win , ending Bronco Mendenhall 's last game as BYU 's head coach with a loss . 2016 -- present : Whittingham versus Sitake ( edit ) 2016 : hindsight is 20 -- 20 ( edit ) The first offensive play from scrimmage in the 2016 game resulted in a Utah pick - six . However , Utah turned the ball over several times , which led to two BYU fields goals and a touchdown late in the 2nd Quarter . Utah answered with a touchdown of their own and held a slim 14 -- 13 lead as the teams headed into the locker rooms for halftime . After a field goal in the third quarter , Utah led 17 -- 13 as it used most of the time in the fourth on a 19 - play drive that eventually stalled inside the ten yard line of BYU . The choice to kick the field goal left BYU with one chance to overcome the 20 -- 13 deficit with 2 : 47 to go . BYU drove for a touchdown with 18 seconds to play . Rather than kick the PAT to make it 20 -- 20 , BYU first year coach Kalani Sitake decided to go for the two point conversion and the win . Quarterback Taysom Hill ran the ball up the middle on a draw , but got nowhere as Utah defenders stuffed him at the three - yard line and preserved the Utah victory , 20 -- 19 . 2017 ( edit ) On September 9 , 2017 , Utah headed to Provo looking to defeat BYU for the 7th consecutive time . Neither team was able to get into the endzone in the first half which ended with Utah leading 9 -- 0 . In the third quarter , Utah quarterback Tyler Huntley scored on a 5 - yard touchdown run , but BYU answered with a touchdown of their own 3 minutes later only to fail on the 2 - point conversion . The Utes tacked on another field goal before the quarter ended to lead 19 -- 6 going into the fourth quarter . There was no scoring in the fourth quarter until BYU quarterback Tanner Mangum put together a 11 play , 76 yard touchdown drive capped off by a 7 - yard passing touchdown to Trey Dye with 2 : 38 remaining in the game . BYU 's defense was able to come up with a stop and they took over the ball on their own 8 - yard line with 1 : 38 remaining and one timeout . Utah 's defense stood strong and BYU was unable to move the ball . Utah went on to beat BYU 19 -- 13 , marking the 7th straight win for the Utes over the Cougars . Future games ( edit ) BYU and Utah have agreed to continue the series between 2017 and 2022 , but no games have been scheduled beyond that . The 2018 contest is set for November 24 -- both teams ' final game of the year -- despite the game being a non-conference matchup . Utah typically plays Colorado in the final week , but a scheduling anomaly in the Pac - 12 facilitated the rivalry game being played the final week instead of September . In 2019 and 2020 , the game will be the first of each season . The interruption of the series in 2014 and 2015 sparked discontent in both fan bases -- particularly among BYU fans , some of whom felt that the break was nothing more than a boastful dig at the Cougars ' program . Utah AD Chris Hill acknowledged the topic in August 2015 and said a large number of Utah fans had expressed to him a desire to take a break from the rivalry . `` The message I have received loud and clear from Utah season ticket holders is that they support our decision to take a two - year hiatus from the BYU rivalry '' , Hill said . Another break in the series may follow in the 2020s , as Utah has a scheduled series with the Baylor Bears in 2023 and 2024 , filling the `` tier 1 team '' slot on the schedule , as Michigan did during the hiatus of 2014 -- 2015 . Game results ( edit ) BYU victories Utah victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score April 6 , 1896 Salt Lake City Utah 12 -- 4 November 14 , 1896 Salt Lake City Utah 6 -- 0 December 5 , 1896 Provo BYA 8 -- 6 December 4 , 1897 Salt Lake City BYA 14 -- 0 5 December 18 , 1897 Provo BYA 22 -- 0 6 November 24 , 1898 Salt Lake City Utah 5 -- 0 7 October 14 , 1922 Cummings Field , Salt Lake City Utah 49 -- 0 8 October 27 , 1923 Y Field , Provo Utah 15 -- 0 9 October 25 , 1924 Cummings Field , Salt Lake City Utah 35 -- 6 10 October 31 , 1925 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 27 -- 0 11 November 13 , 1926 Cummings Field , Salt Lake City Utah 40 -- 7 12 November 12 , 1927 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 20 -- 0 13 November 17 , 1928 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Tie 0 -- 0 14 November 2 , 1929 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 45 -- 13 15 October 18 , 1930 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 34 -- 7 16 October 17 , 1931 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 43 -- 0 17 October 15 , 1932 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 29 -- 0 18 October 14 , 1933 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 21 -- 6 19 October 13 , 1934 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 43 -- 0 20 November 2 , 1935 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 32 -- 0 21 October 31 , 1936 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 18 -- 0 22 October 2 , 1937 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 14 -- 0 23 October 15 , 1938 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Tie 7 -- 7 24 October 14 , 1939 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 35 -- 13 25 October 5 , 1940 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 12 -- 6 26 October 18 , 1941 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Tie 6 -- 6 27 October 10 , 1942 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 12 -- 7 28 October 12 , 1946 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 35 -- 6 29 October 11 , 1947 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 28 -- 6 30 October 9 , 1948 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 30 -- 0 31 October 8 , 1949 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 38 -- 0 32 October 7 , 1950 Y Stadium , Provo Tie 28 -- 28 33 October 6 , 1951 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 7 -- 6 34 October 11 , 1952 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 34 -- 6 35 November 26 , 1953 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 33 -- 32 36 October 9 , 1954 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 12 -- 7 37 October 8 , 1955 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 41 -- 9 38 October 5 , 1956 Y Stadium , Provo Utah 41 -- 6 39 October 12 , 1957 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 27 -- 0 40 September 27 , 1958 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 41 -- 6 41 October 9 , 1959 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 20 -- 8 42 October 7 , 1960 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 17 -- 0 43 October 14 , 1961 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 21 -- 20 44 October 13 , 1962 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 35 -- 20 45 October 12 , 1963 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 15 -- 6 46 November 7 , 1964 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 47 -- 13 47 November 6 , 1965 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 25 -- 20 48 November 12 , 1966 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 35 -- 13 49 October 28 , 1967 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 17 -- 13 50 November 2 , 1968 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 30 -- 21 No . Date Location Winner Score 51 November 22 , 1969 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 16 -- 6 52 November 21 , 1970 Ute Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 14 -- 13 53 November 20 , 1971 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 17 -- 15 54 November 18 , 1972 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 16 -- 7 55 November 24 , 1973 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 46 -- 22 56 November 23 , 1974 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 48 -- 20 57 November 15 , 1975 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 51 -- 20 58 November 20 , 1976 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 34 -- 12 59 November 5 , 1977 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 14 BYU 38 -- 8 60 November 18 , 1978 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 23 -- 22 61 November 17 , 1979 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 10 BYU 27 -- 0 62 November 22 , 1980 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 13 BYU 56 -- 6 63 November 21 , 1981 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 18 BYU 56 -- 28 64 November 20 , 1982 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 17 -- 12 65 November 19 , 1983 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 9 BYU 55 -- 7 66 November 17 , 1984 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 3 BYU 24 -- 14 67 November 23 , 1985 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 11 BYU 38 -- 28 68 November 22 , 1986 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 35 -- 21 69 November 21 , 1987 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 21 -- 18 70 November 19 , 1988 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 57 -- 28 71 November 18 , 1989 Cougar Stadium , Provo # 21 BYU 70 -- 31 72 November 17 , 1990 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 5 BYU 45 -- 22 73 November 23 , 1991 Cougar Stadium , Provo BYU 48 -- 17 74 November 21 , 1992 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 31 -- 22 75 November 20 , 1993 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 34 -- 31 76 November 19 , 1994 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 21 Utah 34 -- 31 77 November 18 , 1995 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 34 -- 17 78 November 23 , 1996 Rice Stadium , Salt Lake City # 8 BYU 37 -- 17 79 November 22 , 1997 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 20 -- 14 80 November 21 , 1998 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 26 -- 24 81 November 20 , 1999 Cougar Stadium , Provo Utah 20 -- 17 82 November 24 , 2000 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City BYU 34 -- 27 83 November 17 , 2001 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo # 8 BYU 24 -- 21 84 November 23 , 2002 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 13 -- 6 85 November 22 , 2003 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 3 -- 0 86 November 20 , 2004 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City # 5 Utah 52 -- 21 87 November 19 , 2005 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 41 -- 34 88 November 25 , 2006 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City # 21 BYU 33 -- 31 89 November 24 , 2007 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo # 23 BYU 17 -- 10 90 November 22 , 2008 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City # 8 Utah 48 -- 24 91 November 28 , 2009 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo # 18 BYU 26 -- 23 92 November 27 , 2010 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City # 23 Utah 17 -- 16 93 September 17 , 2011 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 54 -- 10 94 September 15 , 2012 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 24 -- 21 95 September 21 , 2013 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 20 -- 13 96 December 19 , 2015 Sam Boyd Stadium , Las Vegas , Nevada # 20 Utah 35 -- 28 97 September 10 , 2016 Rice - Eccles Stadium , Salt Lake City Utah 20 -- 19 98 September 9 , 2017 LaVell Edwards Stadium , Provo Utah 19 -- 13 Series : Utah leads 60 -- 34 -- 4 Series record sources : College Football Data Warehouse . * BYU was known as Brigham Young Academy ( BYA ) until 1903 See also ( edit ) Utah -- BYU rivalry Beehive Boot References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeff Call . `` Is Rivalry Healthy or Harmful ? '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lee Benson . `` Wayne Howard Leaves ' em Wondering '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Doug Robinson . `` Collie Was Right , Even When Wrong '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Baptism video wo n't draw punishment '' . ESPN . 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BYU Football All - Time Results '' . The Official Site of Brigham Young Athletics . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brigham Young vs Utah '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : John Fackler . `` www.alumni.utah.edu/continuum '' . Continuum : the Magazine of the University of Utah . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Robinson . `` Utah , BYU Football : Rivalry Always Big , but This Year it 's Even Bigger '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dirk Facer . `` Orem Star Picks Utah After ' Holy War ' '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brad Rock . `` Rock On ... '' Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Conference Championships : Mountain West Conference '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Conference Championships '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` BYU Football All - Time Results '' . The Official Site of BYU Athletics . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Aggies.Com : Football '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate . `` The Geography of College Football Fans ( and Realignment Chaos ) '' . The Quad . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Jones , Anjanette . `` Historical Brigham Young Academy '' . www.provolibrary.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah vs Brigham Young Academy '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Dick , and Steve Cameron . Wild Blue Yonder : The High Flying Story of BYU Football . Lenexa , Kan. : Addax Pub . Group , 1997 . Print . Jump up ^ `` BYU vs. Utah : The history of the rivalry '' . ksl.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Clean , Sober And Insufferable '' . Sports Illustrated . August 31 , 1992 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brad Rock . `` The Day Jimmy Mac Went Scoreboard '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brad Rock . `` Utah Takes Out Frustrations on Y. , 57 -- 28 : Utes Rewrite Record Books with Blowout '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Robinson . `` BYU vs. Utah : It 's Payback Time for Cougs ; Utes Hope to Spring Even Bigger Upset '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rivalry Week Fact Sheet '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Doug Robinson . `` Revenge Minded BYU Blasts Utah 70 -- 31 '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brad Rock . `` Gomes ' Famous Remark Will Never Be Forgotten '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dirk Facer . `` Saved by the Post '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : James Edward ( November 21 , 1999 ) . `` Despite Ailing Heart , Arceneaux Helps Out U. Cheerleader Lets Y . Fan Have it in Altercation '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.mormonstoday.com/991205/P2Perry01.shtml Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com -- Meyer puts Utah on fast track '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jeff Call . `` Cougars Left to Live with Another Setback '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Smith pays the price for knowledge '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stewart Mandel ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` College football : Highlights and lowlights of the decade '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Strong , Sam ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Memorable moments from the Utah - BYU rivalry '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John Henderson . `` Holy War rages on ... in Utah '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dick Harmon . `` Collie Calls Reaction to his Post-game Comments ' Ridiculous ' '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hall connects with George to lift BYU in OT ; disparages Utes '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Deseret News . `` BYU , Utah Utes football : Too many field goals , penalties doomed Utes '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dirk Facer . `` Utah , BYU football : Utes celebrate block party , beat Cougars 17 -- 16 in rivalry thriller '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jeff Call . `` BYU football : Max Hall apologizes for tirade '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Williams , Carter ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Burton saves the day ; Martinez is Max Hall 's Un-Classy Award winner '' . SUU News . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ ESPN . `` BYU vs. Utah -- Game Recap '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` WATCH : Punter Tom Hackett calls BYU ' bastards , ' says Cougars living in Utah 's world '' . Fox Sports . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Piper , Matthew ( 2015 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Las Vegas Bowl : Utah escapes with 35 -- 28 win '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.sltrib.com/sports/2017/09/10/live-utes-cougars-renew-rivalry-in-provo/ Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/game?gameId=400935263 Jump up ^ `` BYU , Utah Extend Future Football Series through 2020 '' . FBSchedules.com . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Athletics on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . BYU Cougars football Venues LaVell Edwards Stadium ( 1964 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Utah : Holy War ( Beehive Boot ) Utah State ( Beehive Boot , The Old Wagon Wheel ) Culture & lore Cosmo the Cougar `` The Cougar Song '' BYU Cougar Marching Band Miami Beach Brawl People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Utah Utes football Venues Rice Stadium ( 1927 -- 97 ) Rice - Eccles Stadium ( 1998 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games BYU : Holy War ( Beehive Boot ) Colorado : Rumble in the Rockies New Mexico Utah State : Battle of the Brothers ( Beehive Boot ) Culture & lore Swoop `` Utah Man '' Pride of Utah Utah pass People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division I FBS independents football rivalries Army -- Navy Game ( Army -- Navy ) Army -- Notre Dame Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Boston College -- Massachusetts BYU -- Utah State Colonial Clash ( Massachusetts -- New Hampshire ) Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Air Force -- Army -- Navy ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Holy War ( Boston College -- Notre Dame ) Holy War ( BYU -- Utah ) Michigan -- Notre Dame Michigan State -- Notre Dame Navy -- Notre Dame Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Notre Dame -- Stanford Notre Dame -- USC Pac - 12 football rivalries Conference Apple Cup ( Washington -- Washington State ) Arizona -- Arizona State Big Game ( California -- Stanford ) California -- UCLA Civil War ( Oregon -- Oregon State ) Oregon -- Washington Rumble in the Rockies ( Colorado -- Utah ) Stanford -- USC UCLA -- USC Non-conference Arizona -- New Mexico Battle of the Brothers ( Utah -- Utah State ) Battle of the Palouse ( Idaho -- Washington State ) Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Bill Walsh Legacy Game ( San Jose State -- Stanford ) Colorado -- Nebraska Holy War ( Utah -- BYU ) New Mexico -- Utah Notre Dame -- USC Notre Dame -- Stanford Rocky Mountain Showdown ( Colorado -- Colorado State ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_War_(Utah_vs._BYU)&oldid=815487714 '' Categories : College football rivalries in the United States BYU Cougars football Utah Utes football 1896 establishments in Utah Hidden categories : Articles with missing files Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 03 : 37 . 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Icarus

Icarus - wikipedia Icarus For other uses , see Icarus ( disambiguation ) . Jacob Peter Gowy 's The Flight of Icarus . Icarus and Daedalus ancient red relief plastic pottery beaker , Roman - Greece In Greek mythology , Icarus ( the Latin spelling , conventionally adopted in English ; Ancient Greek : Ἴκαρος , Íkaros , Etruscan : Vikare ) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus , the creator of the Labyrinth . Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax . Icarus ' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris , asking that he fly neither too low nor too high , so the sea 's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun 's heat melt them . Icarus ignored his father 's instructions not to fly too close to the sun ; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned , sparking the idiom `` do n't fly too close to the sun '' . This tragic theme of failure at the hands of hubris contains similarities to that of Phaëthon . Contents 1 The legend 2 Classical literature 3 Medieval and Renaissance literature 4 Interpretation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading The legend ( edit ) The Lament for Icarus by H.J. Draper Icarus ' father Daedalus , a very talented and remarkable Athenian craftsman , built the Labyrinth for King Minos of Crete near his palace at Knossos to imprison the Minotaur , a half - man , half - bull monster born of his wife and the Cretan bull . Minos imprisoned Daedalus himself in the labyrinth because he gave Minos 's daughter , Ariadne , a clew ( or ball of string ) in order to help Theseus , the enemy of Minos , to survive the Labyrinth and defeat the Minotaur . Modern graffiti of Icaria island and falling Icarus just outside the village of Evdilos in Icaria - Greece Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son . Daedalus tried his wings first , but before trying to escape the island , he warned his son not to fly too close to the sun , nor too close to the sea , but to follow his path of flight . Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him , Icarus soared into the sky , but in the process he came too close to the sun , which due to the heat melted the wax . Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms , and so Icarus fell into the sea and drowned in the area which today bears his name , the Icarian Sea near Icaria , an island southwest of Samos . Hellenistic writers give euhemerising variants in which the escape from Crete was actually by boat , provided by Pasiphaë , for which Daedalus invented the first sails , to outstrip Minos ' pursuing galleys , and that Icarus fell overboard en route to Sicily and drowned . Heracles erected a tomb for him . Classical literature ( edit ) The Sun , or the Fall of Icarus ( 1819 ) by Merry - Joseph Blondel , in the Rotunda of Apollo at the Louvre Icarus ' flight was often alluded to by Greek poets in passing , but the story was told briefly in Pseudo-Apollodorus . In the literature of ancient Rome , the myth was of interest to Augustan writers . Hyginus narrates it in Fabula 40 , beginning with the bovine love affair of Pasiphaë , daughter of the Sun , resulting in the birth of the Minotaur . Ovid narrates the story of Icarus at some length in the Metamorphoses ( viii. 183 -- 235 ) , and refers to it elsewhere . Medieval and Renaissance literature ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 ) Ovid 's treatment of the Icarus myth and its connection with that of Phaëthon influenced the mythological tradition in English literature as received and interpreted by major writers such as Chaucer , Marlowe , Shakespeare , Milton , and Joyce . Bruegel 's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus ( ca . 1558 ) , famous for relegating the fall to a scarcely noticed event in the background In Renaissance iconography , the significance of Icarus depends on context : in the Orion Fountain at Messina , he is one of many figures associated with water ; but he is also shown on the Bankruptcy Court of the Amsterdam Town Hall - where he symbolizes high - flying ambition . The 16th - century painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus , traditionally but perhaps erroneously attributed to Pieter Bruegel the Elder , was the inspiration for two of the 20th century 's most notable ecphrastic English - language poems , `` Musée des Beaux Arts '' by W.H. Auden and `` Landscape with the Fall of Icarus '' by William Carlos Williams . Other English language poems referencing the Icarus myth are `` To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph '' by Anne Sexton , `` Icarus Again '' by Alan Devenish , `` Mrs Icarus '' by Carol Ann Duffy , `` Failing and Flying '' by Jack Gilbert , and `` Icarus Burning '' and `` Icarus Redux '' by Hiromi Yoshida . Interpretation ( edit ) 17th - century relief with a Cretan labyrinth bottom right ( Musée Antoine Vivenel ) Literary interpretation has found in the myth the structure and consequence of personal over-ambition . An Icarus - related study of the Daedalus myth was published by the French hellenist Françoise Frontisi - Ducroux . In psychology there have been synthetic studies of the Icarus complex with respect to the alleged relationship between fascination for fire , enuresis , high ambition , and ascensionism . In the psychiatric mind features of disease were perceived in the shape of the pendulous emotional ecstatic - high and depressive - low of bipolar disorder . Henry Murray having proposed the term Icarus complex , apparently found symptoms particularly in mania where a person is fond of heights , fascinated by both fire and water , narcissistic and observed with fantastical or far - fetched imaginary cognition . See also ( edit ) Icarus imagery in contemporary music Kua Fu , a Chinese myth about a giant who chased the sun and died while getting too close Bladud , a legendary king of the Britons , purported to have met his death when his constructed wings failed Etana , a sort of `` Babylonian Icarus '' Sampati , an Indian myth about a bird which lost its wings while trying to save its younger brother from the sun References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Larissa Bonfante , Judith Swaddling , Etruscan Myths , p. 43 Jump up ^ clew -- a ball of yarn or thread . The etymology of the word `` clue '' is a direct reference to this story of the Labyrinth . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert ( 1955 ) . `` 92 -- Daedalus and Talus '' . The Greek Myths . ISBN 0 - 14 - 007602 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas Bullfinch - The Age of Fable Stories of Gods and Heroes KundaliniAwakeningSystem.com & The Internet Classics Archive by Daniel C. Stevenson : Ovid - Metamorphoses - Book VIII + Translated by Rolfe Humphries - KET Distance Learning 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Translated by A.S. Kline - University of Virginia Library.edu Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smith , William ( ed . ) . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . Jump up ^ Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology . New York : Peter Bedrick Books . ISBN 0 - 600 - 55023 - 0 . Jump up ^ Epitome of the Biblioteca i. 11 and ii. 6.3 . Jump up ^ Gareth D. Williams , Banished voices : readings in Ovid 's Exile Poetry ( Cambridge University Press , 1994 ) , p. 132 online . Jump up ^ Peter Knox , A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2009 ) , p. 424 online . Jump up ^ Jane Chance , The Mythographic Chaucer ( University of Michigan Press , 1995 ) , p. 65 online . Jump up ^ Troni Y . Grande , Marlovian Tragedy ( Associated University Presses , 1990 ) , pp. 14 online , 40 -- 42 et passim ; Frederic B. Tromly , Playing with Desire : Christopher Marlowe and the Art of Tantalization ( University of Toronto Press , 1998 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Coppélia Kahn , Man 's estate : Masculine Identity in Shakespeare ( University of California Press , 1981 ) , p. 53 online . Jump up ^ Su Fang Nu , Literature and the Politics of Family in Seventeenth - Century England ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , p. 154 online ; R.J. Zwi Werblowsky , Lucifer and Prometheus ( Routledge , 2001 , reprinted from 1952 ) , p. 32 online . Jump up ^ R.J. Schork , Latin and Roman Culture in Joyce ( University Press of Florida , 1997 ) , p. 160 online . Jump up ^ E.H. Gombrich , Symbolic Images ; Studies in the Art of the Renaissance ( London , 1972 ) ; p. 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.vaguedirection.com/a-cheat-sheet-for-life/ Jump up ^ Jacob E. Nyenhuis - Myth and the creative process : Michael Ayrton and the myth of Daedalus , the maze maker - 345 pages Wayne State University Press , 2003 Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3002 - 9 See also Harry Levin , The Overreacher , Harvard University Press , 1952 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Frontisi - Ducroux , Françoise ( 1975 ) . Dédale : Mythologie de l'artisan en Grèce Ancienne . Paris : François Maspero . p. 227 . Jump up ^ Wiklund , Nils ( 1978 ) . The icarus complex . Lund : Doxa . ISBN 91 - 578 - 0064 - 2 . Jump up ^ Michael Sperber 2010 - Dostoyevsky 's Stalker and Other Essays on Psychopathology and the Arts , University Press of America , 2010 , p. 166 ff , ( 2 ) ISBN 0 - 7618 - 4993 - 9 Jump up ^ Pendulum - The BiPolar Organisation 's quarterly journal Bipolar UK Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Comparion noted by W.H. Ph . Römer , `` Religion of Ancient Mesopotamia , '' in Historia Religionum : Religions of the Past ( Brill , 1969 ) , vol. 1 , p. 163 . Further reading ( edit ) Graves , Robert , ( 1955 ) 1960 . The Greek Myths , section 92 passim Smith , William , ed . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology . New York : Peter Bedrick Books Portals Access related topics Greek mythology portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Source texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata GND : 11863979X VIAF : 52482708 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Icarus&oldid=843741213 '' Categories : Sun myths Mythological Greek characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles to be expanded from January 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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who flew to close to the sun and his wings melted

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Amen

Amen - wikipedia Amen Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the interjection . For other uses , see Amen ( disambiguation ) . The word amen ( / ˌɑːˈmɛn / or / ˌeɪˈmɛn / ) is a declaration of affirmation found in the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament . It is found in Jewish , Christian , and in Sunni Muslim worship as a concluding word or response to prayers . Common English translations of the word amen include `` verily '' and `` truly '' . It can also be used colloquially to express strong agreement , as in , for instance , amen to that . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciation 2 Etymology 2.1 Hebrew Bible 2.2 New Testament 3 Religious use 3.1 Judaism 3.2 Christianity 3.3 Islam 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Pronunciation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In English , the word amen has two primary pronunciations , ah - men ( / ɑːˈmɛn / ) or ay - men ( / eɪˈmɛn / ) , with minor additional variation in emphasis ( the two syllables may be equally stressed instead of placing primary stress on the second ) . In anglophone North America the ah - men pronunciation is used in performances of classical music , in churches with more formalized rituals and liturgy and in liberal to mainline Protestant denominations , as well as almost every Jewish congregation , in line with modern Hebrew pronunciation . The ay - men pronunciation , a product of the Great Vowel Shift dating to the 15th century , is associated with Irish Protestantism and conservative Evangelical denominations generally , and is the pronunciation typically used in gospel music . In Arabic the pronunciation ah - meen ( ʾĀmīn ) is used upon completing a supplication to God or when concluding recitation of the first surah Al Fatiha in prayer . Etymology ( edit ) `` Amen '' in contemporary ( Madnhāyā ) Syriac script . The usage of Amen , meaning `` so be it '' , as found in the early scriptures of the Bible is said to be of Hebrew origin ; however , the basic triconsonantal root from which the word was derived is common to a number of languages , such as Aramaic , in the Semitic branch of the Afrasian languages . The word was imported into the Greek of the early Church from Judaism . From Greek , amen entered the other Western languages . According to a standard dictionary etymology , amen passed from Greek into Late Latin , and thence into English . Rabbinic scholars from medieval France believed the standard Hebrew word for faith emuna comes from the root amen . Although in English transliteration they look different , they are both from the root aleph - mem - nun . That is , the Hebrew word amen derives from the same ancient triliteral Hebrew root as does the verb ʾāmán . Grammarians frequently list ʾāmán under its three consonants ( aleph - mem - nun ) , which are identical to those of ʾāmēn ( note that the Hebrew letter א aleph represents a glottal stop sound , which functions as a consonant in the morphology of Hebrew ) . This triliteral root means to be firm , confirmed , reliable , faithful , have faith , believe . In Arabic , the word is derived from its triliteral common root word ʾĀmana ( Arabic : آمن ‎ ) , which has the same meanings as the Hebrew root word . Popular among some theosophists , proponents of Afrocentric theories of history , and adherents of esoteric Christianity is the conjecture that amen is a derivative of the name of the Egyptian god Amun ( which is sometimes also spelled Amen ) . Some adherents of Eastern religions believe that amen shares roots with the Hindu Sanskrit word , Aum . Such external etymologies are not included in standard etymological reference works . The Hebrew word , as noted above , starts with aleph , while the Egyptian name begins with a yodh . The Armenian word ամեն ( amen ) means `` every '' ; however it is also used in the same form at the conclusion of prayers , much as in English . In French , the Hebrew word amen is sometimes translated as Ainsi soit - il , which means `` So be it . '' Hebrew Bible ( edit ) The word first occurs in the Hebrew Bible in Numbers 5 : 22 when the Priest addresses a suspected adulteress and she responds `` Amen , Amen '' . Overall , the word appears in the Hebrew Bible 30 times . Three distinct Biblical usages of amen may be noted : Initial amen , referring back to words of another speaker and introducing an affirmative sentence , e.g. 1 Kings 1 : 36 . Detached amen , again referring to the words of another speaker but without a complementary affirmative sentence , e.g. Nehemiah 5 : 13 . Final amen , with no change of speaker , as in the subscription to the first three divisions of Psalms . New Testament ( edit ) There are 52 amens in the Synoptic Gospels and 25 in John . The five final amens ( Matthew 6 : 13 , 28 : 20 , Mark 16 : 20 , Luke 24 : 53 and John 21 : 25 ) , which are wanting in certain manuscripts , simulate the effect of final amen in the Hebrew Psalms . All initial amens occur in the sayings of Jesus . These initial amens are unparalleled in Hebrew literature , according to Friedrich Delitzsch , because they do not refer to the words of a previous speaker but instead introduce a new thought . The uses of amen ( `` verily '' or `` I tell you the truth '' , depending on the translation ) in the Gospels form a peculiar class ; they are initial , but often lack any backward reference . Jesus used the word to affirm his own utterances , not those of another person , and this usage was adopted by the church . The use of the initial amen , single or double in form , to introduce solemn statements of Jesus in the Gospels had no parallel in Jewish practice . In the King James Bible , the word amen is preserved in a number of contexts . Notable ones include : The catechism of curses of the Law found in Deuteronomy 27 . A double amen ( `` amen and amen '' ) occurs in Psalm 89 ( Psalm 41 : 13 ; 72 : 19 ; 89 : 52 ) , to confirm the words and invoke the fulfillment of them . Amen occurs in several doxology formulas in Romans 1 : 25 , 9 : 5 , 11 : 36 , 15 : 33 , and several times in Chapter 16 . It also appears in doxologies in the Psalms ( 41 : 14 ; 72 : 19 ; 89 : 53 ; 106 : 48 ) . This liturgical form from Judaism . It concludes all of Paul 's general epistles . In Revelation 3 : 14 , Jesus is referred to as , `` the Amen , the faithful and true witness , the beginning of God 's creation . '' The whole passage reads as `` And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write ; These things saith the Amen , the faithful and true witness , the beginning of the creation of God ; '' . Amen concludes the New Testament at Rev. 22 : 21 . Religious use ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) See also : Reciting amen Although amen , in Judaism , is commonly stated as a response to a blessing , it is also often used as an affirmation of any declaration . Jewish rabbinical law requires an individual to say amen in a variety of contexts . With the rise of the synagogue during the Second Temple period , amen became a common response , especially to benedictions . It is recited communally to affirm a blessing made by the prayer reader . It is also mandated as a response during the kaddish doxology . The congregation is sometimes prompted to answer ' amen ' by the terms ve - ' imru ( Hebrew : ואמרו ‎ ) = `` and ( now ) say ( pl . ) , '' or , ve - nomar ( ונאמר ) = `` and let us say . '' Contemporary usage reflects ancient practice : As early as the 4th century BCE , Jews assembled in the Temple responded ' amen ' at the close of a doxology or other prayer uttered by a priest . This Jewish liturgical use of amen was adopted by the Christians . But Jewish law also requires individuals to answer amen whenever they hear a blessing recited , even in a non-liturgical setting . The Talmud teaches homiletically that the word amen is an acronym for אל מלך נאמן ( ʾEl melekh neʾeman , `` God , trustworthy King '' ) , the phrase recited silently by an individual before reciting the Shma . Jews usually approximate the Hebrew pronunciation of the word : / ɑː ˈmɛn / ah - MEN ( Israeli - Ashkenazi and Sephardi ) or / ɔː ˈmeɪn / aw - MAYN ( non-Israeli Ashkenazi ) . Christianity ( edit ) The use of `` amen '' has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word for prayers and hymns and an expression of strong agreement . The liturgical use of the word in apostolic times is attested by the passage from 1 Corinthians cited above , and Justin Martyr ( c. 150 ) describes the congregation as responding `` amen '' to the benediction after the celebration of the Eucharist . Its introduction into the baptismal formula ( in the Eastern Orthodox Church it is pronounced after the name of each person of the Trinity ) was probably later . In Isaiah 65 : 16 , the authorized version has `` the God of truth '' ( `` the God of amen '' in Hebrew ) . Jesus often used amen to put emphasis to his own words ( translated : `` verily '' ) . In John 's Gospel , it is repeated , `` Verily , verily '' . Amen is also used in oaths ( Numbers 5 : 22 ; Deuteronomy 27 : 15 -- 26 ; Nehemiah 5 : 13 ; 8 : 6 ; 1 Chronicles 16 : 36 ) and is further found at the end of the prayer of primitive churches ( 1 Corinthians 14 : 16 ) . In some Christian churches , the `` amen corner '' or `` amen section '' is any subset of the congregation likely to call out `` Amen ! '' in response to points in a preacher 's sermon . Metaphorically , the term can refer to any group of heartfelt traditionalists or supporters of an authority figure . Amen is also used in standard , international French , but in Cajun French Ainsi soit - il ( `` so be it '' ) is used instead . Amen is used at the end of the Lord 's Prayer , which is also called the Our Father or the Pater Noster . Islam ( edit ) ʾĀmīn in Arabic . ʾĀmīn ( Arabic : آمين ‎ ) is the Arabic form of Amen . In Islam , it is used with the same meaning as in Judaism and Christianity ; when concluding a prayer , especially after a supplication ( du'a ) or reciting the first surah Al Fatiha of the Qur'an ( salat ) , and as an assent to the prayers of others . See also ( edit ) Selah So mote it be Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hebrew : אָמֵן ‬ , Modern amen , Tiberian ʾāmēn ; Greek : ἀμήν ; Arabic : آمِينَ ‎ , ʾāmīna ; `` So be it ; truly '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amen '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . 1912 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Douglas . `` amen '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Microsoft Encarta Dictionary Tools . Retrieved 20 August 2007 Jump up ^ `` amen - definition of amen in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Joüon , SJ , A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew , trans . and revised by T. Muraoka , vol . I , Rome : Editrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Amen '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amen '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` King James Bible Strong 's Hebrew Dictionary '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` COLLATION OF THEOSOPHICAL GLOSSARIES -- Amen '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ The Origin of the Word Amen , Ed. by Issa & Faraji , Amen Ra Theological Seminary Press . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 16 . as quoted in the Lexington Herald - Leader , `` Scholar traces origins of ' Amen ' He says word is of African , not Hebrew , origin '' , December 2007 , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Assembly of Yahweh , Cascade ( an Assembly of True Israel , of the Diaspora ) -- Words and Definitions critical to the correct understanding of the Scriptures and Christianity '' . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Amen '' . The Assembly of IaHUShUA MaShIaChaH. 15 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Yogananda , Paramahansa . Autobiography of a Yoga , 1946 , chapter 26 . Jump up ^ Sri H.W.L Poonja , ' The Truth is ' , Published by Samuel Weiser , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 57863 - 175 - 0 Jump up ^ Mandala Yoga Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Culture - Omkar and Swastika '' . hindubooks.org . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Erman , Adolf & Grapow , Hermann : Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache , Im Auftrage der Deutschen Akademien , Berlin : Akademie Verlag ( 1971 ) , p. 85 Jump up ^ `` Amen '' , Encyclopedia Biblica Jump up ^ `` Amen '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amen '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bible Dictionary : Amen '' . eastonsbibledictionary.com . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ cf . John L. McKenzie , SJ , `` Dictionary of the Bible '' , New York : MacMillan Publ. Co. , Inc. , 1965 . Entry : `` Amen , '' p. 25 ) Jump up ^ Orach Chaim 56 ( amen in kaddish ) ; O.C. 124 ( amen in response to blessings recited by the prayer reader ) ; O.C. 215 ( amen in response to blessings made by any individual outside of the liturgy ) . Jump up ^ Tractate Shabbat 119b and Tractate Sanhedrin 111a Jump up ^ To Pray as a Jew : A Guide to the Prayer Book and the Synagogue Service , Hayim Halevy Donin Jump up ^ Among certain Gnostic sects , Amen became the name of an angel . Jump up ^ Hovda , Robert W. ( 1983 ) . `` The amen corner '' . Worship. 57 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 156 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wycliffe . `` Matthew 6 : 9 -- 15 '' . Wycliffe Bible . Jump up ^ Hastings , James ( 2004 ) ( 1901 ) . A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels : Volume I . The Minerva Group , Inc. p. 52 . Jump up ^ Glassé , Cyril ( 2003 ) . The New Encyclopedia of Islam . Stacey International . p. 48 . Further reading ( edit ) Schnitker , Thaddeus A. `` Amen . '' In The Encyclopedia of Christianity , edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley , 43 -- 44 . Vol. 1 . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans , 1999 . 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Wikiquote has quotations related to : Amen Saying Amen Catholic Encyclopedia : Amen Jewish Encyclopedia : Amen Encyclopædia Britannica : Amen The Laws of Responding Amen in Judaism chabad.org Strong 's Concordance H543 Strong 's Concordance G281 Tutankhamen -- Amenism , Atenism and Egyptian Monotheism Britannica Student Encyclopedia The Catechism of the Catholic Church on Amen ( hide ) Halakha ( Jewish religious law ) Ethics Chillul Hashem ( Desecration of God 's name ) Geneivat da'at ( Theft of the mind ) Gezel sheina ( Theft of sleep ) Kiddush Hashem ( Sanctification of God 's name ) Lashon hara ( Derogatory information ) Lifnei iver ( Stumbling block in front of the blind ) Noahide laws You shall not murder Yetzer hara Ritual purity Mikveh Niddah Ritual washing in Judaism Handwashing in Judaism Tumah and taharah Modesty Negiah Yichud Mechitza Judaism and sexuality Forbidden relationships in Judaism Gender separation in Judaism Homosexuality and Judaism Agrarian laws Tithes in Judaism Terumah First tithe Second tithe Poor man 's tithe Terumat hamaaser Demai Orlah Bikkurim ( First - fruits ) Sicaricon ( Jewish law ) Hallah Halakhic principles Aveira Bemeizid , beshogeg , and beones B'rov am hadrat melech Chumra Dina d'malkhuta dina D'Oraita and D'Rabbanan One commandment leads to another Ikar v'tafel Marit ayin Neder Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah Pikuach nefesh Positive commandment Sfeka d'yoma Self - sacrifice in Jewish law Shinuy Shomea k'oneh Testimony Toch k'dei dibur Yad soledet bo Zmanim Relative hour ( Jewish law ) Punishment Capital punishment in Judaism Kareth Related boxes High Holidays Passover Shabbat Sukkot Kashrut Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amen&oldid=828237054 '' Categories : New Testament Hebrew words and phrases Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible Christian prayer Interjections Hebrew words and phrases Jewish prayer and ritual texts Judeo - Christian topics Islamic terminology Religious terminology Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia external links cleanup from September 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from September 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Wolof 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 10 : 41 . 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when was amen first used in the bible

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Don't Get Around Much Anymore

Do n't Get Around Much Anymore - wikipedia Do n't Get Around Much Anymore Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' Song by Duke Ellington Published 1940 Songwriter ( s ) Duke Ellington , Bob Russell `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' is a jazz standard with music by Duke Ellington and lyrics by Bob Russell . The tune was originally called `` Never No Lament '' and was first recorded by Ellington in 1940 as a big - band instrumental . Russell 's lyrics and the new title were added in 1942 . Two different recordings of `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' , one by The Ink Spots and the other by Ellington 's own band , reached # 1 on the R&B chart in the US in 1943 . Both were top - ten pop records , along with a version by Glen Gray . The Duke Ellington version reached # 8 on the pop chart . Versions ( edit ) 1943 : The Ink Spots reached number 1 on the R&B chart for two non-consecutive weeks and number 2 on the pop chart 1953 : Harry James recorded several live versions of the tune during the 1950s , including one from 1953 featuring Buddy Rich on drums on the album Live ! ( Sunbeam SB - 230 , 1979 ) 1956 : Patti Page on Music for Two in Love 1957 : Tab Hunter on Dot Records . The b - side to Ninety - Nine Ways , which was a # 11 hit in March ' 57 . `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' itself charted at # 74 in March 1957 . 1957 : Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook for Verve Records In September 1957 Eydie Gorme released a version on her album Eydie Swings the Blues Hallmark Records 1957 : Nat King Cole on Just One of Those Things 1958 : Bill Doggett included a cover on his album Salute To Duke Ellington , King Records 533 . 1958 : Mose Allison recorded it for his album Young Man Mose , Prestige PRLP 7137 . 1959 : June Christy recorded the song for her album Ballads for Night People and also on the album Spotlight on June Christy ( 1995 ) 1959 : Ed Townsend released a version of the song on his album , Glad to Be Here . 1960 : The Coasters on their album One by One 1961 : Mel Tormé on The Duke Ellington and Count Basie Songbooks for Verve Records 1961 : Sam Cooke on My Kind of Blues 1961 : Etta James on The Second Time Around for Argo Records 1965 : Hank Crawford on Dig These Blues for Atlantic Records 1967 : The Radars on Zodiac Z45 - 1318 1975 : Title track of live recording of jam session with Rolf Ericsson , Tommy Körberg , Dick Morrissey , Terry Smith , and others on Do n't Get Around Much Anymore -- Live at Bullerbyn 1975 : Mose Allison on Creek Bank for Prestige 1978 : Willie Nelson recorded the song for his album Stardust 1987 : Paul McCartney for his album Снова в СССР 1989 : Harry Connick , Jr. on the soundtrack of When Harry Met Sally 1990 : Grace Knight on the soundtrack of Come in Spinner , ABC TV ( Australia ) 1991 : B.B. King on the King of the Blues compilation 1991 : Joan Cartwright with Dr. Lonnie Smith ( p ) , Bill Peeples ( d ) , Bobby Tynes ( s ) , Phil McArthur ( b ) , recorded at Miamiway Theatre in Miami , included on her album In Pursuit of a Melody 1991 : Natalie Cole on her album Unforgettable ... with Love 1995 : Chicago on their album Night & Day Big Band 1996 : Michael Bublé on his album BaBalu 2003 : Rod Stewart had also covered this song on his As Time Goes By : the Great American Songbook 2 cover album of pop standards 2004 : Anne Murray on her album I 'll Be Seeing You 2006 : Brooks Williams on his album Blues and Ballads 2009 : Mark Isham & Kate Ceberano recorded a version for their Bittersweet album . 2010 : Cliff Richard on his album Bold as Brass 2011 : Tony Bennett and Michael Bublé on the album Duets II 2012 : Tony Bennett and Miguel Bosé on the album Viva Duets 2015 : Lowell Oakley on the eighth season of the American reality talent show The Voice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 185 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 275 . Jump up ^ `` Harry James , Willie Smith , Buddy Rich -- Live ! Hollywood Palladium - Freedomland , N.Y. 1953 - 54 '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Music for Two in Love by Patti Page : Reviews and Ratings - Rate Your Music '' . rateyourmusic.com . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ed Townsend , Glad to Be Here Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Coasters , One by One Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Preceded by `` Do n't Stop Now '' by the Bunny Banks Trio with vocal chorus by Bonnie Davis `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots The Billboard Harlem Hit Parade number - one single ( The Ink Spots version ) March 27 , 1943 ( one week ) May 8 , 1943 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Do n't Stop Now '' by the Bunny Banks Trio with vocal chorus by Bonnie Davis `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots Preceded by `` See See Rider Blues '' by Bea Booze `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots The Billboard Harlem Hit Parade number - one single ( Duke Ellington and His Famous Orchestra version ) May 29 , 1943 ( one week ) June 12 , 1943 ( one week ) July 10 , 1943 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' by the Ink Spots `` You 'll Never Know '' by Dick Haymes and the Song Spinners Duke Ellington Studio albums The Blanton -- Webster Band Never No Lament : The Blanton - Webster Band Braggin ' in Brass : The Immortal 1938 Year Liberian Suite Great Times ! Masterpieces by Ellington Ellington Uptown The Duke Plays Ellington Ellington ' 55 Dance to the Duke ! Ellington Showcase Historically Speaking Duke Ellington Presents ... The Complete Porgy and Bess A Drum Is a Woman Studio Sessions , Chicago 1956 Such Sweet Thunder Ellington Indigos Black , Brown and Beige Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque The Cosmic Scene Happy Reunion Jazz Party Back to Back Side by Side Anatomy of a Murder Festival Session Blues in Orbit The Nutcracker Suite Piano in the Background Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G . Unknown Session Piano in the Foreground The Great Summit : The Master Takes Paris Blues First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke Duke Ellington & John Coltrane Featuring Paul Gonsalves Studio Sessions 1957 & 1962 Midnight in Paris Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins Studio Sessions , New York 1962 Money Jungle Afro - Bossa The Symphonic Ellington Duke Ellington 's Jazz Violin Session Studio Sessions New York 1963 My People Ellington ' 65 Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins Ellington ' 66 Concert in the Virgin Islands The Popular Duke Ellington The Far East Suite The Jaywalker Studio Sessions , 1957 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , San Francisco , Chicago , New York ... And His Mother Called Him Bill Second Sacred Concert Studio Sessions New York , 1968 Latin American Suite The Pianist New Orleans Suite Orchestral Works The Suites , New York 1968 & 1970 The Intimacy of the Blues The Afro - Eurasian Eclipse Studio Sessions New York & Chicago , 1965 , 1966 & 1971 The Intimate Ellington The Ellington Suites This One 's for Blanton ! Up in Duke 's Workshop Duke 's Big 4 Mood Ellington Live albums Duke Ellington at Fargo , 1940 Live The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1943 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1944 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : January 1946 The Carnegie Hall Concerts : December 1947 Ellington at Newport Dance Concerts , California 1958 Dance Dates , California 1958 Newport 1958 Jazz at the Plaza Vol. II Duke Ellington at the Alhambra Live at the Blue Note The Great Paris Concert A Concert of Sacred Music In the Uncommon Market Soul Call Yale Concert 70th Birthday Concert Togo Brava Suite Live at the Whitney Third Sacred Concert Eastbourne Performance Collaborations with Alice Babs Serenade to Sweden with Count Basie First Time ! The Count Meets the Duke with Teresa Brewer It Do n't Mean a Thing If It Ai n't Got That Swing with Rosemary Clooney Blue Rose with John Coltrane Duke Ellington & John Coltrane with Ella Fitzgerald Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook Ella at Duke 's Place The Stockholm Concert , 1966 Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur with Coleman Hawkins Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins with Frank Sinatra Francis A. & Edward K . Compositions `` African Flower '' `` All Too Soon '' `` Azure '' `` Black and Tan Fantasy '' `` Black , Brown and Beige '' `` C Jam Blues '' `` Cotton Tail '' `` Day Dream '' `` Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue '' `` Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` Drop Me Off in Harlem '' `` Echoes of Harlem '' `` Everything But You '' `` I Ai n't Got Nothin ' But the Blues '' `` I Did n't Know About You '' `` I Got It Bad ( and That Ai n't Good ) '' `` I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart '' `` I 'm Beginning to See the Light '' `` I 'm Just a Lucky So - and - So '' `` In a Mellow Tone '' `` In a Sentimental Mood '' `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' `` Just A-Sittin ' and A-Rockin ' '' `` Just Squeeze Me ( But Please Do n't Tease Me ) '' `` The Mooche '' `` Mood Indigo '' `` Prelude to a Kiss '' `` Rocks in My Bed '' `` ( In My ) Solitude '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' Billy Strayhorn compositions associated with Ellington `` Take the `` A '' Train '' `` Lush Life '' `` Chelsea Bridge '' `` Something to Live For '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Blood Count '' Juan Tizol compositions associated with Ellington `` Caravan '' `` Perdido '' Orchestra members Hayes Alvis Cat Anderson Ivie Anderson Harold Ashby Alice Babs Shorty Baker Butch Ballard Art Baron Aaron Bell Louie Bellson Joe Benjamin Barney Bigard Lou Blackburn Jimmy Blanton Wellman Braud Lawrence Brown Harry Carney Johnny Coles Willie Cook Buster Cooper Kay Davis Wild Bill Davis Wilbur De Paris Bobby Durham Mercer Ellington Rolf Ericson Jimmy Forrest Victor Gaskin Peter Giger Tyree Glenn Paul Gonsalves Sonny Greer Fred Guy Jimmy Hamilton Otto Hardwick Rick Henderson Al Hibbler Johnny Hodges Major Holley Charlie Irvis Quentin Jackson Hilton Jefferson Herb Jeffries Freddie Jenkins Money Johnson Herbie Jones Taft Jordan Al Killian Queen Esther Marrow Wendell Marshall Murray McEachern Louis Metcalf James `` Bubber '' Miley Harold `` Geezil '' Minerve Ray Nance Tricky Sam Nanton Oscar Pettiford Eddie Preston Russell Procope Junior Raglin Betty Roché Ernie Royal Al Sears Joya Sherrill Willie Smith Elmer Snowden Rex Stewart Billy Strayhorn Billy Taylor Clark Terry Juan Tizol Norris Turney Ben Webster Arthur Whetsol Cootie Williams Nelson Williams Skippy Williams Booty Wood Jimmy Woode Britt Woodman Sam Woodyard Filmography Black and Tan Check and Double Check Belle of the Nineties Murder at the Vanities Cabin in the Sky Anatomy of a Murder Paris Blues Assault on a Queen Change of Mind Related Duke Ellington Bridge Duke Ellington House Duke Ellington School of the Arts Luther Henderson Irving Mills Sophisticated Ladies Play On ! Sacred Concerts Discography The Ink Spots Bill Kenny Charlie Fuqua Deek Watson Hoppy Jones Jerry Daniels Bernie Mackey Cliff Givens Billy Bowen Huey Long Herb Kenny Singles `` If I Did n't Care '' `` My Prayer '' `` Memories of You '' `` I 'm Gettin ' Sentimental Over You '' `` When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano '' `` Whispering Grass ( Do n't Tell the Trees ) '' `` Maybe '' `` We Three ( My Echo , My Shadow , and Me ) '' `` Java Jive '' `` Until the Real Thing Comes Along '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` I Ca n't Stand Losing You '' `` Cow Cow Boogie ( Cuma - Ti - Yi - Yi - Ay ) '' `` A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening '' `` I 'll Get By ( As Long as I Have You ) '' `` Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall '' `` I 'm Beginning to See the Light '' `` The Gypsy '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` To Each His Own '' `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' `` You 're Breaking My Heart '' `` Echoes '' `` If '' `` It Is No Secret '' ( Bill Kenny solo ) Related topics The Great American Broadcast Pardon My Sarong The Brown Dots The Four Tunes The Bill Kenny Show Book : The Ink Spots Michael Bublé Discography Studio albums BaBalu ( 2001 ) Dream ( 2002 ) Michael Bublé ( 2003 ) It 's Time ( 2005 ) Call Me Irresponsible ( 2007 ) Crazy Love ( 2009 ) Christmas ( 2011 ) To Be Loved ( 2013 ) Nobody but Me ( 2016 ) Live albums Come Fly with Me ( 2004 ) Caught in the Act ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden ( 2009 ) Extended plays First Dance ( 1995 ) Totally Bublé ( 2003 ) Let It Snow ( 2003 ) More ( 2005 ) With Love ( 2006 ) A Taste of Bublé ( 2008 ) Special Delivery ( 2010 ) A Holiday Gift for You ( 2010 ) Singles `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Sway '' `` Spider - Man Theme '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Home '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Everything '' `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' `` Lost '' `` It Had Better Be Tonight '' `` Comin ' Home Baby '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Hold On '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Hollywood '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' / `` Jingle Bells '' `` White Christmas '' `` Nobody but Me '' Concert tours Crazy Love Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) To Be Loved Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) Tony Bennett Studio albums Because of You Cloud 7 Alone at Last with Tony Bennett Tony The Beat of My Heart Long Ago and Far Away Strike Up the Band Hometown , My Town To My Wonderful One Tony Sings for Two Alone Together Sings a String of Harold Arlen My Heart Sings I Left My Heart in San Francisco I Wanna Be Around ... This Is All I Ask The Many Moods of Tony When Lights Are Low Who Can I Turn To If I Ruled the World : Songs for the Jet Set The Movie Song Album Tony Makes It Happen For Once in My Life Snowfall : The Tony Bennett Christmas Album I 've Gotta Be Me Tony Sings the Great Hits of Today ! Tony Bennett 's `` Something '' Love Story Summer of ' 42 With Love The Good Things in Life The Tony Bennett / Bill Evans Album Life Is Beautiful Together Again The Art of Excellence Bennett / Berlin Astoria : Portrait of the Artist Perfectly Frank Steppin ' Out Here 's to the Ladies Tony Bennett on Holiday Tony Bennett : The Playground Bennett Sings Ellington : Hot & Cool Playin ' with My Friends : Bennett Sings the Blues A Wonderful World The Art of Romance Duets : An American Classic A Swingin ' Christmas ( Featuring The Count Basie Big Band ) Duets II Viva Duets Cheek to Cheek The Silver Lining : The Songs of Jerome Kern Live albums Tony Bennett at Carnegie Hall MTV Unplugged Compilation albums Mr. Broadway : Tony 's Greatest Broadway Hits A Time for Love The Essential Tony Bennett Singles `` Because of You '' `` Rags to Riches '' `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' `` Body and Soul '' `` Just in Time '' `` Living Together , Growing Together '' `` The Lady Is a Tramp '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` Anything Goes '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' Related Discography The Zen of Bennett Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! Cheek to Cheek Tour Tony Bennett Celebrates 90 Tony Bennett Celebrates 90 : The Best Is Yet to Come Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Get_Around_Much_Anymore&oldid=782168025 '' Categories : 1940 songs 1940s jazz standards Songs with lyrics by Bob Russell ( songwriter ) Songs with music by Duke Ellington The Coasters songs Sam Cooke songs Willie Nelson songs Paul McCartney songs Chicago ( band ) songs Rod Stewart songs Cliff Richard songs Ed Townsend songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - 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Battle of Fort Sumter

Battle of Fort Sumter - wikipedia Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Fort Sumter Part of the American Civil War Bombardment of Fort Sumter by Currier & Ives Date April 12 -- 13 , 1861 Location Charleston , South Carolina 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W  / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W  / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Result Confederate victory Confederacy captures Fort Sumter Beginning of the American Civil War Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Robert Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved 1st United States Artillery Provisional Forces of the Confederate States Strength 85 500 -- 6,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 0 0 Operations in Charleston Harbor ( April 1861 ) Fort Sumter Lower Seaboard Theater Fort Sumter USS St. Lawrence Head of Passes Santa Rosa Island Port Royal Fort Pulaski Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans 1st Pocotaligo Secessionville Simmon 's Bluff Tampa Baton Rouge 1st Donaldsonville St. Johns Bluff 2nd Pocotaligo Georgia Landing 1st Fort McAllister Fort Bisland Irish Bend Vermillion Bayou 1st Charleston Harbor Wassaw Sound 1st Fort Wagner Grimball 's Landing 2nd Fort Wagner 2nd Charleston Harbor 2nd Fort Sumter Plains Store Port Hudson LaFourche Crossing 2nd Donaldsonville Kock 's Plantation Stirling 's Plantation USS New Ironsides Fort Brooke Gainesville Olustee USS Housatonic Vernon Grimball 's Causeway Natural Bridge Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Morrill Tariff Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter ( April 12 -- 13 , 1861 ) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston , South Carolina by the Confederate States Army , and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army , that started the American Civil War . Following the declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20 , 1860 , its authorities demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor . On December 26 , Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan 's Island to Fort Sumter , a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor . An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9 , 1861 . South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area except for Fort Sumter . During the early months of 1861 , the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege . In March , Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard , the first general officer of the newly formed Confederate States Army , was placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston . Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter . Conditions in the fort , growing increasingly dire due to shortages of men , food , and supplies , deteriorated as the Union soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns . The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of the newly inaugurated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln following his victory in the election of November 6 , 1860 . He notified the Governor of South Carolina , Francis W. Pickens that he was sending supply ships , which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter , which Major Anderson refused . Beginning at 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor . Although the Union garrison returned fire , they were significantly outgunned and , after 34 hours , Major Anderson agreed to evacuate . There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement , although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths . Following the battle , there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action . Lincoln 's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy . The battle is usually recognized as the first battle that opened the American Civil War . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Secession 1.2 Forts of Charleston 1.3 President Buchanan and the Star of the West 1.4 Preparations for war 1.5 Decisions for war 2 Bombardment 3 Surrender 4 Aftermath 4.1 Tributes 5 Footnotes 5.1 Citations 5.2 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background Secession On December 20 , 1860 , shortly after Abraham Lincoln 's victory in the presidential election of 1860 , South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and , by February 1861 , six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession . On February 7 , the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery , Alabama . A February peace conference met in Washington , D.C. , but failed to resolve the crisis . The remaining eight states declined pleas to join the Confederacy . The seceding states seized numerous Federal properties within their boundaries , including buildings , arsenals , and fortifications . President James Buchanan protested but took no military action in response . Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union , and while he acknowledged there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede , he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it . Forts of Charleston Several forts had been constructed in Charleston 's harbor , including Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie , which were not among the sites seized initially . Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island was the oldest -- it was the site of fortifications since 1776 -- and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison . However , it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor , and its defenses against land - based attacks were feeble ; during the crisis , the Charleston newspapers commented that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled . When the garrison began clearing away the dunes , the papers objected . Major Robert Anderson of the 1st U.S. Artillery regiment had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions . A native of Kentucky , he was a protégé of Winfield Scott , the general in chief of the Army , and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison 's previous commander , Col. John L. Gardner , who was nearing retirement . Anderson had served an earlier tour of duty at Fort Moultrie and his father had been a defender of the fort ( then called Fort Sullivan ) during the American Revolutionary War . Throughout the fall , South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable . As tensions mounted , the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a siege , to the point that the South Carolina authorities placed picket ships to observe the movements of the troops and threatened to attack when forty rifles were transferred to one of the harbor forts from the U.S. arsenal in the city . In contrast to Moultrie , Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and , though unfinished , was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world . In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed , but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier , who functioned as a lighthouse keeper , and a small party of civilian construction workers . Under the cover of darkness on December 26 , six days after South Carolina declared its secession , Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie , ordering its guns spiked and its gun carriages burned , and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter . President Buchanan and the Star of the West Maj . Robert Anderson South Carolina authorities considered Anderson 's move to be a breach of faith . Governor Francis W. Pickens believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises . Buchanan , a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat , had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens , promising that he would not `` immediately '' occupy it . From Major Anderson 's standpoint , he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another . He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11 , written by Major General Don Carlos Buell , Assistant Adjutant General of the Army , approved by Secretary of War John B. Floyd : ... you are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor , and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity . The smallness of your force will not permit you , perhaps , to occupy more than one of the three forts , but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be regarded as an act of hostility , and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance . You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act . Governor Pickens therefore ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized . State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie ( capturing 56 guns ) , Fort Johnson on James Island , and the battery on Morris Island . On December 27 , an assault force of 150 men seized the Union - occupied Castle Pinckney fortification , in the harbor close to downtown Charleston , capturing 24 guns and mortars without bloodshed . On December 30 , the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured , resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia . The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area , including an unusual floating battery , and armed with weapons captured from the arsenal . President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson 's move to Sumter , unaware of the authorization Anderson had received . Nevertheless , he refused Pickens 's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor . Since the garrison 's supplies were limited , Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies , small arms , and 200 soldiers . The original intent was to send the Navy sloop - of - war USS Brooklyn , but it was discovered that Confederates had sunk some derelict ships to block the shipping channel into Charleston and there was concern that Brooklyn had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles . Instead , it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship , Star of the West , which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates . As Star of the West approached the harbor entrance on January 9 , 1861 , it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island , which was staffed by cadets from The Citadel , among them William Stewart Simkins , who were the only trained artillerymen in the service of South Carolina at the time . Batteries from Fort Moultrie joined in and Star of the West was forced to withdraw . Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire , but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement . In a letter delivered January 31 , 1861 , Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because , `` I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina . '' Preparations for War Fort Sumter before the battle Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860 -- 61 . Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited . The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could . Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns , operated by 650 officers and men , but construction had met with numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861 . Anderson 's garrison consisted of just 85 men , primarily made up of two small artillery companies : Company E , 1st U.S. Artillery , commanded by Capt . Abner Doubleday , and Company H , commanded by Capt . Truman Seymour . There were six other officers present : Surgeon Samuel W. Crawford , First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H , First Lt. Jefferson C. Davis of the 1st U.S. Artillery , and Second Lt. Norman J. Hall of Company H. Capt . John G. Foster and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the Corps of Engineers were responsible for construction of the Charleston forts , but they reported to their headquarters in Washington , not directly to Anderson . The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates , eight musicians , and 43 noncombatant workmen . By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns , but they had insufficient men to operate them all . The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions , or casemates . The second level of casemates was unoccupied . The majority of the guns were on the first level of casemates , on the upper level ( the parapet or barbette positions ) , and on the center parade field . Unfortunately for the defenders , the original mission of the fort -- harbor defense -- meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic , with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from infantry conducting an amphibious assault . Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard In March , Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston ; on March 1 , President Jefferson Davis had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy , specifically to take command of the siege . Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the defenders , whose food was running low . He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia , training them to operate the guns they manned . Major Anderson had been Beauregard 's artillery instructor at West Point ; the two had been especially close , and Beauregard had become Anderson 's assistant after graduation . Both sides spent March drilling and improving their fortifications to the best of their abilities . Beauregard , a trained military engineer , built - up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter . Fort Moultrie had three 8 - inch Columbiads , two 8 - inch howitzers , five 32 - pound smoothbores , and four 24 - pounders . Outside of Moultrie were five 10 - inch mortars , two 32 - pounders , two 24 - pounders , and a 9 - inch Dahlgren smoothbore . The floating battery next to Fort Moultrie had two 42 - pounders and two 32 - pounders on a raft protected by iron shielding . Fort Johnson on James Island had one 24 - pounder and four 10 - inch mortars . At Cummings Point on Morris Island , the Confederates had emplaced seven 10 - inch mortars , two 42 - pounders , an English Blakely rifled cannon , and three 8 - inch Columbiads , the latter in the so - called Iron Battery , protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars . About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort , if necessary , including the local militia , young boys and older men . Decisions for War On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president . He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter . A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at Pensacola , Florida , where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification -- Fort Pickens . Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts , and how . They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result . Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy . After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February , there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in Montgomery , Alabama . South Carolina governor Pickens was among the states ' rights advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state 's secession as an independent commonwealth . This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations -- including Forts Sumter and Pickens -- should be obtained . President Davis , like his counterpart in Washington , preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor . Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states , whose allegiance was undetermined ; before Lincoln 's inauguration on March 4 , five states had voted against secession , including Virginia , and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia 's loyalty . The South sent delegations to Washington , D.C. , and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . However , Secretary of State William H. Seward , who wished to give up Sumter for political reasons -- as a gesture of good will -- engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . On April 4 , as the supply situation on Sumter became critical , President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition , to be commanded by former naval captain ( and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy ) Gustavus V. Fox , who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the Star of the West . Fox 's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only , and if he was opposed by the Confederates , to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men . This time , Maj . Anderson was informed of the impending expedition , although the arrival date was not revealed to him . On April 6 , Lincoln notified Governor Pickens that `` an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only , and that if such attempt be not resisted , no effort to throw in men , arms , or ammunition will be made without further notice , ( except ) in case of an attack on the fort . '' Lincoln 's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina , not the new Confederate government , which Lincoln did not recognize . Pickens consulted with Beauregard , the local Confederate commander . Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter 's surrender , and if it did not , to reduce the fort before the relief expedition arrived . The Confederate cabinet , meeting in Montgomery , endorsed Davis 's order on April 9 . Only Secretary of State Robert Toombs opposed this decision : he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack `` will lose us every friend at the North . You will only strike a hornet 's nest ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death . It is unnecessary . It puts us in the wrong . It is fatal . '' Beauregard dispatched aides -- Col. James Chesnut , Col. James A. Chisholm , and Capt . Stephen D. Lee -- to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum . Anderson refused , although he reportedly commented , `` I shall await the first shot , and if you do not batter us to pieces , we shall be starved out in a few days . '' The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard . At 1 a.m. on April 12 , the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard : `` If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter , and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter , we will abstain from opening fire upon you . '' After consulting with his senior officers , Maj . Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon , April 15 , unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies . Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply , which he handed to Anderson at 3 : 20 a.m. : `` Sir : by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard , commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States , we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time . '' Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat , shook hands with each one , and said `` If we never meet in this world again , God grant that we may meet in the next . '' Bombardment Bombardment of the Fort by the Confederates At 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , 1861 , Lt. Henry S. Farley , acting upon the command of Capt . George S. James , fired a single 10 - inch mortar round from Fort Johnson . ( James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor , a noted Virginia secessionist , who declined , saying , `` I could not fire the first gun of the war . '' ) The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie , Fort Johnson , the floating battery , and Cummings Point . Under orders from Beauregard , the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor , with 2 minutes between each shot ; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition , which he calculated would last for only 48 hours . Edmund Ruffin , another noted Virginia secessionist , had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war , and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round , a 64 - pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point . The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston 's residents ( including diarist Mary Chesnut ) , who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort . Major Anderson held his fire , awaiting daylight . His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast . At 7 a.m. , Capt . Abner Doubleday fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point . He missed . Given the available manpower , Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns . He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely . The fort 's best cannons were mounted on the uppermost of its three tiers -- the barbette tier -- where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead . The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault , and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort . However , the land - based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high - arcing ballistic trajectories and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns ' reach . Fort Sumter 's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level , which themselves , because of the limited elevation allowed by their embrasures , were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie . Moreover , although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage , the fort was quite low on ammunition , and was nearly out at the end of the 34 - hour bombardment . A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags ; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more , in some cases using socks from Anderson 's personal wardrobe . Because of the shortages , Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns : two aimed at Cummings Point , two at Fort Moultrie , and two at the Sullivan 's Island batteries . Ships from Fox 's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12 . Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer Baltic , most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m. , and one of the two warships , USS Powhatan , never did arrive . Unbeknownst to Fox , it had been ordered to the relief of Fort Pickens in Florida . As landing craft were sent toward the fort with supplies , the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back . Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships . The next day , heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13 . Although Sumter was a masonry fort , there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters . The Confederates targeted these with Heated shot ( cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace ) , starting fires that could prove more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells . At 7 p.m. on April 12 , a rain shower extinguished the flames and at the same time the Union gunners stopped firing for the night . They slept fitfully , concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort . During the darkness , the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour . The following morning , the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings . By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire . The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine , where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored . The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety , but two - thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed . He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea , but the tide kept floating them back together into groups , some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds . He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing , but the Confederates did the same , firing the hot shots almost exclusively . Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees . When the fort had to pause its firing , the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort 's aid . Surrender Fort Sumter Flag Wikisource has original text related to this article : Major Anderson 's telegram announcing the surrender The fort 's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13 , raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender . Col. Louis Wigfall , a former U.S. senator , had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had had enough punishment . He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island , waving a white handkerchief from his sword , dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan 's Island . Meeting with Major Anderson , he said , `` You have defended your flag nobly , Sir . You have done all that it is possible to do , and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight . On what terms , Major Anderson , will you evacuate this fort ? '' Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said `` evacuate , '' not `` surrender . '' He was low on ammunition , fires were burning out of control , and his men were hungry and exhausted . Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor , enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man , Anderson agreed to a truce at 2 : 00 p.m. Fort Sumter raised Wigfall 's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island , where he was hailed as a hero . The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard -- Stephen D. Lee , Porcher Miles , a former mayor of Charleston , and Roger Pryor -- sailed to Sumter , unaware of Wigfall 's visit . Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall 's authority , telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days , and he threatened to resume firing . Meanwhile , General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers , offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented , so the agreement was reinstated . The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2 : 30 p.m. , April 13 . No one from either side was killed during the bombardment . During the 100 - gun salute to the U.S. flag -- Anderson 's one condition for withdrawal -- a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark , mortally wounding privates Daniel Hough and Edward Galloway , and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew ; these were the first military fatalities of the war . The salute was stopped at fifty shots . Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion . Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston , where Galloway died a few days later ; Fielding was released after six weeks . The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer , the Isabel , where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox 's relief ship Baltic , resting outside the harbor bar . Our Banner in the Sky ( 1861 ) by Frederic Edwin Church Anderson carried the Fort Sumter Flag with him North , where it became a widely known symbol of the battle , and rallying point for supporters of the Union . This inspired Frederic Edwin Church to paint Our Banner in the Sky , described as a `` symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes . '' A chromolithograph was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers . Confederate Flag flying in Fort Sumter after the 1861 surrender Aftermath The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War . Following the surrender , Northerners rallied behind Lincoln 's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly . There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves . Other governors from border states were undiplomatic in their responses . For example , Gov. Claiborne Jackson wrote , `` Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade '' , and Gov. Beriah Magoffin wrote , `` Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states . '' The governors of other states still in the Union were equally unsupportive . The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy . The ensuing war lasted four years , effectively ending in April 1865 with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomatox Courthouse . Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four - year duration of the war , leaving a hole in the Union naval blockade . Union forces conducted major operations in 1862 and 1863 to capture Charleston , first overland on James Island ( the Battle of Secessionville , June 1862 ) , then by naval assault against Fort Sumter ( the First Battle of Charleston Harbor , April 1863 ) , then by seizing the Confederate artillery positions on Morris Island ( beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner , July 1863 , and followed by a siege until September ) . After pounding Sumter to rubble with artillery fire , a final amphibious operation attempted to occupy it ( the Second Battle of Fort Sumter , September 1863 ) , but was repulsed and no further attempts were made . The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman outflanked the city in the Carolinas Campaign . On April 14 , 1865 , four years to the day after lowering the Fort Sumter Flag in surrender , Robert Anderson ( by then a major general , although ill and in retired status ) returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag he had lowered in 1861 . Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to Louisiana State University by General William Tecumseh Sherman , who was president of the university before the war began . Tributes Civil War Centennial Issue of 1961 The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12 , 1961 , at the Charleston post office . The stamp was designed by Charles R. Chickering . It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time . The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells . The state tree of South Carolina , the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities . This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the rotary process in panes of fifty stamps each . The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps . Footnotes Citations ^ Jump up to : Welcher , p. 699 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter Battle Summary '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FORT SUMPTER FALLEN '' . nytimes.com. April 15 , 1861 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 235 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 25 , 127 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 246 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 29 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 1 -- 2 , 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 110 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 121 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 131 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 264 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 155 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher & Eicher , p. 810 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 261 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 212 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 212 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 225 -- 31 , 249 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 133 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Ward , Burns & Burns 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 139 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 39 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 256 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Daily Globe October 20 , 1884 p. 4 Jump up ^ The Princeton Union 9 September 1897 p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 147 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 49 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , pp. 292 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 157 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 308 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Ripley , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 311 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Our Banner in the Sky '' . Olana State Historic Site . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Fight for the Colors , the Ohio Battle Flags Collection , Civil War Room '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Todd . `` Lincoln Declares War '' . opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com . Opinionator . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 52 -- 53 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 820 , 841 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 834 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State University Army ROTC Unit History '' . Louisiana State University . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved Oct 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 16 , 2014 . Notes Jump up ^ The weapons in the arsenal consisted of about 18,000 muskets , 3,400 rifles , over 1,000 pistols , and a few artillery pieces including five 24 - pound field howitzers . Jump up ^ When asked about that offer , Abraham Lincoln commented , `` A state for a fort is no bad business . '' Jump up ^ Detzer comments that Ruffin claimed he fired the first shot , when Ruffin did not actually do so . References Buchanan , James ( 1911 ) . The Works of James Buchanan : Comprising His Speeches , State Papers , and Private Correspondence . Burton , E. Milby ( 1970 ) . The Siege of Charleston 1861 -- 1865 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 345 - 8 . Cooper , William J. ( September 11 , 2012 ) . We Have the War Upon Us : The Onset of the Civil War , November 1860 - April 1861 . New York City , NY : Vintage . ISBN 9780307960887 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Brother against Brother : The War Begins . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4700 - 2 . Detzer , David ( 2001 ) . Allegiance : Fort Sumter , Charleston , and the Beginning of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100641 - 5 . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Eicher , John H. ; Eicher , David J ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . Stanford , CA , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Kennedy , Frances H. ( 1998 ) . The Civil War Battlefield Guide ( 2 ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York City , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Ripley , Warren ( 1992 ) . Wilcox , Arthur M. , ed . War 's First Death Accidental . The Civil War at Charleston ( 16th ed . ) . Charleston , SC : Evening - Post Publishing Co . OCLC 636046368 . Ward , Geoffrey ; Burns , Ken ; Burns , Ric ( 1990 ) . The Civil War , an Illustrated History . New York City , NY : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Welcher , Frank J. ( 1989 ) . The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington , ID : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Online resources National Park Service battle description Further reading Further information : Bibliography of the American Civil War Chesnut , Mary , Diary of Mary Chesnut . Fairfax , VA : D. Appleton and Company , 1905 . OCLC 287696932 . Doubleday , Abner . Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860 -- 61 . New York : Harper and Brothers , 1876 . OCLC 1320168 , E'book Harris , W.A. ( 1862 ) . The record of Fort Sumter , from its occupation by Major Anderson , to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens . South Carolinian Steam Job Printing Office . , E'book Hatcher , Richard W . `` The Problem in Charleston Harbor : Fort Sumter and the Opening Shots of the Civil War . '' Hallowed Ground Magazine ( Civil War Trust ) , Winter 2010 . Hendrickson , Robert . Sumter : The First Day of the Civil War . New York : Promontory Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 88394 - 095 - 7 . Klein , Maury . Days of Defiance : Sumter , Secession , and the Coming of the Civil War : New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44747 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Sumter . Fort Sumter National Monument National Park Service Historical Handbook Battle of Fort Sumter : Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( CWPT ) Crisis at Fort Sumter Details of requests for surrender prior to the battle Discussion of transfer of federal property within state boundaries Newspaper coverage of the Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter and First Victory of the Southern troops 1861 summary from Charleston Press Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Battle of Fort Sumter '' dated 2017 - 11 - 21 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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List of tallest people

List of tallest people - wikipedia List of tallest people Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the tallest verified individuals . For a list of tallest ethnic groups , see Human height § Average height around the world . `` Tall men '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Tall Men . This article contains one or more incomplete lists which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it / them with entries that are reliably sourced . This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( June 2015 ) This is a list of the tallest people to be measured and verified , living and dead , from 1835 to the present . See also List of humans with gigantism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 2 Women 3 Disputed and unverified claims 4 Tallest in varied fields or endeavors 4.1 Tallest in various sports 4.2 Tallest actors 5 Tallest people presently living in varied nations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Men ( edit ) Living Deceased Height disputed Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( Age at death ) United States 272 cm 8 ft 11.1 in Robert Wadlow Tallest human in recorded history confirmed by Guinness World Records . 1918 -- 1940 ( 22 ) United States 267 cm 8 ft 9 in John Rogan Second - tallest male in recorded history . Weighed only 92.5 kg ( 204 lb ) . Unable to stand due to ankylosis . 1865 -- 1905 ( 40 ) United States 263.5 cm 8 ft 73⁄4in John F. Carroll 244 cm ( 8 ft 0 in ) standing height , 264 cm ( 8 ft 73⁄4 in ) assuming normal spinal curvature . 1932 -- 1969 ( 37 ) Ukraine 257 cm 8 ft 5 in Leonid Stadnyk Not officially recognized by Guinness World Records because he refused to be measured according to their standards . 1970 -- 2014 ( 44 ) Finland 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Väinö Myllyrinne Recognized as the tallest living person from 1940 to his death in 1963 . Said to have been 251 cm in his thirties . 1909 -- 1963 ( 54 ) Canada 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Édouard Beaupré Tallest strongman as well as tallest wrestler in history . His death certificate described him as being 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) tall and still growing . 1881 -- 1904 ( 23 ) Turkey 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Sultan Kösen The tallest living person since September 17 , 2009 , as determined by Guinness World Records . He has 36.5 - cm - long ( 1 ft 2 in ) feet -- the second - largest feet on a living person and 27.5 cm ( 11.2 in ) hand -- the longest on a living person . 1982 -- India 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Vikas Uppal Was not officially measured by Guinness . 1986 -- 2007 ( 21 ) United States 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Don Koehler Tallest in world for most of the 1970s . 1925 -- 1981 ( 56 ) United States 249 cm 8 ft 2 in Bernard Coyne Coyne 's World War I draft registration card , dated 29 August his height as 8 feet , although he had reached a height of 8 feet 2 inches ( 249 cm ) by the time of his death . Possibly reached up to 8 ft 4 in ( 254 cm ) . 1897 -- 1921 ( 24 ) Ireland 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Patrick Cotter O'Brien Tallest person recorded at the time and the first in medical history to stand at a verified height of eight feet ( 244 cm ) . Remains examined in 1972 and height verified . 1760 -- 1806 ( 46 ) Morocco 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Brahim Takioullah Possesses the world 's largest feet at 1 ft 3 in ( 38 cm ) . 1982 -- Iran 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Morteza Mehrzad Tallest man in Iran . Gold medalist of Iran sitting volleyball national team in Summer Paralympic games Rio 2016 1987 -- Germany 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Julius Koch Probably never the world 's tallest person due to his life coinciding with that of John Rogan . Skeleton preserved in the Museum of Natural History in Mons , Belgium . 1872 -- 1902 ( 30 ) Mozambique 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Gabriel Estêvão Monjane Guinness World Records listed him as tallest man from 1988 to 1990 . 1944 -- 1990 ( 46 ) India 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Dharmendra Pratap Singh Tallest living Indian . 1983 -- Libya 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Suleiman Ali Nashnush Libyan who may have been the tallest basketball player . 1943 -- 1991 ( 47 ) France 245 cm 8 ft 1⁄2 in Jean - Joseph Brice Le Géant des Vosges Ramonchamp - France -- Height controversy 1835 -- ? Germany 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Anton de Franckenpoint ( Langer Anton ) Lived during Thirty Years ' War ; skeleton later measured at 8 ft 0 in ( 244 cm ) . Unknown People 's Republic of China 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Zhang Juncai Tallest living Chinese person . 1966 -- Indonesia 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Suparwono Tallest Indonesian claimed to be 8 ft 10.5 in . Officially measured ( lying down and in the standing position ) by the Indonesian Record Museum ( MURI ) in December 2009 . 1985 -- 2012 ( 26 ) Netherlands 242 cm 7 ft 111⁄4 in Albert Johan Kramer Probably the tallest man in The Netherlands ever ; His brother - in - law was suffering from dwarfism and did not exceed 69 cm ( 27.16 in ) . Together they formed a variety act , with performances around the world . 1897 -- 1976 ( 79 ) Puerto Rico 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Felipe Birriel Tallest Puerto Rican recorded . 1916 -- 1994 ( 78 ) India 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Asadulla Khan Tallest man in India . 1988 -- Soviet Union 240 cm 7 ft 10 in Alexander Sizonenko Soviet Union basketball player . 1959 -- 2012 ( 53 ) Egypt 240 cm 7 ft 10 in Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi He was billed as 10 ft in his life . 1909 -- 1941 ( 32 ) Belarus 239 cm 7 ft 10 in Feodor Machnow Billed as 9 ft 3 in his life . 1878 -- 1912 ( 34 ) Austria - Hungary 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Grgo Kusić Tallest Croat recorded . Tallest citizen of Austria - Hungary of his time . 1892 -- 1918 ( 26 ) Pakistan 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Naseer Soomro Tallest confirmed man living in Pakistan . 1975 -- Netherlands 238 cm 7 ft 10 in Rigardus Rijnhout Second - tallest man in The Netherlands ever ; he was known as the giant of Rotterdam . Early June 2011 , a life - size statue of Rijnhout was unveiled in the Oude Westen district in Rotterdam . 1922 -- 1959 ( 36 ) Japan 237 cm 7 ft 9.3 in Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka Tallest man in Japan ; no color images of him exist even though he died in the 1960s . 1930 -- 1962 ( 32 ) Mongolia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Öndör Gongor Very tall man in early - 20th - century Mongolia . Some other sources even give 245 cm ( 8 feet ) 1880 / 85 -- 1925 / 30 United States 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Louis Moilanen Tallest person in Michigan history and one of the tallest men in the world during his lifetime . He may have been 8 ft 1 in tall . 1885 -- 1913 ( 28 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Angus MacAskill Tallest `` true '' giant ( not due to a pathological condition ) . Tallest Scottish or British man recorded . 1825 -- 1863 ( 38 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Frederick Kempster Tall Englishman , height disputed between 7 ft 8.5 in and 8 ft 4.5 in 1889 -- 1918 ( 29 ) United States 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Martin Van Buren Bates Known as the Kentucky Giant or The Giant of the Hills . He and Anna Haining Bates were the tallest married couple ever . 1837 -- 1919 People 's Republic of China 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Bao Xishun Considered the tallest living person by Guinness World Records until September 2009 when he was replaced by Sultan Kösen . 1951 -- People 's Republic of China 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Sun Mingming Chinese basketball player . Formerly second - tallest living person . 1983 -- Tunisia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Radhouane Charbib Listed by Guinness World Records as tallest man until January 15 , 2005 , before Bao Xishun and Sun Mingming . 1968 -- Germany 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Walter Straub Tallest man in Germany while he was alive . 1925 -- 1986 ( 61 ) Algeria 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Rachid Bara Tallest man in Algeria while he was alive . 1974 -- 2009 ( 35 ) Brazil 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Rafael França do Nascimento Tallest man in Brazil . 1987 -- Russia 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Nikolai Pankratov Tallest man in Russia . 1990 -- North Korea 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄2 in Ri Myung Hun Former basketball player with the North Korean national team . 1967 -- United States / Ukraine 235 cm 7 ft 81⁄3 in Igor Vovkovinskiy Currently the tallest person living in the United States . Originally from Ukraine , moved to Rochester , Minnesota to be treated at the Mayo Clinic . Most recently has been acting in commercials and movies . Became well known by wearing a T - shirt that read `` Obama 's Biggest Supporter '' . Took part in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö , Sweden , as one of the performers on the stage representing Ukraine . 1982 -- United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Broc Brown Former tallest teenager in the United States . 1998 - United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Cecil Boling Was 7'8 '' but shrank to 7'0 '' since his legs were replaced with artificial legs 8.5 '' shorter . 1920 -- 2000 ( 79 ) United States 235 cm 7 ft 8 in Brenden Adams Former tallest teenager in the world . 1995 -- India 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Polipaka Gattaiah Tallest Indian . 1975 -- 2015 Ivory Coast 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Abdramane Dembele Tallest man in Ivory Coast . 1985 -- United States 234 cm 7 ft 8 in George Bell Former Tallest living American . 1957 -- Fiji 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Kaliova Seleiwau Tallest living Fijian . 1981 -- Austria 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Adam Rainer Only person known to have been both a dwarf and giant . He was 118 cm ( 3 ft 10 in ) tall at age 21 and peaked at 234 cm ( 7 ft 8 in ) when he died , having doubled his height as an adult . 1899 -- 1950 ( 51 ) Pakistan 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Alam Channa Pakistani , considered to be the tallest living man when he died in 1998 . 1953 -- 1998 ( 46 ) Iceland 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Jóhann K. Pétursson Was the tallest person in Iceland . 1913 -- 1984 ( 71 ) Japan 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Yasutaka Okayama Tallest living Japanese . Tallest basketball player drafted in NBA history . 1954 -- United States 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Bob Wegner Tallest basketball player plays for the Lake Michigan Admirals . Austria - Hungary 233.7 cm 7 ft 8 in Franz Winkelmeier One of the tallest people in his time . 1860 -- 1887 Spain 233.5 cm 7 ft 8 in Miguel Joaquín de Eleicegui Tallest man recorded in Spain . 1818 -- 1861 ( 43 ) Spain 233 cm 7 ft 7.7 in Jaime Clemente Izquierdo Spain 's tallest man in his lifetime . 1961 -- 2005 ( 44 ) Spain 233 cm 7 ft 71⁄2 in Agustín Luengo Capilla Circus performer . Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death . 1849 -- 1875 ( 26 ) United States 232 cm 7 ft 71⁄2 in Jack Earle Jacob Rheuben Ehrlich . American silent film actor and sideshow performer . 1906 -- 1952 ( 46 ) Somalia 233 cm 7 ft 7.4 in Hussain Bisad Somalia , considered to be one of the tallest living men . 1975 -- United Kingdom 233 cm 7 ft 7.4 in Neil Fingleton Tallest division 1 basketball player . Known for his role Mag the Mighty in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones 1980 -- 2017 ( 36 ) China 233 cm 7 ft 7 in Wang Feng - Jun Asia 's tallest man in 2004 . 1976 -- 2015 ( 39 ) Malta - Italy 233 cm 7 ft 7 in Samuel Deguara Malta and Italy 's tallest man . 1991 - Argentina 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Jorge González Tallest wrestler in WWE history . 1966 -- 2010 ( 44 ) United Kingdom 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Paul Sturgess Tied for the tallest player ever to play college basketball in the U.S. 1987 -- United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Kenny George Second - tallest Division I basketball player ( Neil Fingleton ) . 1987 -- United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Lock Martin He played the robot in the movie The Day the Earth Stood Still . 1916 -- 1959 Ireland 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Charles Byrne Skeleton now resides in the Hunterian Museum . 1761 -- 1783 ( 22 ) United States 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Max Palmer Actor and pro wrestler . Listed by Guinness World Records at 7 ft 7 in , claimed 8 ft 1 in . Film Bio - Killer Apes , Invaders From Mars . 1927 -- 1984 ( 57 ) Romania 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Gheorghe Mureșan Tied for tallest in NBA history . 1971 -- Sudan 231 cm 7 ft 7 in Manute Bol Tied for tallest in NBA history . 1962 -- 2010 ( 48 ) Belgium 230 cm 7 ft 6.75 in Alain Delaunois Tallest living Belgian . 1971 -- Azerbaijan 230 cm 7 ft 7 in Aleksandar Rindin Tallest man in Azerbaijan . 1985 -- Armenia 230 cm 7 ft 7 in Arshavir Grigoryan Tallest man in Armenia . 1990 -- Brazil 230 cm 7 ft 6.6 in Joélisson Fernandes da Silva Tallest living Brazilian . 1991 -- Montenegro 230 cm 7 ft 6.5 in Slavko Vraneš Tallest Montenegrin basketball player in the national basketball team , former player in the NBA 1983 -- Romania 230 cm 7 ft 6.55 in Robert Bobroczky Romanian basketball player that was 2.30 m ( 7 ft 7 in ) in late 2014 , aged 14 . 2000 Vietnam 229 cm 7 ft 6.25 in Trần Thành Phố Was the tallest man in Southeast Asia when he died in 2010 1947 -- 2010 ( 63 ) Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6.25 in Malik Sidibe Tallest basketball player in Senegal . 1985 -- United Kingdom 229 cm 7 ft 61⁄4 in Christopher Greener Formerly Britain 's tallest man 1943 -- 2015 ( 71 ) Algeria 229 cm 7 ft 61⁄5 in Saad Kaiche Former basketball player of Club Baloncesto Breogán of Lugo . 1985 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Ralph Madsen Billed as 7 ft 6in . 1897 -- 1948 People 's Republic of China 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Yao Ming Was the tallest player in the NBA during his playing years until his retirement in 2011 . 1980 -- United States / Germany 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Shawn Bradley Former player in the NBA , 1993 -- 2005 , tallest living German ( holding dual citizenship ) . 1972 -- Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Moussa Seck Tallest basketball player in Senegal . 1986 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Matthew McGrory Was the world 's tallest actor when he died in 2005 . 1973 -- 2005 Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Mamadou N'Diaye Was the tallest in high school and college basketball while playing in the US . 1993 -- United States 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Conrad Furrows He was listed in the Bernard L. Kobel Catalogue of Human Oddities of Circus Sideshows . 1922 -- 1967 Senegal 229 cm 7 ft 6 in Tacko Fall Is the tallest high school basketball player in the US as of 2014 . 1995 -- Russia 229 cm 7 ft 5.8 in Sergey Ilin Tallest basketball player in Russia . 1988 -- Spain 229 cm 7 ft 5.8 in ( ? ) Fermín Arrudi Urieta Tallest man in Spain at the time of his death . 1870 -- 1913 ( 42 ) Democratic Republic of Congo 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Bienvenu Letuni Tallest basketball player in DRC 1994 -- Poland 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Eugeniusz Taraciński Tallest man in Poland while he was alive . 1928 -- 1978 ( 50 ) Colombia 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Asdrúbal Herrera Mora Tallest living Colombian . Tied for tallest South American man with Margarito Machacuay 1986 -- Slovak Republic 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Martin Miklosik Tallest basketball player in the Slovak Republic . 1986 -- Peru 228 cm 7 ft 52⁄3 in Margarito Machacuay Tied for the tallest South American person with Asdrúbal Herrera and is the fifth - tallest in the Americas . 1965 -- Women ( edit ) Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( age of death ) People 's Republic of China 248 cm 8 ft 1 3⁄4 in Zeng Jinlian Confirmed by Guinness World Records as tallest female ever . Suffered from spine curvature and could not stand at full height . Tallest recorded Chinese person and world 's tallest person shortly before her death . 1964 -- 1982 ( 17 ) Canada 243 cm 7 ft 11 in Anna Haining Bates Second tallest woman and tallest woman in her lifetime . She and Martin Van Buren Bates were the tallest married couple ever . 1846 -- 1888 ( 41 ) United Kingdom 241 cm 7 ft 11 in Jane Bunford Tallest recorded English person and possibly the world 's tallest person at the time of her death . Given height is adjusted for spinal curvature ; peak standing height was 7 ft 10 in ( 239 cm ) . 1895 -- 1922 ( 27 ) People 's Republic of China 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Yao Defen Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records , until her death on November 13 , 2012 . 1972 -- 2012 ( 40 ) United States 231.78 cm 7 ft 7 1⁄4 in Sandy Allen Listed as tallest living female by Guinness World Records , until her death on August 13 , 2008 . 1955 -- 2008 ( 53 ) Greece 229.87 cm 7 ft 6.5 in Wassiliki Calliandji Tallest woman in Greece . 1882 -- 1904 ( 22 ) People 's Republic of China 221 cm 7 ft 3 in Sun Fang Tallest living woman . 1987 - Disputed and unverified claims ( edit ) Country Metric Imperial Name Note Lifespan ( age at death ) France 350 cm 11 ft 6 in Giant of Castelnau Height estimate based on bone fragments found at the Neolithic cemetery of Castelnau - le - Lez , excavated in 1890 by Georges Vacher de Lapouge and published in the journal La Nature , Vol. 18 , 1890 . Unknown - Neolithic France Russia / Belarus 283 cm 9 ft 3 in Feodor Machnow Height not confirmed . 1878 -- 1912 ( 34 ) England 282 cm 9 ft 3 in John Middleton The Childe of Hale Written on his grave is Here lyeth the bodie of John Middleton , the Childe of Hale , nine feet three . Height not officially confirmed . 1578 -- 1623 ( 45 ) United States 274 cm 8 ft 11.5 in John Aasen American silent film actor , height is not officially confirmed . His skeleton was measured at 7 ft 2.4 in 1890 -- 1938 ( 48 ) Thailand 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Pornchai Sawsri Claimed to measure 269 cm ( 8'10 ) at age 26 in September 2015 . He was measured at 257 cm ( 8'5 `` ) by Thai authorities for his ID card renewal in October 2013 . 1990 ? -- 2015 Egypt 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi Claimed 8'10 `` , but was later measured at 7'11 '' ( 242 cm ) . 1909 -- 1941 ( 32 ) Ireland 269 cm 8 ft 10 in Patrick Murphy Claimed 8'10 `` , but was later measured at 7'3.4 '' ( 222 cm ) . Height is not officially confirmed . 1834 -- 1862 ( 28 ) Italy 259 cm 8 ft 6 in Maximinus Thrax Emperor of Rome , first ever recorded person with gigantism . 173 -- 238 Iran 259 cm 8 ft 5.9 in Siah Khan Ibn Kashmir Khan When he was admitted to hospital in 1933 he turned out to be ' only ' 7'2.6 '' ( 220 cm ) tall . 1912 -- 1938 Ukraine 257 cm 8 ft 5.5 in Leonid Stadnyk Refused to undergo independent testing under Guinness World Records rules , so his claim is not recognized by Guinness World Records . 1970 -- 2014 ( 44 ) Pakistan 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Ajaz Ahmed Claims actually to be 8 feet 4 inches , but this is unverified by Guinness World Records . He claims that he is still growing . 1976 -- Netherlands 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Trijntje Keever Tallest recorded woman . Not confirmed by Guinness World Records . 1616 -- 1633 ( 17 ) United States 254 cm 8 ft 4 in Ella Ewing Claims 8 feet 4 inches , however measured at 7 feet 4.5 inches . Her mother describes her full height at 8 feet 4 inches . 1872 -- 1913 ( 41 ) Bangladesh 251 cm 8 ft 3 in Parimal Barman Claims of being 8 feet 3 inches , not confirmed . 1962 -- 1991 ( 29 ) United States 248 cm 8 ft 2 in Henry Hite Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches , not confirmed . 1915 -- 1978 ( 63 ) India 248 cm 8 ft 2 in Jitendra Singh Claims of being 8 feet 2 inches , but was later measured at 7'7 '' ( 231 cm ) 1971 -- Finland 247 cm 8 ft 1.4 in Daniel Cajanus Height not officially confirmed . He was only 7 ft 8 in ( 234 cm ) according to the London Annual Register . 1703 -- 1749 ( 46 ) People 's Republic of China 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Zhao Liang Height not officially confirmed . A circus performer . 1982 -- Finland 246 cm 8 ft 1 in Louis Moilanen Big Louie Height not officially confirmed . 1886 -- 1913 ( 27 ) China 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Zhan Shichai Height not officially confirmed . 1841 -- 1893 ( 52 ) Turkey 244.4 cm 8 ft 0 in Barth 's Giant Skeleton of reputed Giant `` Hayduk '' , Turkish soldier displayed at Vienna 's Anatomical museum in 1904 . Height estimated from Femur and Tibia at 235.2 to 244.4 cm tall . c. 1683 Algeria 244 cm 8 ft 0 in Mounir Fourar Height not officially confirmed . 1972 -- 2012 ( 40 ) Indonesia 242 cm 7 ft 11 in Musutaman Height not officially confirmed . 1962 -- ? Sweden 242 cm 7 ft 11 in Gustaf Edman Height not officially confirmed . 1882 -- 1912 ( 30 ) Mongolia 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Öndör Gongor Tall Gongor Was measured by Roy Chapman Andrews , but some other sources even give 245 cm ( 8 feet ) 1879 -- 1931 ( 52 ) United Kingdom 236 cm 7 ft 9 in Frederick Kempster Claimed to be 8 ft 4.5 in . Height not officially confirmed . 1889 -- 1918 ( 29 ) Ireland 234 cm 7 ft 8 in Cornelius McGrath Measurement according to the London Annual Register . 1737 -- 1759 ( 22 ) Spain 222 -- 234 cm 7 ft 3 in - 7 ft 7 in Sancho VII of Navarre Height estimated by Luis del Campo in 1952 , from a measurement of his femur recorded in 1622 . 1170 - 1234 ( 64 ) Tallest in varied fields or endeavors ( edit ) Tallest in various Sports ( edit ) See also : List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history Country Height Name Note Lifespan Photo Libya 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) Suleiman Ali Nashnush Tallest basketball player . 1943 -- 1991 Iran 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) Morteza Mehrzad Tallest Paralympian . 1987 -- Romania 242 cm ( 7 ft 11 in ) Gogea Mitu Tallest professional boxer . 1914 -- 1936 People 's Republic of China 236 cm ( 7 ft 9 in ) Sun Mingming Tallest active professional basketball player . 1983 -- Canada 233 cm ( 7 ft 8 in ) Édouard Beaupré Tallest strongman and tallest wrestler . 1881 -- 1904 Romania 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Gheorghe Mureșan Retired professional basketball player . Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . 1971 -- Sudan 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Manute Bol Retired professional basketball player . Tied as tallest player in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . 1962 -- 2010 Argentina 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) Jorge González Tallest wrestler in WWE history 1966 -- 2010 Latvia 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) Kristaps Porziņģis Tied for tallest active NBA player . 1995 -- Serbia 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) Boban Marjanović Tied for tallest active NBA player . 1988 -- Brazil 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Giant Silva Tallest kickboxer and mixed martial artist . 1963 -- Poland 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Małgorzata `` Margo '' Dydek Tallest player in WNBA history . 1974 -- 2011 Russia 218 cm ( 7 ft 2 in ) Dmitriy Muserskiy Tallest volleyball player . 1988 -- India 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Dalip Singh Rana Tallest active wrestler . 1972 -- Pakistan 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Mohammad Irfan Tallest international cricketer 1982 -- Philippines 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) E.J. Feihl Tallest basketball player in PBA history . ( tied with Greg Slaughter ) 1970 -- Philippines 216 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Greg Slaughter Tallest basketball player in PBA history . ( tied with E.J. Feihl ) 1988 -- Netherlands 215 cm ( 7 ft 1 in ) Loek van Mil Tallest baseball player . 1984 -- United Kingdom 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Richard Metcalfe Tallest rugby union player . 1973 -- Netherlands 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Ted van der Parre Tallest World 's Strongest Man . 1955 -- United States 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Richard Sligh Tallest American football player in NFL history . 1944 -- 2008 Russia 213 cm ( 7 ft 0 in ) Nikolai Valuev Tallest boxing world champion . 1973 -- Netherlands 212 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Semmy Schilt Tallest kickboxing world champion . 1973 -- Netherlands 212 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Stefan Struve Tallest fighter in the UFC . 1988 -- United States 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Jon Rauch Tallest baseball player in Major League Baseball history . 1978 -- Australia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Aaron Sandilands Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1982 -- Australia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Peter Street Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1980 -- America 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Mason Cox Tied as tallest player in Australian Football League history . 1991 -- United States 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Reilly Opelka Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour . 1997 -- Croatia 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Ivo Karlović Tied as tallest tennis player on the ATP Tour . 1979 -- United Kingdom 211 cm ( 6 ft 11 in ) Will Carrick - Smith Tallest active professional rugby union player . 1992 -- Lithuania 209 cm ( 6 ft 10 in ) Rolandas Gimbutis Tallest Olympic swimmer . 1981 -- Belgium 208 cm ( 6 ft 10 in ) Kristof Van Hout Tallest association football player . 1987 -- Slovakia 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Zdeno Chára Tallest player in National Hockey League history . 1977 -- United States 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) Jared Gaither Tallest active American football player in the NFL 1986 -- Russia 204 cm ( 6 ft 8 in ) Nelly Alisheva Tallest female volleyball player . 1983 -- Bulgaria 203 cm ( 6 ft 8 in ) Kotooshu Katsunori sumo wrestler . 1983 -- Germany 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Ingo Schultz Tallest sprinter . 1975 -- Bulgaria 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Velichko Cholakov Tallest Olympic weightlifter . 1982 -- United States 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Phil Blackmar Tallest golfer on the PGA Tour . 1957 -- Switzerland 200 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) Ramon Zenhäusern Tallest World Cup competitor in alpine skiing . 1992 -- United States 198 cm ( 6 ft 6 in ) Buddy Baker Tallest driver in NASCAR history . 1941 -- 2015 Netherlands 197 cm ( 6 ft 6 in ) Jens Mouris Tallest professional cyclist . 1980 -- United States 195 cm ( 6 ft 5 in ) Michael Waltrip Tallest active driver in NASCAR . 1963 -- Croatia 193 cm ( 6 ft 4 in ) Blanka Vlašić Tallest female high jumper . 1983 -- Tallest actors ( edit ) Country Height Name Note Lifespan United Kingdom 7 ft 71⁄2 in ( 233 cm ) Neil Fingleton Tallest actor at 233 cm ( 7 ft 71⁄2 in ) . 1980 -- 2017 France 7 ft 6 in ( 233 cm ) Andre The Giant Tallest French actor and professional wrestler . Tallest wrestler during the 1980s and the Eighth Wonder of the World . 1946 - 1993 Canada 6 ft 9 in ( 206 cm ) John De Santis Tallest Canadian actor at 206 cm ( 6 ft 9 in ) . 1977 -- 2017 United States 6 ft 8 1 / 2 in ( 204 cm ) Brad Garrett Tallest Emmy Award winning actor at 204 cm ( 6 ft 8 1 / 2 in ) . 1960 -- United States 6 ft 8.25 in ( 203.84 cm ) Lindsay Kay Hayward Tallest actress in a leading role 1987 -- United Kingdom 6 ft 7 in ( 201 cm ) Stephen Merchant Tallest British Academy Film Awards winner 1974 - United States 6 ft 7 in ( 201 cm ) James Cromwell Tallest Academy Award nominated actor at 201 cm ( 6 ft 7 in ) . 1940 -- United States 6 ft 5 in ( 195 cm ) Tim Robbins Tallest Academy Award - winning actor at 195 cm ( 6 ft 5 in ) . 1958 -- Tallest people presently living in varied nations ( edit ) Pakistan 8 ft 4 in ( 254 cm ) Ajaz Ahmed Tallest living in Pakistan at 254 cm ( 8 ft 4 in ) . Height unverified . He claims that he is still growing . 1975 -- Turkey 8 ft 3 in ( 251 cm ) Sultan Kösen Tallest Turkish at 251 cm ( 8 ft 3 in ) . 1982 -- Morocco 8 ft 1 in ( 247 cm ) Brahim Takioullah Tallest Moroccan at 246 cm and second tallest person ( 8 ft 1 in ) 1982 -- Iran 8 ft 1 in ( 246 cm ) Morteza Mehrzad Tallest live in Iran at 246 cm ( 8 ft 1 in ) . 1987 -- People 's Republic of China 7 ft 11 in ( 242 cm ) Zhang Juncai Tallest living Chinese at 242 cm ( 7 ft 11 in ) . 1983 -- Tunisia 7 ft 8.5 in ( 235 cm ) Radhouane Charbib Tallest Tunisian and the tallest living person in Africa 1968 -- Somalia 7 ft 81⁄2 in ( 236 cm ) Hussain Bisad Tallest Somali at 236 cm ( 7 ft 8.5 in ) . 1975 -- North Korea 7 ft 8.5 in ( 235 cm ) Ri Myung Hun Tallest North Korean at 235 cm ( 7 ft 8.5 in ) . 1967 -- United Kingdom 7 ft 81⁄3 in ( 235 cm ) Paul Sturgess Tallest British at 235 cm ( 7 ft 81⁄3 in ) . 1987 -- United States 7 ft 81⁄3 in ( 235 cm ) Igor Vovkovinskiy Tallest American at 235 cm ( 7 ft 81⁄3 in ) . 1982 -- Myanmar 7 ft 7.5 in ( 233 cm ) Win Zaw Oo Also known as ' Big Zaw ' , who is currently seeking medical treatment from 2013 in Singapore . Tallest man in Burma 1977 - Romania 7 ft 7 in ( 231 cm ) Gheorghe Mureșan Tallest Romanian at 231 cm ( 7 ft 7 in ) . 1971 -- Brazil 7 ft 6.6 in ( 230 cm ) Joelisson Fernandes da Silva Tallest Brazilian at 230 cm ( 7 ft 6.6 in ) 1991 -- Montenegro 7 ft 6 in ( 230 cm ) Slavko Vranes Tallest basketball player in Montenegro 1983 -- Malta 7 ft 6 in ( 230 cm ) Samuel Deguara Tallest basketball player in Malta 1991 -- Japan 7 ft 6 in ( 228 cm ) Yasutaka Okayama Tallest Japanese to be drafted into the NBA at 228 cm ( 7 ft 6 in ) . 1954 -- Canada 7 ft 6 in ( 228 cm ) Jerry Sokoloski Tallest Canadian at 228 cm ( 7 ft 6 in ) . 1983 -- New Zealand 7 ft 4.5 in ( 225 cm ) Jonty Butterfield Tallest New Zealander at 229 cm ( 7 ft 6.15 in ) . 1994 -- Ireland 7 ft 4.5 in ( 225 cm ) Shaun Aisbitt Tallest Man in Ireland 1962 -- Puerto Rico 7 ft 3.5 in ( 222 cm ) Peter John Ramos Tallest Puerto Rican at 222 cm ( 7 ft 3.5 in ) . 1985 -- Australia 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Sam Harris Tallest Australian at 221 cm ( 7 ft 3 in ) . 1984 -- Philippines 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Raul Dillo Said to be the tallest Filipino at 221 cm ( 7 ft 4 in ) when he was measured at age 17 . 1991 -- Spain 7 ft 3 in ( 221 cm ) Roberto Dueñas Hernández Tallest Spanish basketball player ever ( now retired ) . Currently the tallest man alive in Spain . 1975 -- See also ( edit ) Giant ( mythology ) Gigantism Goliath Human height List of the heaviest people List of humans with gigantism List of shortest people List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Wadlow '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ New rules make China 's Bao world 's tallest again . Reuters . August 20 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tallest man - living '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2010 ) . Guinnes World Records 2011 . ISBN 9781904994572 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Brahim Takioullah sets world record for largest feet '' . Guinness World Records News . 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Confirmed : Brahim Takioullah sets world record for largest feet - October 2011 - - Latest news '' . Guinness World Records . 2011 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Morteza Mehrzad The tallest man claimed to be 8ft 2.4 inches assuming normal spine curvature . Iran '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` At 8ft 1in tall , Dharmendra is half a foot loftier than beanpole footballer Peter Crouch - but he fears his height is making it `` impossible '' for him to find a girlfriend `` . mirror.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Jean - Joseph Brice height controversy '' . Jump up ^ `` Anton de Franchepoinct The tallest man Germany '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ de : Der lange Anton Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091206031648/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_461611.html . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Albert Johan Kramer - 7 feet 111⁄4 inches ( 242 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Senapati , Ashis ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Tallest ' man fails to find a bride '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ So lebt der längste Mensch der Welt , Jens Hartmann ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi - The tallest man Egypt '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Le saviez - vous ? Archived 2009 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . http://www.afrv.ch/ Les gullivers de Dalmatie Jump up ^ `` The Tall Guys of Pakistan : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN '' . Pakistaniat.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Naseer Soomro - The tallest man Pakistan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rigardus Rijnhout - 7 feet 10 inches ( 238 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshimitsu Matsuzaka - 7 feet 9.3 inches ( 237 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Moilanen - The tallest man Michigan Finland '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Frederick Kempster - the ' English Giant ' ? 2011 / 04 / 28 BBC Jump up ^ name = `` The Giant of the Hills : Martin Van Buren Bates '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Anna Haining Swan - The tallest woman '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ World 's tallest man gets married 2007 / 03 / 28 BBC ^ Jump up to : Lukatsky , Efrem ( April 17 , 2004 ) . `` Tiny village possibly holds the world 's tallest man '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Riese Walter Straube - The tallest man Germany '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rachid Bara - The tallest man of Algeria '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael França do Nascimento - The tallest man of Brazil '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nikolai Pankratov - The tallest man of Russia '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB - Igor Vovkovinskiy '' . IMDb . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broc Brown , World 's Tallest Teenager : 5 Fast Facts You Need To Know '' . Jump up ^ `` Cecil Boling - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Polipaka Gattaiah - The tallest man in India dies '' . www.newindianexpress.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Abdramane Dembele - The tallest man of Ivory Coast '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` -- 7 - foot - 8 deputy nation 's tallest man '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the tallest person in the World ? '' . isitpossibletogettaller . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest man dies '' . BBC News . July 3 , 1998 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kim , Randy ( June 19 , 2003 ) . `` Draft Oddities '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chibi Not A Chibi '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania : Reading Eagle Company . June 11 , 1981 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - foot 7 and a judo expert too '' . Tri-City Herald . Kennewick , Washington : The McClatchy Company . October 29 , 1983 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Former NBA player , humanitarian Manute Bol dies at age 47 '' . NY Daily News . Daily News , L.P. June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Is this the world 's tallest professional athlete ? Basketball player ' Big Bob ' Wegner is 7ft 8in and has size 23 foot '' . dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Franz Winkelmeyer - The tallest man Lengau Austria '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Joaquin de Eleicegui - 7 feet 8 inches ( 233.5 cm ) '' . The Tallest Man.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150912095144/http://www.thetallestman.com/jaimeclemente.htm . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Agustin Luengo Capilla - 7 feet 7.75 inches ( 233 cm ) '' . The Tallest Man.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jennifer Toland ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` A high honor : Former Crusader is tallest man in U.K '' . Telegram . Jump up ^ `` Wang Feng - Jun - The tallest man China '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAMUEL DEGUARA IS 7'5 , UNEMPLOYED , AND LOOKING FOR A BASKETBALL HOME '' . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records day '' . The Telegraph . London . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ANNA KATHERINE CLEMMONS ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` 7 Feet 7 and 360 Pounds , With Bigger Feet Than Shaq 's '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Lock Martin - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Reference Below GBWR ' 72 - ' 73 etc . Jump up ^ `` Alain Delaunois - The tallest man Belgium Belgie '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Aleksandar Rindin - The tallest man of Azerbaijan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` '' Մեծ '' մարդու մեծ երազանքը . ՀՀ ամենաբարձրահասակ մարդը `` . hottv.am . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jovem paraibano de 21 anos tem 2 , 3 m de altura '' . Noticias.terra.com.br . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ACB Liga Endesa : El Barcelona sigue al niño más alto del mundo , Robert Bobroczky , de 14 años y 2 , 30 - MARCA.com '' . MARCA.com. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tran Thanh Pho - The tallest man Vietnam '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Malik Sidibe - 7 feet 6.25 inches ( 229.2 cm ) '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saad Kaiche y sus 229 centímetros , a prueba en Lugo '' ( in Spanish ) . Solobasket.com. 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallest Man , Saad Kaiche '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Madsen - 7ft 6in . '' ( 228 cm ) `` . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Summer League Rosters : Dallas Mavericks '' . 10 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . http://www.shamsports.com/2010/07/2010-summer-league-rosters-dallas.html Jump up ^ `` Matthew McGrory official site '' . Jump up ^ Joey Kaufman ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` The Burden of 7 - 6 '' . Sportsonearth.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Furrows - The tallest man '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tacko Fall Basketball Player Profile , High School , News , stats , Career , Games Logs , Bests , Awards - usbasket.com '' . www.eurobasket.com . Jump up ^ `` Sergey Ilin - 7'5.8 '' ( 228 cm ) `` . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bienvenu Letuni = 2015 - 03 - 12 '' . Jump up ^ `` Wielkolud z Bystrzycy '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . http://www.gazeta-olawa.pl/reportaz/reportaze/6538-wielkolud-z-bystrzycy/ Jump up ^ `` Asdrúbal Herrera Mora - 7 feet 5.8 inches ( 228 cm ) '' . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Miklosik - 7'5.4 '' ( 227 cm ) `` . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Margarito Machacuay - UPN '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Birmingham.gov Archived October 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ World 's Tallest Woman Dies at Age 53 , 2008 - 08 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Wassiliki Calliandji - The tallest woman of Greece '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Fang The tallest woman China '' . The Tallest Man . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ de Lapouge , G. ( 1890 ) . `` Le Gėant Fossile de Castelnau '' . La Nature . 888 : 11 -- 12 . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Le sujet aurait une taille probable de 3m , 50 ( 11 ft 5.8 in ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest - known man bedridden in Surin '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tall Tale : Towering Thai the world 's tallest ? '' . Coconuts Bangkok . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest man in Thailand , dies at 26 '' . The Herald . 2015 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sa'id Muhammad Ghazi - The tallest man Egypt '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Siah Khan '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nederlands Algemeen Rijksarchief , Verslagen omtrent ' s rijks oude Archieven , vol. 11 , 1890 , p. 153 , fragment via Google Books , digitized May 4 , 2007 at the New York Public Library Jump up ^ Koninklijke Nederlandsche Maatschappij tot Bevordering der Geneeskunst , Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde , vol. 99 , March 26 , 1955 , p. 964 , fragment via Google Books , digitized Nov 26 , 2008 at the University of California Jump up ^ `` Jitendra Singh The tallest man India '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bondeson , Jan : The Two - Headed Boy and Other Medical Marvels . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Account of the Irish Giant '' . London Annual Register : 79 -- 80 . January 1 , 1760 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boston - Demmon '' . ghosttowns.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese - Australian Historical Images - Chang Woo Gow '' . Chia.chinesemuseum.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Die pathologischen Beckenformen , Volume 1 , by Carl Breus . Deuticke. 1904 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Körper - Rekord : Weltlängster Lulatsch misst 2 , 44 Meter - SPIEGEL ONLINE '' . Spiegel.de. 2002 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Musutaman - The tallest man Indonesia '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Gustaf Edman The tallest man in Sweden '' . Thetallestman.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Emma ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) . `` BBC News - Frederick Kempster - the ' English Giant ' ? '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2253697 Jump up ^ `` Morteza Mehrzad - 8 feet 1 inch ( 246.4 cm ) '' . thetallestman.com . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastaugh , Sophie ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Meet Iran 's sitting volleyball ace , the tallest Paralympian in history '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` FIVB '' . Federation Internationale De Volleyball . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mohammad Irfan Cricket Players and Officials '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Fingleton '' . IMDb . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John De Santis '' . IMDb . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Austin Chronicle ' ' '' . Austinchronicle.com. 2014 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest actress in a leading role '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Kay Hayward - The Official Website '' . Lindsay Kay Hayward . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tait , Morgan ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` High life has decent share of low moments '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Kyran ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Meet Ireland 's Tallest Man '' . The Irish Independent . Jump up ^ `` Lock Martin '' . The tallest man . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest Filipino meets world 's smallest man '' . ABS - CBN News . 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Tall people at Wikimedia Commons Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_people&oldid=808786410 '' Categories : Biological records Human height Lists of people by physical attribute Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Dynamic lists Articles needing cleanup from June 2015 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 04 : 22 . 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Marginal product of labor

Marginal product of labor - wikipedia Marginal product of labor Jump to : navigation , search In economics , the marginal product of labor ( MP ) is the change in output that results from employing an added unit of labor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Examples 3 Marginal costs 4 Relation between MP and AP 5 Diminishing marginal returns 6 MP , MRP and profit maximization 6.1 Example 7 Marginal productivity ethics 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References Definition ( edit ) The marginal product of a factor of production is generally defined as the change in output associated with a change in that factor , holding other inputs into production constant . The marginal product of labor is then the change in output ( Y ) per unit change in labor ( L ) . In discrete terms the marginal product of labor is : Δ Y Δ L . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ Delta Y ) ( \ Delta L ) ) . ) In continuous terms , the MP is the first derivative of the production function : ∂ Y ∂ L . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial Y ) ( \ partial L ) ) . ) Graphically , the MP is the slope of the production function . Examples ( edit ) Marginal product of labor table There is a factory which produces toys . When there are no workers in the factory , no toys are produced . When there is one worker in the factory , six toys are produced per hour . When there are two workers in the factory , eleven toys are produced per hour . There is a marginal product of labor of five when there are two workers in the factory compared to one . When the marginal product of labor is increasing , this is called increasing marginal returns . However , as the number of workers increases , the marginal product of labor may not increase indefinitely . When not scaled properly , the marginal product of labor may go down when the number of employees goes up , creating a situation known as diminishing marginal returns . When the marginal product of labor becomes negative , it is known as negative marginal returns . Marginal costs ( edit ) The marginal product of labor is directly related to costs of production . Costs are divided between fixed and variable costs . Fixed costs are costs that relate to the fixed input , capital , or rK , where r is the rental cost of capital and K is the quantity of capital . Variable costs ( VC ) are the costs of the variable input , labor , or wL , where w is the wage rate and L is the amount of labor employed . Thus , VC = wL . Marginal cost ( MC ) is the change in total cost per unit change in output or ∆ C / ∆ Q. In the short run , production can be varied only by changing the variable input . Thus only variable costs change as output increases : ∆ C = ∆ VC = ∆ ( wL ) . Marginal cost is ∆ ( Lw ) / ∆ Q. Now , ∆ L / ∆ Q is the reciprocal of the marginal product of labor ( ∆ Q / ∆ L ) . Therefore , marginal cost is simply the wage rate w divided by the marginal product of labor MC = ∆ VC ∕ ∆ Q ; ∆ VC = w ∆ L ; ∆ L ∕ ∆ Q ( the change in quantity of labor to effect a one unit change in output ) = 1 ∕ MP . Therefore MC = w ∕ MP Thus if the marginal product of labor is rising then marginal costs will be falling and if the marginal product of labor is falling marginal costs will be rising ( assuming a constant wage rate ) . Relation between MP and AP ( edit ) The average product of labor is the total product of labor divided by the number of units of labor employed , or Q / L. The average product of labor is a common measure of labor productivity . The AP curve is shaped like an inverted `` u '' . At low production levels the AP tends to increase as additional labor is added . The primary reason for the increase is specialization and division of labor . At the point the AP reaches its maximum value AP equals the MP . Beyond this point the AP falls . During the early stages of production MP is greater than AP . When the MP is above the AP the AP will increase . Eventually the MP reaches it maximum value at the point of diminishing returns . Beyond this point MP will decrease . However , at the point of diminishing returns the MP is still above the AP and AP will continue to increase until MP equals AP . When MP is below AP , AP will decrease . Graphically , the AP curve can be derived from the total product curve by drawing secants from the origin that intersect ( cut ) the total product curve . The slope of the secant line equals the average product of labor , where the slope = dQ / dL . The slope of the curve at each intersection marks a point on the average product curve . The slope increases until the line reaches a point of tangency with the total product curve . This point marks the maximum average product of labor . It also marks the point where MP ( which is the slope of the total product curve ) equals the AP ( the slope of the secant ) . Beyond this point the slope of the secants become progressively smaller as AP declines . The MP curve intersects the AP curve from above at the maximum point of the AP curve . Thereafter , the MP curve is below the AP curve . Diminishing marginal returns ( edit ) The falling MP is due to the law of diminishing marginal returns . The law states , `` as units of one input are added ( with all other inputs held constant ) a point will be reached where the resulting additions to output will begin to decrease ; that is marginal product will decline . '' The law of diminishing marginal returns applies regardless of whether the production function exhibits increasing , decreasing or constant returns to scale . The key factor is that the variable input is being changed while all other factors of production are being held constant . Under such circumstances diminishing marginal returns are inevitable at some level of production . Diminishing marginal returns differs from diminishing returns . Diminishing marginal returns means that the marginal product of the variable input is falling . Diminishing returns occur when the marginal product of the variable input is negative . That is when a unit increase in the variable input causes total product to fall . At the point that diminishing returns begin the MP is zero . MP , MRP and profit maximization ( edit ) The general rule is that a firm maximizes profit by producing that quantity of output where marginal revenue equals marginal costs . The profit maximization issue can also be approached from the input side . That is , what is the profit maximizing usage of the variable input ? To maximize profits the firm should increase usage `` up to the point where the input 's marginal revenue product equals its marginal costs '' . So , mathematically the profit maximizing rule is MRP = MC . The marginal profit per unit of labor equals the marginal revenue product of labor minus the marginal cost of labor or Mπ = MRP − MC A firm maximizes profits where Mπ = 0 . The marginal revenue product is the change in total revenue per unit change in the variable input assume labor . That is , MRP = ∆ TR / ∆ L. MRP is the product of marginal revenue and the marginal product of labor or MRP = MR × MP . Derivation : MR = ∆ TR / ∆ Q MP = ∆ Q / ∆ L MRP = MR × MP = ( ∆ TR / ∆ Q ) × ( ∆ Q / ∆ L ) = ∆ TR / ∆ L Example ( edit ) Assume that the production function is Q = 90 L − L 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90L - L ^ ( 2 ) ) M C L = 30 ( \ displaystyle MC_ ( L ) = 30 ) Output price is $40 per unit . M P L = 90 − 2 L ( \ displaystyle MP_ ( L ) = 90 - 2L ) M R P L = 40 ( 90 − 2 L ) ( \ displaystyle MRP_ ( L ) = 40 ( 90 - 2L ) ) M R P L = 3600 − 80 L ( \ displaystyle MRP_ ( L ) = 3600 - 80L ) M R P L = M C L ( \ displaystyle MRP_ ( L ) = MC_ ( L ) ) ( Profit Max Rule ) 3600 − 80 L = 30 ( \ displaystyle 3600 - 80L = 30 ) 3570 = 80 L ( \ displaystyle 3570 = 80L ) L = 44.625 ( \ displaystyle L = 44.625 ) 44.625 is the profit maximizing number of workers . Q = 90 L − L 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90L - L ^ ( 2 ) ) Q = 90 ( 44.625 ) − ( 44.625 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle Q = 90 ( 44.625 ) - ( 44.625 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) Q = 4016.25 − 1991.39 ( \ displaystyle Q = 4016.25 - 1991.39 ) Q = 2024.86 ( \ displaystyle Q = 2024.86 ) Thus , the profit maximizing output is 2025 units And the profit is T R − T C = Π ( \ displaystyle TR - TC = \ Pi ) Π = 40 ( 2025 ) − 30 ( 2025 ) ( \ displaystyle \ Pi = 40 ( 2025 ) - 30 ( 2025 ) ) Π = 81 , 000 − 60 , 750 ( \ displaystyle \ Pi = 81,000 - 60,750 ) Π = 20 , 250 ( \ displaystyle \ Pi = 20,250 ) Some might be confused by the fact that L = 44.625 ( \ displaystyle L = 44.625 ) as intuition would say that labor should be discrete . Remember , however , that labor is actually a time measure as well . Thus , it can be thought of as a worker not working the entire hour . Marginal productivity ethics ( edit ) In the aftermath of the marginal revolution in economics , a number of economists including John Bates Clark and Thomas Nixon Carver sought to derive an ethical theory of income distribution based on the idea that workers were morally entitled to receive a wage exactly equal to their marginal product . In the 20th century , marginal productivity ethics found few supporters among economists , being criticised not only by egalitarians but by economists associated with the Chicago school such as Frank Knight ( in The Ethics of Competition ) and the Austrian School , such as Leland Yeager . However , marginal productivity ethics were defended by George Stigler . See also ( edit ) Marginal product of capital Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 108 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 . p. 173 . Jump up ^ Pindyck , R. and D. Rubinfeld , Microeconomics , 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , W. and C. Snyder , Intermediate Microeconomics , Thomson 2007 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , W. , Microeconomic Theory , 9th ed . Thomson 2005 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Binger , B. and E. Hoffman , Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . Addison - Wesley 1998 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ; Robin Wells ( 2010 ) . Microeconomics . Worth Publishers . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 1429277914 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J : Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus page 177 . Pearson 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Samuelson , W. and S. Marks , Managerial Economics , 4th ed . Wiley 2003 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Hal Varian , Microeconomic Analysis , 3rd ed . Norton 1992 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ `` Can a Liberal Be an Equalitarian ? Leland B. Yeager - Toward Liberty : Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises , vol. 2 '' . Online Library of Liberty . 1971 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 . References ( edit ) Business and economics portal Binger , B. and E. Hoffman , Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . Addison - Wesley 1998 , ISBN 0 - 321 - 01225 - 9 Krugman , Paul , and Robin Wells ( 2009 ) , Microeconomics 2d ed . Worth Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1429277914 Nicholson , W. , Microeconomic Theory , 9th ed . Thomson 2005 . Nicholson , W. and C. Snyder , Intermediate Microeconomics , Thomson 2007 , ISBN 0 - 324 - 31968 - 1 Perloff , J. , Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus , Pearson 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 27794 - 7 Pindyck , R. and D. Rubinfeld , Microeconomics , 5th ed . Prentice - Hall 2001 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 019673 - 8 Samuelson , W. and S. Marks , Managerial Economics , 4th ed . Wiley 2003 . Varian , Hal , Microeconomic Analysis , 3rd ed . Norton 1992 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marginal_product_of_labor&oldid=798075428 '' Categories : Production economics Marginal concepts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 20 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Good Times

Good Times - wikipedia Good Times Jump to : navigation , search For the Chinese television series , see Good Times ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Good Times ( disambiguation ) . Good Times Genre Sitcom Created by Eric Monte Michael Evans Developed by Norman Lear Directed by Gerren Keith Herbert Kenwith Bob LaHendro Donald McKayle Perry Rosemond Starring Esther Rolle John Amos ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Jimmie Walker Ja'net Dubois Bern Nadette Stanis Ralph Carter Johnny Brown ( Seasons 2 - 6 ) Janet Jackson ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Ben Powers ( Season 6 ) Theme music composer Dave Grusin Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman Opening theme `` Good Times '' performed by Jim Gilstrap and Blinky Williams Composer ( s ) Dave Grusin Alan and Marilyn Bergman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 133 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norman Lear ( 1974 -- 75 ) Allan Manings ( 1974 -- 77 ) Austin and Irma Kalish ( 1976 -- 78 ) Norman Paul ( 1975 -- 79 ) Producer ( s ) Allan Manings Jack Elinson ( 1975 -- 76 ) Norman Paul Austin and Irma Kalish Lloyd Turner ( 1977 -- 78 ) Gordon Mitchell ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sid Dorfman ( 1978 -- 79 ) Location ( s ) CBS Television City , Hollywood , California ( 1974 -- 75 ) Metromedia Square , Hollywood , California ( 1975 -- 79 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions Distributor PITS Films ( 1978 -- 82 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1982 -- 86 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 88 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 96 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Original release February 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 02 - 08 ) -- August 1 , 1979 ( 1979 - 08 - 01 ) Chronology Preceded by All in the Family Maude Related shows Checking In The Jeffersons Archie Bunker 's Place Gloria 704 Hauser Good Times is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from February 8 , 1974 , to August 1 , 1979 . It was created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans , and developed by Norman Lear , the series ' primary executive producer . Good Times was a spin - off of Maude , which was itself a spin - off of All in the Family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Cast conflicts 1.2 Final seasons 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Minor characters 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 3.1 Theme song and opening sequence 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Syndication 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) John Amos and Esther Rolle , 1974 Florida and James Evans and their three children live at 921 N. Gilbert Ave. , apartment 17C , in a housing project in a poor , black neighborhood in inner - city Chicago . The project is unnamed on the show , but is implicitly the infamous Cabrini -- Green projects , shown in the opening and closing credits . Florida and James have three children : James Jr. , also known as `` J.J. '' ; Thelma ; and Michael , called `` the militant midget '' by his father due to his passionate activism . When the series begins , J.J. is seventeen years old , Thelma is sixteen , and Michael is eleven . Their exuberant neighbor , and Florida 's best friend , is Willona Woods , a recent divorcée who works at a boutique . Their building superintendent is Nathan Bookman ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , who James , Willona and later J.J. refer to as `` Buffalo Butt '' , or , even more derisively , `` Booger '' . Florida and son J.J. , 1974 The characters originated on the sitcom Maude as Florida and Henry Evans , with Florida employed as Maude Findlay 's housekeeper in Tuckahoe , New York , and Henry employed as a firefighter . When producers decided to feature the Florida character in her own show , they changed the characters ' history : Henry 's name became James , there was no mention of Maude , and the couple lived in Chicago . Episodes of Good Times deal with the characters ' attempts to overcome poverty living in a high rise project building in Chicago . James Evans often works at least two jobs , mostly manual labor such as dishwasher , construction laborer , etc . Often he is unemployed , but he is a proud man who will not accept charity . When he has to , he hustles money playing pool , although Florida disapproves of this . Cast conflicts ( edit ) Good Times was intended to be a good show for Esther Rolle and John Amos . Both expected the show to deal with serious topics in a comedic way while providing positive characters for viewers to identify with . However , Jimmie Walker 's character of J.J. was an immediate hit with audiences and became the breakout character of the series . J.J. 's frequent use of the expression `` Dy - no - mite ! '' ( often in the phrase `` Kid Dy - no - mite ! '' ) , credited to director John Rich , became a popular catchphrase ( later included in TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases special ) . Rich insisted Walker say it in every episode . Walker and executive producer Norman Lear were skeptical of the idea , but the phrase and the J.J. Evans character caught on with the audience . As a result of the character 's popularity , the writers focused more on J.J. 's comedic antics instead of serious issues . Through seasons two and three , Rolle and Amos grew increasingly disillusioned with the direction of the show and especially with J.J. 's antics and stereotypically buffoonish behavior . Rolle was vocal about her dislike of his character . In a 1975 interview with Ebony magazine she stated : He 's 18 and he does n't work . He ca n't read or write . He does n't think . The show did n't start out to be that ... Little by little -- with the help of the artist , I suppose , because they could n't do that to me -- they have made J.J. more stupid and enlarged the role . Negative images have been slipped in on us through the character of the oldest child . Although doing so less publicly , Amos also was outspoken about his dissatisfaction with the J.J. character . Amos stated : The writers would prefer to put a chicken hat on J.J. and have him prance around saying `` DY - NO - MITE '' , and that way they could waste a few minutes and not have to write meaningful dialogue . While Amos was less public with his dissatisfaction , he was ultimately fired after season three due to disagreements with Norman Lear . Amos ' departure was initially attributed to his desire to focus on a film career , but he admitted in a 1976 interview that Lear called him and told him that his contract option with the show was not being renewed . Amos stated , `` That 's the same thing as being fired . '' The producers decided not to recast the character of James Evans , instead opting to kill off the character in the two - part season four episode , `` The Big Move '' . Final seasons ( edit ) By the end of season four , Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show 's direction and decided to leave the series . In the final two episodes of the season , `` Love Has a Spot On His Lung '' , Rolle 's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) , a man she began dating toward the end of season four . In the season five premiere episode , it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl 's health . With Amos and Rolle gone , Ja'net Dubois took over as the lead character , as Willona checked in on the Evans children since they were now living alone . In season five Janet Jackson joined the cast , playing Penny Gordon Woods , an abused girl who is abandoned by her mother and eventually adopted by Willona . Before taping of season six began , CBS and the show 's producers decided that they had to do `` something drastic '' to increase viewership . According to then - vice president of CBS programming Steve Mills , `` We had lost the essence of the show . Without parental guidance the show slipped . Everything told us that : our mail , our phone calls , our research . We felt we had to go back to basics . '' Producers approached Esther Rolle with an offer to appear in a guest role on the series . Rolle was initially hesitant but when producers agreed to a number of her demands ( including an increased salary and higher quality scripts ) , she agreed to return to the series on a full - time basis . Rolle also wanted producers to make the character of J.J. more responsible , as she felt the character was a poor role model for black American youths . She also requested that producers write out the character of Carl Dixon ; Rolle reportedly disliked the storyline surrounding the Carl Dixon character , as she believed Florida would not have moved on so quickly after James ' death or leave her children . Rolle also thought the writers had disregarded Florida 's devout Christian beliefs by having her fall for and marry Carl , who was an atheist . In the season six premiere episode `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 1 '' , Florida returns from Arizona without Carl to attend Thelma 's upcoming wedding to professional football player Keith Anderson ( Ben Powers , who joined the cast for the final season ) . In a rare uncut version of `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 2 '' , after Florida arrives home from Arizona , Willona briefly pulls her aside and mentions Carl , to which Florida sadly smiles and shakes her head implying that Carl had died from cancer . Florida later mentions Carl one last time when she tells Michael about a book they 'd both bought him . Despite changes in the series at Esther Rolle 's request and her return , ratings did not improve and CBS canceled the series during the 1978 -- 79 season . In the series finale , `` The End of the Rainbow '' , each character finally gets a `` happy ending . '' J.J. gets his big break as an artist for a comic book company with his newly created character , DynoWoman , which is based on Thelma ( much to her surprise and delight ) , and is moving into an apartment with some lady friends . Michael attends college and moves into an on - campus dorm . Keith 's bad knee heals due to his exercise and own physical therapy , leading to the Chicago Bears offering him a contract to play football . Keith announces that he and Thelma are moving into a luxury apartment in the city 's upscale Gold Coast district . Thelma also announces that she is pregnant with the couple 's first child . Keith offers Florida the chance to move in with them so she can help Thelma with the new baby . Willona becomes the head buyer of the boutique she works in and announces that she and Penny are also moving out of the projects . Willona then reveals that her new apartment is in the same apartment building that Keith , Thelma and Florida are moving to ; once again , she and Penny become the Evans ' downstairs neighbors . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 Esther Rolle Florida Evans Main Main John Amos James Evans Main Ja'net Dubois Willona Woods Main Jimmie Walker James `` J.J. '' Evans , Jr . Main Ralph Carter Michael Evans Main Bern Nadette Stanis Thelma Evans Anderson Main Johnny Brown Nathan Bookman Recurring Main Janet Jackson Millicent `` Penny '' Gordon Woods Main Ben Powers Keith Anderson Main Bern Nadette Stanis was credited as `` Bern Nadette '' during early episodes of season one , and later as `` Bernnadette Stanis . '' Minor characters ( edit ) Ned the Wino ( Raymond Allen ) is the local drunk who frequents the neighborhood and the apartment building where the Evans family reside . In the season one episode `` Black Jesus '' , J.J. uses Ned the Wino as the model for a portrait of Jesus . Another episode is centered on Michael 's plan to `` clean up '' Ned and get him off the booze by letting him stay at the Evans ' house . Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) is an atheist shop owner who Michael briefly works for . Despite their religious differences , Carl and Florida begin dating and become engaged in the final episode of season four . Carl breaks off the engagement after he is diagnosed with lung cancer . After a talk from Bookman , Carl again asks Florida for her hand in marriage . The two marry off - screen and move to Arizona . Florida returns at the beginning of season six , without Carl , for Thelma 's wedding . Carl is referenced briefly in episode two of season six , but he is never mentioned again ( Florida continues to use the surname Evans instead of Dixon ) . ( Esther Rolle decided to come back to the show if the character was written out . ) Florida then revealed he died from his battle of lung cancer . Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( Theodore Wilson ) is a menacing neighborhood numbers runner and pimp , who has a reputation for wearing flashy clothing and jewelry . He is usually accompanied by bodyguards ( one portrayed by Bubba Smith , the other by series painter Ernie Barnes ) and comes across as cool and threatening , but has shown a soft heart on occasion , particularly when he decided not to take an antique locket ( to settle a debt ) that Florida had given to Thelma because it had reminded him of his late mother . ( Wilson also plays a club owner named Stanley in the season four episode , `` The Comedian and the Loan Sharks '' ) . Alderman Fred C. Davis ( Albert Reed , Jr . ) is a local politician with a slightly shady disposition whom the Evans generally despise . Spoofing President Richard M. Nixon , he would state in a speech `` I am not a crook . '' He frequently relies on the support of the Evans family ( his `` favorite project family '' ) for reelection or support and resorts to threats of eviction to secure their support . In a running joke , Alderman Davis frequently forgets Willona 's name and calls her another similar - sounding name that began with a `` W '' ( such as Wilhemina , Winnifrieda , Winsomnium , Wyomia and even Waldorf - Astoria ) , thus earning him her everlasting ire as well as the nickname `` Baldy '' . Lenny ( Dap ' Sugar ' Willie ) is a neighborhood hustler and peddler who tries to sell presumably stolen items that are usually attached to the lining of his fur coat . He usually approaches people with a laid - back rap and a rhyme ( `` my name is Len - nay , if I ai n't got it , there ai n't an - nay '' ) . He is typically rebuffed by the people he approaches and responds by saying `` that 's cold '' or uses a small brush to `` brush off '' the negativity . `` Grandpa '' Henry Evans ( Richard Ward ) is James ' long lost father . He abandoned the family years before because he was ashamed that he could not do more to provide for them . This hurt James deeply , who disregarded his father 's existence , telling everyone he was dead . Thelma learns about her grandfather while doing some family research . She meets him and invites him to the Evans ' home to surprise James for his birthday , not knowing that James was well aware of his whereabouts but chose to stay out of his life . After Henry arrives at the Evans home and meets the rest of the family , he realizes that James would not welcome him in the home and decides to leave . Florida convinces him to stay and talk to James and explains that there may never be another chance to do so . Henry and James have a heart - to - heart talk , with Henry being remorseful and apologetic . James ultimately forgives his father . After James ' death , the Evans family embraces Henry into the family , alongside his common law ( and eventually legal ) wife Lena in later episodes . Wanda ( Helen Martin ) is another resident in the apartment building where the Evans reside . Earlier episodes show her at a women 's support group , and the tenants rallying around her by giving her a rent party . Later episodes show her appearing and crying at several funerals , whether she knew the person or not , thus earning her the nickname `` Weeping Wanda '' from J.J. and Willona . Mrs. Lynnetta Gordon ( Chip Fields ) is Penny 's abusive biological mother . Her first appearance is in the four part Fifth season opening episode , `` The Evans Get Involved '' . Penny 's father abandoned Mrs. Gordon when she became pregnant . As a result , she takes her anger and frustrations out on Penny , including burning her with a hot iron . After the abuse is finally brought to light , ( during which Mrs. Gordon gets into a shouting match with Willona and Thelma ) she abandons Penny , despite Willona and Thelma 's pleas to her to seek help . Just before she disappears , Mrs. Gordon expresses regret for hurting her child , telling Willona that Penny deserves better than her . This clears the way for Willona to adopt Penny . She reappears more than a year later , in the sixth - season episode , `` A Matter of Mothers '' , having remarried , and reveals that her new husband is from a very wealthy family . Mrs. Gordon uses her husband 's wealth to send Penny anonymous gifts and , in an effort to regain custody of Penny , she also attempts to frame Willona as an unfit adoptive parent who throws wild parties with less than wholesome attendees . However , her scheme is exposed by being recorded on tape admitting that the scheme was a set up to get Penny back . After trying to get the tape from Penny and threatening her again with physical abuse ( which is stopped by Willona ) , Penny outright rejects Mrs. Gordon , telling her birth mother that no matter what anyone says , she would always consider Willona to be her real mother . Mrs. Gordon is devastated by this , agrees to drop the charges against Willona and leaves Penny with her , never to be seen again . Cleatus ( Jack Baker ) is a cousin of J.J. Evans , Thelma Evans Anderson , and Michael Evans and nephew of Florida Evans and James Evans . He made one appearance in the episode `` Cousin Cleatus '' . Violet Bookman ( Marilyn Coleman ) is the wife of Bookman ( episodes : `` Bye , Bye Bookman '' and `` Willona , the Other Woman '' in season 5 ) . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Louis Gossett , Jr. as Florida 's brother , Wilbert Debbie Allen as J.J. 's drug - addicted fiancee , Diana in `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' ( season 3 ) Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard ( former Our Gang child actor ) in five episodes , including four appearances as James ' friend Monty Sorrell Booke as Mr. Galbraith , J.J. 's boss at the ad agency ( season 5 , episode 17 ) Roscoe Lee Browne as a shady televangelist Reverend Sam `` the Happiness Man '' , who befriended James in the military ( season 1 , episode 4 ) T.K. Carter as J.J. 's friend `` Head '' ( part of the `` Awesome Foursome '' , later the `` Gleesome Threesome '' , the `` Gruesome Twosome '' and the `` Lonesome Onesome '' , as stated in the episode `` The New Car '' Rosalind Cash as Thelma 's teacher , Jessica Bishop , who becomes romantically involved with a much younger J.J. ( season 4 , episode 3 ) Judith Cohen as herself in the episode `` The Judy Cohen Story '' ( season 4 , episode 12 ) Gary Coleman as Gary , a sharp - tongued classmate of Penny 's in two season five episodes Conchata Ferrell as Miss Johnson , Willona 's supervisor at her short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Kim Fields ( real - life daughter of Chip Fields ) as Penny 's friend , Kim , who has a tendency to add the suffix `` - ness '' to emphasize her anxiety such as `` hopelessnessness '' ( 2 season 6 episodes ) Carl Franklin as Larry , Thelma 's fiance ' , ultimately breaking up when Larry is offered a job on the West Coast and Thelma is not ready to accompany him ( 2 episodes ) Alice Ghostley as Ms Dobbs , a social worker who is working on Penny being adopted by Willona ( 3 episodes ) Ron Glass as Michael 's elementary school principal ( 2.4 ) ; also made an appearance as a blind encyclopedia salesman who tries to swindle the Evans family ( 2.8 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. , in season two as Thelma 's older boyfriend , which Florida and James object to their relationship because of the age difference ( 2.6 ) ; also appears as Uncle Wilbert ( Florida 's brother ) , who comes from Detroit to look in on the family while James is away ( 3.8 ) Robert Guillaume as Fishbone the wino in the episode `` Requiem for a Wino '' ( season 5 , episode 11 ) Phillip Baker Hall as Motel Owner in the episode `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Part 2 ) '' ( season 3 , episode 18 ) Shirley Hemphill as `` Roz '' , the dimwitted sister of Edna , who was being tutored by Thelma ( season 4 , episode 10 ) Gordon Jump as Mr. Rogers , the head of security at Willona 's short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Paula Kelly as Dr. Kelly in the episode `` Where Have All The Doctors Gone '' ( season 6 , episode 17 ) Jay Leno as `` Young Man '' in the season three 's `` J.J. in Trouble '' , which was one of the first times that the subject of `` VD '' ( STD ) was addressed on a primetime series Calvin Lockhart as Florida 's cousin Raymond , who earned his riches by betting on horses ( season 6 , episode 23 ) Don Marshall as FBI Agent Lloyd in the episode `` The Investigation '' ( season 3 , episode 20 ) . Paul Mooney as `` The Second Guy '' in the episode `` J.J. and T.C. '' ( season 6 ) Debbi Morgan as Samantha , a date of J.J. 's ( 3.23 ) ; and as Ellen ( 4.18 ) J.A. Preston as Walter Ingles in the episode `` Wilona 's Dilemma '' ( season 3 , episode 10 ) Charlotte Rae as a hiring manager for a sales job that Florida stole from James ( season 2 , episode 14 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Vanessa in the episode `` J.J. and The Plumber 's Helper '' ( season 6 , episode 9 ) Bubba Smith as Claude , a bodyguard / thug working for Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( 4 season 6 episodes ) Thalmus Rasulala as Ernie Harris , a childhood friend of James with a gambling problem ( season 3 , episode 20 ) Philip Michael Thomas as Eddie , Thelma 's college - age boyfriend ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Adam Wade as successful businessman Frank Mason , Willona 's boyfriend ( 2 season 5 episodes ) Vernee Watson - Johnson as Thelma 's friend and college mate Valerie , in the episode `` Thelma 's African Romance ( Part 1 ) '' ( season 4 ) Carl Weathers as Calvin Brooks , husband of the ' nude ' model for J.J. 's painting ( season 2 , episode 16 ) Hal Williams as one of the movers in a season one episode ; James ' friend , Willie Washington ( season 2 ) ; and Mr. Mitchell , the father of Earl Mitchell , who is an art student of J.J. 's ( season 6 ) John Witherspoon as Officer Lawson in the episode `` A Matter of Mothers '' ( season 6 , episode 20 ) Production notes ( edit ) Good Times was created by Eric Monte and actor Mike Evans . The series also features a character named `` Michael Evans '' , after co-creator Mike Evans who portrayed Lionel Jefferson on the Norman Lear - produced series All in the Family and The Jeffersons . Theme song and opening sequence ( edit ) The gospel - styled theme song was composed by Dave Grusin with lyrics written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman . It was sung by Jim Gilstrap and Motown singer Blinky Williams with a gospel choir providing background vocals . The lyrics to the theme song are notorious for being hard to discern , notably the line `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' / `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' '' ( depending on the source used ) . Dave Chappelle used this part of the lyrics as a quiz in his `` I Know Black People '' skit on Chappelle 's Show in which the former was claimed as the answer . The insert for the Season One DVD box set has the lyric as `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' . However , the Bergmans confirmed that the lyric is actually `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' . '' Slightly different lyrics were used for the closing credits , with the song beginning on a verse instead of the chorus . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Good Times episodes Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The Evans family ( l -- r ) Michael , Thelma , J.J. , Florida , and James The program premiered in February 1974 ; high ratings led CBS to renew the program for the 1974 -- 75 season , as it was the seventeenth - highest - rated program that year . During its first full season on the air , 1974 -- 75 , the show was the seventh - highest - rated program in the Nielsen ratings , with more than 25 % of all American households tuning into an episode each week . Three of the top ten highest - rated programs on American TV that season centered on the lives of African - Americans : Sanford and Son , The Jeffersons , and Good Times . The Nielsen ratings for the series declined over time , partly because of its many time slot changes and the departure of John Amos . The ratings went down considerably when the show entered its final two seasons : Season TV Season No. of Episodes Time slot ( ET ) Nielsen ratings Rank Rating 1973 -- 1974 13 Friday at 8 : 30 pm 17 21.4 ( Tied with Barnaby Jones ) 1974 -- 1975 24 Tuesday at 8 : 00 pm 7 25.8 1975 -- 1976 24 24 21.0 1976 -- 1977 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 15 , 17 - 24 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 16 ) 26 20.5 5 1977 -- 1978 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 16 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) Monday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 17 - 24 ) 53 N / A 6 1978 -- 1979 22 Saturday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episode 1 ) Saturday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 2 - 10 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 11 - 22 ) 83 14.4 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipient ( s ) / work Result Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Best TV Actress -- Musical / Comedy Esther Rolle Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category John Baskin and Roger Shulman / episode : `` The Lunch Money Ripoff '' Nominated 30 Minute Category Bob Peete / episode : `` My Girl Henrietta '' Nominated 2006 TV Land Awards Impact Award John Amos , Ralph Carter , Ja'net DuBois , Esther Rolle ( posthumously ) , BernNadette Stanis , and Jimmie Walker Won Syndication ( edit ) The cable network TV One aired reruns of the show since its launch on January 19 , 2004 until 2012 . The network began airing the series again in June 2013 . Good Times has also aired at various times on TV Land , Antenna TV and on the Canadian specialty cable channel DejaView . Minisodes of the show are available for free on Crackle . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 between February 2003 and August 2006 , with a complete box set following the separate seasons on October 28 , 2008 . Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 27 , 2006 . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Good Times . They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD . On September 1 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-release Good Times - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 13 February 4 , 2003 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Second Season 24 February 3 , 2004 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Third Season 24 August 10 , 2004 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fourth Season 24 February 15 , 2005 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fifth Season 24 August 23 , 2005 The Complete Sixth and Final Season 24 August 1 , 2006 The Complete Series 133 October 28 , 2008 September 1 , 2015 ( re-release ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cabrini - Green Set For Demolition '' . cbslocal.com . December 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Simms , Gregory ( September 8 , 1977 ) . `` Ja'Net DuBois Tells Diet And ' Good Times ' Secrets During Swing Through Chi . '' . Jet . Vol. 52 no . 25 . Johnson Publishing Company . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 869 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger . December 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Jimmie ' J.J. ' Walker lights ' Dy - no - mite ' on gay marriage , Leno and dating '' . CNN . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fearn - Banks , Kathleen ( August 4 , 2009 ) . The A to Z of African - American Television . 49 . Scarecrow Press . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 810 - 86348 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Louie ( September 1975 ) . `` Bad Times On the ' Good Times ' Set '' . Ebony . Vol. 30 no . 11 . Johnson Publishing Company . p. 35 . ISSN 0012 - 9011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , John L. ( April 14 , 2006 ) . `` Plotting His Next Big Break '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2006 . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Was Fired , ' Reveals Good Times ' John Amos '' . Jet . Vol. 50 no . 10 . Johnson Publishing Company . May 27 , 1976 . p. 57 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( January 17 , 1994 ) . `` Lear , Amos paired up again '' . Herald - Journal . p . C3 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 5000 Episodes and No Commercials : The Ultimate Guide to TV Shows On DVD . Random House Digital , Inc . November 9 , 2011 . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 79950 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Marguiles , Lee ( June 10 , 1978 ) . `` Esther Rolle Returning To ' Good Times ' '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 11B . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ( September 23 , 1977 ) . `` It 's ' good times ' for Ja'net Dubois '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 14D . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 552 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Newcomb 2004 p. 1012 ^ Jump up to : Bodroghkozy , Aniko ( January 1 , 2012 ) . Equal Time : Television and the Civil Rights Movement . University of Illinois Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 09378 - X . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dan ( February 19 , 1974 ) . `` Good Times Is Maude Spinoff '' . St. Joseph News - Press . p. 15 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage with ... Alan and Marilyn Bergman '' . timeout.com . Time Out New York . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Good Times In Trouble ; Jeffersons Holding Own '' . Jet . Vol. 55 no . 13 . Johnson Publishing Company . December 14 , 1978 . p. 64 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1687 -- 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/good-times-movie-is-bad-idea-but-could-be-cathartic-for-series-co-creator-eric-monte/ Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/good-times-movie-is-bad-idea-but-could-be-cathartic-for-series-co-creator-eric-monte/ Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/good-times-movie-is-bad-idea-but-could-be-cathartic-for-series-co-creator-eric-monte/ Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Mill Creek Entertainment Signs Deals With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment To Expand Their Distribution Partnership '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Dyn - O - Mite ! Mill Creek Brings the First Two Seasons Back to DVD Soon ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Good Times - We 've Got Mill Creek 's Box Art Now for Their 3rd and 4th Season Re-Releases ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` Good Times DVD news : Announcement for Good Times - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Good Times . Good Times on IMDb Good Times at TV.com Good Times at TVLand.com Maude Characters Maude Findlay Episodes `` Maude '' ( pilot ) Spin - offs Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Episodes Mr. Dugan ( 1979 ; unaired ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Related All in the Family ( 1971 -- 1979 ) Episodes `` And Then There 's Maude '' ( theme song ) All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Shows produced or created by Norman Lear The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) Hot l Baltimore ( 1975 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) A Year at the Top ( 1977 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) E / R ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) The Powers That Be ( 1992 -- 93 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Channel Umptee - 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) One Day at a Time ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Times&oldid=800032764 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings 1970s American comedy television series 1970s American television series American television sitcoms Black sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Television spin - offs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Chicago Television series about families Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Italiano Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sing the theme song for good times

5662717265593822735

List of UK dialling codes covering Wales

List of UK dialling codes covering Wales - wikipedia List of UK dialling codes covering Wales Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of geographic UK dialling codes covering Wales that are currently in use . Some exchanges cover both sides of the Wales - England border . All geographic telephone numbers in Wales are in the format ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx , with the exception of Cardiff and the surrounding area which is ( 029 ) xxxx xxxx . Dialling Code Area 01239 Cardigan 01244 Chester 01248 Bangor 01267 Carmarthen 01269 Ammanford 01286 Caernarfon 01291 Chepstow 01341 Barmouth 01348 Fishguard 01352 Mold 01407 Holyhead 01437 Clynderwen & Haverfordwest 01443 Pontypridd 01446 Barry 01490 Corwen 01492 Colwyn Bay 01495 Pontypool 01497 Hay on Wye 01544 Kington 01545 Llanarth 01547 Knighton 01550 Llandovery 01554 Llanelli 01558 Llandeilo 01559 Llandysul 01570 Lampeter 01591 Llanwrtyd Wells 01597 Llandrindod Wells 01600 Monmouth 01633 Newport 01639 Neath 01646 Milford Haven 01650 Cemmaes Road 01654 Machynlleth 01656 Bridgend 01678 Bala 01685 Merthyr Tydfil 01686 Llanidloes & Newtown 01690 Betws - y - Coed 01691 Oswestry 01745 Rhyl 01758 Pwllheli 01766 Porthmadog 01792 Swansea 01824 Ruthin 01834 Narberth 01873 Abergavenny 01874 Brecon 01938 Welshpool 01948 Whitchurch 01970 Aberystwyth 01974 Llanon 01978 Wrexham 01982 Builth Wells 01994 St Clears 029 Cardiff ( Source : `` The Phone Book - Code Companion '' , BT ) Misconceptions ( edit ) Main article : UK telephone code misconceptions It is a common misconception that the code for Cardiff is 02920 , whereas in fact it is 029 followed by an eight - digit local number . This is due to Cardiff previously having a 5 digit code ( 01222 ) with six - digit local numbers , and to the fact that all of its local numbers begin with 20 until 2005 . This problem is also widespread in cities with other 02x codes such as Coventry , London , Portsmouth and Southampton , and in the region of Northern Ireland . See also ( edit ) List of United Kingdom dialling codes UK telephone numbering plan Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telecommunications in the United Kingdom UK telephone code misconceptions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UK_dialling_codes_covering_Wales&oldid=696190870 '' Categories : Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Wales communications - related lists Talk About Wikipedia Cymraeg Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2015 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is area code 01446 in the uk

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Halley's Comet

Halley 's comet - wikipedia Halley 's comet For the video game , see Halley 's Comet ( video game ) . 1P / Halley ( Halley 's Comet ) Halley 's Comet on 8 March 1986 Discovery Discovered by Prehistoric observation ; Edmond Halley ( recognition of periodicity ) Orbital characteristics Epoch 17 February 1994 ( 2449400.5 ) Aphelion 35.082 AU Perihelion 0.586 AU last perihelion : 9 February 1986 next perihelion : 28 July 2061 Semi-major axis 17.834 AU Eccentricity 0.96714 Orbital period 75.32 yr Mean anomaly 38.38 ° Inclination 162.26 ° Longitude of ascending node 58.42 ° Argument of perihelion 111.33 ° Earth MOID 0.0638 AU ( 9.54 million km ) Physical characteristics 15 × 8 km , 11 km ( mean diameter ) Mass 2.2 × 10 kg Mean density 0.6 ( estimates range from 0.2 to 1.5 g / cm ) Escape velocity ~ 0.002 km / s Sidereal rotation period 2.2 d ( 52.8 h ) ( ? ) Albedo 0.04 Apparent magnitude 28.2 ( in 2003 ) Halley 's Comet or Comet Halley , officially designated 1P / Halley , is a short - period comet visible from Earth every 74 -- 79 years . Halley is the only known short - period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth , and the only naked - eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime . Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061 . Halley 's returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers since at least 240 BC . Clear records of the comet 's appearances were made by Chinese , Babylonian , and medieval European chroniclers , but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object at the time . The comet 's periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley , after whom it is now named . During its 1986 apparition , Halley 's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by spacecraft , providing the first observational data on the structure of a comet nucleus and the mechanism of coma and tail formation . These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction , particularly Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball '' model , which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices -- such as water , carbon dioxide , and ammonia -- and dust . The missions also provided data that substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas ; for instance , it is now understood that the surface of Halley is largely composed of dusty , non-volatile materials , and that only a small portion of it is icy . Contents 1 Pronunciation 2 Computation of orbit 3 Orbit and origin 4 Structure and composition 5 History 5.1 Prior to 1066 5.2 1066 5.3 1145 -- 1378 5.4 1456 5.5 1531 -- 1835 5.6 1910 5.7 1986 5.8 After 1986 5.9 2061 5.10 Apparitions 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Pronunciation ( edit ) Comet Halley is commonly pronounced / ˈhæli / , rhyming with valley , or / ˈheɪli / , rhyming with daily . Colin Ronan , one of Edmond Halley 's biographers , preferred / ˈhɔːli / ( HAW - lee , similar to holly ) . Spellings of Halley 's name during his lifetime included Hailey , Haley , Hayley , Halley , Hawley , and Hawly , so its contemporary pronunciation is uncertain . Computation of orbit ( edit ) Halley was the first comet to be recognized as periodic . Until the Renaissance , the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets , promoted by Aristotle , was that they were disturbances in Earth 's atmosphere . This idea was disproved in 1577 by Tycho Brahe , who used parallax measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the Moon . Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun , and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System . In 1687 , Sir Isaac Newton published his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , in which he outlined his laws of gravity and motion . His work on comets was decidedly incomplete . Although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were the same comet before and after passing behind the Sun ( he was later found to be correct ; see Newton 's Comet ) , he was unable to completely reconcile comets into his model . Ultimately , it was Newton 's friend , editor and publisher , Edmond Halley , who , in his 1705 Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets , used Newton 's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits . Having compiled a list of 24 comet observations , he calculated that the orbital elements of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 ( observed by Petrus Apianus ) and 1607 ( observed by Johannes Kepler ) . Halley thus concluded that all three comets were , in fact , the same object returning about every 76 years , a period that has since been found to vary between 74 -- 79 years . After a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets , he predicted its return for 1758 . While he had personally observed the comet around perihelion in September 1682 , Halley died in 1742 before he could observe its predicted return . Halley 's prediction of the comet 's return proved to be correct , although it was not seen until 25 December 1758 , by Johann Georg Palitzsch , a German farmer and amateur astronomer . It did not pass through its perihelion until 13 March 1759 , the attraction of Jupiter and Saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days . This effect was computed prior to its return ( with a one - month error to 13 April ) by a team of three French mathematicians , Alexis Clairaut , Joseph Lalande , and Nicole - Reine Lepaute . The confirmation of the comet 's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun . It was also one of the earliest successful tests of Newtonian physics , and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power . The comet was first named in Halley 's honour by French astronomer Nicolas - Louis de Lacaille in 1759 . Some scholars have proposed that first - century Mesopotamian astronomers already had recognized Halley 's Comet as periodic . This theory notes a passage in the Bavli Talmud that refers to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err . '' Researchers in 1981 attempting to calculate the past orbits of Halley by numerical integration starting from accurate observations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not produce accurate results further back than 837 due to a close approach to Earth in that year . It was necessary to use ancient Chinese comet observations to constrain their calculations . Orbit and origin ( edit ) The orbital path of Halley , against the orbits of Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune . Halley 's orbital period has varied between 74 -- 79 years since 240 BC . Its orbit around the Sun is highly elliptical , with an orbital eccentricity of 0.967 ( with 0 being a circle and 1 being a parabolic trajectory ) . The perihelion , the point in the comet 's orbit when it is nearest the Sun , is just 0.6 AU . This is between the orbits of Mercury and Venus . Its aphelion , or farthest distance from the Sun , is 35 AU ( roughly the distance of Pluto ) . Unusual for an object in the Solar System , Halley 's orbit is retrograde ; it orbits the Sun in the opposite direction to the planets , or , clockwise from above the Sun 's north pole . The orbit is inclined by 18 ° to the ecliptic , with much of it lying south of the ecliptic . ( Because it is retrograde , the true inclination is 162 ° . ) Due to the retrograde orbit , it has one of the highest velocities relative to the Earth of any object in the Solar System . The 1910 passage was at a relative velocity of 70.56 km / s ( 157,838 mph or 254,016 km / h ) . Because its orbit comes close to Earth 's in two places , Halley is associated with two meteor showers : the Eta Aquariids in early May , and the Orionids in late October . Halley is the parent body to the Orionids . Observations conducted around the time of Halley 's appearance in 1986 suggested that the comet could additionally perturb the Eta Aquariids meteor shower , although it might not be the parent of that shower . Orionid meteor originating from Halley 's Comet striking the sky below the Milky Way and to the right of Venus . Halley is classified as a periodic or short - period comet ; one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less . This contrasts it with long - period comets , whose orbits last for thousands of years . Periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees , and an orbital period of just 6.5 years , so Halley 's orbit is atypical . Most short - period comets ( those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 20 -- 30 degrees or less ) are called Jupiter - family comet . Those resembling Halley , with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees , are called Halley - type comets . As of 2015 , only 75 Halley - type comets have been observed , compared with 511 identified Jupiter - family comets . The orbits of the Halley - type comets suggest that they were originally long - period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner Solar System . If Halley was once a long - period comet , it is likely to have originated in the Oort cloud , a sphere of cometary bodies that has an inner edge of 20,000 -- 50,000 AU . Conversely the Jupiter - family comets are generally believed to originate in the Kuiper belt , a flat disc of icy debris between 30 AU ( Neptune 's orbit ) and 50 AU from the Sun ( in the scattered disc ) . Another point of origin for the Halley - type comets was proposed in 2008 , when a trans - Neptunian object with a retrograde orbit similar to Halley 's was discovered , 2008 KV 42 , whose orbit takes it from just outside that of Uranus to twice the distance of Pluto . It may be a member of a new population of small Solar System bodies that serves as the source of Halley - type comets . Halley has probably been in its current orbit for 16,000 -- 200,000 years , although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions , and close approaches before 837 AD can only be verified from recorded observations . The non-gravitational effects can be crucial ; as Halley approaches the Sun , it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface , which knock it very slightly off its orbital path . These orbital changes cause delays in its perihelion of four days , average . In 1989 , Boris Chirikov and Vitaly Vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of Halley 's Comet taken from historical records and computer simulations . These studies showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales . Halley 's projected lifetime could be as long as 10 million years . These studies also showed that many physical properties of Halley 's Comet dynamics can be approximately described by a simple symplectic map , known as the Kepler map . More recent work suggests that Halley will evaporate , or split in two , within the next few tens of thousands of years , or will be ejected from the Solar System within a few hundred thousand years . Observations by D.W. Hughes suggest that Halley 's nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80 to 90 % over the last 2,000 to 3,000 revolutions . Structure and composition ( edit ) The nucleus of Halley 's Comet , imaged by the Giotto probe in 1986 . The dark coloration of the nucleus can be observed , as well as the jets of dust and gas erupting from its surface . The Giotto and Vega missions gave planetary scientists their first view of Halley 's surface and structure . Like all comets , as Halley nears the Sun , its volatile compounds ( those with low boiling points , such as water , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide and other ices ) begin to sublime from the surface of its nucleus . This causes the comet to develop a coma , or atmosphere , up to 100,000 km across . Evaporation of this dirty ice releases dust particles , which travel with the gas away from the nucleus . Gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re-radiate it at different wavelengths , a phenomenon known as fluorescence , whereas dust particles scatter the solar light . Both processes are responsible for making the coma visible . As a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are ionized by the solar ultraviolet radiation , pressure from the solar wind , a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun , pulls the coma 's ions out into a long tail , which may extend more than 100 million kilometres into space . Changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause disconnection events , in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus . Despite the vast size of its coma , Halley 's nucleus is relatively small : barely 15 kilometres long , 8 kilometres wide and perhaps 8 kilometres thick . Its shape vaguely resembles that of a peanut . Its mass is relatively low ( roughly 2.2 × 10 kg ) and its average density is about 0.6 g / cm , indicating that it is made of a large number of small pieces , held together very loosely , forming a structure known as a rubble pile . Ground - based observations of coma brightness suggested that Halley 's rotation period was about 7.4 days . Images taken by the various spacecraft , along with observations of the jets and shell , suggested a period of 52 hours . Given the irregular shape of the nucleus , Halley 's rotation is likely to be complex . Although only 25 % of Halley 's surface was imaged in detail during the flyby missions , the images revealed an extremely varied topography , with hills , mountains , ridges , depressions , and at least one crater . Halley is the most active of all the periodic comets , with others , such as Comet Encke and Comet Holmes , being one or two orders of magnitude less active . Its day side ( the side facing the Sun ) is far more active than the night side . Spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80 % water vapour , 17 % carbon monoxide and 3 -- 4 % carbon dioxide , with traces of hydrocarbons although more - recent sources give a value of 10 % for carbon monoxide and also include traces of methane and ammonia . The dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon -- hydrogen -- oxygen -- nitrogen ( CHON ) compounds common in the outer Solar System , and silicates , such as are found in terrestrial rocks . The dust particles decreased in size down to the limits of detection ( ~ 0.001 μm ) . The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water released by Halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in Earth 's ocean water , suggesting that Halley - type comets may have delivered water to Earth in the distant past . Subsequent observations showed Halley 's deuterium ratio to be far higher than that found in Earth 's oceans , making such comets unlikely sources for Earth 's water . Giotto provided the first evidence in support of Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball '' hypothesis for comet construction ; Whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the Sun as they approach the inner Solar System , causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate ( change directly from a solid to a gas ) , and jets of volatile material to burst outward , creating the coma . Giotto showed that this model was broadly correct , though with modifications . Halley 's albedo , for instance , is about 4 % , meaning that it reflects only 4 % of the sunlight hitting it ; about what one would expect for coal . Thus , despite appearing brilliant white to observers on Earth , Halley 's Comet is in fact pitch black . The surface temperature of evaporating `` dirty ice '' ranges from 170 K ( − 103 ° C ) at higher albedo to 220 K ( − 53 ° C ) at low albedo ; Vega 1 found Halley 's surface temperature to be in the range 300 -- 400 K ( 27 -- 127 ° C ) . This suggested that only 10 % of Halley 's surface was active , and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust that retained heat . Together , these observations suggested that Halley was in fact predominantly composed of non-volatile materials , and thus more closely resembled a `` snowy dirtball '' than a `` dirty snowball '' . History ( edit ) Prior to 1066 ( edit ) Observation of Halley 's Comet , recorded in cuneiform on a clay tablet between 22 and 28 September 164 BC , Babylon , Iraq . British Museum ( BM 41462 ) Halley may have been recorded as early as 467 BC , but this is uncertain . A comet was recorded in ancient Greece between 468 and 466 BC ; its timing , location , duration , and associated meteor shower all suggest it was Halley . According to Pliny the Elder , that same year a meteorite fell in the town of Aegospotami , in Thrace . He described it as brown in colour and the size of a wagon load . Chinese chroniclers also mention a comet in that year . Report of Halley 's Comet by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC ( Shiji ) The first certain appearance of Halley 's Comet in the historical record is a description from 240 BC , in the Chinese chronicle Records of the Grand Historian or Shiji , which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north . The only surviving record of the 164 BC apparition is found on two fragmentary Babylonian tablets , now owned by the British Museum . The apparition of 87 BC was recorded in Babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen `` day beyond day '' for a month . This appearance may be recalled in the representation of Tigranes the Great , an Armenian king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features , according to Vahe Gurzadyan and R. Vardanyan , `` a star with a curved tail ( that ) may represent the passage of Halley 's Comet in 87 BC . '' Gurzadyan and Vardanyan argue that `` Tigranes could have seen Halley 's Comet when it passed closest to the Sun on August 6 in 87 BC '' as the comet would have been a `` most recordable event '' ; for ancient Armenians it could have heralded the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings . The apparition of 12 BC was recorded in the Book of Han by Chinese astronomers of the Han Dynasty who tracked it from August through October . It passed within 0.16 AU of Earth . According to the Roman historian Cassius Dio , a comet appeared suspended over Rome for several days portending the death of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in that year . Halley 's appearance in 12 BC , only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned date of the birth of Jesus Christ , has led some theologians and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the Star of Bethlehem . There are other explanations for the phenomenon , such as planetary conjunctions , and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of Jesus ' birth . If , as has been suggested , the reference in the Talmud to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err '' ( see above ) refers to Halley 's Comet , it may be a reference to the 66 AD appearance , because this passage is attributed to the Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah . This apparition was the only one to occur during ben Hananiah 's lifetime . The 141 AD apparition was recorded in Chinese chronicles . It was also recorded in the Tamil work Purananuru , in connection with the death of the south Indian Chera king Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai . The 374 AD and 607 approaches each came within 0.09 AU of Earth . The 684 AD apparition was recorded in Europe in one of the sources used by the compiler of the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicles ; it is the oldest - known picture of a comet . Chinese records also report it as the `` broom star '' . The 451 AD apparition was said to herald the defeat of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons . In 837 , Halley 's Comet may have passed as close as 0.03 AU ( 3.2 million miles ; 5.1 million kilometres ) from Earth , by far its closest approach . Its tail may have stretched 60 degrees across the sky . It was recorded by astronomers in China , Japan , Germany , the Byzantine Empire , and the Middle East . In 912 , Halley is recorded in the Annals of Ulster , which state `` A dark and rainy year . A comet appeared . '' 1066 ( edit ) Halley 's Comet in 1066 depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry . In 1066 , the comet was seen in England and thought to be an omen : later that year Harold II of England died at the Battle of Hastings ; it was a bad omen for Harold , but a good omen for the man who defeated him , William the Conqueror . The comet is represented on the Bayeux Tapestry and described in the tituli as a star . Surviving accounts from the period describe it as appearing to be four times the size of Venus and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the Moon . Halley came within 0.10 AU of Earth at that time . This appearance of the comet is also noted in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Eilmer of Malmesbury may have seen Halley previously in 989 , as he wrote of it in 1066 : `` You 've come , have you ? ... You 've come , you source of tears to many mothers , you evil . I hate you ! It is long since I saw you ; but as I see you now you are much more terrible , for I see you brandishing the downfall of my country . I hate you ! '' The Irish Annals of the Four Masters recorded the comet as `` A star ( that ) appeared on the seventh of the Calends of May , on Tuesday after Little Easter , than whose light the brilliance or light of The Moon was not greater ; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards . '' Chaco Native Americans in New Mexico may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs . 1145 -- 1378 ( edit ) The Adoration of the Magi ( circa 1305 ) by Giotto , who purportedly modeled the star of Bethlehem on Halley , which had been sighted 4 years prior to this painting . The 1145 apparition was recorded by the monk Eadwine . The 1986 apparition exhibited a fan tail similar to Eadwine 's drawing . Some claim that Genghis Khan was inspired to turn his conquests toward Europe by the 1222 apparition . The 1301 apparition may have been seen by the artist Giotto di Bondone , who represented the Star of Bethlehem as a fire - colored comet in the Nativity section of his Arena Chapel cycle , completed in 1305 . Its 1378 appearance is recorded in the Annales Mediolanenses as well as in East Asian sources . 1456 ( edit ) 1456 comet in Zodiac In 1456 , the year of Halley 's next apparition , the Ottoman Empire invaded the Kingdom of Hungary , culminating in the Siege of Belgrade in July of that year . In a papal bull , Pope Callixtus III ordered special prayers be said for the city 's protection . In 1470 , the humanist scholar Bartolomeo Platina wrote in his Lives of the Popes that , A hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days , the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence , dearth and some great calamity . Calixtus , to avert the wrath of God , ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race He would turn all upon the Turks , the enemies of the Christian name . He likewise ordered , to move God by continual entreaty , that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the Turk . Platina 's account is not mentioned in official records . In the 18th century , a Frenchman further embellished the story , in anger at the Church , by claiming that the Pope had `` excommunicated '' the comet , though this story was most likely his own invention . Halley 's apparition of 1456 was also witnessed in Kashmir and depicted in great detail by Śrīvara , a Sanskrit poet and biographer to the Sultans of Kashmir . He read the apparition as a cometary portent of doom foreshadowing the imminent fall of Sultan Zayn al - Abidin ( AD 1418 / 1420 -- 1470 ) . After witnessing a bright light in the sky which most historians have identified as Halley 's Comet , Zara Yaqob , Emperor of Ethiopia from 1434 to 1468 , founded the city of Debre Berhan ( tr . City of Light ) and made it his capital for the remainder of his reign . 1531 -- 1835 ( edit ) Halley 's periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century . The three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by Edmond Halley , enabling him to predict its 1759 return . Streams of vapour observed during the comet 's 1835 apparition prompted astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel to propose that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet 's orbit . Illustrations of prior comet appearances in a 1910 popular science publication 1682 1759 1835 1910 ( edit ) A photograph of Halley 's Comet taken during its 1910 approach The 1910 approach , which came into naked - eye view around 10 April and came to perihelion on 20 April , was notable for several reasons : it was the first approach of which photographs exist , and the first for which spectroscopic data were obtained . Furthermore , the comet made a relatively close approach of 0.15 AU , making it a spectacular sight . Indeed , on 19 May , Earth actually passed through the tail of the comet . One of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas cyanogen , which led astronomer Camille Flammarion to claim that , when Earth passed through the tail , the gas `` would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet . '' His pronouncement led to panicked buying of gas masks and quack `` anti-comet pills '' and `` anti-comet umbrellas '' by the public . In reality , as other astronomers were quick to point out , the gas is so diffuse that the world suffered no ill effects from the passage through the tail . The comet added to the unrest in China on the eve of the Xinhai Revolution that would end the last dynasty in 1911 . As James Hutson , a missionary in Sichuan Province at the time , recorded , The people believe that it indicates calamity such as war , fire , pestilence , and a change of dynasty . In some places on certain days the doors were unopened for half a day , no water was carried and many did not even drink water as it was rumoured that pestilential vapour was being poured down upon the earth from the comet . '' The 1910 visitation is also recorded as being the travelling companion of Hedley Churchward , the first known English Muslim to make the Haj pilgrimage to Mecca . However , his explanation of its scientific predictability did not meet with favour in the Holy City . The comet was also fertile ground for hoaxes . One that reached major newspapers claimed that the Sacred Followers , a supposed Oklahoma religious group , attempted to sacrifice a virgin to ward off the impending disaster , but were stopped by the police . American satirist and writer Mark Twain was born on 30 November 1835 , exactly two weeks after the comet 's perihelion . In his autobiography , published in 1909 , he said , I came in with Halley 's comet in 1835 . It is coming again next year , and I expect to go out with it . It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I do n't go out with Halley 's comet . The Almighty has said , no doubt : ' Now here are these two unaccountable freaks ; they came in together , they must go out together . ' Twain died on 21 April 1910 , the day following the comet 's subsequent perihelion . The 1985 fantasy film The Adventures of Mark Twain was inspired by the quotation . Halley 's 1910 apparition is distinct from the Great Daylight Comet of 1910 , which surpassed Halley in brilliance and was actually visible in broad daylight for a short period , approximately four months before Halley made its appearance . 1986 ( edit ) Daily motion across sky during 1986 passage Halley 's Comet in 1986 1986 USSR miniature sheet , featuring Edmond Halley , Comet Halley , Vega 1 , Vega 2 , Giotto , Suisei ( Planet - A ) Halley 's 1986 apparition was the least favourable on record . The comet and Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun in February 1986 , creating the worst viewing circumstances for Earth observers for the last 2,000 years . Halley 's closest approach was 0.42 AU . Additionally , with increased light pollution from urbanization , many people failed to even see the comet . It was possible to observe it in areas outside of cities with the help of binoculars . Further , the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April . Halley 's approach was first detected by astronomers David Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and a CCD camera . The first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer Stephen James O'Meara on 24 January 1985 . O'Meara used a home - built 24 - inch telescope on top of Mauna Kea to detect the magnitude 19.6 comet . On 8 November 1985 , Stephen Edberg ( then serving as the Coordinator for Amateur Observations at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ) and Charles Morris were the first to observe Halley 's Comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition . Although Halley 's Comet 's retrograde orbit and high inclination make it difficult to send a space probe to it , the 1986 apparition gave scientists the opportunity to closely study the comet , and several probes were launched to do so . The Soviet Vega 1 started returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986 , and the first ever of its nucleus , and made its flyby on 6 March , followed by Vega 2 making its flyby on 9 March . On 14 March , the Giotto space probe , launched by the European Space Agency , made the closest pass of the comet 's nucleus . There were also two Japanese probes , Suisei and Sakigake . The probes were unofficially known as the Halley Armada . Based on data retrieved by Astron , the largest ultraviolet space telescope of the time , during its Halley 's Comet observations in December 1985 , a group of Soviet scientists developed a model of the comet 's coma . The comet was also observed from space by the International Cometary Explorer . Originally International Sun - Earth Explorer 3 , the probe was renamed and freed from its L Lagrangian point location in Earth 's orbit to intercept comets 21P / Giacobini - Zinner and Halley . Two Space Shuttle missions -- the ill - fated STS - 51 - L ( ended by the Challenger disaster ) and STS - 61 - E -- were scheduled to observe Halley 's Comet from low Earth orbit . STS - 51 - L carried the Shuttle - Pointed Tool for Astronomy ( SPARTAN - 203 ) satellite , also called the Halley 's Comet Experiment Deployable ( HCED ) . STS - 61 - E was a Columbia mission scheduled for March 1986 , carrying the ASTRO - 1 platform to study the comet . Due to the suspension of America 's manned space program after the Challenger explosion , the mission was canceled , and ASTRO - 1 would not fly until late 1990 on STS - 35 . After 1986 ( edit ) Halley 's Comet observed in 2003 at 28 AU from the Sun On 12 February 1991 , at a distance of 14.4 AU ( 2.15 × 10 km ) from the Sun , Halley displayed an outburst that lasted for several months , releasing a cloud of dust 300,000 km across . The outburst likely started in December 1990 , and then the comet brightened from magnitude 24.3 to magnitude 18.9 . Halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the Very Large Telescopes at Paranal , Chile , when Halley 's magnitude was 28.2 . The telescopes observed Halley , at the faintest and farthest any comet has ever been imaged , in order to verify a method for finding very faint trans - Neptunian objects . Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit . 2061 ( edit ) The next predicted perihelion of Halley 's Comet is 28 July 2061 , when it is expected to be better positioned for observation than during the 1985 -- 1986 apparition , as it will be on the same side of the Sun as Earth . It is expected to have an apparent magnitude of − 0.3 , compared with only + 2.1 for the 1986 apparition . It has been calculated that on 9 September 2060 , Halley will pass within 0.98 AU ( 147,000,000 km ) of Jupiter , and then on 20 August 2061 will pass within 0.0543 AU ( 8,120,000 km ) of Venus . In 2134 , Halley is expected to pass within 0.09 AU ( 13,000,000 km ) of Earth . Its apparent magnitude is expected to be − 2.0 . Apparitions ( edit ) Halley 's calculations enabled the comet 's earlier appearances to be found in the historical record . The following table sets out the astronomical designations for every apparition of Halley 's Comet from 240 BC , the earliest documented widespread sighting . For example , `` 1P / 1982 U1 , 1986 III , 1982i '' indicates that for the perihelion in 1986 , Halley was the first period comet known ( designated 1P ) and this apparition was the first seen in half - month U ( the second half of October ) in 1982 ( giving 1P / 1982 U1 ) ; it was the third comet past perihelion in 1986 ( 1986 III ) ; and it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 ( provisional designation 1982i ) . The perihelion dates of each apparition are shown . The perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate , mainly because of uncertainties in the modelling of non-gravitational effects . Perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the Julian calendar , while perihelion dates 1607 and after are in the Gregorian calendar . Halley 's Comet is visible from Earth every 74 -- 79 years . Designation Year BC / AD Gap ( years ) Date of perihelion Visible duration Closest approach Description 1P / − 239 K1 , − 239 240 BC -- 15 May 15 -- 25 May First confirmed sighting . 1P / − 163 U1 , − 163 164 BC 76 20 May Seen by Babylonians . 1P / − 86 Q1 , − 86 87 BC 77 15 August 6 -- 19 August Seen by the Babylonians and Chinese . 1P / − 11 Q1 , − 11 12 BC 75 8 October August -- 10 October 0.16 AU Watched by Chinese for two months . 1P / 66 B1 , 66 66 78 26 January 25 -- 26 January May be the comet described in Josephus 's The Jewish War as ' A comet of the kind called Xiphias , because their tails appear to represent the blade of a sword ' that supposedly heralded the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD . 1P / 141 F1 , 141 141 75 25 March 22 -- 25 March Described by the Chinese as bluish - white in colour 1P / 218 H1 , 218 218 77 6 April 6 April -- 17 May Described by the Roman historian Dion Cassius as ' a very fearful star ' . 1P / 295 J1 , 295 295 77 7 April 7 -- 20 April Seen in China , but not spectacular . 1P / 374 E1 , 374 374 79 13 February 13 -- 16 February 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth . 1P / 451 L1 , 451 451 77 3 July 28 June -- 3 July Appeared before the defeat of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons . 1P / 530 Q1 , 530 530 79 15 November 27 September -- 15 November Noted in China and Europe , but not spectacular . 1P / 607 H1 , 607 607 77 26 March 15 -- 26 March 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth . 1P / 684 R1 , 684 684 77 26 November 2 October -- 26 November First known Japanese records of the comet . Seen in Europe and depicted 800 years later in the Nuremberg Chronicle . Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of God L to the event . 1P / 760 K1 , 760 760 76 10 June 20 May -- 10 June Seen in China , at the same time as another comet . 1P / 837 F1 , 837 837 77 25 February 25 -- 28 February 0.03 AU Closest - ever approach to the Earth ( 5 million km ) . Tail stretched halfway across the sky . Appeared as bright as Venus . 1P / 912 J1 , 912 912 75 27 July 18 -- 27 July Seen briefly in China and Japan . 1P / 989 N1 , 989 989 77 2 September 2 -- 5 September Seen in China , Japan , and ( possibly ) Korea . 1P / 1066 G1 , 1066 1066 77 25 March January -- 25 March 0.10 AU Seen for over two months in China . Recorded in England and depicted on the later Bayeux tapestry which portrayed the events of that year . 1P / 1145 G1 , 1145 1145 79 19 April 15 -- 19 April Depicted on the Eadwine Psalter , with the remark that such ' hairy stars ' appeared rarely , ' and then as a portent ' . 1P / 1222 R1 , 1222 1222 77 10 September 10 -- 28 September Described by Japanese astronomers as being ' as large as the half Moon ... Its colour was white but its rays were red ' . 1P / 1301 R1 , 1301 1301 79 22 October 22 -- 31 October Seen by Giotto di Bondone and included in his painting The Adoration of the Magi . Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first - magnitude star Procyon . 1P / 1378 S1 , 1378 1378 77 9 November 9 -- 14 November Passed within 10 degrees of the north celestial pole , more northerly than at any time during the past 2000 years . This is the last appearance of the comet for which Oriental records are better than Western ones . 1P / 1456 K1 , 1456 1456 78 8 January 8 January -- 9 June Observed in Italy by Paolo Toscanelli , who said its head was ' as large as the eye of an ox ' , with a tail ' fan - shaped like that of a peacock ' . Arabs said the tail resembled a Turkish scimitar . Turkish forces attacked Belgrade . 1P / 1531 P1 , 1531 1531 75 26 August 26 August Seen by Peter Apian , who noted that its tail always pointed away from the Sun . This sighting was included in Halley 's table . 1P / 1607 S1 , 1607 1607 76 27 October 27 October Seen by Johannes Kepler . This sighting was included in Halley 's table . 1P / 1682 Q1 , 1682 1682 75 15 September 15 September Seen by Edmond Halley at Islington . 1P / 1758 Y1 , 1759 I 1758 76 13 March 13 March -- 25 December Return predicted by Halley . First seen by Johann Palitzsch on 1758 December 25 . 1P / 1835 P1 , 1835 III 1835 77 16 November August -- 16 November First seen at the Vatican Observatory in August . Studied by John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope . 1P / 1909 R1 , 1910 II , 1909c 1910 75 20 April 20 April -- 20 May Photographed for the first time . Earth passed through the comet 's tail on 20 May . 1P / 1982 U1 , 1986 III , 1982i 1986 76 9 February 9 February 0.586 AU Reached perihelion on 9 February , closest to Earth ( 63 million km ) on 11 April . Nucleus photographed by the European space probe Giotto and the Russian probes Vega 1 and 2 . 2061 75 28 July 28 July 2061 Next return of Halley 's comet . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal List of Halley - type comets Halley 's Comet in fiction References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Donald K. Yeomans . `` Horizon Online Ephemeris System '' . California Institute of Technology , Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 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Jump up ^ A.A. Boyarchuk ; V.P. Grinin ; A.M. Zvereva ; P.P. Petrov ; A.I. Sheikhet ( 1986 ) . `` A model for the coma of Comet Halley , based on the Astron ultraviolet spectrophotometry '' . Soviet Astronomy Letters ( in Russian ) . 12 : 291 -- 296 . Bibcode : 1986PAZh ... 12 ... 696B . Jump up ^ P. Murdin ( 2000 ) . `` International Cometary Explorer ( ICE ) '' . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics . Institute of Physics Publishing . Bibcode : 2000eaa ... bookE4650 ... doi : 10.1888 / 0333750888 / 4650 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 75088 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 51L '' . NASA Kennedy Space Center . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spartan 203 ( Spartan Halley , HCED ) '' . space.skyrocket.de . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ D.J. Shayler ; C. Burgess ( 2007 ) . `` Ending of Eras '' . NASA 's Scientist - Astronauts . Praxis . pp. 431 -- 476 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 21897 - 1 . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 35 ( 38 ) '' . NASA . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ D. Prialnik ; A. Bar - Nun ( 1992 ) . `` Crystallization of amorphous ice as the cause of Comet P / Halley 's outburst at 14 AU '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 258 ( 2 ) : L9 -- L12 . Bibcode : 1992A&A ... 258L ... 9P . ^ Jump up to : S. Odenwald . `` When will Halley 's Comet return ? '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` JPL Close - Approach Data : 1P / Halley '' ( 11 January 1994 last obs ) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comet names and designations '' . International Comet Quarterly . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard M. Schmude ( 2010 ) . Comets and How to Observe Them . Springer . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 5790 - 0 . Jump up ^ B.G. Marsden ; G.V. Williams ( 1996 ) . `` Catalogue of Cometary Orbits 1996 . 11th edition '' . Catalogue of Cometary Orbits . International Astronomical Union . Bibcode : 1996cco ... book ... M . Jump up ^ J.L. Brady ( 1982 ) . `` Halley 's Comet AD 1986 to 2647 BC '' . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . Lawrence Livermore Laboratory , University of California . 92 : 209 . Bibcode : 1982JBAA ... 92 ... 209B . Jump up ^ Star Gods of the Maya : Astronomy in Art , Folklore , and Calendars Bibliography ( edit ) Gore , Rick ( December 1986 ) . `` Halley 's Comet ' 86 '' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no . 6 . pp. 758 -- 785 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . P. Lancaster - Brown ( 1985 ) . Halley & His Comet . Blandford Press . ISBN 0 - 7137 - 1447 - 6 . C. Sagan ; A. Druyan ( 1985 ) . Comet . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54908 - 2 . Joseph Needham ( 1959 ) . `` Comets , meteors , and meteorites '' . Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 3 , Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth . Cambridge University Press . pp. 430 -- 433 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 05801 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comet Halley . Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets ( 1706 reprint of Halley 's 1705 paper ) Halley 's nucleus by Giotto spacecraft ( ESA link ) Image of Halley in 1986 by Giotto spacecraft ( NASA link ) cometography.com 1P / Halley at CometBase database seds.org Orbital simulation from JPL ( Java ) / Ephemeris Donald Yeomans , `` Great Comets in History '' A brief history of Halley 's Comet ( Ian Ridpath ) Photographs of 1910 approach taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive , UC Santa Cruz Library 's Digital Collections Comets Features Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower Types Periodic Numbered Lost Long period Halley - type Jupiter - family Encke - type Main - belt Non-periodic Near - parabolic Hyperbolic Unknown - orbit Great Comet Sungrazing ( Kreutz ) Extinct Rock Exocomet Interstellar Related Naming of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid Exploration List of missions to comets List of comets visited by spacecraft Latest C / 2018 C2 ( Lemmon ) C / 2017 U7 1I / 2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C / 2016 U1 ( NEOWISE ) C / 2015 G2 ( MASTER ) C / 2015 F5 ( SWAN - XingMing ) C / 2015 F3 C / 2015 ER61 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) Culture and speculation Antimatter comet Comets in fiction list Comet vintages Lists of comets ( more ) Periodic comets Until 1985 ( all ) 1P / Halley 2P / Encke 3D / Biela 4P / Faye 5D / Brorsen 6P / d'Arrest 7P / Pons -- Winnecke 8P / Tuttle 9P / Tempel 10P / Tempel 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 12P / Pons -- Brooks 13P / Olbers 14P / Wolf 15P / Finlay 16P / Brooks 17P / Holmes 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 19P / Borrelly 20D / Westphal 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner 22P / Kopff 23P / Brorsen -- Metcalf 24P / Schaumasse 25D / Neujmin 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup 27P / Crommelin 28P / Neujmin 29P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 30P / Reinmuth 31P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 32P / Comas Solà 33P / Daniel 34D / Gale 35P / Herschel -- Rigollet 36P / Whipple 37P / Forbes 38P / Stephan -- Oterma 39P / Oterma 40P / Väisälä 41P / Tuttle -- Giacobini -- Kresák 42P / Neujmin 43P / Wolf -- Harrington 44P / Reinmuth 45P / Honda -- Mrkos -- Pajdušáková 46P / Wirtanen 47P / Ashbrook -- Jackson 48P / Johnson 49P / Arend -- Rigaux 50P / Arend 51P / Harrington 52P / Harrington -- Abell 53P / Van Biesbroeck 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 56P / Slaughter -- Burnham 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 58P / Jackson -- Neujmin 59P / Kearns -- Kwee 60P / Tsuchinshan 61P / Shajn -- Schaldach 62P / Tsuchinshan 63P / Wild 64P / Swift -- Gehrels 65P / Gunn 66P / du Toit 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko 68P / Klemola 69P / Taylor 70P / Kojima 71P / Clark 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 74P / Smirnova -- Chernykh 75D / Kohoutek 76P / West -- Kohoutek -- Ikemura 77P / Longmore 78P / Gehrels 79P / du Toit -- Hartley 80P / Peters -- Hartley 81P / Wild 82P / Gehrels 83D / Russell 84P / Giclas 85D / Boethin 86P / Wild 87P / Bus 88P / Howell 89P / Russell 90P / Gehrels 91P / Russell 92P / Sanguin 93P / Lovas 94P / Russell 95P / Chiron 96P / Machholz 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 98P / Takamizawa 99P / Kowal 100P / Hartley 101P / Chernykh 102P / Shoemaker After 1985 ( notable ) 103P / Hartley 105P / Singer Brewster 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 111P / Helin -- Roman -- Crockett 114P / Wiseman -- Skiff 128P / Shoemaker -- Holt 139P / Väisälä -- Oterma 144P / Kushida 147P / Kushida -- Muramatsu 153P / Ikeya -- Zhang 163P / NEAT 168P / Hergenrother 169P / NEAT 177P / Barnard 178P / Hug -- Bell 205P / Giacobini 209P / LINEAR 238P / Read 246P / NEAT 252P / LINEAR 255P / Levy 273P / Pons -- Gambart 276P / Vorobjov 289P / Blanpain 311P / PANSTARRS 322P / SOHO 332P / Ikeya - Murakami 354P / LINEAR 362P P / 1997 B1 ( Kobayashi ) P / 2010 B2 ( WISE ) P / 2011 NO1 ( Elenin ) Comet - like asteroids 596 Scheila 2060 Chiron ( 95P ) 4015 Wilson -- Harrington ( 107P ) 7968 Elst -- Pizarro ( 133P ) 165P / LINEAR 166P / NEAT 167P / CINEOS 60558 Echeclus ( 174P ) 118401 LINEAR ( 176P ) 238P / Read 259P / Garradd 311P / PANSTARRS 324P / La Sagra P / 2010 A2 ( LINEAR ) P / 2012 F5 ( Gibbs ) P / 2012 T1 ( PANSTARRS ) P / 2013 R3 ( Catalina - PANSTARRS ) ( 300163 ) 2006 VW139 Lost Recovered 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 15P / Finlay 17P / Holmes 27P / Crommelin 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 69P / Taylor 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 80P / Peters -- Hartley 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 113P / Spitaler 122P / de Vico 157P / Tritton 177P / Barnard 205P / Giacobini 206P / Barnard -- Boattini 271P / van Houten -- Lemmon 273P / Pons -- Gambart 289P / Blanpain Destroyed 3D / Biela 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann D / 1993 F2 ( Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ) Not found D / 1770 L1 ( Lexell ) 5D / Brorsen 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 20D / Westphal 25D / Neujmin 34D / Gale 75D / Kohoutek 83D / Russell 85D / Boethin Visited by spacecraft 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner ( 1985 ) 1P / Halley ( 1986 ) 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup ( 1992 ) 19P / Borrelly ( 2001 ) 81P / Wild ( 2004 ) 9P / Tempel ( 2005 , 2011 ) C / 2006 P1 ( 2007 ) 103P / Hartley ( 2010 ) 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko ( 2014 ) Non-Periodic comets ( notable ) Until 1910 C / - 43 K1 ( Caesar 's Comet ) X / 1106 C1 ( Great Comet of 1106 ) C / 1577 V1 ( Great Comet of 1577 ) C / 1652 Y1 C / 1680 V1 ( Great Comet of 1680 , Kirsch 's Comet , Newton 's Comet ) ) C / 1702 H1 ( Comet of 1702 ) C / 1729 P1 ( Comet of 1729 , Comet Sarabat ) C / 1743 X1 ( Great Comet of 1744 , Comet Klinkenberg - Chéseaux ) C / 1760 A1 ( Great Comet of 1760 ) C / 1769 P1 ( Great Comet of 1769 ) C / 1807 R1 ( Great Comet of 1807 ) C / 1811 F1 ( Great Comet of 1811 ) C / 1819 N1 ( Great Comet of 1819 ) C / 1823 Y1 ( Great Comet of 1823 ) C / 1843 D1 ( Great March Comet of 1843 ) C / 1847 T1 ( Miss Mitchell 's Comet ) C / 1858 L1 ( Comet Donati ) C / 1861 G1 ( Comet Thatcher ) C / 1861 J1 ( Great Comet of 1861 ) C / 1865 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1865 ) X / 1872 X1 ( Pogson 's Comet ) C / 1874 H1 ( Comet Coggia ) C / 1881 K1 ( Comet Tebbutt ) C / 1882 R1 ( Great Comet of 1882 ) C / 1887 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1887 ) C / 1890 V1 ( Comet Zona ) C / 1901 G1 ( Great Comet of 1901 ) C / 1910 A1 ( Great January Comet of 1910 ) After 1910 C / 1911 O1 ( Brooks ) C / 1911 S3 ( Beljawsky ) C / 1927 X1 ( Skjellerup -- Maristany ) C / 1931 P1 ( Ryves ) C / 1941 B2 ( de Kock - Paraskevopoulos ) ( de ) C / 1947 X1 ( Southern Comet ) ( de ) C / 1948 V1 ( Eclipse ) C / 1956 R1 ( Arend -- Roland ) C / 1957 P1 ( Mrkos ) ( de ) C / 1961 O1 ( Wilson - Hubbard ) ( de ) C / 1961 R1 ( Humason ) C / 1962 C1 ( Seki - Lines ) ( de ) C / 1963 R1 ( Pereyra ) C / 1965 S1 ( Ikeya - Seki ) C / 1969 Y1 ( Bennett ) C / 1970 K1 ( White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli ) C / 1973 E1 ( Kohoutek ) C / 1975 V1 ( West ) C / 1980 E1 ( Bowell ) C / 1983 H1 ( IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ) C / 1989 X1 ( Austin ) C / 1989 Y1 ( Skorichenko -- George ) C / 1992 J1 ( Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz ) C / 1993 Y1 ( McNaught -- Russell ) C / 1995 O1 ( Hale -- Bopp ) C / 1996 B2 ( Hyakutake ) C / 1997 L1 ( Zhu -- Balam ) C / 1998 H1 ( Stonehouse ) C / 1998 J1 ( SOHO ) C / 1999 F1 ( Catalina ) C / 1999 S4 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 U5 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 W1 ( Utsunomiya - Jones ) C / 2001 OG108 ( LONEOS ) C / 2001 Q4 ( NEAT ) C / 2002 T7 ( LINEAR ) C / 2004 F4 ( Bradfield ) ( de ) C / 2004 Q2 ( Machholz ) C / 2006 A1 ( Pojmański ) C / 2006 M4 ( SWAN ) C / 2006 P1 ( McNaught ) C / 2007 E2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 F1 ( LONEOS ) C / 2007 K5 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 N3 ( Lulin ) C / 2007 Q3 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2007 W1 ( Boattini ) C / 2008 Q1 ( Matičič ) C / 2009 F6 ( Yi -- SWAN ) C / 2009 R1 ( McNaught ) C / 2010 X1 ( Elenin ) C / 2011 L4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2011 W3 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2012 E2 ( SWAN ) C / 2012 F6 ( Lemmon ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 S1 ( ISON ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2013 R1 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 V5 ( Oukaimeden ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2015 ER61 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2015 V2 ( Johnson ) 1I / 2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C / 2017 U7 C / 2018 C2 ( Lemmon ) After 1910 ( by name ) Arend -- Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Bowell Bradfield ( de ) Brooks Catalina C / 1999 F1 C / 2013 US10 de Kock -- Paraskevopoulos ( de ) Eclipse Elenin Hale - Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya - Seki IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ISON Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon C / 2012 F6 C / 2018 C2 LINEAR C / 1999 S4 C / 2000 U5 C / 2002 T7 LONEOS C / 2001 OG108 C / 2007 F1 Lovejoy C / 2007 E2 C / 2007 K5 C / 2011 W3 C / 2013 R1 C / 2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz Matičič McNaught C / 2006 P1 C / 2009 R1 McNaught -- Russell Mrkos ( de ) NEAT Oukaimeden ʻOumuamua Pan-STARRS C / 2011 L4 C / 2012 K1 C / 2012 S4 311P C / 2015 ER61 Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki -- Lines ( de ) Siding Spring C / 2007 Q3 C / 2013 A1 Skjellerup -- Maristany Skorichenko -- George SOHO Southern ( de ) Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C / 2006 M4 C / 2012 E2 Utsunomiya -- Jones West White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli Wilson -- Hubbard ( de ) Yi -- SWAN Zhu -- Balam Commons Wikinews Numbered comets Previous ( periodic comet navigator ) 1P / Halley Next 2P / Encke Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halley%27s_Comet&oldid=864850648 '' Categories : Halley 's Comet Astronomical objects known since antiquity Comets Periodic comets Halley - type comets Meteor shower progenitors Comets visited by spacecraft Star of Bethlehem Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from September 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 80 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 22 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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