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Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt - wikipedia Theodore Roosevelt Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Theodore Roosevelt , see Theodore Roosevelt ( disambiguation ) . Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt around 1904 26th President of the United States In office September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 Vice President None ( 1901 -- 1905 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) Preceded by William McKinley Succeeded by William Howard Taft 25th Vice President of the United States In office March 4 , 1901 -- September 14 , 1901 President William McKinley Preceded by Garret Hobart Succeeded by Charles W. Fairbanks 33rd Governor of New York In office January 1 , 1899 -- December 31 , 1900 Lieutenant Timothy L. Woodruff Preceded by Frank S. Black Succeeded by Benjamin Barker Odell Jr . Assistant Secretary of the Navy In office April 19 , 1897 -- May 10 , 1898 President William McKinley Preceded by William McAdoo Succeeded by Charles Herbert Allen President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners In office 1895 -- 1897 Preceded by James J. Martin Succeeded by Frank Moss New York State Assembly Minority Leader In office January 1 , 1883 -- December 31 , 1883 Preceded by Thomas G. Alvord Succeeded by Frank Rice Member of the New York State Assembly from the Manhattan 21st district In office January 1 , 1882 -- December 31 , 1884 Preceded by William J. Trimble Succeeded by Henry A. Barnum Personal details Theodore Roosevelt Jr . ( 1858 - 10 - 27 ) October 27 , 1858 New York City , New York , U.S. January 6 , 1919 ( 1919 - 01 - 06 ) ( aged 60 ) Oyster Bay , New York , U.S. Cause of death Pulmonary embolism Resting place Youngs Memorial Cemetery , Oyster Bay , New York , U.S. Political party Republican ( 1880 -- 1911 ; 1916 -- 1919 ) Other political affiliations Progressive `` Bull Moose '' ( 1912 -- 1916 ) Spouse ( s ) Alice Lee ( m . 1880 ; d . 1884 ) Edith Carow ( m . 1886 ) Relations See Roosevelt family Children Alice , Theodore III , Kermit , Ethel , Archibald , and Quentin Parents Theodore Roosevelt Sr . Martha Stewart Bulloch Education Harvard University ( A.B. ) Columbia Law School ( J.D. ) Profession Author Conservationist Explorer Historian Naturalist Politician Soldier Awards Nobel Peace Prize ( 1906 ) Signature Military career Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Army New York Army National Guard Years of service 1882 -- 1886 , 1898 Rank Colonel Commands held 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Battles / wars Spanish -- American War Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill Awards Medal of Honor ( Posthumously ; 2001 ) This article is part of a series about Theodore Roosevelt Political positions Electoral history Early life Family The Naval War of 1812 Rough Riders Battle of San Juan Hill Governor of New York Governorship `` The Strenuous Life '' Vice President of the United States 1900 McKinley - Roosevelt campaign `` Speak softly and carry a big stick '' President of the United States Presidency First term McKinley assassination 1st inauguration Square Deal West Wing Coal strike Booker T. Washington dinner Venezuela crisis Roosevelt Corollary Second term 1904 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Conservation Antiquities Act Forest Service Pure Food and Drug Act FDA Swift & Co. v. United States Meat Inspection Act Treaty of Portsmouth Nobel Prize FBI Panama Canal Great White Fleet 1912 election Republican Convention Progressive Party Convention New Nationalism Assassination attempt Post Presidency African Expedition River of Doubt Expedition `` Citizenship in a Republic '' WWI volunteers Legacy Memorials Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( / ˈroʊzəvɛlt / ROH - zə - velt ; October 27 , 1858 -- January 6 , 1919 ) was an American statesman , author , explorer , soldier , and naturalist , who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909 . He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd Governor of New York from 1899 to 1900 . As a leader of the Republican Party during this time , he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century . His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore , alongside those of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln . Roosevelt was born a sickly child with debilitating asthma , but he successfully overcame his physical health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle . He integrated his exuberant personality , vast range of interests , and world - famous achievements into a `` cowboy '' persona defined by robust masculinity . Home - schooled , he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College . His book , The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 ) , established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer . Upon entering politics , he became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York 's state legislature . Following the near - simultaneous deaths of his wife and mother , he escaped to a cattle ranch in the Dakotas . Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley , but resigned from that post to lead the Rough Riders during the Spanish -- American War . Returning a war hero , he was elected Governor of New York in 1898 . After the death of Vice President Garret Hobart , the New York state party leadership convinced McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his running mate in the 1900 election . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously and the McKinley - Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory based on a platform of peace , prosperity , and conservatism . After taking office as Vice President in March 1901 , he became president at age 42 following McKinley 's assassination that September , and remains the youngest person to become president . As a leader of the Progressive movement , he championed his `` Square Deal '' domestic policies , promising the average citizen fairness , breaking of trusts , regulation of railroads , and pure food and drugs . Making conservation a top priority , he established many new national parks , forests , and monuments intended to preserve the nation 's natural resources . In foreign policy , he focused on Central America , where he began construction of the Panama Canal . He expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States ' naval power around the globe . His successful efforts to broker the end of the Russo - Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize . He avoided the controversial tariff and money issues . Elected in 1904 to a full term , Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies , but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress . Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend , William Howard Taft , and Taft won the 1908 presidential election to succeed him . In polls of historians and political scientists , Roosevelt is generally ranked as one of the five best presidents . Frustrated with Taft 's conservatism , Roosevelt belatedly tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination . He failed , walked out , and founded a third party , the Progressive , so - called `` Bull Moose '' Party , which called for wide - ranging progressive reforms . The split allowed the Democrats to win the White House . Following his election defeat , Roosevelt led a two - year expedition to the Amazon basin , where he nearly died of tropical disease . During World War I , he criticized President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war with Germany , and his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected . Though he had considered running for president again in 1920 , Roosevelt 's health continued to deteriorate , and he died in 1919 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 2 Education 3 Naval history and strategy 4 First marriage and widowerhood 5 Early political career 5.1 State Assemblyman 5.2 Presidential election of 1884 6 Cowboy in Dakota 7 Second marriage 8 Reentering public life 8.1 Civil Service Commission 8.2 New York City Police Commissioner 9 Emergence as a national figure 9.1 Assistant Secretary of the Navy 9.2 War in Cuba 9.3 Governor of New York 9.4 Vice President 10 Presidency ( 1901 -- 1909 ) 10.1 Domestic policies 10.1. 1 Trust busting and regulation 10.1. 2 Coal strike 10.1. 3 Prosecuted misconduct 10.1. 4 Railroads 10.1. 5 Pure food and drugs 10.1. 6 Conservation 10.2 Foreign policy 10.2. 1 Latin America and Panama Canal 10.3 Media 10.4 Election of 1904 10.5 Second - term troubles 11 Post-presidency 11.1 Election of 1908 11.2 Africa and Europe ( 1909 -- 1910 ) 11.3 Republican Party schism 11.4 Election of 1912 11.4. 1 Republican primaries and convention 11.4. 2 The Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party 11.4. 3 Assassination attempt 11.4. 4 Election results 11.5 1913 -- 1914 South American Expedition 12 Final years 13 Death 14 Writer 15 Character and beliefs 16 Political positions 17 Legacy 17.1 Persona and masculinity 18 Memorials and cultural depictions 19 Media 20 See also 21 Notes 22 References 23 Bibliography 23.1 Full biographies 23.2 Personality and activities 23.3 Domestic policies 23.4 Politics 23.5 Foreign and military policies 23.6 Historiography 23.7 Primary sources 24 External links 24.1 Official 24.2 Organizations 24.3 Libraries and collections 24.4 Media 24.5 Other Early life and family Theodore Roosevelt at age 11 Roosevelt 's coat of arms , featuring a rose bush in reference to the name : `` Roosevelt '' , which is Dutch for `` rose field '' Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27 , 1858 , at East 20th Street in New York City . He was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart `` Mittie '' Bulloch and businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr. He had an older sister , Anna ( nicknamed `` Bamie '' ) , a younger brother , Elliott , and a younger sister , Corinne . Elliott was later the father of First Lady Anna Eleanor Roosevelt , the wife of Theodore 's distant cousin , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . His paternal grandfather was of Dutch descent ; his other ancestry included primarily Scottish and Scots - Irish , English and smaller amounts of German , Welsh , and French . Theodore Sr. was the fifth son of businessman Cornelius Van Schaack `` C.V.S. '' Roosevelt and Margaret Barnhill . Theodore 's fourth cousin , James Roosevelt I , who was also a businessman , was the father of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Mittie was the younger daughter of Major James Stephens Bulloch and Martha P. `` Patsy '' Stewart . Through the Van Schaacks , Roosevelt was a descendant of the Schuyler family . Roosevelt 's youth was largely shaped by his poor health and debilitating asthma . He repeatedly experienced sudden nighttime asthma attacks that caused the experience of being smothered to death , which terrified both Theodore and his parents . Doctors had no cure . Nevertheless , he was energetic and mischievously inquisitive . His lifelong interest in zoology began at age seven when he saw a dead seal at a local market ; after obtaining the seal 's head , Roosevelt and two cousins formed what they called the `` Roosevelt Museum of Natural History '' . Having learned the rudiments of taxidermy , he filled his makeshift museum with animals that he killed or caught ; he then studied the animals and prepared them for display . At age nine , he recorded his observation of insects in a paper entitled `` The Natural History of Insects '' . Roosevelt 's father significantly influenced him . His father was a prominent leader in New York 's cultural affairs ; he helped to found the Metropolitan Museum of Art , and had been especially active in mobilizing support for the Union during the Civil War , even though his in - laws included Confederate leaders . Roosevelt said , `` My father , Theodore Roosevelt , was the best man I ever knew . He combined strength and courage with gentleness , tenderness , and great unselfishness . He would not tolerate in us children selfishness or cruelty , idleness , cowardice , or untruthfulness . '' Family trips abroad , including tours of Europe in 1869 and 1870 , and Egypt in 1872 , shaped his cosmopolitan perspective . Hiking with his family in the Alps in 1869 , Roosevelt found that he could keep pace with his father . He had discovered the significant benefits of physical exertion to minimize his asthma and bolster his spirits . Roosevelt began a heavy regime of exercise . After being manhandled by two older boys on a camping trip , he found a boxing coach to teach him to fight and strengthen his weakened body . Roosevelt was minimally religious . He grew up in the Dutch Reformed Church , and gradually switched to attending his wife 's Episcopalian church . Biographer Edmund Morris states : When consoling bereaved people , he would awkwardly invoke ' unseen and unknown powers . ' Aside from a few clichés of Protestant rhetoric , the gospel he preached had always been political and pragmatic . He was inspired less by the Passion of Christ than by the Golden Rule -- that appeal to reason amounting , in his mind , to a worldly rather than heavenly law . Education Roosevelt 's taxidermy kit Roosevelt was mostly home schooled by tutors and his parents . Biographer H.W. Brands argued that `` The most obvious drawback to his home schooling was uneven coverage of the various areas of human knowledge '' . He was solid in geography and bright in history , biology , French , and German ; however , he struggled in mathematics and the classical languages . When he entered Harvard College on September 27 , 1876 ; his father advised : `` Take care of your morals first , your health next , and finally your studies . '' His father 's sudden death on February 9 , 1878 , devastated Roosevelt , but he eventually recovered and doubled his activities . He did well in science , philosophy , and rhetoric courses but continued to struggle in Latin and Greek . He studied biology intently and was already an accomplished naturalist and a published ornithologist ; he read prodigiously with an almost photographic memory . While at Harvard , Roosevelt participated in rowing and boxing ; he was once runner - up in a Harvard boxing tournament . Roosevelt was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi literary society , the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity , and the prestigious Porcellian Club ; he was also an editor of The Harvard Advocate . In 1880 , Roosevelt graduated Phi Beta Kappa ( 22nd of 177 ) from Harvard with an A.B. magna cum laude . Biographer Henry Pringle states : Roosevelt , attempting to analyze his college career and weigh the benefits he had received , felt that he had obtained little from Harvard . He had been depressed by the formalistic treatment of many subjects , by the rigidity , the attention to minutiae that were important in themselves , but which somehow were never linked up with the whole . After his father 's death , Roosevelt had inherited $125,000 , enough to live comfortably for the rest of his life . Roosevelt gave up his earlier plan of studying natural science and instead decided to attend Columbia Law School , moving back into his family 's home in New York City . Roosevelt was an able law student , but he often found law to be irrational ; he spent much of his time writing a book on the War of 1812 . Determined to enter politics , Roosevelt began attending meetings at Morton Hall , the 59th Street headquarters of New York 's 21st District Republican Association . Though Roosevelt 's father had been a prominent member of the Republican Party , the younger Roosevelt made an unorthodox career choice for someone of his class , as most of Roosevelt 's peers refrained from becoming too closely involved in politics . Nonetheless , Roosevelt found allies in the local Republican Party , and he defeated an incumbent Republican state assemblyman closely tied to the political machine of Senator Roscoe Conkling . After his election victory , Roosevelt decided to drop out of law school , later saying , `` I intended to be one of the governing class . '' Naval History and strategy While at Harvard , Roosevelt began a systematic study of the role played by the young United States Navy in the War of 1812 . Assisted by two uncles , he scrutinized original source materials and official U.S. Navy records . Roosevelt 's carefully researched book , published in 1882 , remains one of the most important scholarly studies of the war , complete with drawings of individual and combined ship maneuvers , charts depicting the differences in iron throw weights of cannon shot between rival forces , and analyses of the differences between British and American leadership down to the ship - to - ship level . Published in 1882 , The Naval War of 1812 was praised for its scholarship and style , and it showed Roosevelt to be a scholar of history . It remains a standard study of the war . With the publication of The Influence of Sea Power upon History , 1660 -- 1783 in 1890 , Navy Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was immediately hailed as the world 's outstanding naval theorist by the leaders of Europe . Roosevelt paid very close attention to Mahan 's emphasis that only a nation with the world 's most powerful fleet could dominate the world 's oceans , exert its diplomacy to the fullest , and defend its own borders . He incorporated Mahan 's ideas into his views on naval strategy for the remainder of his career . First marriage and widowerhood On his 22nd birthday in 1880 , Roosevelt married socialite Alice Hathaway Lee . Their daughter , Alice Lee Roosevelt , was born on February 12 , 1884 . Two days after giving birth , Roosevelt 's wife died due to an undiagnosed case of kidney failure ( called Bright 's disease at the time ) , which had been masked by the pregnancy . In his diary , Roosevelt wrote a large ' X ' on the page and then , `` The light has gone out of my life . '' His mother , Mittie , had died of typhoid fever eleven hours earlier at 3 : 00 a.m. , in the same house . Distraught , Roosevelt left baby Alice in the care of his sister Bamie in New York City while he grieved . He assumed custody of his daughter when she was three . After the death of his wife and mother , Roosevelt focused on his work , specifically by re-energizing a legislative investigation into corruption of the New York City government , which arose from a concurrent bill proposing that power be centralized in the mayor 's office . For the rest of his life , he rarely spoke about his wife Alice and did not write about her in his autobiography . While working with Joseph Bucklin Bishop on a biography that included a collection of his letters , Roosevelt did not mention his marriage to Alice nor his second marriage to Edith Kermit Carow . Early political career Roosevelt as NY State Assemblyman , 1883 State assemblyman Roosevelt was a member of the New York State Assembly ( New York Co. , 21st D . ) in 1882 , 1883 and 1884 . He immediately began making his mark , specifically in corporate corruption issues . He blocked a corrupt effort by financier Jay Gould to lower his taxes . Roosevelt exposed suspected collusion in the matter by Judge Theodore Westbrook , and argued for and received approval for an investigation to proceed , aiming for the impeachment of the judge . The investigation committee rejected impeachment , but Roosevelt had exposed the potential corruption in Albany , and thus assumed a high and positive political profile in multiple New York publications . Roosevelt 's anti-corruption efforts helped him win re-election in 1882 by a margin greater than two - to - one , an achievement made even more impressive by the fact that Democratic gubernatorial candidate Grover Cleveland won Roosevelt 's district . With Conkling 's Stalwart faction of the Republican Party in disarray following the assassination of President James Garfield , Roosevelt won election as the Republican party leader in the state assembly . He allied with Governor Cleveland to win passage of a civil service reform bill . Roosevelt won re-election a second time , and sought the office of Speaker of the New York State Assembly , but was defeated by Titus Sheard in a 41 to 29 vote of the GOP caucus . In his final term , Roosevelt served as Chairman of the Committee on Affairs of Cities ; he wrote more bills than any other legislator . Presidential election of 1884 With numerous presidential hopefuls to choose from , Roosevelt supported Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont , a colorless reformer . The state GOP preferred the incumbent president , New York City 's Chester Arthur , who was known for passing the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act . Arthur , at the time , was suffering from Bright 's disease , unknown to the public , and out of duty he did not contest his own nomination . Roosevelt fought hard and succeeded in influencing the Manhattan delegates at the state convention in Utica . He then took control of the state convention , bargaining through the night and outmaneuvering the supporters of Arthur and James G. Blaine ; he gained a national reputation as a key person in New York State . Roosevelt attended the 1884 GOP National Convention in Chicago and gave a speech convincing delegates to nominate African American John R. Lynch , an Edmunds supporter , to be temporary chair . Roosevelt fought alongside the Mugwump reformers ; however , Blaine , having gained support from Arthur 's and Edmunds ' delegates , won the nomination by 541 votes on the fourth ballot . In a crucial moment of his budding political career , Roosevelt resisted the demand of the Mugwumps that he bolt from Blaine . He bragged about his one small success : `` We achieved a victory in getting up a combination to beat the Blaine nominee for temporary chairman ... To do this needed a mixture of skill , boldness and energy ... to get the different factions to come in ... to defeat the common foe . '' He was also impressed by an invitation to speak before an audience of ten thousand , the largest crowd he had addressed up to that date . Having gotten a taste of national politics , Roosevelt felt less aspiration for advocacy on the state level ; he then retired to his new `` Chimney Butte Ranch '' on the Little Missouri River . Roosevelt refused to join other Mugwumps in supporting Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York and the Democratic nominee in the general election . He debated the pros and cons of staying loyal with his political friend , Henry Cabot Lodge . After Blaine won the nomination , Roosevelt had carelessly said that he would give `` hearty support to any decent Democrat '' . He distanced himself from the promise , saying that it had not been meant `` for publication '' . When a reporter asked if he would support Blaine , Roosevelt replied , `` That question I decline to answer . It is a subject I do not care to talk about . '' In the end , he realized that he had to support Blaine to maintain his role in the GOP , and he did so in a press release on July 19 . Having lost the support of many reformers , Roosevelt decided to retire from politics and move to North Dakota . Cowboy in Dakota Theodore Roosevelt as Badlands hunter in 1885 . New York studio photo . Roosevelt moved West following the 1884 presidential election , and he built a second ranch named Elkhorn , which was thirty - five miles ( 56 km ) north of the boomtown of Medora , North Dakota . Roosevelt learned to ride western style , rope and hunt on the banks of the Little Missouri . Though he earned the respect of the authentic cowboys , they were not overly impressed . However , he identified with the herdsman of history , a man he said possesses , `` few of the emasculated , milk - and - water moralities admired by the pseudo-philanthropists ; but he does possess , to a very high degree , the stern , manly qualities that are invaluable to a nation '' . He reoriented , and began writing about frontier life for national magazines ; he also published three books -- Hunting Trips of a Ranchman , Ranch Life and the Hunting - Trail , and The Wilderness Hunter . Roosevelt brought his desire to address the common interests of citizens to the west . He successfully led efforts to organize ranchers to address the problems of overgrazing and other shared concerns ; his work resulted in the formation of the Little Missouri Stockmen 's Association . He was also compelled to coordinate conservation efforts and was able to form the Boone and Crockett Club , whose primary goal was the conservation of large game animals and their habitats . After the uniquely severe US winter of 1886 -- 87 wiped out his herd of cattle and those of his competitors , and with it over half of his $80,000 investment , Roosevelt returned to the East . Though his finances suffered from the experience , Roosevelt 's time in the West helped remove the stigma of an ineffectual intellectual that could have hampered his political career . Second marriage On December 2 , 1886 , Roosevelt married his childhood and family friend , Edith Kermit Carow . Roosevelt was deeply troubled that his second marriage had taken place so soon after the death of his first wife , and he faced resistance from his sisters . Nonetheless , the couple married at St George 's , Hanover Square in London , England . The couple had five children : Theodore `` Ted '' III in 1887 , Kermit in 1889 , Ethel in 1891 , Archibald in 1894 , and Quentin in 1897 . The couple also raised Roosevelt 's daughter from his first marriage , Alice , who often clashed with her stepmother . Reentering public life Upon Roosevelt 's return to New York in 1886 , Republican leaders quickly approached him about running for mayor of New York City . Roosevelt accepted the nomination despite having little hope of winning the race against United Labor Party candidate Henry George and Democratic candidate Abram Hewitt . Roosevelt campaigned hard for the position , but Hewitt won with 41 % ( 90,552 votes ) , taking the votes of many Republicans who feared George 's radical policies . George was held to 31 % ( 68,110 votes ) , and Roosevelt took third place with 27 % ( 60,435 votes ) . Fearing that his political career might never recover , Roosevelt turned his attention to writing The Winning of the West , a historical work tracking the westward movement of Americans ; the book was a great success for Roosevelt , earning favorable reviews and selling numerous copies . Civil Service Commission After Benjamin Harrison unexpectedly defeated Blaine for the presidential nomination at the 1888 Republican National Convention , Roosevelt gave stump speeches in the Midwest in support of Harrison . On the insistence of Henry Cabot Lodge , President Harrison appointed Roosevelt to the United States Civil Service Commission , where he served until 1895 . While many of his predecessors had approached the office as a sinecure , Roosevelt vigorously fought the spoilsmen and demanded enforcement of civil service laws . The New York Sun then described Roosevelt as `` irrepressible , belligerent , and enthusiastic '' . Roosevelt frequently clashed with Postmaster General John Wanamaker , who handed out numerous patronage positions to Harrison supporters , and Roosevelt 's attempt to force out several postal workers damaged Harrison politically . Despite Roosevelt 's support for Harrison 's reelection bid in the presidential election of 1892 , the eventual winner , Grover Cleveland , reappointed him to the same post . Roosevelt 's close friend and biographer , Joseph Bucklin Bishop , described his assault on the spoils system : The very citadel of spoils politics , the hitherto impregnable fortress that had existed unshaken since it was erected on the foundation laid by Andrew Jackson , was tottering to its fall under the assaults of this audacious and irrepressible young man ... Whatever may have been the feelings of the ( fellow Republican party ) President ( Harrison ) -- and there is little doubt that he had no idea when he appointed Roosevelt that he would prove to be so veritable a bull in a china shop -- he refused to remove him and stood by him firmly till the end of his term . New York City Police Commissioner In 1894 , a group of reform Republicans approached Roosevelt about running for Mayor of New York again ; he declined , mostly due to his wife 's resistance to being removed from the Washington social set . Soon after he declined , he realized that he had missed an opportunity to reinvigorate a dormant political career . He retreated to the Dakotas for a time ; his wife Edith regretted her role in the decision and vowed that there would be no repeat of it . NYC Police Commissioner Roosevelt walks the beat with journalist Jacob Riis in 1894 -- Illustration from Riis ' autobiography . William Lafayette Strong , a reform - minded Republican , won the 1894 mayoral election and offered Roosevelt a position on the board of the New York City Police Commissioners . Roosevelt became president of the board of commissioners and radically reformed the police force . Roosevelt implemented regular inspections of firearms and annual physical exams , appointed recruits based on their physical and mental qualifications rather than political affiliation , established Meritorious Service Medals , and closed corrupt police hostelries . During his tenure , a Municipal Lodging House was established by the Board of Charities , and Roosevelt required officers to register with the Board ; he also had telephones installed in station houses . In 1894 , Roosevelt met Jacob Riis , the muckraking Evening Sun newspaper journalist who was opening the eyes of New Yorkers to the terrible conditions of the city 's millions of poor immigrants with such books as How the Other Half Lives . Riis described how his book affected Roosevelt : When Roosevelt read ( my ) book , he came ... No one ever helped as he did . For two years we were brothers in ( New York City 's crime - ridden ) Mulberry Street . When he left I had seen its golden age ... There is very little ease where Theodore Roosevelt leads , as we all of us found out . The lawbreaker found it out who predicted scornfully that he would `` knuckle down to politics the way they all did '' , and lived to respect him , though he swore at him , as the one of them all who was stronger than pull ... that was what made the age golden , that for the first time a moral purpose came into the street . In the light of it everything was transformed . Roosevelt made a habit of walking officers ' beats late at night and early in the morning to make sure that they were on duty . He made a concerted effort to uniformly enforce New York 's Sunday closing law ; in this , he ran up against boss Tom Platt as well as Tammany Hall -- he was notified that the Police Commission was being legislated out of existence . Roosevelt chose to defer rather than split with his party . As Governor of New York State , he would later sign an act replacing the Police Commission with a single Police Commissioner . Emergence as a National figure Assistant Secretary of the Navy In the 1896 presidential election , Roosevelt backed Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed for the Republican nomination , but William McKinley won the nomination and defeated William Jennings Bryan in the general election . Roosevelt opposed Bryan 's free silver platform , viewing many of Bryan 's followers as dangerous fanatics , and Roosevelt gave campaign speeches for McKinley . Urged by Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge , President McKinley appointed Roosevelt as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897 . Secretary of the Navy John D. Long was more concerned about formalities than functions , was in poor health , and left many major decisions to Roosevelt . Influenced by Alfred Thayer Mahan , Roosevelt called for a build - up in the country 's naval strength , particularly the construction of battleships . Roosevelt also began pressing his national security views regarding the Pacific and the Caribbean on McKinley , and was particularly adamant that Spain be ejected from Cuba . He explained his priorities to one of the Navy 's planners in late 1897 : I would regard war with Spain from two viewpoints : first , the advisability on the grounds both of humanity and self - interest of interfering on behalf of the Cubans , and of taking one more step toward the complete freeing of America from European dominion ; second , the benefit done our people by giving them something to think of which is not material gain , and especially the benefit done our military forces by trying both the Navy and Army in actual practice . On February 15 , 1898 , the Maine exploded in the harbor of Havana , Cuba , killing hundreds of crew members . While Roosevelt and many other Americans blamed Spain for the explosion , McKinley sought a diplomatic solution . Without approval from Long or McKinley , Roosevelt sent out orders to several naval vessels , directing them to prepare for war . George Dewey , who had received an appointment to lead the Asiatic Squadron with the backing of Roosevelt , later credited his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay to Roosevelt 's orders . After finally giving up hope of a peaceful solution , McKinley asked Congress to declare war upon Spain , beginning the Spanish -- American War . Col. Theodore Roosevelt War in Cuba Main article : Rough Riders With the beginning of the Spanish -- American War in late April 1898 , Roosevelt resigned from his post as Assistant Secretary of the Navy . Along with Army Colonel Leonard Wood , he formed the First US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment . His wife and many of his friends begged Roosevelt to remain in his post in Washignton , but Roosevelt was determined to see battle . When the newspapers reported the formation of the new regiment , Roosevelt and Wood were flooded with applications from all over the country . Referred to by the press as the `` Rough Riders '' , the regiment was one of many temporary units active only for the duration of the war . The regiment trained for several weeks in San Antonio , Texas , and in his autobiography Roosevelt wrote that his prior experience with the New York National Guard had been invaluable , in that it enabled him to immediately begin teaching his men basic soldiering skills . The Rough Riders used some standard issue gear and some of their own design , purchased with gift money . Diversity characterized the regiment , which included Ivy Leaguers , professional and amateur athletes , upscale gentlemen , cowboys , frontiersmen , Native Americans , hunters , miners , prospectors , former soldiers , tradesmen , and sheriffs . The Rough Riders were part of the cavalry division commanded by former Confederate general Joseph Wheeler , which itself was one of three divisions in the V Corps under Lieutenant General William Rufus Shafter . Roosevelt and his men landed in Daiquiri , Cuba , on June 23 , 1898 , and marched to Siboney . Wheeler sent parts of the 1st and 10th Regular Cavalry on the lower road northwest and sent the `` Rough Riders '' on the parallel road running along a ridge up from the beach . To throw off his infantry rival , Wheeler left one regiment of his Cavalry Division , the 9th , at Siboney so that he could claim that his move north was only a limited reconnaissance if things went wrong . Roosevelt was promoted to colonel and took command of the regiment when Wood was put in command of the brigade . The Rough Riders had a short , minor skirmish known as the Battle of Las Guasimas ; they fought their way through Spanish resistance and , together with the Regulars , forced the Spaniards to abandon their positions . Colonel Roosevelt and the Rough Riders after capturing Kettle Hill along with members of the 3rd Volunteers and the regular Army black 10th Cavalry Under his leadership , the Rough Riders became famous for the charge up Kettle Hill on July 1 , 1898 , while supporting the regulars . Roosevelt had the only horse , and rode back and forth between rifle pits at the forefront of the advance up Kettle Hill , an advance that he urged despite the absence of any orders from superiors . He was forced to walk up the last part of Kettle Hill , because his horse had been entangled in barbed wire . The victories came at a cost of 200 killed and 1,000 wounded . Roosevelt commented on his role in the battles : `` On the day of the big fight I had to ask my men to do a deed that European military writers consider utterly impossible of performance , that is , to attack over open ground an unshaken infantry armed with the best modern repeating rifles behind a formidable system of entrenchments . The only way to get them to do it in the way it had to be done was to lead them myself . '' In August , Roosevelt and other officers demanded that the soldiers be returned home . Roosevelt always recalled the Battle of Kettle Hill ( part of the San Juan Heights ) as `` the great day of my life '' and `` my crowded hour '' . In 2001 , Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions ; he had been nominated during the war , but Army officials , annoyed at his grabbing the headlines , blocked it . After returning to civilian life , Roosevelt preferred to be known as `` Colonel Roosevelt '' or `` The Colonel '' , though `` Teddy '' remained much more popular with the public , even though Roosevelt openly despised that moniker . Men working closely with Roosevelt customarily called him `` Colonel '' or `` Theodore '' . Governor of New York After leaving Cuba in August 1898 , the Rough Riders were transported to a camp at Montauk Point , Long Island , where Roosevelt and his men were briefly quarantined due to the War Department 's fear of spreading yellow fever . Shortly after Roosevelt 's return to the United States , Republican Congressman Lemuel E. Quigg , a lieutenant of party boss Tom Platt , asked Roosevelt to run in the 1898 gubernatorial election . Platt disliked Roosevelt personally , feared that he would oppose Platt 's interests in office , and was reluctant to propel Roosevelt to the forefront of national politics . But Platt also needed a strong candidate due to the unpopularity of the incumbent Republican governor , Frank S. Black , and Roosevelt agreed to become the nominee and to try not to `` make war '' with the Republican establishment once in office . Roosevelt defeated Black in the Republican caucus by a vote of 753 to 218 , and faced Democrat Augustus Van Wyck , a well - respected judge , in the general election . Roosevelt campaigned vigorously on his war record , winning the election by a margin of just one percent . As governor , Roosevelt learned much about ongoing economic issues and political techniques that later proved valuable in his presidency . He was exposed to the problems of trusts , monopolies , labor relations , and conservation . Chessman argues that Roosevelt 's program `` rested firmly upon the concept of the square deal by a neutral state '' . The rules for the Square Deal were `` honesty in public affairs , an equitable sharing of privilege and responsibility , and subordination of party and local concerns to the interests of the state at large '' . By holding twice - daily press conferences -- which was an innovation -- Roosevelt remained connected with his middle - class political base . Roosevelt successfully pushed the Ford Franchise - Tax bill , which taxed public franchises granted by the state and controlled by corporations , declaring that `` a corporation which derives its powers from the State , should pay to the State a just percentage of its earnings as a return for the privileges it enjoys '' . He rejected `` boss '' Thomas C. Platt 's worries that this approached Bryanite Socialism , explaining that without it , New York voters might get angry and adopt public ownership of streetcar lines and other franchises . The New York state government affected many interests , and the power to make appointments to policy - making positions was a key role for the governor . Platt insisted that he be consulted on major appointments ; Roosevelt appeared to comply , but then made his own decisions . Historians marvel that Roosevelt managed to appoint so many first - rate men with Platt 's approval . He even enlisted Platt 's help in securing reform , such as in the spring of 1899 , when Platt pressured state senators to vote for a civil service bill that the secretary of the Civil Service Reform Association called `` superior to any civil service statute heretofore secured in America '' . Chessman argues that as governor , Roosevelt developed the principles that shaped his presidency , especially insistence upon the public responsibility of large corporations , publicity as a first remedy for trusts , regulation of railroad rates , mediation of the conflict of capital and labor , conservation of natural resources and protection of the less fortunate members of society . Roosevelt sought to position himself against the excesses of large corporations on the one hand and radical movements on the other . As the chief executive of the most populous state in the union , Roosevelt was widely considered a potential future presidential candidate , and supporters such as William Allen White encouraged him to run for president . Roosevelt had no interest in challenging McKinley for the Republican nomination in 1900 , and was denied his preferred post of Secretary of War . As his term progressed , Roosevelt pondered a 1904 presidential run , but was uncertain about whether he should seek re-election as governor in 1900 . Vice President Main article : United States presidential election , 1900 In November 1899 , Vice President Garret Hobart died of heart failure , leaving an open spot on the 1900 Republican national ticket . Though Henry Cabot Lodge and others urged him to run for vice president in 1900 , Roosevelt was reluctant to take the powerless position and issued a public statement saying that he would not accept the nomination . Additionally , Roosevelt was informed by President McKinley and campaign manager Mark Hanna that he was not being considered for the role of vice president due to his actions prior to the Spanish -- American War . Eager to be rid of Roosevelt , Platt nonetheless began a newspaper campaign in favor of Roosevelt 's nomination for the vice presidency . Roosevelt attended the 1900 Republican National Convention as a state delegate and struck a bargain with Platt : Roosevelt would accept the nomination if the convention offered it to him , but would otherwise serve another term as governor . Platt asked Pennsylvania party boss Matthew Quay to lead the campaign for Roosevelt 's nomination , and Quay outmaneuvered Hanna at the convention to put Roosevelt on the ticket . Roosevelt won the nomination unanimously . Roosevelt proved highly energetic and an equal match for Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan 's famous barnstorming style of campaigning . In a whirlwind campaign that displayed his energy to the public , Roosevelt made 480 stops in 23 states . He denounced the radicalism of Bryan , contrasting it with the heroism of the soldiers and sailors who fought and won the war against Spain . Bryan had strongly supported the war itself , but he denounced the annexation of the Philippines as imperialism , which would spoil America 's innocence . Roosevelt countered that it was best for the Filipinos to have stability and the Americans to have a proud place in the world . With the nation basking in peace and prosperity , the voters gave McKinley an even larger victory than that which he had achieved in 1896 . After the campaign , Roosevelt took office as vice president in March 1901 . The office of Vice President was a powerless sinecure and did not suit Roosevelt 's aggressive temperament . Roosevelt 's six months as Vice President were uneventful , and Roosevelt presided over the Senate for a mere four days before it adjourned . On September 2 , 1901 , Roosevelt first publicized an aphorism that thrilled his supporters at the Minnesota State Fair : `` Speak softly and carry a big stick , and you will go far . '' Presidency ( 1901 -- 1909 ) File : ROOSEVELT , Theodore - President ( BEP engraved portrait ). jpg BEP engraved portrait of Roosevelt as President Main article : Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt On September 6 , President McKinley was attending the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo , New York when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz . Roosevelt was vacationing in Vermont , and traveled to Buffalo to visit McKinley in the hospital . It appeared that McKinley would recover , so Roosevelt resumed his vacation in the Adirondacks . When McKinley 's condition worsened , Roosevelt began the trip to Buffalo . McKinley died on September 14 , and Roosevelt was informed while he was in North Creek ; he continued on to Buffalo and was sworn in at the Ansley Wilcox House . As there was no formally designated order of succession for the post in the event that a president resigned , became incapacitated , or died ( the Twenty - fifth Amendment would not be drafted and ratified until the 1960s ) , Roosevelt served his first term without a vice president . McKinley 's supporters were nervous about the new president , and Hanna was particularly bitter that the man he had opposed so vigorously at the convention had succeeded McKinley . Roosevelt assured party leaders that he intended to adhere to McKinley 's policies , and he retained McKinley 's Cabinet . Nonetheless , Roosevelt sought to position himself as the party 's undisputed leader , seeking to bolster the role of the president and position himself for the 1904 election . Shortly after taking office , Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dinner at the White House . To his dismay , this sparked a bitter , and at times vicious , reaction across the heavily segregated South . Roosevelt reacted with astonishment and protest , saying that he looked forward to many future dinners with Washington . Upon further reflection , Roosevelt wanted to ensure that this had no effect on political support in the South , and further dinner invitations to Washington were avoided ; their next meeting was scheduled as typical business at 10 : 00am instead . Domestic policies Official White House portrait by John Singer Sargent Trust busting and regulation For his aggressive use of the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act , compared to his predecessors , Roosevelt became mythologized as the `` trust - buster '' ; but in reality he was more of a trust regulator . Roosevelt viewed big business as a necessary part of the American economy , and sought only to prosecute the `` bad trusts '' that restrained trade and charged unfair prices . He brought 44 antitrust suits , breaking up the Northern Securities Company , the largest railroad monopoly ; and regulating Standard Oil , the largest oil and refinery company . Presidents Benjamin Harrison , Grover Cleveland , and William McKinley combined prosecuted only 18 anti-trust violations under the Sherman Antitrust Act . Bolstered by his party 's success in the 1902 elections , Roosevelt proposed the creation of the United States Department of Commerce and Labor , which would include the Bureau of Corporations . While Congress was receptive to Department of Commerce and Labor , it was more skeptical of the anti-trust powers that Roosevelt sought to endow within the Bureau of Corporations . Roosevelt successfully appealed to the public to pressure Congress , and Congress overwhelmingly voted to pass Roosevelt 's version of the bill . In a moment of frustration , House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon commented on Roosevelt 's desire for executive branch control in domestic policy - making : `` That fellow at the other end of the avenue wants everything from the birth of Christ to the death of the devil . '' Biographer Brands states , `` Even his friends occasionally wondered whether there was n't any custom or practice too minor for him to try to regulate , update or otherwise improve . '' In fact , Roosevelt 's willingness to exercise his power included attempted rule changes in the game of football ; at the Naval Academy , he sought to force retention of martial arts classes and to revise disciplinary rules . He even ordered changes made in the minting of a coin whose design he disliked , and ordered the Government Printing Office to adopt simplified spellings for a core list of 300 words , according to reformers on the Simplified Spelling Board . He was forced to rescind the latter after substantial ridicule from the press and a resolution of protest from the House of Representatives . Coal strike Main article : Coal strike of 1902 In May 1902 , anthracite coal miners went on strike , threatening a national energy shortage . After threatening the coal operators with intervention by federal troops , Roosevelt won their agreement to an arbitration of the dispute by a commission , which succeeded in stopping the strike . The accord with J.P. Morgan resulted in the miners getting more pay for fewer hours , but with no union recognition . Roosevelt said , `` My action on labor should always be considered in connection with my action as regards capital , and both are reducible to my favorite formula -- a square deal for every man . '' Roosevelt was the first president to help settle a labor dispute . Prosecuted misconduct During Roosevelt 's second year in office it was discovered there was corruption in the Indian Service , the Land Office , and the Post Office Department . Roosevelt , who had a high sense of morality and national purpose , investigated and prosecuted corrupt Indian agents who had cheated the Creeks and various tribes out of land parcels . Land fraud and speculation were found involving Oregon federal timberlands . In November 1902 , Roosevelt and Secretary Ethan A. Hitchcock forced Binger Hermann , the General Land Office Commissioner , to resign office . On November 6 , 1903 Francis J. Heney was appointed special prosecutor , and obtained 146 indictments involving an Oregon Land Office bribery ring . U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell was indicted for bribery to expedite illegal land patents , found guilty in July 1905 , and sentenced to six months in prison . More corruption was found in the Postal Department , that brought on the indictments of 44 government employees on charges of bribery and fraud . Historians generally agree that Roosevelt moved `` quickly and decisively '' to prosecute misconduct in his administration . Railroads Main article : Hepburn Act Merchants complained that some railroad rates were too high . In the 1906 Hepburn Act , Roosevelt sought to give the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate rates , but the Senate , led by conservative Nelson Aldrich fought back . Roosevelt worked with the Democratic Senator Benjamin Tillman to pass the bill . Roosevelt and Aldrich ultimately reached a compromise that gave the ICC the power to replace existing rates with `` just - and - reasonable '' maximum rates , but allowed railroads to appeal to the federal courts on what was `` reasonable . '' In addition to rate - setting , the Hepburn Act also granted the ICC regulatory power over pipeline fees , storage contracts , and several other aspects of railroad operations . Pure food and drugs Roosevelt responded to public anger over the abuses in the food packing industry by pushing Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act . Though conservatives initially opposed the bill , Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle , published in 1906 , helped galvanize support for reform . The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 banned misleading labels and preservatives that contained harmful chemicals . The Pure Food and Drug Act banned food and drugs that were impure or falsely labeled from being made , sold , and shipped . Roosevelt also served as honorary president of the American School Hygiene Association from 1907 to 1908 , and in 1909 he convened the first White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children . Conservation Main article : Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt § Conservation Of all Roosevelt 's achievements , he was proudest of his work in conservation of natural resources , and extending federal protection to land and wildlife . Roosevelt worked closely with Interior Secretary James Rudolph Garfield and Chief of the United States Forest Service Gifford Pinchot to enact a series of conservation programs that often met with resistance from Western members of Congress such as Charles William Fulton . Nonetheless , Roosevelt established the United States Forest Service , signed into law the creation of five National Parks , and signed the 1906 Antiquities Act , under which he proclaimed 18 new U.S. National Monuments . He also established the first 51 bird reserves , four game preserves , and 150 National Forests , including Shoshone National Forest , the nation 's first . The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately 230,000,000 acres ( 930,000 km ) . Roosevelt extensively used executive orders on a number of occasions to protect forest and wildlife lands during his tenure as President . By the end of his second term in office , Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 150 million acres of reserved forestry land . Roosevelt was unapologetic about his extensive use of executive orders to protect the environment , despite the perception in Congress that he was encroaching on too many lands . Eventually , Senator Charles Fulton ( R - OH ) attached an amendment to an agricultural appropriations bill that effectively prevented the president from reserving any further land . Before signing that bill into law , Roosevelt used executive orders to establish an additional 21 forest reserves , waiting until the last minute to sign the bill into law . In total , Roosevelt used executive orders to establish 121 forest reserves in 31 states . Prior to Roosevelt , only one president had issued over 200 executive orders , Grover Cleveland ( 253 ) . The first 25 presidents issued a total of 1,262 executive orders . Roosevelt issued 1,081 . Foreign policy This political cartoon depicts Theodore Roosevelt 's opposition to European influence in the Dominican Republic . In the late 1890s , Roosevelt had been an ardent imperialist , and he vigorously defended the permanent acquisition of the Philippines in the 1900 election campaign . After the rebellion ended in 1901 , he largely lost interest in the Philippines and Asian expansion in general , despite the contradictory opinion of his Secretary of War , William Howard Taft . As president , he primarily focused the nation 's overseas ambitions on the Caribbean , especially locations that had a bearing on the defense of his pet project , the Panama Canal . Roosevelt also increased the size of the navy , and by the end of his second term the United States had more battleships than any other country besides Britain . Following the Spanish -- American War , Roosevelt believed that the United States had emerged as a world power , and he sought ways to assert America 's newly - eminent position abroad . In 1905 , Roosevelt offered to mediate a treaty to end the Russo - Japanese War . The parties agreed to meet in Portsmouth , New Hampshire and they resolved the final conflict over the division of Sakhalin -- Russia took the northern half , and Japan the south ; Japan also dropped its demand for an indemnity . Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his successful efforts in bringing about the Treaty of Portsmouth . George E. Mowry concludes that Roosevelt handled the arbitration well , doing an `` excellent job of balancing Russian and Japanese power in the Orient , where the supremacy of either constituted a threat to growing America '' . Roosevelt also played a major role in mediating the First Moroccan Crisis by calling the Algeciras Conference , which averted war between France and Germany . Roosevelt 's presidency saw the strengthening of ties with Great Britain . The Great Rapprochement had begun with British support of the United States during the Spanish -- American War , and it continued as Britain withdrew its fleet from the Caribbean in favor of focusing on the rising German naval threat . In 1901 , Britain and the United States signed the Hay -- Pauncefote Treaty , abrogating the Clayton -- Bulwer Treaty , which had prevented the United States from constructing a canal connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean . The long - standing Alaska boundary dispute was settled on terms favorable to the United States , as Great Britain was unwilling to alienate the United States over what it considered to be a secondary issue . As Roosevelt later put it , the resolution of the Alaskan boundary dispute `` settled the last serious trouble between the British Empire and ourselves . '' The Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 resolved unpleasant racial tensions with Japan . Tokyo was angered over the segregation of Japanese children in San Francisco schools . The tensions were ended , but Japan also agreed not to allow unskilled workers to emigrate to the U.S. Latin America and Panama Canal In December 1902 , the Germans , British , and Italians sought to impose a naval blockade against Venezuela in order to force the repayment of delinquent loans . Roosevelt was particularly concerned with the motives of Germany 's Kaiser Wilhelm . He succeeded in getting the aggressors to agree to arbitration by a tribunal at The Hague , and averted the Venezuela Crisis of 1902 -- 1903 . The latitude granted to the Europeans by the arbiters was in part responsible for the `` Roosevelt Corollary '' to the Monroe Doctrine , which the President issued in 1904 : `` Chronic wrongdoing or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society , may in America , as elsewhere , ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation , and in the Western Hemisphere , the adherence of the United States to the Monroe doctrine may force the United States , however reluctantly , in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence , to the exercise of an international police power . '' The U.S. 's intentions to influence the area ( especially the Panama Canal construction and control ) led to the separation of Panama from Colombia in 1903 The pursuit of an isthmus canal in Central America during this period focused on two possible routes -- Nicaragua and Panama , which was then a rebellious district within Colombia . Roosevelt convinced Congress to approve the Panamanian alternative , and a treaty was approved , only to be rejected by the Colombian government . When the Panamanians learned of this , a rebellion followed , was supported by Roosevelt , and succeeded . A treaty with the new Panama government for construction of the canal was then reached in 1903 . Roosevelt received criticism for paying the bankrupt Panama Canal Company and the New Panama Canal Company $40,000,000 for the rights and equipment to build the canal . Critics charged that an American investor syndicate allegedly divided the large payment among themselves . There was also controversy over whether a French company engineer influenced Roosevelt in choosing the Panama route for the canal over the Nicaragua route . Roosevelt denied charges of corruption concerning the canal in a January 8 , 1906 message to Congress . In January 1909 , Roosevelt , in an unprecedented move , brought criminal libel charges against the New York World and the Indianapolis News known as the `` Roosevelt - Panama Libel Cases '' . Both cases were dismissed by U.S. District Courts , and on January 3 , 1911 , the U.S. Supreme Court , upon federal appeal , upheld the lower courts ' rulings . Historians are sharply critical of Roosevelt 's criminal prosecutions of the World and the News , but are divided on whether actual corruption in acquiring and building the Panama Canal took place . In 1906 , following a disputed election , an insurrection ensued in Cuba ; Roosevelt sent Taft , the Secretary of War , to monitor the situation ; he was convinced that he had the authority to unilaterally authorize Taft to deploy Marines if necessary , without congressional approval . Examining the work of numerous scholars , Ricard ( 2014 ) reports that : The most striking evolution in the twenty - first century historiography of Theodore Roosevelt is the switch from a partial arraignment of the imperialist to a quasi-unanimous celebration of the master diplomatist ... ( Regarding British relations these studies ) have underlined cogently Roosevelt 's exceptional statesmanship in the construction of the nascent twentieth - century `` special relationship '' ... The twenty - sixth president 's reputation as a brilliant diplomatist and realpolitician has undeniably reached new heights in the twenty - first century ... yet , his Philippine policy still prompts criticism . Media Building on McKinley 's effective use of the press , Roosevelt made the White House the center of news every day , providing interviews and photo opportunities . After noticing the reporters huddled outside the White House in the rain one day , he gave them their own room inside , effectively inventing the presidential press briefing . The grateful press , with unprecedented access to the White House , rewarded Roosevelt with ample coverage . Roosevelt normally enjoyed very close relationships with the press , which he used to keep in daily contact with his middle - class base . While out of office , he made a living as a writer and magazine editor . He loved talking with intellectuals , authors , and writers . He drew the line , however , at expose - oriented scandal - mongering journalists who , during his term , set magazine subscriptions soaring by their attacks on corrupt politicians , mayors , and corporations . Roosevelt himself was not usually a target , but his speech in 1906 coined the term `` muckraker '' for unscrupulous journalists making wild charges . `` The liar '' , he said , `` is no whit better than the thief , and if his mendacity takes the form of slander he may be worse than most thieves . '' The press did briefly target Roosevelt in one instance . After 1904 , he was periodically criticized for the manner in which he facilitated the construction of the Panama Canal . According to biographer Brands , Roosevelt , near the end of his term , demanded that the Justice Department bring charges of criminal libel against Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World . The publication had accused him of `` deliberate misstatements of fact '' in defense of family members who were criticized as a result of the Panama affair . Though an indictment was obtained , the case was ultimately dismissed in federal court -- it was not a federal offense , but one enforceable in the state courts . The Justice Department had predicted that result , and had also advised Roosevelt accordingly . Election of 1904 1904 election results Main article : United States presidential election , 1904 The control and management of the Republican Party lay in the hands of Ohio Senator and Republican Party chairman Mark Hanna until McKinley 's death . Roosevelt and Hanna frequently cooperated during Roosevelt 's first term , but Hanna left open the possibility of a challenge to Roosevelt for the 1904 Republican nomination . Roosevelt and Ohio 's other Senator , Joseph B. Foraker , forced Hanna 's hand by calling for Ohio 's state Republican convention to endorse Roosevelt for the 1904 nomination . Unwilling to break with the president , Hanna was forced to publicly endorse Roosevelt . Hanna and Pennsylvania Senator Matthew Quay both died in early 1904 , and with the waning of Thomas Platt 's power , Roosevelt faced little effective opposition for the 1904 nomination . In deference to Hanna 's conservative loyalists , Roosevelt at first offered the party chairmanship to Cornelius Bliss , but he declined . Roosevelt turned to his own man , George B. Cortelyou of New York , the first Secretary of Commerce and Labor . To buttress his hold on the party 's nomination , Roosevelt made it clear that anyone opposing Cortelyou would be considered to be opposing the President . The President secured his own nomination , but his preferred vice-presidential running mate , Robert R. Hitt , was not nominated . Senator Charles Warren Fairbanks of Indiana , a favorite of conservatives , gained the nomination . While Roosevelt followed the tradition of incumbents in not actively campaigning on the stump , he sought to control the campaign 's message through specific instructions to Cortelyou . He also attempted to manage the press 's release of White House statements by forming the Ananias Club . Any journalist who repeated a statement made by the president without approval was penalized by restriction of further access . Alton Brooks Parker The Democratic Party 's nominee in 1904 was Alton Brooks Parker . Democratic newspapers charged that Republicans were extorting large campaign contributions from corporations , putting ultimate responsibility on Roosevelt , himself . Roosevelt denied corruption while at the same time he ordered Cortelyou to return $100,000 of a campaign contribution from Standard Oil . Parker said that Roosevelt was accepting corporate donations to keep damaging information from the Bureau of Corporations from going public . Roosevelt strongly denied Parker 's charge and responded that he would `` go into the Presidency unhampered by any pledge , promise , or understanding of any kind , sort , or description ... '' . Allegations from Parker and the Democrats , however , had little impact on the election , as Roosevelt promised to give every American a `` square deal '' . Roosevelt won 56 % of the popular vote , and Parker received 38 % ; Roosevelt also won the Electoral College vote , 336 to 140 . Before his inauguration ceremony , Roosevelt declared that he would not serve another term . Democrats afterwards would continue to charge Roosevelt and the Republicans of being influenced by corporate donations during Roosevelt 's second term . Second - term troubles Roosevelt family at Oyster Bay , circa 1903 As his second term progressed , Roosevelt moved to the left of his Republican Party base and called for a series of reforms , most of which failed to pass Congress . Roosevelt 's influence waned as he approached the end of his second term , as his promise to forego a third term made him a lame duck and his concentration of power provoked a backlash from many Congressmen . He sought a national incorporation law ( at a time when all corporations had state charters ) , called for a federal income tax ( despite the Supreme Court 's ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co . ) , and an inheritance tax . In the area of labor legislation , Roosevelt called for limits on the use of court injunctions against labor unions during strikes ; injunctions were a powerful weapon that mostly helped business . He wanted an employee liability law for industrial injuries ( pre-empting state laws ) and an eight - hour work day for federal employees . In other areas he also sought a postal savings system ( to provide competition for local banks ) , and he asked for campaign reform laws . The election of 1904 continued to be a source of contention between Republicans and Democrats . A Congressional investigation in 1905 revealed that corporate executives donated tens of thousands of dollars in 1904 to the Republican National Committee . In 1908 , a month before the general presidential election , Governor Charles N. Haskell of Oklahoma , former Democratic Treasurer , said that Senators beholden to Standard Oil lobbied Roosevelt , in the summer of 1904 , to authorize the leasing of Indian oil lands by Standard Oil subsidiaries . He said Roosevelt overruled his Secretary of Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock and granted a pipeline franchise to run through the Osage lands to the Prairie Oil and Gas Company . The New York Sun made a similar accusation and said that Standard Oil , a refinery who financially benefited from the pipeline , had contributed $150,000 to the Republicans in 1904 after Roosevelt 's alleged reversal allowing the pipeline franchise . Roosevelt branded Haskell 's allegation as `` a lie , pure and simple '' and obtained a denial from Shaw that Roosevelt had neither coerced Shaw nor overruled him . Post-presidency Roosevelt shortly after leaving office , October 1910 Election of 1908 Main article : United States presidential election , 1908 Roosevelt enjoyed being president and was still relatively youthful , but felt that a limited number of terms provided a check against dictatorship . Roosevelt ultimately decided to stick to his 1904 pledge not to run for a third term . He personally favored Secretary of State Elihu Root as his successor , but Root 's ill health made him an unsuitable candidate . New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes loomed as potentially strong candidate and shared Roosevelt 's progressivism , but Roosevelt disliked him and considered him to be too independent . Instead , Roosevelt settled on his Secretary of War , William Howard Taft , who had ably served under Presidents Harrison , McKinley , and Roosevelt in various positions . Roosevelt and Taft had been friends since 1890 , and Taft had consistently supported President Roosevelt 's policies . Roosevelt was determined to install the successor of his choice , and wrote the following to Taft : `` Dear Will : Do you want any action about those federal officials ? I will break their necks with the utmost cheerfulness if you say the word ! '' Just weeks later he branded as `` false and malicious '' ; the charge was that he was using the offices at his disposal to favor Taft . At the 1908 Republican convention , many chanted for `` four years more '' of a Roosevelt presidency , but Taft won the nomination after Henry Cabot Lodge made it clear that Roosevelt was not interested in a third term . In the 1908 election , Taft easily defeated the Democratic nominee , three - time candidate William Jennings Bryan . Taft promoted a progressivism that stressed the rule of law ; he preferred that judges rather than administrators or politicians make the basic decisions about fairness . Taft usually proved to be a less adroit politician than Roosevelt and lacked the energy and personal magnetism , along with the publicity devices , the dedicated supporters , and the broad base of public support that made Roosevelt so formidable . When Roosevelt realized that lowering the tariff would risk creating severe tensions inside the Republican Party by pitting producers ( manufacturers and farmers ) against merchants and consumers , he stopped talking about the issue . Taft ignored the risks and tackled the tariff boldly , encouraging reformers to fight for lower rates , and then cutting deals with conservative leaders that kept overall rates high . The resulting Payne - Aldrich tariff of 1909 , signed into law early in President Taft 's tenure , was too high for most reformers , and Taft 's handling of the tariff alienated all sides . While the crisis was building inside the Party , Roosevelt was touring Africa and Europe , to allow Taft to be his own man . Africa and Europe ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Roosevelt standing next to the elephant he shot on safari In March 1909 , shortly after the end of his presidency , Roosevelt left New York for the Smithsonian - Roosevelt African Expedition , a safari in east and central Africa . Roosevelt 's party landed in Mombasa , British East Africa ( now Kenya ) and traveled to the Belgian Congo ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) before following the Nile to Khartoum in modern Sudan . Financed by Andrew Carnegie and by his own writings , Roosevelt 's party hunted for specimens for the Smithsonian Institution and for the American Museum of Natural History in New York . The group , led by the legendary hunter - tracker RJ Cunninghame , included scientists from the Smithsonian , and was joined from time to time by Frederick Selous , the famous big game hunter and explorer . Participants on the expedition included Kermit Roosevelt , Edgar Alexander Mearns , Edmund Heller , and John Alden Loring . Roosevelt and his companions killed or trapped approximately 11,400 animals , from insects and moles to hippopotamuses and elephants . The 1,000 large animals included 512 big game animals , including six rare White rhinos . Tons of salted animals and their skins were shipped to Washington ; it took years to mount them all , and the Smithsonian shared many duplicate specimens with other museums . Regarding the large number of animals taken , Roosevelt said , `` I can be condemned only if the existence of the National Museum , the American Museum of Natural History , and all similar zoological institutions are to be condemned '' . He wrote a detailed account of the safari in the book African Game Trails , recounting the excitement of the chase , the people he met , and the flora and fauna he collected in the name of science . After his safari , Roosevelt traveled North to embark on a tour of Europe . Stopping first in Egypt , he commented favorably on British rule of the region , giving his opinion that Egypt was not yet ready for independence , paralleling his views about the Philippines . He refused a meeting with the Pope due to a dispute over a group of Methodists active in Rome , but met with Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria - Hungary , Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany , King George V of Great Britain , and other European leaders . In Oslo , Norway , Roosevelt delivered a speech calling for limitations on naval armaments , a strengthening of the Permanent Court of Arbitration , and the creation of a `` League of Peace '' among the world powers . He also delivered the Romanes Lecture at Oxford , in which he denounced those who sought parallels between the evolution of animal life and the development of society . Though Roosevelt attempted to avoid domestic politics during his time abroad , he met with Gifford Pinchot , who related his own disappointment with the Taft Administration . Pinchot had been forced to resign as head of the forest service after clashing with Taft 's Interior Secretary , Richard Ballinger , who had prioritized development over conservation . Roosevelt returned to the United States in June 1910 . Republican party schism Punch depicts GOP Schism between Taft and TR Roosevelt had attempted to refashion Taft into a younger version of himself , but as soon as Taft began to display his individuality , the former president expressed his disenchantment . He was offended on election night when Taft indicated that his success had been possible not just through the efforts of Roosevelt , but also his brother Charley . Roosevelt was further alienated when Taft , intent on becoming his own man , did not consult him about cabinet appointments . Roosevelt and other progressives were also dissatisfied over Taft 's conservation policies and his handling of the tariff , which had indirectly concentrated more power in the hands of conservative party leaders in Congress . Returning from Europe , Roosevelt urged progressives to take control of the Republican Party at the state and local level , and to avoid splitting the party in a way that would hand the presidency to the Democrats in 1912 . Additionally , Roosevelt expressed optimism about the Taft Administration after meeting with the president in the White House in June 1910 . In August 1910 , Roosevelt gave notable speech at Osawatomie , Kansas , which was the most radical of his career and initiated his public break with the Taft administration and the conservative Republicans . Advocating a program of `` New Nationalism '' , Roosevelt emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests , a need to more effectively control corporate creation and combination , and proposed a ban on corporate political contributions . Returning to New York , Roosevelt began a battle to take control of the state Republican party from William Barnes , Jr. , Tom Platt 's successor as the state party boss . Taft had pledged his support to Roosevelt in this endeavor , and Roosevelt was outraged when Taft 's support failed to materialize at the 1910 state convention . Roosevelt nonetheless campaigned for the Republicans in the 1910 elections , which saw the Democrats gain control of the House for the first time since the 1890s . Among the newly elected Democrats was New York state senator Franklin Delano Roosevelt , who argued that he represented his cousin 's policies better than his Republican opponent . The Republican progressives interpreted the 1910 defeats as compelling argument for the complete reorganization of the party in 1911 . Senator Robert M. La Follette Sr. of Wisconsin joined with Pinchot , William White , and California Governor Hiram Johnson to create the National Progressive Republican League ; their objectives were to defeat the power of political bossism at the state level and to replace Taft at the national level . Despite skepticism of La Follette 's new league , Roosevelt expressed general support for progressive principles . Between January and April 1911 , Roosevelt wrote a series of articles for The Outlook , defending what he called `` the great movement of our day , the progressive nationalist movement against special privilege , and in favor of an honest and efficient political and industrial democracy '' . With Roosevelt apparently uninterested in running in 1912 , La Follette declared his own candidacy in June 1911 . Roosevelt continually criticized Taft after the 1910 elections , and the break between the two men became final after the Justice Department filed an anti-trust lawsuit against US Steel in September 1911 ; Roosevelt was humiliated by this suit because he had personally approved of an acquisition that the Justice Department was now challenging . However , Roosevelt was still unwilling to run against Taft in 1912 ; he instead hoped to run in 1916 against whichever Democrat beat Taft in 1912 . Election of 1912 Main articles : U.S. presidential election , 1912 and Progressive Party ( United States , 1912 ) Roosevelt campaigning for president , 1912 Republican primaries and convention In November 1911 , a group of Ohio Republicans endorsed Roosevelt for the party 's nomination for president ; the endorsers included James R. Garfield and Dan Hanna . This was notable , as the endorsement was made by leaders of President Taft 's home state . Roosevelt conspicuously declined to make a statement requested by Garfield -- that he flatly refuse a nomination . Soon thereafter , Roosevelt said , `` I am really sorry for Taft ... I am sure he means well , but he means well feebly , and he does not know how ! He is utterly unfit for leadership and this is a time when we need leadership . '' In January 1912 , Roosevelt declared `` if the people make a draft on me I shall not decline to serve '' . Later that year , Roosevelt spoke before the Constitutional Convention in Ohio , openly identifying as a progressive and endorsing progressive reforms -- even endorsing popular review of state judicial decisions . In reaction to Roosevelt 's proposals for popular overrule of court decisions , Taft said , `` Such extremists are not progressives -- they are political emotionalists or neurotics '' . Roosevelt began to envision himself as the savior of the Republican Party from defeat in the upcoming presidential election . In February 1912 , Roosevelt announced in Boston , `` I will accept the nomination for president if it is tendered to me . I hope that so far as possible the people may be given the chance through direct primaries to express who shall be the nominee . Elihu Root and Henry Cabot Lodge thought that division of the party would lead to its defeat in the next election , while Taft believed that he would be defeated either in the Republican primary or in the general election . The 1912 primaries represented the first extensive use of the presidential primary , a reform achievement of the progressive movement . The Republican primaries in the South , where party regulars dominated , went for Taft , as did results in New York , Indiana , Michigan , Kentucky and Massachusetts . Meanwhile , Roosevelt won in Illinois , Minnesota , Nebraska , South Dakota , California , Maryland and Pennsylvania ; Roosevelt also won Taft 's home state of Ohio . These primary elections , while demonstrating Roosevelt 's continuing popularity with the electorate , were not pivotal . The final credentials of the state delegates at the national convention were determined by the national committee , which was controlled by the party leaders , headed by the incumbent president . Prior to the 1912 Republican National Convention in Chicago , Roosevelt expressed doubt about his prospects for victory , noting that Taft had more delegates and control of the credentials committee . His only hope was to convince party leaders that the nomination of Taft would hand the election to the Democrats , but party leaders were determined not to cede their leadership to Roosevelt . The credentials committee awarded almost all contested delegates to Taft , and Taft won the nomination on the first ballot . Black delegates from the South played a key role : they voted heavily for Taft and put him over the top . La Follette also helped Taft 's candidacy ; he hoped that a deadlocked convention would result in his own nomination , and refused to release his delegates to support Roosevelt . The Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) party See also : New Nationalism ( Theodore Roosevelt ) and Progressive Party ( United States , 1912 ) `` The right of the people to rule '' Excerpts from a speech given by Theodore Roosevelt at Carnegie Hall , March 12 , 1912 . Recorded August 1912 by Thomas Edison . Duration 4 : 07 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Once his defeat at the Republican convention appeared probable , Roosevelt announced that he would `` accept the progressive nomination on a progressive platform and I shall fight to the end , win or lose '' . At the same time , Roosevelt prophetically said , `` My feeling is that the Democrats will probably win if they nominate a progressive '' . Bolting from the Republican Party , Roosevelt and key allies such as Pinchot and Albert Beveridge created the Progressive Party , structuring it as a permanent organization that would field complete tickets at the presidential and state level . It was popularly known as the `` Bull Moose Party '' , after Roosevelt told reporters , `` I 'm as fit as a bull moose '' . At the 1912 Progressive National Convention , Roosevelt cried out , `` We stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord . '' California Governor Hiram Johnson was nominated as Roosevelt 's running mate . Roosevelt 's platform echoed his 1907 -- 8 proposals , calling for vigorous government intervention to protect the people from the selfish interests : To destroy this invisible Government , to dissolve the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day . This country belongs to the people . Its resources , its business , its laws , its institutions , should be utilized , maintained , or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest . This assertion is explicit ... Mr. Wilson must know that every monopoly in the United States opposes the Progressive party ... I challenge him ... to name the monopoly that did support the Progressive party , whether ... the Sugar Trust , the US Steel Trust , the Harvester Trust , the Standard Oil Trust , the Tobacco Trust , or any other ... Ours was the only program to which they objected , and they supported either Mr. Wilson or Mr. Taft Though many Progressive party supporters in the North were supporters of civil rights for blacks , Roosevelt did not give strong support to civil rights and ran a `` lily - white '' campaign in the South . Rival all - white and all - black delegations from four southern states arrived at the Progressive national convention , and Roosevelt decided to seat the all - white delegations . Nevertheless , he won little support outside mountain Republican strongholds . Out of nearly 1100 counties in the South , Roosevelt won two counties in Alabama , one in Arkansas , seven in North Carolina , three in Georgia , 17 in Tennessee two in Texas , one in Virginia , and none in Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , or South Carolina . Assassination attempt The bullet - damaged speech and eyeglass case on display at the Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace On October 14 , 1912 , while campaigning in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , Roosevelt was shot by a saloonkeeper named John Flammang Schrank . The bullet lodged in his chest after penetrating his steel eyeglass case and passing through a thick ( 50 pages ) single - folded copy of the speech titled `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' , which he was carrying in his jacket . Roosevelt , as an experienced hunter and anatomist , correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood , the bullet had not reached his lung , and he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately . Instead , he delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt . He spoke for 90 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention . His opening comments to the gathered crowd were , `` Ladies and gentlemen , I do n't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot , but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose . '' Afterwards , probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt 's chest muscle , but did not penetrate the pleura . Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it , and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life . Election results After the Democrats nominated Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey , Roosevelt did not expect to win the general election , as Wilson had compiled a record attractive to many progressive Democrats who might have otherwise considered voting for Roosevelt . Roosevelt still campaigned vigorously , and the election developed into a two - person contest between Wilson and Roosevelt despite Taft 's presence in the race . Roosevelt respected Wilson , but the two differed on various issues ; Wilson opposed any federal intervention regarding women 's suffrage or child labor ( he viewed these as state issues ) , and attacked Roosevelt 's tolerance of large businesses . Roosevelt won 4.1 million votes ( 27 % ) , compared to Taft 's 3.5 million ( 23 % ) . Wilson gained 6.3 million votes ( 42 % of the total ) and a massive landslide in the Electoral College , with 435 electoral votes ; Roosevelt won 88 electoral votes , while Taft won 8 . Pennsylvania was the only eastern state won by Roosevelt ; in the Midwest , he carried Michigan , Minnesota , and South Dakota ; in the West , California , and Washington . Wilson 's victory represented the first Democratic presidential election victory since Cleveland 's 1892 campaign , and it was the party 's best performance in the Electoral College since 1852 . Roosevelt , meanwhile , garnered a higher share of the popular vote than any other third party presidential candidate in history . 1913 -- 1914 South American expedition Main article : Roosevelt -- Rondon Scientific Expedition A friend of Roosevelt 's , Father John Augustine Zahm , persuaded Roosevelt to participate in an expedition to South America . To finance the expedition , Roosevelt received support from the American Museum of Natural History in return for promising to bring back many new animal specimens . Roosevelt 's popular book , Through the Brazilian Wilderness describes his expedition into the Brazilian jungle in 1913 as a member of the Roosevelt - Rondon Scientific Expedition , co-named after its leader , Brazilian explorer Cândido Rondon . From left to right ( seated ) : Fr . John Augustine Zahm , Cândido Rondon , Kermit Roosevelt , Cherrie , Miller , four Brazilians , Roosevelt , Fiala . Only Roosevelt , Kermit , Cherrie , Rondon , and the Brazilians traveled down the River of Doubt . Once in South America , a new , far more ambitious goal was added : to find the headwaters of the Rio da Duvida , and trace it north to the Madeira and thence to the Amazon River . It was later renamed Roosevelt River in honor of the former President . Roosevelt 's crew consisted of his son Kermit , naturalist Colonel Rondon , George K. Cherrie , sent by the American Museum of Natural History , Brazilian Lieutenant João Lira , team physician Dr. José Antonio Cajazeira , and 16 skilled paddlers and porters . The initial expedition started somewhat tenuously on December 9 , 1913 , at the height of the rainy season . The trip down the River of Doubt started on February 27 , 1914 . During the trip down the river , Roosevelt suffered a minor leg wound after he jumped into the river to try to prevent two canoes from smashing against the rocks . The flesh wound he received , however , soon gave him tropical fever that resembled the malaria he had contracted while in Cuba fifteen years before . Because the bullet lodged in his chest from the assassination attempt in 1912 was never removed , his health worsened from the infection . This weakened Roosevelt so greatly that six weeks into the adventure , he had to be attended to day and night by the expedition 's physician and his son Kermit . By then , he could not walk because of the infection in his injured leg and an infirmity in the other , which was due to a traffic accident a decade earlier . Roosevelt was riddled with chest pains , fighting a fever that soared to 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) and at times made him delirious . Regarding his condition as a threat to the survival of the others , Roosevelt insisted he be left behind to allow the poorly provisioned expedition to proceed as rapidly as it could . Only an appeal by his son persuaded him to continue . Despite Roosevelt 's continued decline and loss of over 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) , Commander Rondon reduced the pace of the expedition to allow for his commission 's mapmaking and other geographical tasks , which required regular stops to fix the expedition 's position by sun - based survey . Upon Roosevelt 's return to New York , friends and family were startled by his physical appearance and fatigue . Roosevelt wrote , perhaps prophetically , to a friend that the trip had cut his life short by ten years . For the rest of his few remaining years , he would be plagued by flare - ups of malaria and leg inflammations so severe as to require surgery . Before Roosevelt had even completed his sea voyage home , critics raised doubts over his claims of exploring and navigating a completely uncharted river over 625 miles ( 1,006 km ) long . When he had recovered sufficiently , he addressed a standing - room - only convention organized in Washington , D.C. , by the National Geographic Society and satisfactorily defended his claims . Final years Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt in Allentown , Pennsylvania , 1914 See also : Roosevelt 's World War I volunteers Roosevelt returned to the United States in May 1914 . Though he was outraged by the Wilson Administration 's conclusion of a treaty that expressed `` sincere regret '' for the way in which the United States had acquired the Panama Canal Zone , he was impressed by many of the reforms passed under Wilson . Roosevelt made several campaign appearances for the Progressives , but the 1914 elections were a disaster for the fledgling third party . Roosevelt began to envision another campaign for president , this time with himself at the head of the Republican Party , but conservative party leaders remained opposed to Roosevelt . In hopes of engineering a joint nomination , the Progressives scheduled the 1916 Progressive National Convention at the same time as the 1916 Republican National Convention . When the Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes , Roosevelt declined the Progressive nomination and urged his Progressive followers to support the Republican candidate . Though Roosevelt had long disliked Hughes , he disliked Wilson even more , and he campaigned energetically for the Republican nominee . However , Wilson won the 1916 election by a narrow margin . The Progressives disappeared as a party following the 1916 election , and Roosevelt and many of his followers permanently re-joined the Republican Party . When World War I began in 1914 , Roosevelt strongly supported the Allies and demanded a harsher policy against Germany , especially regarding submarine warfare . Roosevelt angrily denounced the foreign policy of President Wilson , calling it a failure regarding the atrocities in Belgium and the violations of American rights . In 1916 , while campaigning for Hughes , Roosevelt repeatedly denounced Irish - Americans and German - Americans whom he described as unpatriotic , saying they put the interests of Ireland and Germany ahead of America 's by supporting neutrality . He insisted that one had to be 100 % American , not a `` hyphenated American '' who juggled multiple loyalties . In March 1917 , Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise a maximum of four divisions similar to the Rough Riders , and Major Frederick Russell Burnham was put in charge of both the general organization and recruitment . However , President Wilson announced to the press that he would not send Roosevelt and his volunteers to France , but instead would send an American Expeditionary Force under the command of General John J. Pershing . Roosevelt never forgave Wilson , and quickly published The Foes of Our Own Household , an indictment of the sitting president . Roosevelt 's youngest son , Quentin , a pilot with the American forces in France , was shot down behind German lines on July 14 , 1918 , at the age of 20 . It is said that Quentin 's death distressed Roosevelt so much that he never recovered from his loss . Roosevelt 's attacks on Wilson helped the Republicans win control of Congress in the off - year elections of 1918 . He declined a request from New York Republican to run for another gubernatorial term , but attacked Wilson 's Fourteen Points , calling instead for the unconditional surrender of Germany . He was cautiously optimistic about the proposed League of Nations , but had reservations about its impact on United States sovereignty . Roosevelt was popular enough to contest the 1920 Republican nomination , but his health was broken by 1918 due to the lingering effects of malaria . His family and supporters threw their support behind Roosevelt 's old military companion , General Leonard Wood , but Taft supporter Warren G. Harding defeated Wood on the tenth ballot of the 1920 Republican National Convention . Death Roosevelt 's grave , Oyster Bay , New York On the night of January 5 , 1919 , Roosevelt suffered breathing problems . After receiving treatment from his physician , Dr. George W. Faller , he felt better and went to bed . Roosevelt 's last words were `` Please put out that light , James '' to his family servant James Amos . Between 4 : 00 and 4 : 15 the next morning , Roosevelt died in his sleep at Sagamore Hill after a blood clot had detached from a vein and traveled to his lungs . He was sixty years old . Upon receiving word of his death , his son Archibald telegraphed his siblings : `` The old lion is dead . '' Woodrow Wilson 's vice president , Thomas R. Marshall , said that `` Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping , for if he had been awake , there would have been a fight . '' Following a private farewell service in the North Room at Sagamore Hill , a simple funeral was held at Christ Episcopal Church in Oyster Bay . Vice President Thomas R. Marshall , Charles Evans Hughes , Warren Harding , Henry Cabot Lodge , and William Howard Taft were among the mourners . The snow - covered procession route to Youngs Memorial Cemetery was lined with spectators and a squad of mounted policemen who had ridden from New York City . Roosevelt was buried on a hillside overlooking Oyster Bay . Writer Main article : Theodore Roosevelt bibliography Address to the Boys Progressive League A speech by Roosevelt as a former President Problems playing this file ? See media help . Part of the Works of Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt was a prolific author , writing with passion on subjects ranging from foreign policy to the importance of the national park system . Roosevelt was also an avid reader of poetry . Poet Robert Frost said that Roosevelt `` was our kind . He quoted poetry to me . He knew poetry . '' As an editor of Outlook magazine , Roosevelt had weekly access to a large , educated national audience . In all , Roosevelt wrote about 18 books ( each in several editions ) , including his autobiography , The Rough Riders , History of the Naval War of 1812 , and others on subjects such as ranching , explorations , and wildlife . His most ambitious book was the four volume narrative The Winning of the West , focused on the American frontier in the 18th and early 19th centuries . Roosevelt said that the American character -- indeed a new `` American race '' ( ethnic group ) had emerged from the heroic wilderness hunters and Indian fighters , acting on the frontier with little government help . Roosevelt also published an account of his 1909 -- 10 African expedition entitled African Game Trails . In 1907 , Roosevelt became embroiled in a widely publicized literary debate known as the nature fakers controversy . A few years earlier , naturalist John Burroughs had published an article entitled `` Real and Sham Natural History '' in the Atlantic Monthly , attacking popular writers of the day such as Ernest Thompson Seton , Charles G.D. Roberts , and William J. Long for their fantastical representations of wildlife . Roosevelt agreed with Burroughs ' criticisms , and published several essays of his own denouncing the booming genre of `` naturalistic '' animal stories as `` yellow journalism of the woods '' . It was the President himself who popularized the negative term `` nature faker '' to describe writers who depicted their animal characters with excessive anthropomorphism . Character and beliefs Sagamore Hill , Roosevelt 's estate Roosevelt intensely disliked being called `` Teddy '' , and was quick to point out this fact to those who referred to him as such , though it would become widely used by newspapers during his political career . He attended church regularly . In 1907 , concerning the motto `` In God We Trust '' on money , he wrote , `` It seems to me eminently unwise to cheapen such a motto by use on coins , just as it would be to cheapen it by use on postage stamps , or in advertisements . '' He was also a member of the Freemasons and Sons of the American Revolution . Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in pursuing what he called , in an 1899 speech , `` The Strenuous Life '' . To this end , he exercised regularly and took up boxing , tennis , hiking , rowing , polo , and horseback riding . As governor of New York , he boxed with sparring partners several times each week , a practice he regularly continued as President until being hit so hard in the face he became blind in his left eye ( a fact not made public until many years later ) . Thereafter , he practiced judo , attaining a third degree brown belt ; he also continued his habit of skinny - dipping in the Potomac River during the winter . Roosevelt was an enthusiastic singlestick player and , according to Harper 's Weekly , showed up at a White House reception with his arm bandaged after a bout with General Leonard Wood in 1905 . Roosevelt was an avid reader , reading tens of thousands of books , at a rate of several per day in multiple languages . Along with Thomas Jefferson , Roosevelt was the most well - read of all American presidents . Political positions Main article : Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt On taking office , Roosevelt reassured many conservatives , stating , `` the mechanism of modern business is so delicate that extreme care must be taken not to interfere with it in a spirit of rashness or ignorance . '' The following year , Roosevelt asserted the president 's independence from business interests by opposing the merger which created the Northern Securities Company , and many were surprised that any president , much less an unelected one , would challenge powerful banker J.P. Morgan . In his last two years as president , Roosevelt became increasingly distrustful of big business , despite its close ties to the Republican Party . Roosevelt sought to replace the 19th - century laissez - faire economic environment with a new economic model which included a larger regulatory role for the federal government . He believed that 19th - century entrepreneurs had risked their fortunes on innovations and new businesses , and that these capitalists had been rightly rewarded . By contrast , he believed that 20th - century capitalists risked little but nonetheless reaped huge and , given the lack of risk , unjust , economic rewards . Without a redistribution of wealth away from the upper class , Roosevelt feared that the country would turn to radicals or fall to revolution . His Square Deal domestic program had three main goals : conservation of natural resources , control of corporations , and consumer protection . The Square Deal evolved into his program of `` New Nationalism '' , which emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests and a need to more effectively control corporate creation and combination , and proposed a ban on corporate political contributions . Legacy Roosevelt in Pennsylvania on October 26 , 1914 Historians credit Roosevelt for changing the nation 's political system by permanently placing the presidency at center stage and making character as important as the issues . His notable accomplishments include trust busting and conservationism . He is a hero to liberals for his proposals in 1907 -- 12 that presaged the modern welfare state of the New Deal Era , and put the environment on the national agenda . Conservatives admire his `` big stick '' diplomacy and commitment to military values . Dalton says , `` Today he is heralded as the architect of the modern presidency , as a world leader who boldly reshaped the office to meet the needs of the new century and redefined America 's place in the world . '' However , liberals have criticized him for his interventionist and imperialist approach to nations he considered `` uncivilized '' . Conservatives reject his vision of the welfare state and emphasis on the superiority of government over private action . Historians typically rank Roosevelt among the top five presidents . Persona and masculinity 1910 cartoon shows Roosevelt 's multiple roles from 1899 to 1910 Dalton says Roosevelt is remembered as , `` one of the most picturesque personalities who has ever enlivened the landscape '' . His friend , historian Henry Adams , proclaimed : Roosevelt , more than any other man ... showed the singular primitive quality that belongs to ultimate matter -- the quality that medieval theology assigned to God -- he was pure act . Recent biographers have stressed Roosevelt 's personality . Cooper compared him with Woodrow Wilson , and discovered that both of them played the roles of warrior and priest . Dalton stressed Roosevelt 's strenuous life . Sarah Watts examined the desires of the `` Rough Rider in the White House '' . Brands calls Roosevelt `` the last romantic '' , arguing that his romantic concept of life emerged from his belief that `` physical bravery was the highest virtue and war the ultimate test of bravery '' . Roosevelt as the exemplar of American masculinity has become a major theme . As president , he repeatedly warned men that they were becoming too office - bound , too complacent , too comfortable with physical ease and moral laxity , and were failing in their duties to propagate the race and exhibit masculine vigor . French historian Serge Ricard says , `` the ebullient apostle of the Strenuous Life offers ideal material for a detailed psycho - historical analysis of aggressive manhood in the changing socio - cultural environment of his era ; McKinley , Taft , or Wilson would perhaps inadequately serve that purpose '' . He promoted competitive sports and the Boy Scouts of America , founded in 1910 , as the way forward . Brands shows that heroic displays of bravery were essential to Roosevelt 's image and mission : What makes the hero a hero is the romantic notion that he stands above the tawdry give and take of everyday politics , occupying an ethereal realm where partisanship gives way to patriotism , and division to unity , and where the nation regains its lost innocence , and the people their shared sense of purpose . Memorials and cultural depictions Main articles : Memorials to Theodore Roosevelt and Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt 's face on Mount Rushmore Roosevelt was included with Presidents George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln at the Mount Rushmore Memorial , designed in 1927 with the approval of Republican President Calvin Coolidge . For his gallantry at San Juan Hill , Roosevelt 's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor . In the late 1990s , Roosevelt 's supporters again recommended the award . On January 16 , 2001 , President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill , Cuba , during the Spanish -- American War . The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt : the USS Theodore Roosevelt ( SSBN - 600 ) , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982 , and the USS Theodore Roosevelt ( CVN - 71 ) , an aircraft carrier that has been on active duty in the Atlantic Fleet since 1986 . On November 18 , 1956 , the United States Postal Service released a 6 ¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Roosevelt . A 32 ¢ stamp was issued on February 3 , 1998 , as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series . In 2008 , Columbia Law School awarded a law degree to Roosevelt , posthumously making him a member of the class of 1882 . Roosevelt 's `` Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick '' ideology is still quoted by politicians and columnists in different countries -- not only in English , but also in translations to various other languages . Another lasting , popular legacy of Roosevelt is the stuffed toy bears -- teddy bears -- named after him following an incident on a hunting trip in Mississippi in 1902 . Roosevelt has been portrayed in films and television series such as Brighty of the Grand Canyon , The Wind and the Lion , Rough Riders , My Friend Flicka , and Law of the Plainsman . Robin Williams portrayed Roosevelt in the form of a wax mannequin that comes to life in Night at the Museum and its sequels Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In 2017 , it was announced that Leonardo DiCaprio will portray Roosevelt in a biopic to be directed by Martin Scorsese . Media Theodore Roosevelt was one of the first presidents whose voice was recorded for posterity . Several of his recorded speeches survive . A 4.6 - minute voice recording , which preserves Roosevelt 's lower timbre ranges particularly well for its time , is among those available from the Michigan State University libraries ( this is the 1912 recording of The Right of the People to Rule , recorded by Edison at Carnegie Hall ) . The audio clip sponsored by the Authentic History Center includes his defense of the Progressive Party in 1912 , wherein he proclaims it the `` party of the people '' -- in contrast with the other major parties . Play media Parade for the school children of San Francisco , down Van Ness Avenue Play media Collection of film clips of Roosevelt Roosevelt goes for a ride in Arch Hoxsey 's plane in October 1910 See also Biography portal Military of the United States portal United States Army portal North America portal Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt List of United States political appointments across party lines Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library US Presidents on US postage stamps List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States , sortable by previous experience List of famous big game hunters Notes Jump up ^ His last name is , according to Roosevelt himself , `` pronounced as if it was spelled ' Rosavelt . ' That is in three syllables . The first syllable as if it was ' Rose . ' '' References Jump up ^ Hart , Albert B. ; Ferleger , Herbert R ( 1989 ) . `` Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia '' ( CD - ROM ) . Theodore Roosevelt Association . pp. 534 -- 35 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K ; Blessing , Tim H ( 2004 ) . Greatness in White House . Pennsylvania State U.P. pp. 8 -- 9 , 15 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Joseph ( October 1 , 2010 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 26th and 32nd Presidents of the United States , American Heraldry Society , archived from the original on December 30 , 2008 Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Schriftgiesser , Karl ( 1942 ) . The Amazing Roosevelt Family , 1613 -- 1942 . Wildred Funk , Inc . Jump up ^ James Patrick Byrne ; Philip Coleman ; Jason Francis King . Ireland and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History . p. 848 . Jump up ^ Vought , Hans P. ( 2004 ) . The Bully Pulpit and the Melting Pot : American Presidents and the Immigrant , 1897 -- 1933 . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 86554 - 8870 . Jump up ^ Putnam 1958 , ch 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Genealogy of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts . Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trfamily.html Accessed March 14 , 2015 Jump up ^ McCullough 1981 , pp. 93 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Putnam 1958 , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ TR 's Legacy -- The Environment , PBS , retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1913 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Putnam 1958 , pp. 63 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Arnaldo Testi , `` The gender of reform politics : Theodore Roosevelt and the culture of masculinity . '' Journal of American History 81.4 ( 1995 ) : 1509 -- 1533 . online Jump up ^ Edmund Morris ( 2010 ) . Colonel Roosevelt . Random House . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Sanabria , Santa ( June 26 , 2011 ) . `` Mounted in New Jersey '' . The Hudson Reporter . Jump up ^ Brands ( 1998 ) . T.R. : The Last Romantic . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Kohn ( 2013 ) . Heir to the Empire City : New York and the Making of Theodore Roosevelt . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 80 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Clark , Suzanne ( 2000 ) . `` Cold Warriors : Manliness on Trial in the Rhetoric of the West '' . SIU Press . Jump up ^ Henry F. Pringle ( 1931 ) . Theodore Roosevelt . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 110 -- 12 , 123 -- 33 . quote p. 126 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1913 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 565 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Michael J. ( April 2002 ) . `` The Lasting Influence of Theodore Roosevelt 's Naval War of 1812 '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Naval History . 1 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Karsten , `` The Nature of ' Influence ' : Roosevelt , Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power . '' American Quarterly 23 # 4 ( 1971 ) : 585 -- 600 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard W. Turk , The Ambiguous Relationship : Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 1987 ) online Jump up ^ Carl Cavanagh Hodge , `` The Global Strategist : The Navy as the Nation 's Big Stick '' , in Serge Ricard , ed. , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp 257 -- 73 Jump up ^ Stephen G. Rabe , Theodore Roosevelt , the Panama Canal , and the Roosevelt Corollary : Sphere of Influence Diplomacy `` , in Ricard , ed. , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp 274 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` TR Center -- ImageViewer '' . Jump up ^ `` TR Center -- ImageViewer '' . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Nathan ( 1992 ) . Theodore Roosevelt , A Life . William Morrow & Co . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Kohn , `` Theodore Roosevelt 's Early Political Career : The Making of an Independent Republican and Urban Progressive '' in Ricard , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp : 27 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 134 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 140 -- 142 . Jump up ^ `` Mr Sheard to be Speaker '' , The New York Times , January 1 , 1884 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 153 . Jump up ^ Edward P. Kohn , `` ' A Most Revolting State of Affairs ' : Theodore Roosevelt 's Aldermanic Bill and the New York Assembly City Investigating Committee of 1884 '' , American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 1 pp : 71 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 413 -- 24 Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 445 -- 50 Jump up ^ Pringle 1956 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Putnam , 445 Jump up ^ Putnam , 467 Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 161 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail . Century . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Morrisey , Will ( 2009 ) . The Dilemma of Progressivism : How Roosevelt , Taft , and Wilson Reshaped the American Regime of Self - Government . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6618 - 7 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Morris 1979 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher '' . nps.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . The blow proved disastrous for Roosevelt , who lost over half of his $80,000 investment , the equivalent of approximately $1.7 million today . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , pp. 4 , 6 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 181 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Rice , Sir Cecil Spring ( 1929 ) , Gwynn , S , ed. , The Letters and Friendships , London : Constable & Co , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 193 -- 194 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , pp. 183 -- 185 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Arthur G. ( 2011 ) . The Everything Theodore Roosevelt Book : The Extraordinary Life of an American Icon . Adams Media . pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 197 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 203 . 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Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 310 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2001 , pp. 157 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , p. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 325 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , p. 261 , 268 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , p. 271 -- 272 . Jump up ^ `` The World of 1989 : The Spanish - American War ; Rough Riders '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , p. 272 - 274 . Jump up ^ Samuels 1997 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 2014 ) . Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography . Auckland , New Zealand : The Floating Press . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77653 - 337 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1898 ) , `` III '' , The Rough Riders , Bartleby , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Samuels 1997 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Matuz , Roger ( 2004 ) . The Handy Presidents Answer Book . Canton , MI : Visible Ink Press . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 308 -- 310 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 310 -- 311 . 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Jump up ^ Chessman , G Wallace ( 1952 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt 's Campaign Against the Vice-Presidency '' , Historian , 14 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 90 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1952. tb00132. x . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 346 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Alison ( 2009 ) . Theodore Roosevelt . Infobase Publishing . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 354 -- 356 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 422 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Edmund Morris , Theodore Rex p58 ^ Jump up to : Ruddy 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 365 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Schweikart , Larry ( 2009 ) . American Entrepreneur : The Fascinating Stories of the People Who Defined Business in the United States . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 378 -- 379 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 379 -- 381 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 552 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 553 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Harbaugh , William Henry ( 1963 ) , Power and Responsibility : Theodore Roosevelt , pp. 165 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 450 -- 83 . 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Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley , The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Executing the Constitution : Putting the President Back Into the Constitution . State University of New York Press . 2006 . p. 53 . ISBN 9780791481905 . ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Graham ( 2013 ) . Take up Your Pen . University of Pennsylvania . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4511 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dodds , Graham ( 2013 ) . Take up Your Pen . University of Pennsylvania . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4511 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Executive Orders '' . UCSB . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 615 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 384 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 382 -- 383 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 530 -- 39 . Jump up ^ George E. Mowry , `` The First Roosevelt '' , The American Mercury , ( November 1946 ) quote at p 580 online Jump up ^ Eugene P. Trani , The Treaty of Portsmouth : An Adventure in American Diplomacy ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 450 -- 451 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 387 -- 388 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 399 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 397 -- 398 . Jump up ^ Gould 2011 , pp. 249 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 482 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1974 , pp. 209 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1974 , pp. 213 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1974 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 570 . Jump up ^ Serge Ricard , `` The State of Theodore Roosevelt Studies '' `` H - Diplo Essay # 116 '' Oct. 24 2014 Jump up ^ Rouse , Robert ( March 15 , 2006 ) . `` Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference -- 93 years young ! '' . American Chronicle . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Arthur ; Weinberg , Lila Shaffer ( 1961 ) . The Muckrakers . 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Jump up ^ `` President Roosevelt 's African Trip '' . Science . 28 ( 729 ) : 876 -- 77 . December 18 , 1908 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 28.729. 876 . JSTOR 1635075 . PMID 17743798 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt African Expedition Collects for SI '' . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George A. Cevasco & Richard P. Harmond ( 2009 ) . Modern American Environmentalists : A Biographical Encyclopedia . JHU Press . p. 444 . Jump up ^ O'Toole 2005 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1910 ) . African Game Trails . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 505 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 505 -- 509 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1992 , pp. 511 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 506 -- 507 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 503 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 665 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 502 -- 503 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 512 -- 513 . ^ Jump up to : Brands 1997 , p. 675 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 515 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 517 . 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Jump up ^ Cannon , Carl M ( 2003 ) , The Pursuit of Happiness in Times of War , Rowman & Littlefield , p. 142 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2592 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Patricia ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` The War of 1912 '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1913 , XV . The Peace of Righteousness , Appendix B . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , Chapter XXII , pp. 25 -- 31 . Jump up ^ George E. Mowry , `` The South and the Progressive Lily White Party of 1912 . '' Journal of Southern History 6 # 2 ( 1940 ) : 237 -- 247 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , `` The Negro as a Factor in the Campaign of 1912 . '' Journal of Negro History 32 # 1 ( 1947 ) : 81 -- 99 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , `` Theodore Roosevelt and the South in 1912 . '' North Carolina Historical Review 2333 ( 1946 ) : 313 -- 324 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Edgar Eugene Robinson , The Presidential Vote 1896 -- 1932 ( 1947 ) , pp 65 -- 127 . Jump up ^ `` Artifacts '' . Museum . Wisconsin Historical Society . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medical History of American Presidents '' . Doctor Zebra . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt '' , Detroit Free Press , History buff . Jump up ^ `` Roosevelt Timeline '' . Theodore Roosevelt . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 529 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 529 -- 530 . Jump up ^ Lewis L. Gould , Four Hats in the Ring : The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics ( Univ . Press of Kansas , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Dexter , Jim ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` How third - party candidates affect elections '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1914 ) , Through the Brazilian Wilderness ( facsimile ) ( 1st ed . ) , S4u languages . ^ Jump up to : Millard , The river of doubt : Theodore Roosevelt 's darkest journey ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Marx , Rudolph ( October 31 , 2011 ) , The Health of The President : Theodore Roosevelt , Health guidance . ^ Jump up to : `` Theodore Roosevelt Dies Suddenly at Oyster Bay Home ; Nation Shocked , Pays Tribute to Former President ; Our Flag on All Seas and in All Lands at Half Mast '' . The New York Times . January 1919 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , pp. 4 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 539 -- 540 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 548 -- 549 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 550 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 552 -- 553 . Jump up ^ McGeary , M. Nelson ( July 1959 ) . `` Gifford Pinchot 's Years of Frustration , 1917 -- 1920 '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 83 ( 3 ) : 327 . JSTOR 20089210 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 749 -- 51 , 806 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1917 ) , The Foes of Our Own Household , p. 347 Jump up ^ `` Enroll Westerners for Service in War ; Movement to Register Men of That Region Begun at the Rocky Mountain Club . Headed by Major Burnham . John Hays Hammond and Others of Prominence Reported to be Supporting Plan '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . March 13 , 1917 . p. 11 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will Not Send Roosevelt ; Wilson Not to Avail Himself of Volunteer Authority at Present '' . New York Times . May 19 , 1917 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1917 ) , The Foes of Our Own Household Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , pp. 781 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Cramer , CH ( 1961 ) , Newton D. Baker , pp. 110 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton ( 2002 ) p. 507 Jump up ^ Miller 1992 , pp. 562 -- 564 . Jump up ^ Pietrusza , David . 1920 : The Year of the Six Presidents ( 2007 ) , pp. 55 -- 71 ( on Roosevelt 's prospective candidacy ) , 167 -- 75 ( on Wood and his support by Roosevelt 's family ) . Jump up ^ Manners , William ( 1969 ) , TR and Will : A Friendship that Split the Republican Party , New York : Harcourt , Brace & World . ^ Jump up to : Morris 2010 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Morris 2010 , pp. 554 , 556 -- 557 . Jump up ^ Morris 2010 , pp. 554 , 557 . Jump up ^ `` '' Light gone out '' -- TR at the Library of Congress -- Jefferson 's Legacy : The Library of Congress Review `` . IgoUgo . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 2006 ) . An Autobiography . Echo Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4068 - 0155 - 2 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1904 ) . The Rough Riders . New York : The Review of Reviews Company . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1900 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ Richard Slotkin , `` Nostalgia and progress : Theodore Roosevelt 's myth of the frontier '' . American Quarterly ( 1981 ) 33 # 5 pp : 608 -- 637 . online Jump up ^ Carson , Gerald ( February 1971 ) , `` Roosevelt and the ' nature fakers ' '' , American Heritage Magazine , 22 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the SAR '' , About , SAR . Jump up ^ Thayer 1919 , Chapter XVII , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Shaw , KB ; Maiden , David ( 2006 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt '' , Biographies , Inc well , retrieved March 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Amberger , J Christoph ( 1998 ) , Secret History of the Sword Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts , ISBN 1 - 892515 - 04 - 0 . Jump up ^ Burton , David H ( 1988 ) , The Learned Presidency , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2015 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2015 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Gary Murphy in `` Theodore Roosevelt , Presidential Power and the Regulation of the Market '' in Serge Ricard , ed . A companion to Theodore Roosevelt ( 2011 ) pp 154 - 72 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 2001 ) pp. 430 - 431 , 436 Jump up ^ Klopfenstein , Mark , The Progressive Era ( 1900 - 1920 ) ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Dalton 2002 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Impact and Legacy '' , Biography , American President , The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy '' , T Roosevelt , PBS . Jump up ^ Dalton 2002 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Adams , Henry ( 1918 ) . The Education of Henry Adams : An Autobiography . p. 417 . Jump up ^ Cooper 1983 . Jump up ^ Dalton 2002 . Jump up ^ Watts 2003 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. x . Jump up ^ Testi 1995 . Jump up ^ D.G. Daniels , `` Theodore Roosevelt and Gender Roles '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 1996 ) 26 # 3 pp 648 -- 665 Jump up ^ Dorsey , Leroy G ( 2013 ) , `` Managing Women 's Equality : Theodore Roosevelt , the Frontier Myth , and the Modern Woman '' , Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 16 ( 3 ) : 425 , doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2013.0037 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Serge ( 2005 ) , `` Review '' , The Journal of Military History , 69 ( 2 ) : 536 -- 37 , doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 2005.0123 . Jump up ^ Boy Scouts Handbook ( original ed . ) . Boy Scouts of America . 1911 . pp. 374 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Brands 1997 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Domek , Tom ; Hayes , Robert E. ( 2006 ) . Mt . Rushmore and Keystone . Charleston , SC : Arcadia Publishing . Jump up ^ Fite , Gibert C. ( 2003 ) . Mount Rushmore . Mount Rushmore History Association . ISBN 0 - 9646798 - 5 - X . Jump up ^ Woodall , James R. ( 2010 ) . Williams - Ford Texas A and M University Military History : Texas Aggie Medals of Honor : Seven Heroes of World War Ii . Texas A&M University Press . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Up 1900s Celebrate The Century Issues '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . January 1 , 1998 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Presidents Roosevelt Awarded Posthumous J.D.s '' ( Press release ) . Public Affairs Office , Columbia University . September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg 2015 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` My Friend Flicka '' . Classic Television Archives . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Law of the Plainsman '' . imdb.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio & Martin Scorsese Ride Again On Teddy Roosevelt Pic At Paramount '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent Voice Library ( audio clips ) , Michigan State University , retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MSU '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1913 ) . Youngman , Elmer H , ed . Progressive Principles . New York : Progressive National Service . p. 215 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Bibliography Full Biographies Brands , Henry William ( 1997 ) , TR : The Last Romantic ( full biography ) , New York : Basic Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06958 - 3 , OCLC 36954615 . Chessman , G Wallace ( 1965 ) , Governor Theodore Roosevelt : The Albany Apprenticeship , 1898 -- 1900 Cooper , John Milton ( 1983 ) , The Warrior and the Priest : Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt ( dual scholarly biography ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 94751 - 1 . Dalton , Kathleen ( 2002 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : A Strenuous Life ( full scholarly biography ) , ISBN 0 - 679 - 76733 - 9 . Gould , Lewis L ( 2012 ) , Theodore Roosevelt , 105 pp , very short biography by leading scholar . Harbaugh , William Henry ( 1963 ) , The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt ( full scholarly biography ) . Miller , Nathan ( 1992 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : A Life , William Morrow & Co . Morris , Edmund ( 1979 ) , The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt , 1 . To 1901 ; Pulitzer prize for Volume 1 . Morris , Edmund ( 2001 ) , Theodore Rex , 2 . To 1909 Morris , Edmund ( 2010 ) , Colonel Roosevelt , 3 . Pringle , Henry F ( 1956 ) ( 1932 ) , Theodore Roosevelt ( full scholarly biography ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Putnam , Carleton ( 1958 ) , Theodore Roosevelt ( biography ) , I : The Formative Years , only volume published , to age 28 . Samuels , Peggy ( 1997 ) , Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan : The Making of a President , Texas A&M UP . Thayer , William Roscoe ( 1919 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : an intimate biography , Houghton Mifflin . Personality and activities Bishop , Joseph Bucklin ( 2007 ) , Theodore Roosevelt 's Letters to His Children , Wildside Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 434 - 48394 - 2 . DiSilvestro , Roger ( 2011 ) , Theodore Roosevelt in the Badlands : A Young Politician 's Quest in the American West , Walker & Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1721 - 4 , archived from the original on March 26 , 2011 . Fehn , Bruce ( 2005 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt and American Masculinity '' , Magazine of History , 19 ( 2 ) : 52 -- 59 , doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 19.2. 52 , ISSN 0882 - 228X Provides a lesson plan on TR as the historical figure who most exemplifies the quality of masculinity . Gluck , Sherwin ( 1999 ) , TR 's Summer White House , Oyster Bay . Chronicles the events of TR 's presidency during the summers of his two terms . Greenberg , David ( 2011 ) , `` Beyond the Bully Pulpit '' , Wilson Quarterly , 35 ( 3 ) : 22 -- 29 . The president 's use of publicity , rhetoric and force of personality . Millard , Candice ( 2005 ) , River of Doubt : Theodore Roosevelt 's Darkest Journey ; his deadly 1913 -- 14 trip to the Amazon . McCullough , David ( 1981 ) , Mornings on Horseback : The Story of an Extraordinary Family , a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt , Simon & Schuster , best seller ; to 1886 . -- -- -- ( 2001 ) ( 1981 ) , Mornings on Horseback , The Story of an Extraordinary Family , a Vanished Way of Life , and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt ( popular biography ) , to 1884 . O'Toole , Patricia ( 2005 ) , When Trumpets Call : Theodore Roosevelt after the White House , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86477 - 0 . 494 pp . Renehan , Edward J ( 1998 ) , The Lion 's Pride : Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War , Oxford University Press , examines TR and his family during the World War I period . Testi , Arnaldo ( 1995 ) , `` The Gender of Reform Politics : Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity '' , Journal of American History , 81 ( 4 ) : 1509 -- 33 , doi : 10.2307 / 2081647 . Thompson , J Lee ( 2010 ) , Theodore Roosevelt Abroad : Nature , Empire , and the Journey of an American President , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10277 - 4 , 240 pp. TR in Africa & Europe , 1909 -- 10 Watts , Sarah ( 2003 ) , Rough Rider in the White House : Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire . 289 pp . Yarbrough , Jean M ( 2012 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the American Political Tradition , University Press of Kansas , 337 pp ; TR 's political thought and its significance for republican self - government . Domestic policies Brinkley , Douglas ( 2009 ) . The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America . New York : HarperCollins . online review ; another online review Cutright , P.R. ( 1985 ) Theodore Roosevelt : The making of a Modern Conservationist ( U of Illinois Press . ) Dorsey , Leroy G ( 1997 ) , `` The Frontier Myth and Teddy Roosevelt 's Fight for Conservation '' , in Gerster , Patrick ; Cords , Nicholas , Myth America : A Historical Anthology , II , St. James , NY : Brandywine Press , ISBN 1 - 881089 - 97 - 5 . Gould , Lewis L ( 2011 ) , The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt ( 2nd ed . ) , standard history of his domestic and foreign policy as president . Bakari , Mohamed El - Kamel . `` Mapping the ' Anthropocentric - ecocentric'Dualism in the History of American Presidency : The Good , the Bad , and the Ambivalent . '' Journal of Studies in Social Sciences 14 , no . 2 ( 2016 ) . Keller , Morton , ed. ( 1967 ) , Theodore Roosevelt : A Profile ( excerpts from TR and from historians ) . Murphey , William ( March 2013 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt and the Bureau of Corporation : Executive - Corporate Cooperation and the Advancement of the Regulatory State '' , American Nineteenth Century History , 14 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 111 , doi : 10.1080 / 14664658.2013. 774983 . Redekop , Benjamin . ( 2015 ) . `` Embodying the Story : The Conservation Leadership of Theodore Roosevelt '' . Leadership ( 2015 ) DOI : 10.1177 / 1742715014546875 online Swanson , Ryan A ( 2011 ) , `` ' I Never Was a Champion at Anything ' : Theodore Roosevelt 's Complex and Contradictory Record as America 's ' Sports President ' '' , Journal of Sport History , 38 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 46 . Zacks , Richard ( 2012 ) , Island of Vice : Theodore Roosevelt 's Doomed Quest to Clean Up Sin - Loving New York . Politics Blum , John Morton ( 1954 ) , The Republican Roosevelt , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , OCLC 310975 . How TR did politics . Chace , James ( 2004 ) , 1912 : Wilson , Roosevelt , Taft , and Debs : The Election That Changed the Country , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0394 - 4 , 323 pp . Chambers , John W. ( 1974 ) , Woodward , C. Vann , ed. , Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct , New York , New York : Delacorte Press , pp. 207 -- 237 , ISBN 0 - 440 - 05923 - 2 Gould , Lewis L ( 2008 ) , Four Hats in the Ring : The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics ( by a leading scholar ) . Haverkamp , Michael ( 2001 ) , `` Rossevelt and Taft : How the Republican Vote Split in Ohio in 1912 '' , Ohio History , 110 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 35 , archived from the original on March 5 , 2008 . Kohn , Edward P ( Spring 2006 ) , `` A Necessary Defeat : Theodore Roosevelt and the New York Mayoral Election of 1886 '' , New York History , 87 : 205 -- 27 . -- -- -- ( 2006 ) , `` Crossing the Rubicon : Theodore Roosevelt , Henry Cabot Lodge , and the 1884 Republican National Convention '' , Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era , 5 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 45 , doi : 10.1017 / s1537781400002851 . Leuchtenberg , William E. ( 2015 ) , The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton , Oxford University Press Milkis , Sidney M ( 2009 ) , Theodore Roosevelt , the Progressive Party , and the Transformation of American Democracy , Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . 361 pp . Mowry , George E ( 1939 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt and the Election of 1910 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , 25 ( 4 ) : 523 -- 34 , doi : 10.2307 / 1892499 , JSTOR 1892499 . -- -- -- ( 1946 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement . Focus on 1912 -- -- -- ( 1954 ) , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( general survey of era ) . Powell , Jim ( 2006 ) , Bully Boy : The Truth About Theodore Roosevelt 's Legacy , Crown Forum , ISBN 0 - 307 - 23722 - 2 . Attacks TR policies from conservative / libertarian perspective . Ruddy , Daniel ( 2016 ) , Theodore the Great : Conservative Crusader , Washington D.C. : Regnery History , ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 441 - 5 Foreign and military policies Beale , Howard K ( 1956 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power ( standard history of his foreign policy ) . Hendrix , Henry J ( 2009 ) , Theodore Roosevelt 's Naval Diplomacy : The US Navy & the Birth of the American Century . Holmes , James R ( 2006 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and World Order : Police Power in International Relations . 328 pp . Jones , Gregg ( 2012 ) , Honor in the Dust : Theodore Roosevelt , War in the Philippines , and the Rise and Fall of America 's Imperial Dream Marks III , Frederick W ( 1979 ) , Velvet on Iron : The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt . McCullough , David ( 1977 ) , The Path between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 -- 1914 . Oyos , Matthew ( 2011 ) , `` Courage , Careers , and Comrades : Theodore Roosevelt and the United States Army Officer Corps '' , Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era , 10 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 58 , doi : 10.1017 / s1537781410000022 . On TR 's controversial reforms . Ricard , Serge ( 2006 ) , `` The Roosevelt Corollary '' , Presidential Studies Quarterly , 36 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 26 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2006. 00283. x . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) , `` Theodore Roosevelt : Imperialist or Global Strategist in the New Expansionist Age ? '' , Diplomacy and Statecraft , 19 ( 4 ) : 639 -- 57 , doi : 10.1080 / 09592290802564379 . Rofe , J Simon ( 2008 ) , `` ' Under the Influence of Mahan ' : Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and their Understanding of American National Interest '' , Diplomacy and Statecraft , 19 ( 4 ) : 732 -- 45 , doi : 10.1080 / 09592290802564536 . -- -- -- ; Thompson , John M ( 2011 ) , `` Internationalists in Isolationist times -- Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and a Rooseveltian Maxim '' , Journal of Transatlantic Studies , 9 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 62 , doi : 10.1080 / 14794012.2011. 550773 . Tilchin , William N ( 1997 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire : A Study in Presidential Statecraft Tilchin , William N ; Neu , Charles E , eds. ( 2006 ) , Artists of Power : Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , and Their Enduring Impact on US Foreign Policy , Praeger . 196 pp . Historiography Dalton , Kathleen . `` Changing interpretations of Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive era . '' in Christopher M. Nichols and Nancy C. Unger , eds A Companion to the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2017 ) : 296 -- 307 . Grantham , Dewey W. , Jr . `` Theodore Roosevelt in American Historical Writing , 1945 -- 1960 . '' Mid-America 43 # 1 ( January 1961 ) : 3 -- 35 . Ricard , Serge . `` The State of Theodore Roosevelt Studies '' H - Diplo Essay No. 116 24 October 2014 online Ricard , Serge , ed. ( 2011 ) , A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt , excerpt and text search , 28 new essays by scholars ; focus on historiography . online Tilchin , William , `` The Rising Star of Theodore Roosevelt 's Diplomacy : Major Studies from Beale to the Present . '' Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal 15 # 3 ( Summer 1989 ) : 2 -- 24 . Primary sources Kohn , Edward P. , ed . A Most Glorious Ride : The Diaries of Theodore Roosevelt , 1877 -- 1886 ( State University of New York Press , 2015 ) , 284 pp . Bishop , ed. , Joseph Bucklin ( 1920 ) , Theodore Roosevelt and His Time Shown in His Own Letters vol. 1 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; vol 2 Roosevelt , Theodore ; Roosevelt , Kermit ( 1926 ) , East of the Sun and West of the Moon , New York : Scribner Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1889 ) , The Winning of the West , I , New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons -- -- -- ( 1913 ) , Autobiography , New York : Macmillan . -- -- -- ( 1917 ) , The Foes of Our Own Household , New York : George H. Doran , LCCN 17025965 -- -- -- ( 1926 ) , The Works ( National ed . ) , 20 vol. ; 18,000 pages containing most of TR 's speeches , books and essays , but not his letters ; a CD - ROM edition is available ; some of TR 's books are available online through Project Bartleby -- -- -- ( 1941 ) , Hart , Albert Bushnell ; Ferleger , Herbert Ronald , eds. , Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia , Roosevelt 's opinions on many issues ; online version at Theodore Roosevelt . -- -- -- ( 1951 -- 1954 ) , Morison , Elting E ; Blum , John Morton ; Chandler , Alfred D jr , eds. , The Letters ( annotated ed . ) , 8 vols . Very large . -- -- -- ( 1967 ) , Harbaugh , William , ed. , The Writings ( one - volume selection of speeches and essays ) . -- -- -- ( 1968 ) , Roosevelt , Archibald , ed. , Theodore Roosevelt on Race , Riots , Reds , Crime , Probe -- -- -- ( 1999 ) ( 1913 ) , An Autobiography , Bartleby . -- -- -- ( 1999 ) ( 1882 ) , The Naval War of 1812 Or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans , New York : The Modern Library , ISBN 0 - 375 - 75419 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2001 ) , Brands , HW , ed. , The Selected Letters -- -- -- ( 2004 ) , Auchincloss , Louis , ed. , Theodore Roosevelt , The Rough Riders and an Autobiography , Library of America , ISBN 978 - 1 - 931082 - 65 - 5 . -- -- -- ( 2004 ) , Auchincloss , Louis , ed. , Letters and Speeches , Library of America , ISBN 978 - 1 - 931082 - 66 - 2 . -- -- -- . `` Books and speeches '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . -- -- -- , Original Handwritten and Typed Letters , Notes , and Documents , Shapell Manuscript Foundation . External links Find more aboutTheodore Rooseveltat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Official White House biography Organizations Boone and Crockett Club Theodore Roosevelt Association Libraries and collections Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University Theodore Roosevelt Collection , at the Houghton Library , Harvard University Julian L. Street Papers on Theodore Roosevelt , at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University Doris A. and Lawrence H. Budner Collection on Theodore Roosevelt at the DeGolyer Library , Southern Methodist University Theodore Roosevelt 's journalism at The Archive of American Journalism Theodore Roosevelt American Museum of Natural History Works by Theodore Roosevelt at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Theodore Roosevelt at Internet Archive Works by Theodore Roosevelt at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Media `` Theodore Roosevelt collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . `` Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , September 3 , 1999 `` Writings of Theodore Roosevelt '' from C - SPAN 's American Writers : A Journey Through History Other United States Congress . `` Theodore Roosevelt ( id : R000429 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt : A Resource Guide -- Library of Congress Theodore Roosevelt , Nobel Peace Prize ( 1906 ) Theodore Roosevelt at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Henderson , Daniel . Great - heart ; The Life Story of Theodore Roosevelt ( 1919 ) at Project Gutenberg Theodore Roosevelt on IMDb Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguiration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` I have just been shot '' ( 1912 speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category Offices and distinctions New York Assembly Preceded by William J. Trimble New York State Assembly New York County , 21st District 1882 -- 1884 Succeeded by Henry A. Barnum Political offices Preceded by Thomas G. Alvord Minority Leader in the New York State Assembly 1883 Succeeded by Frank Rice Preceded by William McAdoo Assistant Secretary of the Navy 1897 -- 1898 Succeeded by Charles Herbert Allen Preceded by Frank S. Black Governor of New York 1899 -- 1900 Succeeded by Benjamin Barker Odell Jr . Preceded by Garret Hobart Vice President of the United States 1901 Succeeded by Charles W. Fairbanks Preceded by William McKinley President of the United States 1901 -- 1909 Succeeded by William Howard Taft Party political offices Preceded by Garret Hobart Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 1900 Succeeded by Charles W. Fairbanks Preceded by William McKinley Republican nominee for President of the United States 1904 Succeeded by William Howard Taft New political party Progressive nominee for President of the United States 1912 Party disbanded Awards and achievements Preceded by Bertha von Suttner Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1906 Succeeded by Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Louis Renault Honorary titles Preceded by Grover Cleveland Oldest living President of the United States 1908 -- 1909 Succeeded by William Howard Taft Articles related to Theodore Roosevelt Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. 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Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt first 100 days Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama first 100 days Trump first 100 days Book Category Vice Presidents of the United States ( list ) John Adams ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801 -- 1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805 -- 1812 ) Elbridge Gerry ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John C. Calhoun ( 1825 -- 1832 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1833 -- 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson ( 1837 -- 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 ) George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1849 -- 1850 ) William R. King ( 1853 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) Schuyler Colfax ( 1869 -- 1873 ) Henry Wilson ( 1873 -- 1875 ) William A. Wheeler ( 1877 -- 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) Thomas A. Hendricks ( 1885 ) Levi P. Morton ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson ( 1893 -- 1897 ) Garret Hobart ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) James S. Sherman ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles Curtis ( 1929 -- 1933 ) John N. Garner ( 1933 -- 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Alben W. Barkley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hubert Humphrey ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Nelson Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Walter Mondale ( 1977 -- 1981 ) George H.W. 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Livingston Tracy Bradish Dickinson Gardiner Lester Fish Patterson Church Raymond Selden Campbell Floyd - Jones Alvord Woodford Beach Robinson Dorsheimer Hoskins Hill McCarthy Jones Sheehan Saxton Woodruff Higgins Bruce Raines Chanler White Cobb Conway Glynn Wagner Schoeneck Walker Wood Lusk Lunn Lowman Corning Lehman Bray Poletti Hanley Wallace Hanley Moore Wicks Mahoney DeLuca Wilson Anderson Krupsak Cuomo DelBello Anderson Lundine McCaughey Donohue Paterson Bruno Skelos Smith Espada Ravitch Duffy Hochul Italics indicate acting officeholders United States Department of the Navy Secretaries Cabinet level Stoddert Smith Hamilton Jones Crowninshield S Thompson Southard Branch L. Woodbury Dickerson Paulding Badger Upshur Henshaw Gilmer Mason Bancroft Mason Preston Graham Kennedy Dobbin Toucey Welles Borie Robeson R Thompson Goff Hunt Chandler Whitney Tracy Herbert Long Moody Morton Bonaparte Metcalf Newberry Meyer Daniels Denby Wilbur Adams Swanson Edison Knox Forrestal Dept. of Defense Sullivan Matthews Kimball Anderson Thomas T. Gates Franke Connally Korth Nitze Ignatius Chafee Warner Middendorf Claytor Hidalgo Lehman Webb Ball Garrett O'Keefe Dalton Danzig England Winter Mabus Spencer Under Secretaries Forrestal Bard A. Gates Sullivan Kenney Kimball Whitehair Thomas T. Gates Franke Bantz Fay BeLieu Baldwin Baird Warner Sanders Middendorf Potter Macdonald Woolsey Murray Goodrich Garrett Howard Danzig Hultin Pirie Livingstone Aviles Work Davidson Modly Assistant Secretaries Pre -- 1954 Fox Faxon Soley McAdoo T. Roosevelt Sr . Allen Hackett Darling Newberry Satterlee Winthrop F. Roosevelt G. Woodbury T. Roosevelt Jr . Robinson Jahncke H. 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Gage ( 1901 -- 02 ) Leslie M. Shaw ( 1902 -- 07 ) George B. Cortelyou ( 1907 -- 09 ) Secretary of War Elihu Root ( 1901 -- 04 ) William H. Taft ( 1904 -- 08 ) Luke E. Wright ( 1908 -- 09 ) Attorney General Philander C. Knox ( 1901 -- 04 ) William H. Moody ( 1904 -- 06 ) Charles J. Bonaparte ( 1906 -- 09 ) Postmaster General Charles Emory Smith ( 1901 -- 02 ) Henry C. Payne ( 1902 -- 04 ) Robert J. Wynne ( 1904 -- 05 ) George B. Cortelyou ( 1905 -- 07 ) George von L. Meyer ( 1907 -- 09 ) Secretary of the Navy John D. Long ( 1901 -- 02 ) William H. Moody ( 1902 -- 04 ) Paul Morton ( 1904 -- 05 ) Charles J. Bonaparte ( 1905 -- 06 ) Victor H. Metcalf ( 1906 -- 08 ) Truman H. Newberry ( 1908 -- 09 ) Secretary of the Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock ( 1901 -- 07 ) James R. Garfield ( 1907 -- 09 ) Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson ( 1901 -- 09 ) Secretary of Commerce and Labor George B. Cortelyou ( 1903 -- 04 ) Victor H. Metcalf ( 1904 -- 06 ) Oscar S. Straus ( 1906 -- 09 ) Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Hall of Fame for Great Americans John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. 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Michelson Maria Mitchell James Monroe Samuel F.B. Morse William T.G. Morton John Lothrop Motley Simon Newcomb Thomas Paine Alice Freeman Palmer Francis Parkman George Peabody William Penn Edgar Allan Poe Walter Reed Franklin D. Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Saint - Gaudens William Tecumseh Sherman John Philip Sousa Joseph Story Harriet Beecher Stowe Gilbert Stuart Sylvanus Thayer Henry David Thoreau Mark Twain Lillian Wald Booker T. Washington George Washington Daniel Webster George Westinghouse James McNeill Whistler Walt Whitman Eli Whitney John Greenleaf Whittier Emma Willard Frances E. Willard Roger Williams Woodrow Wilson Orville Wright Wilbur Wright Presidents of the American Historical Association 1884 -- 1900 Andrew Dickson White ( 1884 - 85 ) George Bancroft ( 1886 ) Justin Winsor ( 1887 ) William Frederick Poole ( 1888 ) Charles Kendall Adams ( 1889 ) John Jay ( 1890 ) William Wirt Henry ( 1891 ) James Burrill Angell ( 1892 - 93 ) Henry Adams ( 1893 - 94 ) George Frisbie Hoar ( 1895 ) Richard Salter Storrs ( 1896 ) James Schouler ( 1897 ) George Park Fisher ( 1898 ) James Ford Rhodes ( 1899 ) Edward Eggleston ( 1900 ) 1901 -- 1925 Charles Francis Adams Jr. ( 1901 ) Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 1902 ) Henry Charles Lea ( 1903 ) Goldwin Smith ( 1904 ) John Bach McMaster ( 1905 ) Simeon Eben Baldwin ( 1906 ) J. Franklin Jameson ( 1907 ) George Burton Adams ( 1908 ) Albert Bushnell Hart ( 1909 ) Frederick Jackson Turner ( 1910 ) William Milligan Sloane ( 1911 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1912 ) William Archibald Dunning ( 1913 ) Andrew C. McLaughlin ( 1914 ) H. Morse Stephens ( 1915 ) George Lincoln Burr ( 1916 ) Worthington C. Ford ( 1917 ) William Roscoe Thayer ( 1918 - 19 ) Edward Channing ( 1920 ) Jean Jules Jusserand ( 1921 ) Charles Homer Haskins ( 1922 ) Edward Potts Cheyney ( 1923 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1924 ) Charles McLean Andrews ( 1924 - 25 ) 1926 -- 1950 Dana Carleton Munro ( 1926 ) Henry Osborn Taylor ( 1927 ) James Henry Breasted ( 1928 ) James Harvey Robinson ( 1929 ) Evarts Boutell Greene ( 1930 ) Carl L. Becker ( 1931 ) Herbert Eugene Bolton ( 1932 ) Charles A. Beard ( 1933 ) William Dodd ( 1934 ) Michael Rostovtzeff ( 1935 ) Charles Howard McIlwain ( 1936 ) Guy Stanton Ford ( 1937 ) Laurence M. Larson ( 1938 ) William Scott Ferguson ( 1939 ) Max Farrand ( 1940 ) James Westfall Thompson ( 1941 ) Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. ( 1942 ) Nellie Neilson ( 1943 ) William Linn Westermann ( 1944 ) Carlton J.H. Hayes ( 1945 ) Sidney Bradshaw Fay ( 1946 ) Thomas J. 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Reimer VP nominee August Gillhaus Other 1912 elections : House Senate VIAF : 44346731 LCCN : n79027239 ISNI : 0000 0001 2130 3885 GND : 118749633 SELIBR : 346541 SUDOC : 027419665 BNF : cb122070908 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90147444 ULAN : 500329597 MusicBrainz : 78d3ca64 - 9e25 - 4c12 - 803f - b6455d8c74e5 NLA : 35461165 NDL : 00535439 NKC : jn20000701526 US Congress : R000429 BNE : XX1036126 KulturNav : 2207bc11 - fcf5 - 4afe - a4ff - 9ad41154ab66 IATH : w67h1h16 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&oldid=815928592 '' Categories : 1858 births 1919 deaths 19th - century American politicians 19th - century American writers 19th - century American historians 20th - century American politicians 20th - century American writers American autobiographers American conservationists American essayists American explorers American hunters American fishers American male judoka American male writers American military personnel of the Spanish -- American War American naval historians American Nobel laureates American political writers American shooting survivors Assassination attempt survivors Bohemian Club members Bulloch family Burials in New York ( state ) Century Association members Columbia Law School alumni Commissioners of the New York City Police Department Cowboys Explorers of Amazonia Freemen of the City of London Governors of New York ( state ) Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees Harvard University alumni History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the New York State Assembly Military personnel from New York City National Rifle Association people New York ( state ) Progressives ( 1912 ) New York ( state ) Republicans Nobel Peace Prize laureates People associated with the American Museum of Natural History People associated with the Boy Scouts of America People from Oyster Bay , New York Phi Beta Kappa members Politicians from New York City Presidents of the American Historical Association Presidents of the United States Progressive Era in the United States Ranchers from North Dakota Republican Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Republican Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Republican Party Presidents of the United States Republican Party state governors of the United States Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States Roosevelt family Rough Riders Schuyler family Sons of the American Revolution Spanish -- American War recipients of the Medal of Honor Theodore Roosevelt United States Army Medal of Honor recipients United States Army officers United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy United States politicians who were awarded the Medal of Honor United States presidential candidates , 1904 United States presidential candidates , 1912 United States presidential candidates , 1916 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1900 Vice Presidents of the United States Writers from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from October 2014 Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with DMOZ links AC with 17 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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The Wizard (Black Sabbath song)

The Wizard ( Black Sabbath song ) - wikipedia The Wizard ( Black Sabbath song ) `` The Wizard '' Cover artwork for the single , as used in the Netherlands Single by Black Sabbath from the album Black Sabbath A-side `` Paranoid '' Released 13 February 1970 ( 1970 - 02 - 13 ) Genre Heavy metal , blues rock Length 4 : 24 ( album version ) 4 : 46 ( studio outtake ) Label Vertigo ( UK ) Warner Bros. ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Geezer Butler Tony Iommi Ozzy Osbourne Bill Ward Producer ( s ) Rodger Bain Black Sabbath singles chronology `` Evil Woman '' ( 1970 ) `` The Wizard '' ( 1970 ) `` Paranoid '' ( 1970 ) Audio sample file help `` The Wizard '' is a song by the British heavy metal band Black Sabbath , taken from their 1970 album Black Sabbath . It is the second track on the record . The song was composed by all four members of the group and was produced by Rodger Bain . `` The Wizard '' was the B - side to the title track of the band 's second album Paranoid . Contents 1 Information 2 Personnel 3 Covers 4 References 5 External links Information ( edit ) `` The Wizard '' is about a wizard who uses his magic to encourage people he encounters . In a 2005 interview with Metal Sludge , Black Sabbath bassist and lyricist Geezer Butler said the song 's lyrics were influenced by the wizard Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings . It was also believed to be about the band 's drug dealer at the time . Personnel ( edit ) Ozzy Osbourne -- vocals , harmonica Tony Iommi -- guitar , slide guitar Geezer Butler -- bass Bill Ward -- drums Covers ( edit ) The song was covered by Bullring Brummies for the Black Sabbath tribute album Nativity in Black ... The song was covered by Zakk Wylde 's band Pride and Glory on the second disc of the reissue of Pride and Glory . Wylde had also been a member of Ozzy Osbourne 's solo band at the time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` See Revealing , Lost Black Sabbath Items From UK Auction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath ( album ) review '' . Metal Sludge . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath ( album ) review '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Parisien , Roch , Nativity in BlackReview , Allmusic , retrieved 15 July 2011 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Black Sabbath ( album ) Songs Side one `` Black Sabbath '' `` The Wizard '' `` Behind the Wall of Sleep '' `` N.I.B. '' Side two `` Evil Woman '' `` Sleeping Village '' `` Warning '' U.S. edition `` Wicked World '' `` A Bit of Finger / Sleeping Village / Warning '' Black Sabbath Tony Iommi Geezer Butler Bill Ward Ozzy Osbourne Dave Walker Ronnie James Dio Craig Gruber Geoff Nicholls Vinny Appice Ian Gillan Bev Bevan Eric Singer Dave Spitz Glenn Hughes Ray Gillen Bob Daisley Tony Martin Terry Chimes Jo Burt Cozy Powell Neil Murray Bobby Rondinelli Mike Bordin Tommy Clufetos Studio albums Black Sabbath Paranoid Master of Reality Vol. 4 Sabbath Bloody Sabbath Sabotage Technical Ecstasy Never Say Die ! Heaven and Hell Mob Rules Born Again Seventh Star The Eternal Idol Headless Cross Tyr Dehumanizer Cross Purposes Forbidden 13 The End Live albums Live at Last Live Evil Cross Purposes Live Reunion Past Lives Live at Hammersmith Odeon Live ... Gathered in Their Masses The End : Live in Birmingham Compilations We Sold Our Soul for Rock ' n ' Roll The Collection The Sabbath Stones Symptom of the Universe : The Original Black Sabbath 1970 -- 1978 Black Box : The Complete Original Black Sabbath ( 1970 -- 1978 ) Greatest Hits 1970 -- 1978 The Dio Years The Rules of Hell Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) Iron Man : The Best of Black Sabbath Unofficial albums The Sabbath Collection The Ozzy Osbourne Years Under Wheels of Confusion The Best of Black Sabbath Club Sonderauflage Singles `` Evil Woman '' `` The Wizard '' `` Paranoid '' `` After Forever '' / `` Fairies Wear Boots '' `` Children of the Grave '' `` Iron Man '' `` Tomorrow 's Dream '' `` Sabbath Bloody Sabbath '' `` Am I Going Insane ( Radio ) '' `` Never Say Die ! '' `` Hard Road '' / `` Symptom of the Universe '' `` Neon Knights '' `` Die Young '' `` The Mob Rules '' `` Trashed '' `` TV Crimes '' `` Psycho Man '' `` The Devil Cried '' `` God Is Dead ? '' `` End of the Beginning '' `` Loner '' Other songs `` Black Sabbath '' `` N.I.B. '' `` War Pigs '' `` Planet Caravan '' `` Hand of Doom '' `` Sweet Leaf '' `` Into the Void '' `` Changes '' `` Supernaut '' `` Children of the Sea '' `` Heaven and Hell '' Videos Never Say Die Black and Blue The Black Sabbath Story , Vol. 1 The Black Sabbath Story , Vol. 2 Cross Purposes Live The Last Supper Inside Black Sabbath - 1970 -- 1992 Black Sabbath 's Paranoid Rock Review Hangin ' with Heaven and Hell Live ... Gathered in Their Masses The End of the End Tours Sabotage Tour Technical Ecstasy Tour Never Say Die ! Tour Heaven & Hell Tour Mob Rules Tour Born Again Tour 1983 Ozzfest Tours ( 1997 1999 2005 ) Black Sabbath Reunion Tour The End Tour Related Articles Discography Members List of cover versions of Black Sabbath songs People Don Arden Martin Birch Laurence Cottle Tommy Clufetos David Donato Jeff Fenholt Rob Halford Adam Wakeman Rick Wakeman Brad Wilk Bands Heaven & Hell tour The Devil You Know Mythology Velvett Fogg GZR Deep Purple Rainbow Dio White Tiger Tributes In These Black Days Nativity in Black Book Portal : Heavy metal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_(Black_Sabbath_song)&oldid=865927965 '' Categories : Black Sabbath songs Songs written by Tony Iommi Songs written by Geezer Butler Songs written by Bill Ward ( musician ) Songs written by Ozzy Osbourne 1970 songs Vertigo Records singles Warner Bros. Records singles Songs about drugs British blues rock songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Português Русский Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 02 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who played harmonica on the wizard black sabbath

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List of My Life as a Teenage Robot episodes

List of My Life as a Teenage robot episodes - wikipedia List of My Life as a Teenage robot episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is an episode list for the Nickelodeon animated television series My Life as a Teenage Robot . The show officially began on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 1 , 2003 and , after the second season , new episodes ended on that channel in 2005 . Eventually , the show got picked up for a third season that aired on Nicktoons Network in the United States from 2008 to 2009 . The series ended on May 2 , 2009 , with all 40 episodes aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2003 -- 04 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2004 -- 05 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season DVD release date ( Region 1 ) First aired Last aired Network 13 August 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 01 ) February 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) Nickelodeon December 12 , 2011 14 December 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 08 ) September 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 09 ) December 12 , 2011 13 October 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) May 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) Nicktoons December 12 , 2011 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2003 -- 04 ) ( edit ) My Life as a Teenage Robot season 1 episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Storyboard by Original air date 1a `` It Came From Next Door '' Rob Renzetti Alex Kirwan & Rob Renzetti August 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 01 ) Jenny makes her first contact with the outside world , meeting Brad and Tuck Carbuckle for the first time . While Brad immediately accepts Jenny as a new friend , Tuck does not quite see her as anything other than a `` evil robot cyborg '' . 1b `` Pest Control '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Chris Mitchell August 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 01 ) Having vowed revenge on her for all the injustices placed upon them , Dr. Wakeman 's mutant lab rats , led by the evil genius Vladimir , plan to destroy her by taking control of Jenny 's body . 2a `` Raggedy Android '' Rob Renzetti Alex Kirwan & Rob Renzetti August 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 08 ) Jenny wants to go to the town fair , but Dr. Wakeman fears that Jenny will spook the townspeople with her presence . When Jenny gets a hold of a prototype `` exo - skin '' for her to wear , she sees her chance to mingle with the fairgoers ; unfortunately , its mangled appearance only scares them . Meanwhile , Tuck attempts to conquer his fear of Ferris wheels . 2b `` Class Action '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse August 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 08 ) On her first day of high school , Jenny seeks to make some new friends , and she thinks she can find some in the arrogant Brit and Tiff Crust . Unfortunately , the Crust cousins do not share the same feelings and plan to humiliate her . 5 3a `` Attack of The 51⁄2 Ft . Geek '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Ashley Lenz August 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 15 ) When Jenny saves local school geek Sheldon from a gang of bullies , he quickly becomes smitten with her and does not want to leave her alone . 6 3b `` Doom With A View '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse August 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 15 ) A simple snowball battle between Jenny , Brad , and Tuck is interrupted by a strange robot ambassador who wants to make Jenny the newest member of the Cluster , a legion of robots headquartered on the planet Cluster Prime that plans to enslave humans for manual labor . When she refuses , the ambassador commences war against her . 7 4a `` Ear No Evil '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Mary Hanley August 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 22 ) Jenny wants to get ear piercings , but her mother refuses to give her ears . Sheldon offers to step in and help , but the ears he builds end up being disproportionately large on Jenny 's head . 8 4b `` Unlicensed Flying Object '' Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse August 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 22 ) Brad is disappointed by his lack of a driver 's license , and Jenny 's attempts to help him . Soon , he takes up joyriding in abandoned UFOs as a new hobby . 9 5a `` Party Machine '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Carlos Ramos September 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 05 ) Jenny and Brad 's secret party is a hit , but between keeping the party - goers under control , keeping the house in one piece , and keeping a group of tiny multiplying aliens from invading Earth , Jenny has her hands full . 10 5b `` Speak No Evil '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Chris Mitchell & Rob Renzetti September 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 05 ) While on a mission in Japan , Jenny winds up losing one of her language system discs for English speech . Unable to switch off from speaking in full Japanese , she encounters problems in speaking to people . She uses this to her advantage , however , to make peace with a Japanese creature that grows with and is hurt by water . 11 6a `` See No Evil '' Rob Renzetti Chuck Klein September 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 12 ) Dr. Wakeman is proud of her newest enhancement for Jenny : multi-functional eyes that can see anything in any view . Jenny likes them until she sees how they look on her . She refuses to use them and fumbles around town without any sight until she finally realizes she needs them to fight an invisible villain . 12 6b `` The Great Unwashed '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson September 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 12 ) Jenny has been invited to her handsome classmate Don Prima 's latest party , and she has gotten a tune - up and a new paint job just for the occasion . However , Brit and Tiff are ready to do anything to sabotage Jenny 's chances to impress at the party . 13 7a `` The Return of Raggedy Android '' Rob Renzetti Chris Mitchell & Rob Renzetti September 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 19 ) The owner of Mezmer 's , a popular hangout spot for teens all over town , enforces a strict `` No Robots '' policy . Desperate to get in , Jenny dons the new and improved exo - skin to pass off as a perfectly normal attractive human girl . However , the exo - skin turns out to have a mind of its own and refuses to let Jenny take it off or fight a group of alien space bikers . 14 7b `` The Boy Who Cried Robot '' Bob Jaques & Rob Renzetti Mary Hanley September 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 19 ) Tuck keeps interrupting Jenny 's daily activity for every possible favor . When a big problem arises , however , Tuck 's call for help winds up going ignored . 15 8a `` Sibling Tsunami '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Mary Hanley October 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 13 ) When Jenny finds and reactivates her `` sisters '' -- early XJ prototypes 1 through 8 -- she is beyond happy . Each sister has her own personality , however , and they do not all have the same level of friendliness that Jenny has . 16 8b `` I Was A Preschool Dropout '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse October 13 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 13 ) Having been found to have only been activated for five years , the school system declares that Jenny has to be moved into a grade level that correspondes her `` age '' . Jenny finds herself being forced to adapt to kindergarten . 17 9a `` Hostile Makeover '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Mary Hanley October 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 24 ) When Jenny starts to develop face - bolts , voice changes , and excess wires growing out of her body , Brad chalks it up to puberty . However , it soon becomes apparent that the `` puberty '' is actually the doing of Queen Vexus of the Cluster , who has infected Jenny with a virus to warp her into a loyal , Cluster - controlled monster . 18 9b `` Grid Iron Glory '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Trevor Wall October 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 24 ) Jenny becomes the star football player of the high school football team . At a championship game , she soon finds herself facing the former Tremorton High quarterback whom she replaced . 19 10a `` Dressed To Kill '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse November 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 07 ) Thanks to a screw - up from one of his Cluster troops , Commander Smytus loses a cache of super-powered Pip Crystals to the Crust Cousins . The cousins decide to flaunt both their style and newfound powers in front of Jenny , and she must use her keen fashion sense to save herself in time . 20 10b `` Shell Game '' John Fountain & Rob Renzetti John Fountain November 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 07 ) Looking to prove to Jenny that boy robots are jerks compared to him , Sheldon creates a mechanical suit and dubs himself the `` Silver Shell '' . The plan backfires , however , when Jenny starts falling for Silver Shell . 21 11a `` Daydream Believer '' John Fountain & Rob Renzetti Stephen Sandoval & Chris Mitchell January 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 16 ) As a robot , Jenny wants to experience what it is like to dream . When Dr. Wakeman installs a dream chip , Jenny 's joy causes her to abuse its function and she finds herself stuck in dream mode and sleepwalking , causing mayhem in the process . 22 11b `` This Time With Feeling '' Robert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti Carlos Ramos January 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 16 ) Jenny 's desire to know the feeling of physical contact leads her to steal a set of artificial nerves from Dr. Wakeman . The nerves , however , have only two settings : tickle and pain . Jenny must manage these while fighting Himcules , a villain whose strength increases when he sees others in pain and diminishes at the sound of laughter . 23 12a `` Saved By The Shell '' Ron Hogart & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse January 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 23 ) Sheldon sets Jenny up for a date with Silver Shell , in hopes that he can reveal himself to her . However , she already has a date with Don Prima , much to Sheldon 's chagrin . An evil mutant fly that can eat metal attacks people in the restaurant while the date takes place , while Silver Shell tries to sabotage the date by ruining Don 's beautiful shoes . 24 12b `` Tradeshow Showdown '' Ron Hogart & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson January 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 23 ) Jenny is stuck going to a robot convention with Dr. Wakeman . Snubbed by all the other robots and insulted by Dr. Wakeman 's rival , Dr. Phineas Mogg , Jenny finds herself going to a robot called Vee for comfort . However , `` Vee '' is actually Vexus in disguise , seeking to recruit new Cluster members . 25 13a `` The Wonderful World of Wizzly '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Chris Dent February 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) Jenny gets a chance to visit the theme park Wizzly World with Brad and Tuck , and she can not help but think that the robots in the park feel miserable . When Jenny breaks them out of the park , however , chaos ensues . 26 13b `` Call Hating '' Tim Walker & Rob Renzetti Ed Baker February 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) When Jenny hangs up on Dr. Wakeman one too many times , the doctor desperately reprograms Jenny 's communicator to make Jenny unable to turn it off . Season 2 ( 2004 -- 05 ) ( edit ) My Life as a Teenage Robot season 2 episodes No . In Series No . In Season Title Directed By Storyboard By Original Air date 27 `` A Robot For All Seasons '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti John Fountain & Brandon Kruse December 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 08 ) Jenny is unwittingly programmed for evil against her will by a spoiled child named Todd Sweeney , who uses her to ruin the holidays for all of Tremorton . When she returns to normal , she discovers that the entire town has turned against her , and nobody believes her pleas of innocence , except for the one person that worships her like a goddess - Sheldon . Todd , however , still intends to use her to ruin the year 's biggest holiday -- Christmas . 28 2a `` Future Shock '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse January 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 17 ) When Tuck takes a look into Dr. Wakeman 's `` Future Scope '' and sees a vision which leads him to believe that Jenny will kill Brad , he takes all costs to stop Brad from leaving for a drive - in movie showing . 29 2b `` Humiliation 101 '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson January 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) Dr. Wakeman is coming to Tremorton High to speak at a special science assembly about Jenny . Fearing humiliation , Jenny tries to prevent her mother from talking at the assembly . 30 3a `` Last Action Zero '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti John Fountain January 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 18 ) Brad gets a chance to join the Skyway Patrol in hopes that he can help Jenny in her duties . However , he soon finds himself stuck with nothing but paperwork and paper cuts at his new job . 31 3b `` Mind Over Matter '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse January 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 19 ) After being lectured about planned obsolescence by Brad , and later finding herself unable to defeat the energy vampire Gigawatt , Jenny fears being rendered an obsolete robot . Determined to beat Gigawatt , she soon tries to `` upgrade '' herself to make up for her weaknesses against Gigawatt . 32 4a `` Love ' Em Or Leash ' Em '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Gabe Swarr January 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 19 ) Jenny 's new boyfriend , a male robot named Kenny built by Dr. Wakeman 's rival Dr. Mogg ( who copies many of Dr. Wakeman 's inventions while adding distinctive twists ) , seems to be the perfect match for her at first ; however , Kenny soon starts to display oddly dog - like characteristics . Meanwhile , the new couple attracts Sheldon 's jealousy . 33 4b `` Teen Team Time '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Kelly Armstrong January 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 19 ) The Teen Team has come to Earth , and they are quite impressed with Jenny 's abilities . Jenny seems more than excited to join , but finds herself ignoring her other friends in favor of a group of heroes that are mostly prejudiced against `` normal people '' . 34 5a `` Pajama Party Prankapalooza '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez January 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 20 ) Jenny has managed to get herself invited to Brit and Tiff 's slumber party , and , as usual , Jenny 's naiveness leads her to cause mischief all over town to impress the Crusts . Dr. Wakeman must stop Jenny before Skyway Patrol can catch up to her daughter . 35 5b `` Sister Sledgehammer '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Mike Kunkel January 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 20 ) Commander Smytus has actually succeeded in assimilating Jenny into the Cluster , and has turned her into a massive metal monster . Having been awakened due to Jenny being in crisis , the rest of the XJ line have come to save their captive sister . 36 6a `` Dancing With My Shell '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti John Fountain April 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 02 ) Jenny takes the Silver Shell to the Sadie Hawkins school dance , and Sheldon hopes that he can impress Jenny enough to reveal his identity to her . Everything starts going wrong , however , when Letta and the Space Bikers crash the dance . 37 6b `` Around The World In Eighty Pieces '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson April 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 02 ) Crackerjack Cluster inventor Krackus has managed to scatter Jenny 's parts all over the world , and Brad , Tuck , and Sheldon must put their friend back together before Krackus can call Vexus on his success . 38 7a `` Armagedroid '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Tom King March 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 25 ) Armagedroid -- once a powerful global protector programmed to disarm and destroy all weapons before he went rogue -- returns to Tremorton , and Jenny finds herself unable to stop such a huge robot . 39 7b `` Killgore '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Dave Thomas June 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 28 ) Killgore , a small wind - up robot , hopes to kidnap Jenny in hopes of impressing the Cluster , but no one can resist his unintentionally cutesy appearance . 40 8a `` A Pain In My Sidekick '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson July 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 16 ) Tuck admires the Silver Shell , so he manages to convince Sheldon into making him Silver Shell 's faithful sidekick , the Tin Can . Being a sidekick is not quite what he expects , though . 41 8b `` Crash Pad Crash '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez July 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 23 ) Jenny 's new `` bachelor pad '' is the new hot spot in town , but her new party lifestyle begins to interfere with her own personal duties . 42 ~ 43 9 ~ 10 `` Escape From Cluster Prime '' Rob Renzetti & Chris Savino Brandon Kruse , Heather Martinez , Chris Reccardi & Bryan Andrews August 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) Scorned by Tremorton after ruining the town 's 300th anniversary celebrations during a fight with Vexus , Jenny gets fed up with being unappreciated by humans and soon finds herself in Cluster Prime , the capital of Vexus ' empire . She finally gets a chance to live with other robots like her , but soon discovers there 's more to Cluster Prime than meets the eye . 44 11 `` Victim of Fashion '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Alex Kirwan & Brandon Kruse October 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 07 ) Not to be outdone by each other , a fashion war erupts between Jenny and the Crust cousins . Brit and Tiff employ psychological warfare by making Jenny feel self - conscious about her weight , so she urges Sheldon to make her as light as possible , which results in giving up her weapons and armor . 45 12a `` Designing Women '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse September 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 06 ) Looking to find a way into Jenny 's heart , Sheldon steals a set of XJ - 9 schematics from Dr. Wakeman . Vexus , however , also has eyes for the schematics , and is willing to disguise herself as `` QT2 '' to trick Sheldon into giving them to her . 46 12b `` Robot Riot '' John Fountain & Rob Renzetti John Fountain September 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 06 ) Jenny gives in to Tuck 's request to be his entry for the hit robot combat competition `` Robot Wars '' , despite finding the event barbaric . 47 13a `` Bradventure '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti John Fountain September 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 07 ) Tired of being stuck under Jenny 's shadow , Brad sets out to be his own hero . However , he finds himself in hot water when he runs afoul of the scientist Dr. Locus and his daughter Melody . Locus wants the XJ - 9 schematics for reasons yet unknown and when Jenny gets knocked out in battle , Brad has to prove himself . 48 13b `` Mama Drama '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez September 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 07 ) Jenny is convinced that Dr. Wakeman 's new boyfriend is a psychopath . 49 14a `` Toying with Jenny '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse September 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 09 ) The brand - new `` Action Jenny '' toys are a huge success , and Jenny finds herself taken in by the fame . However , they soon turn out to be Vexus and Krackus ' newest plan to conquer the world . 50 14b `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Troubles '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Chris Dent & John Fountain September 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 09 ) Due to internal disputes , the Teen Team has broken up . With no place left to go , Misty heads back to Earth to be with Jenny . Teased at school by the Crust cousins for her appearance , Misty convinces Jenny to get back at them through a prank war . Season 3 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit ) My Life as a Teenage Robot season 3 episodes No . In Series No . In Season Title Directed By Storyboard By Original Air date 51 1a `` Weapons of Mass Distraction '' Chris Savino , Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez October 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) Jenny has a crush on a new kid named Travis , but there 's only one problem : Travis is afraid of anything mechanical . The scene with Travis ' father in the factory is based on the Charlie Chaplin motion picture , `` Modern Times '' . 52 1b `` There 's No Place Like Home School '' Ray Pointer , Bob Nesler & Greg Miller Bernie Petterson October 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) Jenny winds up getting homeschooled by Dr. Wakeman due to a mishap at school involving a student and a trashcan . Jenny may not like it , but her mother enjoys the chance to teach her daughter ... perhaps too much . 53 2a `` No Harmony with Melody '' Robert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti John Fountain October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) Melody returns to Tremorton , and Brad begins spending more time with her . Is Jenny merely getting jealous , or is Melody more of a dischord than she seems ? 54 2b `` Tuckered Out '' Greg Miller & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez October 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) If Tuck does n't pass his next assignment , he 's going to wind up repeating the second grade . His assignment : a project on his personal hero . His subject : Jenny . His project : create a movie centering on Jenny 's life . His personality : too enthusiastic for anyone to stand . Along with a generous amount of creative license . 55 3a `` Stage Fright '' Robert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti Brian Andrews November 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 01 ) Jenny fails an audition for the school play of Romeo and Juliet , due to her being a robot . However , her and the play 's director 's views are questioned when two different races of aliens land for a surprise visit . 56 3b `` Never Say Uncle '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Will Finn November 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 01 ) After Nora 's electrics address filer goes on the fritz , Jenny invites her distant aunt over to visit , but quickly learns that she and her sister Nora Wakeman do n't quite see eye to eye . 57 4a `` A Spoonful of Mayhem '' Chris Savino & Rob Renzetti Chris Reccardi November 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 08 ) After a group of runaway living fruits and vegetables is stopped by Jenny , a jealous Skyway Patrol lieutenant seeks to permanently shut her down . 58 4b `` Enclosure of Doom '' Daniel de la Vega , Monty Young & Rob Renzetti Brian Andrews November 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 08 ) Jenny wakes to find herself trapped in a mysterious place , where laser guns and other mechanisms meet her every move and the only company she has is ... Killgore ? 59 5a `` Girl of Steal '' Robert Alvarez & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse October 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 26 ) Jenny really wants a popular music player called the `` Musique , '' but it 's very expensive . So Jenny tries another method : shoplifting ! 60 5b `` Mist Opportunities '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson October 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 26 ) With Misty hanging in Tremorton and doing her part in keeping the town safe ( though not for free ) , Jenny decides to leave the superheroics to her and starts to slack off . But when Misty 's mercenary habits clash with Jenny 's views on protecting the innocent , fisticuffs break out between the two . What 's going to become of their friendship ? 61 6a `` The Legion of Evil '' Chris Savino & Rob Renzetti John Fountain October 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 25 ) Vladimir ( Mr. Scruffles ) , Lancer , Mudslinger and the Mad Hammer Bros. form the ' Legion of Evil ' to seek their shared vengeance on Jenny . 62 6b `` The Price of Love '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez October 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 25 ) Sheldon tries to make Jenny jealous by paying Pteresa to be his girlfriend . 63 7a `` Teen Idol '' Chris Sauve & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson November 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) A group of aliens worship Jenny after she is mistaken for a `` comet goddess '' . It 's fun at first but they soon drive Jenny crazy . However , when confronted , the aliens promise to leave her alone after one last ceremony . Jenny unwittingly pulls the Sun towards the Earth , and uses the same ceremony the opposite direction . She then hurls the alien 's spaceship into an elliptical orbit around the sun , turning them into a comet . The Earth is saved , but someone 's missing ... 64 7b `` Good Old Sheldon '' Bob Jaques & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse & Steve Sandoval November 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) Turns out , poor Sheldon was stuck on the aliens ' ship when Jenny got rid of it ( in the previous episode ) , and he 's been spending decades trying to get back to Earth ( even though it 's only been a short time on Earth since he left ) . Hopefully , Jenny can get him back to his proper age . 65 8a `` Infectious Personality '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson February 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) After destroying a series of asteroids that threaten to destroy the Earth , Jenny returns to earth , bringing with her a dust that severely alters the characteristics of her close friends . 66 8b `` Trash Talk '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse February 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 22 ) Jenny , Brad , and Tuck ca n't seem to agree over the rules of a board game . But when the boys tag along on Jenny 's mission to a garbage dump asteroid , they run into Vexus , Smytus , and Krackus who are stuck in the asteroid . The ex-Cluster Queen is looking to drain Jenny of her energy , but she and her henchbots ca n't agree on what to use the power for . 67 9a `` Agent 00 ' Sheldon '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Heather Martinez March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) Sheldon is recruited to become a sort of secret agent , and stumbles onto a supposed plot to destroy every last robot in Tremorton . 68 9b `` Indes - Tuck - tible '' Chris Savino & Rob Renzetti John Fountain March 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) After almost getting hit by a truck , Tuck becomes hyper - paranoid about everything , until Jenny shows himself in the future , perfectly healthy . Tuck realizes that he 's not going to die until he lives a full life , and decides to become a daredevil , seeking fame and glory . Unfortunately for Jenny , this means a lot of stopping what she 's doing and saving him from his crazy stunts . 69 10a `` Puppet Bride '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Chuck Grieb & Wendy Grieb March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) One of Mrs. Wakeman 's old creations , a robot puppet named `` Li'l Acorn '' , tries to make Jenny his bride . 70 10b `` Historionics '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Scott Bern March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) Jenny , Brad , Tuck and Sheldon end up stranded on a deserted island inhabited by hostile robotic clones of historical figures . To make matters worse , Jenny 's auxiliary power is about to run out ! Featuring Uncle Wizzly , based on the famous creator of the Wizzly theme parks . 71 11a `` Ball and Chain '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse April 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 25 ) Brad is getting married , but not by choice . The Space Bikers want poor Brad to get hitched to Tammy . But does Brad really want to be rescued ? 72 11b `` Labor Day '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Will Finn April 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 25 ) Skyway Patrol wants Jenny to pay for repairs to the city due to her fooling around , and now Jenny is on a desperate job hunt . 73 12a `` Voyage to The Planet of The Bikers '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) The Space Bikers have managed to rebuild Jenny into a motorcycle , and now she and Tuck are en route to their hideout to demand them to change her back ! 74 12b `` Queen Bee '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Cindy Morrow April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) Vexus is back , and with a new look . Having paired up with Brit and Tiff , the ex-Cluster Queen is becoming quite popular in school , to the point where even the Crust Cousins ca n't compete . 75 13a `` Samurai Vac '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Brandon Kruse May 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) Jenny unwittingly dishonors a Japanese vacuum robot while on a mission to Tokyo , and she must restore the robot 's honor . 76 13b `` Turncoats '' Randy Myers & Rob Renzetti Bernie Petterson May 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) At the Invention Convention , Professor Wakeman 's latest robot goes haywire . Soon after , all the previous XJ robot models begin to attack as well . It 's up to Jenny and her mother to find out why . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on January 13 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on August 11 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on September 29 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on October 6 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on October 20 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on November 10 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on November 17 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on December 5 , 2006 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on January 16 , 2007 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on January 18 , 2007 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on February 2 , 2007 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on February 16 , 2007 in Asia . ^ Jump up to : This episode first aired on March 30 , 2007 in Asia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` My Life as a Teenage Robot : Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` My Life as a Teenage Robot : Season 2 '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` My Life as a Teenage Robot : Season 3 '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Life as a Teenage Robot '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) My Life as a Teenage Robot official Nickelodeon page My Life as a Teenage Robot at the Big Cartoon DataBase My Life as a Teenage Robot on IMDb My Life as a Teenage Robot at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Life_as_a_Teenage_Robot_episodes&oldid=827325860 '' Categories : My Life as a Teenage Robot Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Frederator Studios Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 02 : 18 . About Wikipedia

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Catholic University of Eastern Africa

Catholic University of Eastern Africa - wikipedia Catholic University of Eastern Africa This is the current revision of this page , as edited by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) at 08 : 13 , 1 August 2017 ( Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 5beta ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 08 : 13 , 1 August 2017 by InternetArchiveBot ( talk contribs ) ( Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead . # IABot ( v1. 5beta ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( December 2015 ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Catholic University of Eastern Africa Motto `` Consecrate them in the truth '' Type Private Established 1984 Chancellor Berhaneyesus Demerew Cardinal Souraphiel Location Nairobi , Kenya Coordinates : 01 ° 21 ′ 05 '' S 36 ° 45 ′ 25 '' E  /  1.35139 ° S 36.75694 ° E  / - 1.35139 ; 36.75694 Website Homepage Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) is a multi-campus university in Kenya . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 History 3 Faculties of the University 4 Constituent colleges 5 Affiliated colleges 6 Associate institution 7 Notable alumni 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Location ( edit ) The main campus of the university is located in Langata , a southwestern neighborhood of the city of Nairobi , the capital of Kenya and the largest city in that country . The coordinates of the university main campus are : 1 ° 21'05.0 `` S , 36 ° 45'25.0 '' E ( Latitude : - 1.351389 ; Longitude : 36.756944 ) . The University campus is also the host of IBM Research Africa offices . History ( edit ) CUEA was founded on 3 September 1984 in Nairobi Kenya as a Graduate School of Theology , under the name the Catholic Higher Institute of Eastern Africa ( CHIEA ) . The Institute was founded by the regional ecclesiastical authority known as Association of Member Episcopal Conferences of Eastern Africa ( AMECEA ) . The member countries of AMECEA are : Eritrea , Ethiopia , Kenya , Malawi , Sudan , Tanzania , Uganda and Zambia. Initially , CHIEA offered two - year Licentiate / MA programmes in Theology , as authorized by the Congregation for Catholic Education , Vatican City ( cf . Prot . N. 821 / 80 / 34 ) , effective 2 May 1984 . On 3 September of the same year , it was officially inaugurated by the Right Reverend Bishop Medardo Mazombwe , the then Chairman of AMECEA . On 18 August 1985 , it was formally opened by Pope John Paul II . In 1986 , the Graduate School of Theology started negotiations with the Commission for Higher Education in Kenya to establish the Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) . In 1989 , the Institute obtained the `` Letter of Interim Authority '' as the first step towards its establishment as a private university . After three years of intensive negotiations between the Authority of the Graduate School of Theology ( CHIEA ) and the Commission for Higher Education , the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences was established . The climax of the negotiations was a granting of the Civil Charter to CHIEA on 3 November 1992 . This marked the birth of the university as a private institution . The Institute rebranded as the Catholic University of Eastern Africa , in 1992 . In 2002 , the Faculties of Science and Commerce were established . Then in 2003 , the Center for Social Justice & ethics was established . The Faculty of Law was established in 2004 , and the School of continuing professional development in 2009 . In 2009 , satellite campuses were established in Eldoret and Kisumu . In April 2013 , the university opened a new campus in the I&M Tower , along Kenyatta Avenue , in the Nairobi 's central business district . The campus can accommodate up to 500 students . Faculties of the University ( edit ) The university maintains the following faculties : Faculty of Theology Faculty of Commerce Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Faculty of Education Faculty of Science Faculty of Law Center for Social Justice and Ethics School of Continuing Professional Development Constituent colleges ( edit ) Marist International University College Tangaza University College Hekima University College Regina Pacis University College Uzima University College Affiliated colleges ( edit ) Don Bosco College -- Moshi , Tanzania Christ the King Major Seminary The Spiritan Seminary AMECEA Pastoral Institute Chemichemi ya Uzima Center Associate institution ( edit ) Ukweli Video Production Notable alumni ( edit ) Notable alumni include : Stella Kilonzo -- Executive Director of the Capital Markets Authority ( Kenya ) ; July 2008 -- June 2012 . Emmanuel Mosoti Machani , Lead . The Health Sector Development Partner Forum Eve D'souza - Media personality Hon George Khaniri , Senator , Vihiga County Vanessa Mdee , singer See also ( edit ) Nairobi portal Kenya portal Catholicism portal Universities portal Education in Kenya List of universities in Kenya References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google , . `` Location of the Main Campus of Catholic University of Eastern Africa At Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ CUEA , . `` The Campuses of Catholic University of Eastern Africa '' . Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ CISA , . ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Kenya : Catholic University Opens City Campus '' . Catholic Information Service for Africa ( CISA ) . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ CUEA , . `` The Faculties of Catholic University of Eastern Africa '' . Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gachenge , Beatrice ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` Kenya 's Markets Regulator CEO To Step Down In June '' . Reuters . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Website of CUEA Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( show ) Kenyan universities Public universities Chuka University Dedan Kimathi University of Technology Egerton University University of Eldoret Garissa University College Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Laikipia University University of Kabianga Karatina University Kenyatta University Kisii University Maasai Mara University Maseno University Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Meru University of Science and Technology Moi University Multimedia University of Kenya University of Nairobi Pwani University South Eastern Kenya University Technical University of Kenya Technical University of Mombasa Private universities Adventist University of Africa Africa International University Africa Nazarene University Catholic University of Eastern Africa ( CUEA ) Daystar University Great Lakes University of Kisumu Gretsa University Kabarak University KCA University Kenya Highlands Evangelical University Kenya Methodist University Kiriri Women 's University of Science and Technology Mount Kenya University Pan Africa Christian University Presbyterian University of East Africa Riara University Scott Christian University Strathmore University University of Eastern Africa , Baraton USIU - Kenya Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_University_of_Eastern_Africa&oldid=793359021 '' Categories : Roman Catholic universities and colleges in Africa Private universities and colleges in Kenya Educational institutions established in 1984 1984 establishments in Kenya Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 08 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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The Original Kings of Comedy

The Original Kings of comedy - wikipedia The Original Kings of comedy Jump to : navigation , search The Original Kings of Comedy Film poster Directed by Spike Lee Produced by Spike Lee Walter Latham David Gale Written by Steve Harvey D.L. Hughley Cedric the Entertainer Bernie Mac Starring Steve Harvey D.L. Hughley Cedric the Entertainer Bernie Mac Cinematography Malik Sayeed Edited by Barry Alexander Brown Production company MTV Films Latham Entertainment 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date August 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 18 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $13 million Box office $38 million The Original Kings of Comedy is a 2000 American stand - up comedy film directed by Spike Lee and featuring the comedy routines of Steve Harvey , D.L. Hughley , Cedric the Entertainer , and Bernie Mac . Filmed in front of a live audience at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte , North Carolina , the comedians give the audience their views about African - American culture , race relations , religion , and family . The film was produced by MTV Films and Latham Entertainment , and was distributed by Paramount Pictures . The film was shot over the last two nights ( February 26 and 27 , 2000 ) of the Kings of Comedy tour with Harvey , Hughley , Cedric , and Mac . Its on - stage routines are intercut with brief sections of video footage showing the comedians backstage , promoting the show on the radio , at the hotel , and during a basketball game . The film spawned into multiple spin - offs and films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Steve Harvey 1.2 D.L. Hughley 1.3 Cedric the Entertainer 1.4 Bernie Mac 2 Reception 3 Box office 4 Home media 5 Soundtrack 6 Awards and nominations 7 Related films 8 References 9 External links Summary ( edit ) Steve Harvey ( edit ) Steve Harvey , the star of The Steve Harvey Show , is the master of ceremonies for the show . Unlike his sitcom character , Harvey 's on - stage routines use a significant amount of profanity ; as the show 's M.C. , Harvey is given three short sets instead of one long one . The finale of Harvey 's sets finds him heckling a member of the audience by stealing his coat while he is away from his seat , and remarking that the `` thuggish '' - looking young man could n't possibly be in the field of `` computer technology '' that he claims he is . Harvey also covers his experiences growing up in the church , calling out the ineffectiveness of the typical black church `` building fund '' , and recollecting his mother 's friend Sister Odelle 's profane language and befuddled attempts to sing a church hymn ( interspersed with lyrics from television show theme songs ) . D.L. Hughley ( edit ) Harvey 's first set is followed by D.L. Hughley , the star of The Hughleys . He talks about family , specifically Black - American family with roots in the South . He exploits the differences between black people and white people ; for example , Hughley notes that black people do n't skydive or do other dangerous physical activities because they experience enough peril just trying to get through an average day . `` Bungee jumping , '' he says . `` That 's too much like lynchin ' for us ! '' He also talks about `` helicopter man '' , a game he and his wife play in bed , and some skid - marked undergarments that he tried to hide at the bottom of his dirty clothes . Cedric the Entertainer ( edit ) Cedric the Entertainer ( Harvey 's co-star on The Steve Harvey Show ) presents himself as the most in - tune with the younger demographic , and goes through a number of topics during his routine . Primary among these is his embellishment of the differences between the `` hope factor '' and the `` wish factor '' : white people `` hope '' that nothing goes wrong , and black people `` wish '' someone would start trouble so that they can retaliate . Cedric acknowledges that he is now a `` grown - ass man '' , and can no longer call his friends by their `` lil ' nicknames '' or engage in other such immature behavior . He discusses how angry a black president might become if a Monica Lewinsky question were posed at a news conference , and also goes into routines about smoking , black athletes ' expansion into golf , tennis , and other sports , what a `` ghetto - ass wedding '' would be like , and black people 's eventual migration to the moon . Also his love for Jamaican music and how in their music they solve a simple problem . Bernie Mac ( edit ) Bernie Mac is the most autobiographical of the group . He turns his comedy on himself . He uses short , punchy attacks to make his point about his decreased sex drive and desire for quick sex instead of longer periods of intercourse . Mac 's longest routines involve his hard - nosed style of child - rearing , where he makes no qualms about `` fucking a kid up '' if he needs to . He goes into an extended routine about the stress of raising his sister 's children for her while she recovers from drugs ( Mac did not actually have a sister ; this was part of the routine ) , and tells of a run - in he had with his two - year - old niece and his effeminate six - year - old nephew , whom he refers to repeatedly as `` the faggot '' ( Mac 's routine about his sister 's kids later became the basis of his Fox Network family comedy The Bernie Mac Show ) . He then tells a story about his mentally challenged nephew and his bouts with his bus driver ; according to Mac , when the bus would come , his nephew would attempt to ask a question , but would immediately start stuttering , frustrating the bus driver and prompting him to drive off without picking him up . This continues the next few days , and Mac 's aunt confronts the bus driver , asking why he was `` denying ( her son 's ) ' edumacation . ' '' The bus driver begins to stutter exactly like Mac 's nephew , then proclaims `` he was teasin ' me ! '' . The set , and the film , are concluded with Mac 's piece on the ubiquity of the swear word `` motherfucker '' , which he describes as `` a noun : a person , place or thing , '' and then , as noted by New York Times reviewer Elvis Mitchell , `` proceeds to give the heft of an adjective and even transforms it into a split infinitive . '' He can be seen on the archive footage on Harvey 's eponymous talk show . The show also reunited with Harvey without Mac as well as paying tribute to him , which aired in November 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a `` Certified Fresh '' rating and a score of 86 % based on reviews from 88 critics . Box office ( edit ) The Original Kings of Comedy was produced on an estimated $3,000,000 budget . On its opening weekend , it grossed a total of $11,053,832 on only 847 screens , averaging to about $13,051 per venue and ranking as the second highest - grossing film that weekend behind only The Cell . It eventually grossed a total of $38,168,022 at the box offices . Home media ( edit ) This film was released on DVD on February 27 , 2001 and distributed by Paramount Home Video . Bonus features on the DVD include the music video `` # 1 Stunna '' by Big Tymers , Kings On The Town featurette , and bonus scenes . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Original Kings of Comedy ( soundtrack ) A soundtrack containing performances from the film and hip hop was released on August 22 , 2000 by Universal Records . It peaked at # 50 on the Billboard 200 and # 15 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Original Kings of Comedy Awards and nominations ( edit ) 2001 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Motion Picture ( nominated ) 2001 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Best Documentary ( nominated ) Related films ( edit ) The popularity of this movie inspired spin - offs , including The Queens of Comedy , The Original Latin Kings of Comedy , Blue Collar Comedy Tour , The Kims of Comedy , The Comedians of Comedy and The Killers of Comedy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . External links ( edit ) The Original Kings of Comedy on IMDb The Original Kings of Comedy at AllMovie The Original Kings of Comedy at Rotten Tomatoes Spike Lee Filmography Awards and nominations Feature films directed She 's Gotta Have It ( 1986 ) School Daze ( 1988 ) Do the Right Thing ( 1989 ) Mo ' Better Blues ( 1990 ) Jungle Fever ( 1991 ) Malcolm X ( 1992 ) Crooklyn ( 1994 ) Clockers ( 1995 ) Girl 6 ( 1996 ) Get on the Bus ( 1996 ) He Got Game ( 1998 ) Summer of Sam ( 1999 ) Bamboozled ( 2000 ) 25th Hour ( 2002 ) She Hate Me ( 2004 ) Inside Man ( 2006 ) Miracle at St. Anna ( 2008 ) Red Hook Summer ( 2012 ) Oldboy ( 2013 ) Da Sweet Blood of Jesus ( 2014 ) Chi - Raq ( 2015 ) Documentaries directed 4 Little Girls ( 1997 ) Freak ( 1998 ) The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) A Huey P. Newton Story ( 2001 ) The Concert for New York City ( 2001 , `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' ) Jim Brown : All - American ( 2002 ) When the Levees Broke ( 2006 ) Kobe Doin ' Work ( 2009 ) Passing Strange ( 2009 ) If God Is Willing and da Creek Do n't Rise ( 2010 ) Bad 25 ( 2012 ) Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall ( 2016 ) Other films directed Joe 's Bed - Stuy Barbershop : We Cut Heads ( 1983 ) Lumière and Company ( 1995 ) Ten Minutes Older : The Trumpet ( 2002 , segment `` We Wuz Robbed '' ) All the Invisible Children ( 2005 , segment `` Jesus Children of America '' ) Television Sucker Free City ( 2004 ) She 's Gotta Have It ( 2017 ) Related articles 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks Bill Lee Joie Lee David Lee Cinqué Lee Malcolm D. Lee MTV Films Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) Beavis and Butt - Head Do America ( 1996 ) Dead Man on Campus ( 1998 ) Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) Election ( 1999 ) The Wood ( 1999 ) The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Pootie Tang ( 2001 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) Martin Lawrence Live : Runteldat ( 2002 ) Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) Tupac : Resurrection ( 2003 ) The Perfect Score ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2004 ) Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) Coach Carter ( 2005 ) Murderball ( 2005 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Æon Flux ( 2005 ) Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) Beneath ( 2007 ) How She Move ( 2008 ) The Foot Fist Way ( 2008 ) Stop - Loss ( 2008 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) Jackass 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) Footloose ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Original_Kings_of_Comedy&oldid=792738461 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s documentary films American documentary films American films Films directed by Spike Lee American independent films Paramount Pictures films MTV Films films 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks films 2000s comedy films Stand - up comedy concert films Films shot in North Carolina Documentary films about African Americans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 10 : 27 . 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Vogue (magazine)

Vogue ( magazine ) - wikipedia Vogue ( magazine ) Jump to : navigation , search VOGUE November 1988 , the first issue under Anna Wintour 's leadership Editor Anna Wintour Categories Fashion Frequency monthly Publisher Condé Nast Total circulation ( 2013 ) 1,231,931 Year founded December 17 , 1892 ; 125 years ago ( 1892 - 12 - 17 ) Country USA Website www.vogue.com ISSN 0042 - 8000 Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion , beauty , culture , living , and runway . Vogue began as a weekly newspaper in 1892 in the United States , before becoming a monthly publication years later . The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916 . As of today there are 22 international editions , and the launch the twenty - third edition , Vogue Polska in Polish , has been announced for March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1892 - 1905 : Early years 1.2 1905 -- 1920 : Condé Nast 1.3 1920 -- 1970 : Expansion 1.4 1988 -- present : Anna Wintour leadership 2 Features 2.1 Particularly noteworthy Vogue covers 2.2 Healthy body initiative 3 Style and influence 3.1 Technological 3.2 Economic 3.3 Political 3.4 Social 3.5 Music 4 Criticism 5 Media 5.1 Documentaries 5.2 Video channel 5.3 Books 5.4 Voguepedia 5.5 Website 5.6 Podcast 5.7 Vogue App 6 Other editions 7 Editors of international editions 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Cover of the May 1917 issue . ( American Vogue ) 1892 - 1905 : Early years ( edit ) In 1892 , Arthur Baldwin Turnure , an American business man , founded Vogue as a weekly newspaper in the United States , sponsored by Kristoffer Wright ; the first issue was published on December 17 of that year , with a cover price of 10 cents ( equivalent to $2.72 in 2017 ) . Turnure 's intention was to create a publication that celebrated the `` ceremonial side of life '' ; one that `` attracts the sage as well as debutante , men of affairs as well as the belle . '' From its inception , the magazine targeted the new New York upper class . Vogue glamorously `` recount ( ed ) their habits , their leisure activities , their social gatherings , the places they frequented , and the clothing they wore ... and everyone who wanted to look like them and enter their exclusive circle . The magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion , with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership . Despite the magazines content , it grew very slowly during this period . 1905 -- 1920 : Condé Nast ( edit ) Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnure 's death and gradually grew the publication . He changed it to a unisex magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s . Under Nast , the magazine soon shifted its focus to women , and in turn the price was soon raised . The magazine 's number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nast 's management . By 1911 , the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain , targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings . According to Condé Naste Russia , after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible , printing began in England . The decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920 . 1920 -- 1970 : expansion ( edit ) The magazine 's number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression , and again during World War II . During this time , noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor , having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast . In July 1932 , American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine . The photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air . Laird Borrelli notes that Vogue led the decline of fashion illustration in the late 1930s , when they began to replace their celebrated illustrated covers , by artists such as Dagmar Freuchen , with photographic images . Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the `` two - page spread . '' He greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a `` successful business '' and the `` women 's magazine we recognize today '' and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942 . In the 1960s , with Diana Vreeland as editor - in - chief and personality , the magazine began to appeal to the youth of the sexual revolution by focusing more on contemporary fashion and editorial features that openly discussed sexuality . Toward this end , Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St. Mark 's Place , as well as including features of `` downtown '' personalities such as Andy Warhol 's `` Superstar '' Jane Holzer 's favorite haunts . Vogue also continued making household names out of models , a practice that continued with Suzy Parker , Twiggy , Jean Shrimpton , Lauren Hutton , Veruschka , Marisa Berenson , Penelope Tree , and others . In 1973 , Vogue became a monthly publication . Under editor - in - chief Grace Mirabella , the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience . Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because `` women were n't interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives . '' She was selected to make the magazine appeal to `` the free , working , `` liberated '' woman of the seventies . She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews , arts coverage , and serious health pieces . When that type of stylistic change fell out of favor in the 1980s , Mirabella was brutally fired . Her take on it : `` For a magazine devoted to style , this was not a very stylish way of telling me . '' 1988 -- present : Anna Wintour leadership ( edit ) In July 1988 , after Vogue had begun to lose ground to three - year - old upstart Elle , Anna Wintour was named editor - in - chief . Noted for her trademark bob cut and sunglasses , Wintour sought to revitalize the brand by making it younger and more approachable ; she directed the focus towards new and accessible concepts of `` fashion '' for a wider audience . Wintour 's influence allowed the magazine to maintain its high circulation , while staff discovered new trends that a broader audience could conceivably afford . For example , the inaugural cover of the magazine under Wintour 's editorship featured a three - quarter - length photograph of Michaela Bercu , an Israeli model , wearing a bejeweled Christian Lacroix jacket and a pair of jeans , a departure from her predecessors ' tendency to portray a woman 's face alone ; according to The New York Times , this gave `` greater importance to both her clothing and her body '' . As fashion editor Grace Coddington wrote in her memoirs , the cover `` endorsed a democratic new high / low attitude to dressing , added some youthful but sophisticated raciness , and garnished it with a dash of confident energy and drive that implied getting somewhere fast . It was quintessential Anna . '' Throughout her reign at Vogue , Wintour accomplished her goals to revitalize the magazine and managed to produce some very large editions of the magazine . In fact , the `` September 2004 edition , clocked in at 832 pages , the most ever for a monthly magazine . '' Wintour continues to be American Vogue 's editor - in - chief to this day . The contrast of Wintour 's vision with that of her predecessors was noted as striking by observers , both critics and defenders . Amanda Fortini , fashion and style contributor for Slate , argues that her policy has been beneficial for Vogue : When Wintour was appointed head of Vogue , Grace Mirabella had been editor in chief for 17 years , and the magazine had grown complacent , coasting along in what one journalist derisively called `` its beige years '' . Beige was the color Mirabella had used to paint over the red walls in Diana Vreeland 's office , and the metaphor was apt : The magazine had become boring . Among Condé Nast executives , there was worry that the grand dame of fashion publications was losing ground to upstart Elle , which in just three years had reached a paid circulation of 851,000 to Vogue ' s stagnant 1.2 million . And so Condé Nast publisher Si Newhouse brought in the 38 - year - old Wintour , who through editor - in - chief positions at British Vogue and House & Garden , had become known not only for her cutting - edge visual sense , but also for her ability to radically revamp a magazine to shake things up . Although she has had great impact on the magazine , throughout her career , Wintour has been pinned as being cold and difficult to work with . In an article on Biography.com , Wintour admits that she is `` very driven by what ( she does ) , '' and has said `` I am certainly very competitive . I like people who represent the best at what they do , and if that turns you into a perfectionist then maybe I am . '' Features ( edit ) As of August 2025 , only ten men have been featured on the cover of the American edition : Richard Gere , with Cindy Crawford in November 1992 ; George Clooney , with Gisele Bündchen in June 2000 ; LeBron James , with Gisele Bündchen in April 2008 ; Ryan Lochte , with Hope Solo and Serena Williams in June 2012 ; Kanye West , with Kim Kardashian in March 2014 . Ben Stiller , with Penélope Cruz in February 2016 . Ashton Eaton , with Gigi Hadid in August 2016 . Zayn Malik , with Gigi Hadid in August 2017 . Lucky Blue Smith , with Kaia Gerber in October 2018 . Particularly noteworthy Vogue covers ( edit ) December 1892 : The first cover of the magazine features a debutante at her début . July 1932 : The first cover with a color photograph , featuring Edward Steichen 's image of a swimmer holding a beach ball . September 1933 : The cover features model Toto Koopman who is both bisexual and biracial . She portrays a woman that readers during the Great Depression would dream to be like . May 1961 : Sophia Loren covers the magazine , and is one of the first celebrities to do so . August 1974 : Beverly Johnson becomes the first black woman to cover American Vogue . November 1988 : Anna Wintour 's first cover features Israeli model Michaela Bercu . April 1992 : Vogue 's 100th anniversary cover featuring 10 supermodels , and is the highest - selling issue ever . December 1998 : Hillary Clinton becomes the first American first lady to cover the magazine . September 2012 : Lady Gaga covers the largest edition of Vogue , the magazine weighing in at 4.5 pounds . April 2014 : Kim Kardashian and Kanye West appear on the cover in one of the most controversial cover shoots for Vogue . Kardashian is the first reality television star on the cover and West is the first rapper on the cover . They are also the first interracial couple to appear on the cover of the magazine . Healthy body initiative ( edit ) May 2013 marked the first anniversary of a healthy body initiative that was signed by the magazine 's international editors -- the initiative represents a commitment from the editors to promote positive body images within the content of Vogue 's numerous editions . Australian editor Edwina McCann explained : `` In the magazine we 're moving away from those very young , very thin girls . A year down the track , we ask ourselves what can Vogue do about it ? And an issue like this ( June 2013 issue ) is what we can do about it . If I was aware of a girl being ill on a photo shoot I would n't allow that shoot to go ahead , or if a girl had an eating disorder I would not shoot her . '' The Australian edition 's June 2013 issue was entitled `` The Body Issue '' and featured articles on exercise and nutrition , as well as a diverse range of models . New York - based Australian plus - size model Robyn Lawley , previously featured on the cover of Vogue Italia , also appeared in a swimwear shoot for the June issue . Jonathan Newhouse , Condé Nast International chairman , states that `` Vogue editors around the world want the magazines to reflect their commitment to the health of the models who appear on the pages and the wellbeing of their readers . '' Alexandra Shulman , one of the magazine 's editor , comments on the initiative by stating `` as one of the fashion industry 's most powerful voices , Vogue has a unique opportunity to engage with relevant issues where we feel we can make a difference . '' Style and influence ( edit ) Models Toni Garrn and brother Niklas Garrn wearing Google Glass during the 2013 September issue fashion photo shoot in Ransom Canyon , Texas ( 25 June 2013 ) . The name Vogue means `` style '' in French . Vogue was described by book critic Caroline Weber in a December 2006 edition of The New York Times as `` the world 's most influential fashion magazine '' : The publication claims to reach 11 million readers in the US and 12.5 million internationally . Furthermore , Wintour was described as one of the most powerful figures in fashion . Technological ( edit ) Google partnered with Vogue to feature Google Glass in the September 2013 issue , which featured a 12 - page spread . Chris Dale , who manages communications for the Glass team at Google , stated : `` The Vogue September issue has become a cultural touchstone ahead of New York 's Fashion Week . Seeing Glass represented so beautifully in this issue is a huge thrill for the entire Glass team . '' In the September 2015 issue , technology such as Apple Music , Apple Watch , and Amazon Fashion were all featured within the issues 832 pages . Economic ( edit ) Wintour 's `` Fashion Night '' initiative was launched in 2009 with the intention of kickstarting the economy following the Financial collapse of 2007 -- 2008 , by drawing people back into the retail environment and donating proceeds to various charitable causes . The event was co-hosted by Vogue in 27 cities around the US and 15 countries worldwide , and included online retailers at the beginning of 2011 . Debate occurred over the actual profitability of the event in the US , resulting in a potentially permanent hiatus in 2013 ; however , the event continues in 19 other locations internationally . Vogue also has the ability to lift the spirits of readers during tough times and revels that `` even in bad times , someone is up for a good time . '' The article states that Vogue `` make ( s ) money because they elevate the eye and sometimes the spirit , take the reader someplace special . '' These fantasy tomes feel a boost during economic distress -- like liquor and ice cream and movie ticket sales . '' Political ( edit ) In 2006 , Vogue acknowledged salient political and cultural issues by featuring the burqa , as well as articles on prominent Muslim women , their approach to fashion , and the effect of different cultures on fashion and women 's lives . Vogue also sponsored the `` Beauty Without Borders '' initiative with a US $25,000 donation that was used to establish a cosmetology school for Afghan women . Wintour stated : `` Through the school , we could not only help women in Afghanistan to look and feel better but also give them employment . '' A documentary by Liz Mermin , entitled The Beauty Academy of Kabul , which highlighted the proliferation of Western standards of beauty , criticized the school , suggesting that `` the beauty school could not be judged a success if it did not create a demand for American cosmetics . '' Leading up to the 2012 US Presidential election , Wintour used her industry clout to host several significant fundraising events in support of the Obama campaign . The first , in 2010 , was a dinner with an estimated US $30,000 entry fee . The `` Runway To Win '' initiative recruited prominent designers to create pieces to support the campaign . In October 2016 , the magazine stated that `` Vogue endorses Hillary Clinton for president of the United States '' . This was the first time that the magazine supported as a single voice a presidential candidate in its 120 years of history . Social ( edit ) The Met Ball is an annual event that is hosted by Vogue magazine to celebrate the opening of the Metropolitan Museum 's fashion exhibit . The Met Ball is the most coveted event of the year in fashion that is attended by A-list celebrities , politicians , designers and fashion editors . Vogue has hosted the themed event since 1971 under Editor in Chief , Diana Vreeland . In 2013 , Vogue released a special edition of Vogue entitled Vogue Special Edition : The Definitive Inside Look at the 2013 Met Gala . Music ( edit ) In 2015 , Vogue magazine listed their `` 15 Roots Reggae Songs You Should Know '' ; and in an interview with Patricia Chin of VP Records , Vogue highlighted an abbreviated list of early `` reggae royalty '' that recorded at Studio 17 in Kingston , Jamaica which included Bob Marley , Peter Tosh , Gregory Isaacs , Dennis Brown , Burning Spear , Toots and the Maytals , The Heptones , and Bunny Wailer . In addition to their coverage of historically significant artists , Vogue is a source for contemporary music news on artists such as Jay - Z , Eminem , Tom Petty , and Taylor Swift , as well as being an influencer that introduces new artists to the scene such as Suzi Analogue in 2017 . Criticism ( edit ) As Wintour came to personify the magazine 's image , both she and Vogue drew critics . Wintour 's one - time assistant at the magazine , Lauren Weisberger , wrote a roman à clef entitled The Devil Wears Prada . Published in 2003 , the novel became a bestseller and was adapted as a highly successful , Academy Award - nominated film in 2006 . The central character resembled Weisberger , and her boss was a powerful editor - in - chief of a fictionalized version of Vogue . The novel portrays a magazine ruled by `` the Antichrist and her coterie of fashionistas , who exist on cigarettes , Diet Dr Pepper , and mixed green salads '' , according to a review in The New York Times . The editor is described by Weisberger as being `` an empty , shallow , bitter woman who has tons and tons of gorgeous clothes and not much else '' . The success of both the novel and the film brought new attention from a wide global audience to the power and glamour of the magazine , and the industry it continues to lead . In 2007 , Vogue drew criticism from the anti-smoking group , `` Campaign for Tobacco - Free Kids '' , for carrying tobacco advertisements in the magazine . The group claims that volunteers sent the magazine more than 8,000 protest emails or faxes regarding the ads . The group also claimed that in response , they received scribbled notes faxed back on letters that had been addressed to Wintour stating , `` Will you stop ? You 're killing trees ! '' In response , a spokesperson for Condé Nast released an official statement : `` Vogue does carry tobacco advertising . Beyond that we have no further comment . '' In April 2008 , American Vogue featured a cover photo by photographer Annie Leibovitz of Gisele Bündchen and the basketball player LeBron James . This was the third time that Vogue featured a male on the cover of the American issue ( the other two men were actors George Clooney and Richard Gere ) , and the first in which the man was black . Some observers criticized the cover as a prejudicial depiction of James because his pose with Bündchen was reminiscent of a poster for the film King Kong . Further criticism arose when the website Watching the Watchers analyzed the photo alongside the World War I recruitment poster titled Destroy This Mad Brute . James reportedly however liked the cover shoot . In February 2011 , just before the 2011 Syrian protests unfolded , Vogue published a controversial piece by Joan Juliet Buck on Asma al - Assad , wife of the Syrian president Bashar al - Assad . A number of journalists criticized the article as glossing over the poor human rights record of Bashar al - Assad . According to reports , the Syrian government paid the U.S. lobbying firm Brown Lloyd James US $5,000 per month to arrange for and manage the article . Media ( edit ) Documentaries ( edit ) Main article : The September Issue In 2009 , the feature - length documentary The September Issue was released ; it was an inside view of the production of the record - breaking September 2007 issue of U.S. Vogue , directed by R.J. Cutler . The film was shot over eight months as Wintour prepared the issue , and included testy exchanges between Wintour and her creative director Grace Coddington . The issue became the largest ever published at the time ; over 5 pounds in weight and 840 pages in length , a world record for a monthly magazine Since then , that record has been broken by Vogue 's 2012 September issue , which came in at 916 pages . Also in 2012 , HBO released a documentary entitled In Vogue : The Editor 's Eye , in conjunction with the 120th anniversary of the magazine . Drawing on Vogue 's extensive archives , the film featured behind - the - scenes interviews with longtime Vogue editors , including Wintour , Coddington , Tonne Goodman , Hamish Bowles , and Phyllis Posnick . Celebrated subjects and designers in the fashion industry , such as Nicole Kidman , Sarah Jessica Parker , Linda Evangelista , Vera Wang , and Marc Jacobs , also appear in the film . The editors share personal stories about collaborating with top photographers , such as Leibovitz , and the various day - to - day responsibilities and interactions of a fashion editor at Vogue . The film was directed and produced by Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato . In October 2012 , Vogue also released a book titled Vogue : The Editor 's Eye to complement the documentary . Video channel ( edit ) In 2013 , Vogue launched the Vogue video channel that can be accessed via their website . The channel was launched in conjunction with Conde Nast 's multi-platform media initiative . Mini-series that have aired on the video channel include Vogue Weddings , The Monday Makeover , From the Vogue Closet , Fashion Week , Elettra 's Goodness , Jeanius , Vintage Bowles , The Backstory , Beauty Mark , Met Gala , Voguepedia , Vogue Voices , Vogue Diaries , CFDA / Vogue Fashion Fund , and Monday 's with Andre . Books ( edit ) Books published by Vogue include In Vogue : An Illustrated History of the World 's Most Famous Fashion Magazine , Vogue : The Covers , Vogue : The Editor 's Eye , Vogue Living : House , Gardens , People , The World in Vogue , Vogue Weddings : Brides , Dresses , Designers , and Nostalgia in Vogue . Voguepedia ( edit ) Launched in 2011 by Condé Nast Digital , Voguepedia is a fashion encyclopedia that also includes an archive of every issue of Vogue 's American edition since 1892 . Only Vogue staff are permitted to contribute to the encyclopedia , unlike the VogueEncyclo -- hosted by Vogue Italia -- that receives contributions from anyone . As of 9 May 2013 , the site is not fully functional , as code still shows in search results and only certain search terms yield results . Website ( edit ) Vogue has also created an easily navigable website that includes six different content categories for viewers to explore . The website includes an archive with issues from 1892 forward for those whom subscribe for the website . The magazines online are the same as those that were printed in that time and are not cut or shortened from the original content . Podcast ( edit ) Vogue launched the teaser for their podcast series on September 10 , 2015 . The magazine announced that star André Leon Talley would host the podcasts and the inaugural twenty - one minute podcast was released on September 14 , 2015 , featuring Anna Wintour . Talley comments that he has `` been a longtime storyteller at Vogue and it 's just another format for telling stories -- as at Vogue , we love to tell the story of style , fashion , and what is absolutely a part of the culture at the moment , '' hence why the magazine has decided to create podcasts . Vogue app ( edit ) The Vogue app displays content on mobile devices and gives people the ability to view the magazine content wherever they go . The app has new content everyday and people can choose to receive content recommended just for their taste . In addition , the app allows one to save stories for later and or read offline . Lastly , the app provides notifications for fashion outbreaks and for new stories that are published pertaining to that viewer 's particular taste . Other editions ( edit ) In 2005 , Condé Nast launched Men 's Vogue . The magazine ceased publication as an independent publication in October 2008 , being the December / January 2009 their last issue . It was intended to be published as a supplement of Vogue , being the Spring 2009 the last issue of the magazine altogether . In Australia , Vogue Living was first published in 1967 . Condé Nast also publishes Teen Vogue , a version of the magazine for teenage girls in the United States . South Korea and Australia publish a Vogue Girl magazine ( currently suspended from further publication ) , in addition to the Vogue Living and Vogue Entertaining + Travel editions . Vogue Hommes International is an international men 's fashion magazine based in Paris , France , and L'uomo Vogue is the Italian men 's version . Other Italian versions of Vogue include Vogue Casa and Bambini Vogue . Until 1961 , Vogue was also the publisher of Vogue Patterns , a home sewing pattern company . It was sold to Butterick Publishing which also licensed the Vogue name . Vogue China was launched in September 2005 , with Australian model Gemma Ward on the cover flanked by Chinese models . In 2007 , an Arabic edition of Vogue was rejected by Condé Nast International . October 2007 saw the launch of Vogue India , and Vogue Turkey was launched in March 2010 . On 5 March 2010 , 16 International editors - in - chief of Vogue met in Paris to discuss the 2nd Fashion 's Night Out . Present in the meeting were the 16 International editors - in - chief of Vogue : Wintour ( American Vogue ) , Emmanuelle Alt ( French Vogue ) , Franca Sozzani ( Italian Vogue ) , Alexandra Shulman ( British Vogue ) , Kirstie Clements ( Australian Vogue ) , Aliona Doletskaya ( Russian Vogue ) , Angelica Cheung ( Chinese Vogue ) , Christiane Arp ( German Vogue ) , Priya Tanna ( Indian Vogue ) , Rosalie Huang ( Taiwanese Vogue ) , Paula Mateus ( Portuguese Vogue ) , Seda Domaniç ( Turkish Vogue ) , Yolanda Sacristan ( Spanish Vogue ) , Eva Hughes ( Mexican Vogue ) , Mitsuko Watanabe ( Japanese Vogue ) , and Daniela Falcao ( Brazilian Vogue ) . Since 2010 , seven new editors - in - chief joined Vogue : Victoria Davydova replaced Aliona Doletskaya as editor - in - chief of Russian Vogue ; Emmanuelle Alt became French Vogue ' s editor - in - chief after Carine Roitfeld resigned ; Edwina McCann became Australian Vogue 's editor - in - chief after Kirstie Clements was fired ; Kelly Talamas replaced Eva Hughes at Vogue Mexico and Vogue Latin America , when Hughes was named CEO of Condé Nast Mexico and Latin America in 2012 ; and Karin Swerink , Kullawit Laosukrsi , and Masha Tsukanova were appointed editors - in - chief of the newly launched Netherlands , Thailand , and Ukraine editions , respectively . At the beginning of 2013 the Japanese version , Vogue Hommes Japan , ended publication . In July 2016 , the launch of Vogue Arabia was announced , first as a dual English and Arabic language website , then with a print edition to follow in spring 2017 . On January 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Eugenia de la Torriente will become the new editor - in - chief of Vogue Spain . On January 20 , it was officially announced that Emanuele Farneti will become the new editor - in - chief of Vogue Italia , after the unexpected passing of long - time editor , Franca Sozzani in December 2016 . On January 25 , it was announced that Vogue British 's editor - in - chief , Alexandra Shulman , will leave the magazine in June 2017 , after 25 years . On April 10 , 2017 , it was announced that Edward Enninful will become the new editor - in - chief of British Vogue , the first male editor of the 100 years magazine . On April 13 , 2017 , it was revealed that Vogue Arabia 's first editor - in - chief , Deena Aljuhani , was fired and a new editor it is set to be announced . Editors of international editions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . 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( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following highlights circulation dates as well as individuals who have served as editor - in - chief of Vogue : Country Circulation Dates Editor - in - Chief Start year End year United States 1892 -- present Josephine Redding 1892 1901 Marie Harrison 1901 1914 Edna Woolman Chase 1914 1951 Jessica Daves 1952 1963 Diana Vreeland 1963 1971 Grace Mirabella 1971 1988 Anna Wintour 1988 present United Kingdom ( Vogue ) 1916 -- present Elspeth Champcommunal 1916 1922 Dorothy Todd 1923 1926 Alison Settle 1926 1934 Elizabeth Penrose 1934 1940 Audrey Withers 1940 1961 Ailsa Garland 1961 1965 Beatrix Miller 1965 1984 Anna Wintour 1985 Liz Tilberis 1988 1992 Alexandra Shulman 1992 2017 Edward Enninful 2017 present France ( Vogue Paris ) 1920 -- present Cosette Vogel 1922 1927 Main Bocher 1927 1929 Michel de Brunhoff 1929 1954 Edmonde Charles - Roux 1954 1966 Françoise de Langlade 1966 1968 Francine Crescent 1968 Colombe Pringle 1994 Joan Juliet Buck 1994 2001 Carine Roitfeld 2001 Emmanuelle Alt 2011 present Australia 1959 -- present Rosemary Cooper 1959 1962 Sheila Scotter 1962 1971 Eve Harman 1971 1976 June McCallum 1976 1989 Nancy Pilcher 1989 1997 Marion Hume 1997 1998 Juliet Ashworth 1998 1999 Kirstie Clements 1999 2012 Edwina McCann 2012 present Italy ( Vogue Italia ) 1964 -- present Consuelo Crespi 1964 1966 Franco Sartori 1966 1988 Franca Sozzani 1988 2016 Emanuele Farneti 2017 present Brazil 1975 -- present Luis Carta 1986 Andrea Carta 1986 2003 Patricia Carta 2003 Daniela Falcão 2016 Silvia Rogar 2016 present Germany 1979 -- present Christiane Arp 2003 present Spain 1988 -- present Luis Carta 1988 1994 Yolanda Sacristán 1994 2017 Eugenia de la Torriente 2017 present South Korea 1996 -- present Myung Hee Lee present Taiwan 1996 -- present Sky Wu present Russia 1998 -- present Aliona Doletskaya 1998 Victoria Davydova present Japan 1999 -- present Hiromi Sogo 1999 2001 Mitsuko Watanabe 2001 present Mexico & Latin America ( Vogue Mexico and Vogue Latin America ) 1999 -- present Eva Hughes 1999 2012 Kelly Talamas 2012 2016 Karla Martínez 2016 present Portugal 2002 -- present Paula Mateus 2002 2017 Sofia Lucas 2017 present China ( Vogue China ) 2005 -- present Angelica Cheung 2005 present India ( Vogue India ) 2007 -- present Priya Tanna 2007 present Turkey 2010 -- present Seda Domaniç present Netherlands ( Vogue Netherlands ) 2012 -- present Karin Swerink 2012 present Thailand 2013 -- present Kullawit Laosuksri 2013 present Ukraine 2013 -- present Masha Tsukanova 2013 2016 Olga Sushko 2016 present Arabia ( Vogue Arabia ) 2016 -- present Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz 2016 2017 Manuel Arnaut 2017 present Poland ( Vogue Polska ) March 2018 Filip Niedenthal 2017 present See also ( edit ) List of Vogue cover models List of Vogue ( US ) cover models List of Vogue Australia cover models List of Vogue Brasil ( Brazil ) cover models List of British Vogue cover models List of Vogue China cover models List of Vogue España ( Spain ) cover models List of Vogue Germany cover models List of Vogue India cover models List of Vogue Italia cover models List of Vogue Japan cover models List of Vogue Korea cover models List of Vogue Mexico cover models List of Vogue Netherlands cover models List of Vogue Paris cover models List of Vogue Portugal cover models List of Vogue Russia cover models List of Vogue Thailand cover models List of Vogue Türkiye ( Turkey ) cover models List of Vogue Ukraine cover models References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Consumer Magazines '' . Alliance for Audited Media . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Penelope Rowlands ( 2008 ) A Dash of Daring : Carmel Snow and Her Life in Fashion , Art , and Letters Simon and Schuster , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Esfahani Smith , Emily ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` The Early Years of Vogue Magazine '' . acculterated.com . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ludwin , Nancy Flinn ( Jan -- Feb 2007 ) . `` '' In Vogue : The Illustrated History of the World 's Most Famous Fashion Magazine. `` '' . Gale Resources . Jump up ^ Fine Collins , Amy . `` Vanity Fair : The Early Years , 1914 -- 1936 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Oloizia , Jeff . `` The 10 Most Groundbreaking Covers in the History of Vogue '' . T Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Laird Borrelli ( 2000 ) . Fashion Illustration Now ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 9780500282342 . Fashion Illustration has gone from being one of the sole means of fashion communication to having a very minor role . The first photographic cover of Vogue was a watershed in the history of fashion illustration and a watershed mark of its decline . Photographs , no matter how altered or retouched , will always have some association with reality and by association truth . I like to think of them ( fashion Illustrations ) as prose poems and having more fictional narratives . They are more obviously filtered through an individual vision than photos . Illustration lives on , but in the position of a poor relative to the fashion . Jump up ^ `` The Early Years of Vogue Magazine - Acculturated '' . Acculturated. 2012 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Vogue ( 15 February 1968 ) Jump up ^ Dwight , Eleanor . `` The Divine Mrs. V '' . New York . Retrieved 18 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Advertisement -- Vogue Magazine '' . http://ecollections.scad.edu/ . Scad Libraries . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mirabella , Grace ( 1995 ) . `` In and Out of Vogue '' . Doubleday . ^ Jump up to : `` Grace Under Pressure '' . Gale Resources . 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Vogue -- Editor - in - chief Bio '' . Condé Nast . Condé Nast . May 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anna Wintour '' . Biography . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Coddington , Grace ( 2012 ) . Grace : A Memoir . New York : Random House . ISBN 0449808068 . ^ Jump up to : Orecklin , Michelle ( 9 February 2004 ) . `` The Power List : Women in Fashion , No 3 Anna Wintour '' . Time magazine . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Caroline ( 3 December 2006 ) . `` Fashion - Books : Review of `` IN VOGUE : The Illustrated History of the World 's Most Famous Fashion Magazine ( Rizzoli ) '' `` . New York Times . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Fortini , Amanda ( 10 February 2005 ) . `` Defending Vogue 's Evil Genius : The Brilliance of Anna Wintour '' . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Lochte Is the Fourth Man to ver Cover Vogue - The Cut '' . Nymag.com. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron becomes one of only three men to grace cover of Vogue - NBA - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vogue Olympic Cover Featuring Hope Solo , Ryan Lochte , and Serena Williams ( PHOTOS ) '' . Global Grind. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Covers , History of Fashion Magazine ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Toto Koopman on Vogue , September 1933 '' . Covers of Fashion Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Johnson '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the 120th Anniversary : Anna Wintour Shares Her Vogue Story '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sowray , Bibby ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Kim and Kanye 's Vogue cover on course to be a record seller '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Essex , Myeisha ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Vogue 's Kim K & Kanye Cover On Track To Outsell FLOTUS & Beyonce Issues '' . The Michigan Chronicle . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glamour . `` Anna Wintour talks about the Kimye Vogue cover '' . Glamour UK . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : GLYNIS TRAILL - NASH ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Vogue eager to make an issue of ' real ' women '' . The Australian . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Lauren . `` The Health Initiative '' . British Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Vogue , Conde Nast , retrieved 6 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` Brand '' . Condé Nast International . Condé Nast International . October 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Paul ( 13 March 2013 ) , Anna Wintour cements influence as Condé Nast 's new artistic director , The Guardian , retrieved 6 October 2013 ^ Jump up to : Bilton , Nick ( 16 August 2013 ) , Trying to Make Google Glass Fashionable , New York Times , retrieved 6 October 2013 Jump up ^ Olanoff , Drew . `` Tech 's In Vogue This Year ... Literally '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Garton , Christie . `` Fashion 's Night Out mobilized fashionistas worldwide for good '' . USA Today . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Krupnick , Ellie ( 27 February 2013 ) , Fashion 's Night Out mobilized fashionistas worldwide for good. , Huffington Post , retrieved 5 October 2013 ^ Jump up to : Martel , Ned ; Martel , Ned ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Vogue 's September issue : Boosting the spirit and economy in one fell swoop '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ McLarney , Ellen ( Winter 2009 ) . `` The burqa in Vogue : fashioning Afghanistan '' . Journal of Middle East Women 's Studies . Duke University Press . 5 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 23 . doi : 10.2979 / mew. 2009.5. 1.1 . JSTOR 10.2979 / mew. 2009.5. 1.1 . Jump up ^ Bose , Purnima ( September -- October 2009 ) . `` A Cosmetic Cover for Occupation '' . Solidarity . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Moss , Hilary ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` Anna Wintour & Barack Obama dinner : Vogue editor 's fundraiser has $30,000 entry fee '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowles , Charlotte ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` Anna Wintour in top tier of Obama 's fund - raising ' Bundlers ' '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vogue Endorses Hillary Clinton for President of the United States '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Vogue ( 20 June 2013 ) Vogue.com , Vogue Special Edition : The Definitive Inside Look at the 2013 Met Gala , Retrieved on 9 October 2013 from http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/special-edition-vogue-met-gala-2013/#1 Jump up ^ Jules , Gary . `` 15 Roots Reggae Songs You Should Know '' . Vogue magazine . 28 October 2015 . < https://www.vogue.com/article/15-roots-reggae-songs-playlist > Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , Anicée . `` The Golden Age of Reggae : An Archival Romp With Roots Pioneer Patricia Chin '' Vogue magazine . 28 October 2015 . < https://www.vogue.com/article/golden-age-of-reggae-photographs-patricia-chin > Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Music . Vogue magazine . Web . 2017 . < https://www.vogue.com/culture/music > Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Rachel . `` Meet Suzi Analogue , the Producer Behind Chromat 's Bass - Heavy , Femme - Empowering Soundscape '' . Vogue magazine . 9 September 2017 . < https://www.vogue.com/article/suzi-analogue-chromat-nyfw-spring-2018-collection-soundtrack > Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Frankel , David ( 2006 - 06 - 30 ) , The Devil Wears Prada , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ Betts , Kate ( 13 April 2003 ) . `` Anna Dearest '' . New York Times . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Eric ( 28 December 2006 ) . `` The Devil Likes Attention '' . New York Times . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Noveck , Jocelyn ( 30 May 2007 ) . `` Fashion Mags Anger Some With Tobacco Ads '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated press . Archived from the original on 31 May 2007 . Retrieved 18 November 2007 . Jump up ^ K. Scott , Megan ( 24 March 2008 ) . `` LeBron James ' ' Vogue ' cover called racially insensitive '' . USA TODAY . Associated Press . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Cadenhead , Rogers ( 28 March 2008 ) . `` Annie Leibovitz Monkeys Around with LeBron James '' . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Buck , Joan Juliet . `` Asma al - Assad : A Rose in the Desert '' . Vogue . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Noreen . `` The Middle East 's Marie Antoinettes '' . Slate . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Freeland , Chrystia ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` The Balance of Charm and Reality '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Max ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` The Only Remaining Online Copy of Vogue 's Asma al - Assad Profile '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bogardus , Kevin ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` PR firm worked with Syria on controversial photo shoot '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Catsoulis , J. ( 27 August 2009 ) . At ' Vogue , ' A Wintour And Some Discontent . NPR Movie Reviews . Retrieved 1 October 2013 from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112205015 . Jump up ^ Nisita , L. ( 25 August 2012 ) . Creating Postal Problems . Refinery 29 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 , from http://www.refinery29.com/2012/08/35827/vogue-september-issue . Jump up ^ HBO Documentaries ( 2012 ) . In Vogue : The Editor 's Eye . HBO.com Retrieved 1 October 2013 from http://www.hbo.com/documentaries/in-vogue-the-editors-eye#/documentaries/in-vogue-the-editors-eye/synopsis.html Jump up ^ video.vogue.com ( 2013 ) . Vogue.com Retrieved 9 October 2013 , from http://video.vogue.com Jump up ^ Amazon.com/books Retrieved 9 October 2013 Jump up ^ Danica Lo ( 9 May 2011 ) Voguepedia Soft Launches Racked Jump up ^ `` Main Page '' . Voguepedia . Conde Naste . May 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ MISTY WHITE SIDELL ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` 119 Years of Vogue , Now Available on ' Voguepedia ' '' . Fashionista . Breaking Media . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` https://login.voguearchive.com/LicenseStream/VogueLanding/VALandingDesktopP1.aspx '' . login.voguearchive.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Julee ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Vogue Launches First - Ever Podcast , Hosted By André Leon Talley '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Download the Vogue.com App , the only fashion app you 'll ever need '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS : Men 's Vogue To Shut Doors Off the Cuff '' . offthecuffdc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Downey Jr Men 's Vogue Spring 2009 Cover Shallow Nation '' . www.shallownation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Conde Nast Scales Back Men 's Vogue '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Condé Nast International Australia Vogue Living '' . www.condenastinternational.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Teen Vogue Website Jump up ^ VOGUE . `` TEEN VOGUE to Debut ; Same VOGUE Style , but Tailored for Teens '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Website and Subscription for Vogue Hommes International Jump up ^ `` In Vogue : Angelica Cheung '' . Stylist Magazine . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruth David ( 18 September 2007 ) . `` Vogue India Launches '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Odell , Amy ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` Victoria Davydova Confirmed for Russian Vogue '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Odell , Amy ( 7 January 2011 ) . `` Emmanuelle Alt Named Editor of French Vogue '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Moss , Hilary ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Vogue Australia 's Editor - in - Chief Kirstie Clements Does n't Work There Anymore '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHANGING PLACES : Kelly Talamas , Mike Lazaridis , Jim Balsillie , Thorsten Heins ... '' . www.portada-online.com . Portada. 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rees , Alex ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Dutch Vogue 's Debut Confirmed for Next Year '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Moss , Hilary ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` Vogue Lets Man Be in Charge of Thai Version '' . nymag.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Moss , Hilary ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` Ukraine to Get Its Very Own Vogue '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ June Thomas ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` An Irreverent Guide to Japanese Men 's Magazines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vogue Arabia set to launch in October , says Condé Nast '' . Arabian Business . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bienvenida a la familia de Condé Nast : Eugenia de la Torriente , nueva directora de ' Vogue España ' '' . Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Emanuele Farneti Named Editor - in - Chief of ' Vogue ' Italia and ' L'Uomo Vogue ' '' . fashionista.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandra Shulman to Step Down as Editor - in - Chief of British Vogue '' . The Business of Fashion . 2017 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Edward Enninful On His Appointment As Editor '' . British Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Deena Aljuhani Abdulaziz Exits Vogue Arabia '' . The Business of Fashion . 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Vogue Germany , vogue.de , retrieved 22 May 2014 Jump up ^ `` Eva Hughes is the new CEO for Condé Nast Mexico and Latin America '' . Portada. 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Quienes Somos '' . Vogue México . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand Vogue '' . Conde Naste International . Conde Naste International . May 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Safronova , Valeriya ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Vogue Arabia Suddenly Changes Editors '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` BoF Exclusive Condé Nast to Launch Vogue Poland '' . The Business of Fashion . 2017 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vogue ( magazine ) . Official website The official representative of American Vogue in Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , Kazakhstan . History of Vogue at Bookrags.com ( http://www.thedapifer.com/top-vogue-covers/ Dapifier website 's Top American Vogue Magazine Covers Voguepedia Advance Publications Newspapers Birmingham News Express - Times Forest Grove Leader Hunterdon Democrat Huntsville Times Jersey Journal Oregonian Patriot - News Plain Dealer Post-Standard Press - Register The Republican South Jersey Times Star - Ledger Staten Island Advance Sun Newspapers The Times The Times - Picayune Warren Reporter Mlive Media Group Ann Arbor News Flint Journal Grand Rapids Press Advances Jackson Citizen Patriot Kalamazoo Gazette Muskegon Chronicle Lakeshore Press Valley Publishing Company Bay City Times Saginaw News Condé Nast Condé Nast Entertainment Allure Architectural Digest Bon Appétit Brides Condé Nast Traveler Glamour Golf Digest Goop GQ Teen Vogue New Yorker Vanity Fair Vogue Wired Condé Nast Digital Allure Architectural Digest Ars Technica Backchannel Bon Appétit Brides Condé Nast Traveler Epicurious Glamour Golf Digest Golf World GQ Lucky Pitchfork Reddit Self Teen Vogue Texture ( partial ) The New Yorker Vanity Fair Vogue Wired Condé Nast International Condé Nast Traveller GQ Australia India House & Garden Love Tatler Vogue China India Italy Paris UK World of Interiors American City Business Journals Hemmings Motor News Inside Lacrosse Sporting News Media ( 35 % ) Defunct properties AnnArbor.com Cookie Details Gloucester County Times Golf World Gourmet Hillsboro Argus Jane Long Island Daily Press Lucky Mademoiselle Men 's Vogue NASCAR Scene News of Cumberland Co . Oregon Journal Portfolio.com Self Style.com Syracuse Herald - Journal Today 's Sunbeam Webmonkey WomenSports WWOR EMI Service YM Former subsidiaries Bright House Networks Bay News 9 News 13 InfoMás Bright House Sports Network In Demand ( part owner ) Vogue magazines Country editions Argentina Australia Brazil China France Germany Greece Great Britain India Italy Japan Korea Latin America Mexico the Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Spain Taiwan Thailand Turkey United States Other Men 's Vogue Teen Vogue Advance Publications ( Parent company ) Condé Nast ( publisher ) News Corp Australia Metropolitan newspapers The Australian The Daily Telegraph Herald Sun / Sunday Herald Sun The Courier Mail The Sunday Mail ( Brisbane ) The Advertiser The Sunday Times ( Western Australia ) The Mercury Northern Territory News mX Community newspapers Leader Community Newspapers ( Victoria ) NewsLocal ( NSW ) Quest Community Newspapers ( Queensland ) Messenger Newspapers ( South Australia ) Community Newspaper Group ( Western Australia ) Regional newspapers Geelong Advertiser Gold Coast Bulletin The Cairns Post Townsville Bulletin Magazines Big League GQ Australia Vogue Australia Television channels Fox Sports Pty Limited Fox Sports Fox Footy Fox League Fox Sports News Australian News Channel Sky News Live Sky News Business Channel Sky News Weather Channel A-PAC Professional sports Brisbane Broncos ( 68.87 % ) Other properties Australian Associated Press ( 45 % ) Newspoll ( polling brand ) Papua New Guinea Post-Courier ( 63 % ) REA Group ( 61.6 % ) Foxtel ( 50 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vogue_(magazine)&oldid=819028601 '' Categories : Vogue ( magazine ) Magazines established in 1892 1892 establishments in the United States Men 's fashion magazines American women 's magazines English - language magazines Spanish - language magazines German - language magazines Turkish - language magazines Dutch - language magazines Italian - language magazines American monthly magazines American lifestyle magazines Australian women 's magazines German women 's magazines Korean magazines Thai magazines Multilingual magazines Women 's fashion magazines French women 's magazines Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 00 : 16 . 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United Kingdom

United Kingdom - wikipedia United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . It is not to be confused with Great Britain , its largest island whose name is also loosely applied to the whole country . `` UK '' redirects here . For other uses of `` UK '' , see UK ( disambiguation ) . For other uses of `` United Kingdom '' , see United Kingdom ( disambiguation ) . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( show ) Scots : Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland Ulster Scots : Claught Kängrick o Docht Brätain an Norlin Airlann Welsh : Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon Cornish : Rywvaneth Unys Breten Veur ha Kledhbarth Iwerdhon Scottish Gaelic : Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn is Èireann a Tuath Irish : Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann Flag Royal coat of arms Anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' Location of the United Kingdom ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) Location of the United Kingdom , Crown dependencies and British Overseas Territories ( red ) ( show ) Capital and largest city London 51 ° 30 ′ N 0 ° 7 ′ W  /  51.500 ° N 0.117 ° W  / 51.500 ; - 0.117 Official language and national language English Recognised regional languages Scots Ulster Scots Welsh Cornish Scottish Gaelic Irish Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 87.1 % White 7.0 % Asian 3.0 % Black 2.0 % Mixed 0.9 % others Religion ( 2011 ) 59.5 % Christian 25.7 % Irreligious 4.4 % Muslim 1.3 % Hindu 0.4 % Jewish 1.5 % other religions 7.2 % unknown Demonym British Briton Countries ( constituent parts ) England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Prime Minister Theresa May Legislature Parliament Upper house House of Lords Lower house House of Commons Formation Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 Union of the Crowns under James , King of Scots 24 March 1603 Acts of Union of England and Scotland 1 May 1707 Acts of Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1 January 1801 Irish Free State Constitution Act 5 December 1922 EC accession 1 January 1973 Area Total 242,495 km ( 93,628 sq mi ) ( 78th ) Water ( % ) 1.34 Population 2016 estimate 65,648,000 ( 22nd ) 2011 census 63,181,775 ( 22nd ) Density 270.7 / km ( 701.1 / sq mi ) ( 50th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $2.79 trillion ( 9th ) Per capita $42,514 ( 25th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $2.63 trillion ( 5th ) Per capita $40,096 ( 19th ) Gini ( 2014 ) 31.6 medium 33rd HDI ( 2015 ) 0.909 very high 16th Currency Pound sterling ( GBP ; £ ) Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC ⁠ ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the left Calling code + 44 ISO 3166 code GB Internet TLD . uk The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK ) and colloquially Great Britain ( GB ) or simply Britain , is a sovereign country in western Europe . Lying off the north - western coast of the European mainland , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍ -- ‌the Republic of Ireland . Apart from this land border , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to its east , the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south - south - west , giving it the 12th - longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland . With an area of 242,500 square kilometres ( 93,600 sq mi ) , the United Kingdom is the 78th - largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th - largest in Europe . It is also the 21st-most populous country , with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants . Together , this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union ( EU ) . The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy . The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 6 February 1952 . The capital of the United Kingdom and its largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million , the fourth - largest in Europe and second - largest in the European Union . Other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the conurbations centred on Birmingham , Leeds , Glasgow , Liverpool and Manchester . The United Kingdom consists of four countries -- England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The last three have devolved administrations , each with varying powers , based in their capitals , Edinburgh , Cardiff and Belfast , respectively . The nearby Isle of Man , Bailiwick of Guernsey and Bailiwick of Jersey are not part of the United Kingdom , being Crown dependencies with the British Government responsible for defence and international representation . The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time . Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain , which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922 , leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . There are fourteen British Overseas Territories . These are the remnants of the British Empire which , at its height in the 1920s , encompassed almost a quarter of the world 's land mass and was the largest empire in history . British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies . The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth - largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth - largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high - income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and terminology 2 History 2.1 Before 1707 2.2 After the Acts of Union of 1707 2.3 Since 1945 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Administrative divisions 4 Dependencies 5 Politics 5.1 Government 5.2 Devolved administrations 5.3 Law and criminal justice 5.4 Foreign relations 5.5 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Overview 6.2 Science and technology 6.3 Transport 6.4 Energy 6.5 Water supply and sanitation 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnic groups 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 7.4 Migration 7.5 Education 7.6 Healthcare 8 Culture 8.1 Literature 8.2 Music 8.3 Visual art 8.4 Cinema 8.5 Media 8.6 Philosophy 8.7 Sport 8.8 Symbols 9 International rankings 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology and terminology See also : Britain ( place name ) and Terminology of the British Isles The 1707 Acts of Union declared that the kingdoms of England and Scotland were `` United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain '' , though the new state is also referred to in the Acts as the `` Kingdom of Great Britain '' , `` United Kingdom of Great Britain '' and `` United Kingdom '' . The term `` United Kingdom '' is found in informal use during the 18th century and the country was also occasionally referred to as the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain '' though its full official name , from 1707 to 1800 , was merely `` Great Britain '' , without a `` long form '' . The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland in 1801 , forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Following the partition of Ireland and the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922 , which left Northern Ireland as the only part of the island of Ireland within the United Kingdom , the name `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' was adopted . Although the United Kingdom , as a sovereign state , is a country , England , Scotland , Wales and , to a lesser degree , Northern Ireland , are also regarded as countries , though they are not sovereign states . Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self - government . The British Prime Minister 's website has used the phrase `` countries within a country '' to describe the United Kingdom . Some statistical summaries , such as those for the twelve NUTS 1 regions of the United Kingdom , also refer to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland as `` regions '' . Northern Ireland is also referred to as a `` province '' . With regard to Northern Ireland , the descriptive name used `` can be controversial , with the choice often revealing one 's political preferences '' . The term `` Britain '' is often used as synonym for the United Kingdom . The term `` Great Britain '' , by contrast , refers conventionally to the island of Great Britain , or politically to England , Scotland and Wales in combination . However , it is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole . GB and GBR are the standard country codes for the United Kingdom ( see ISO 3166 - 2 and ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 3 ) and are consequently used by international organisations to refer to the United Kingdom . Additionally , the United Kingdom 's Olympic team competes under the name `` Great Britain '' or `` Team GB '' . The adjective `` British '' is commonly used to refer to matters relating to the United Kingdom . The term has no definite legal connotation , but is used in law to refer to United Kingdom citizenship and matters to do with nationality . People of the United Kingdom use a number of different terms to describe their national identity and may identify themselves as being British ; or as being English , Scottish , Welsh , Northern Irish , or Irish ; or as being both . In 2006 , a new design of British passport was introduced . Its first page shows the long form name of the state in English , Welsh and Scottish Gaelic . In Welsh , the long form name of the state is `` Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon '' , with `` Teyrnas Unedig '' being used as a short form name on government websites . However , it is usually abbreviated to `` DU '' for the mutated form `` Y Deyrnas Unedig '' . In Scottish Gaelic , the long form is `` Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn is Èireann a Tuath '' and the short form `` Rìoghachd Aonaichte '' . History See also : History of the British Isles Before 1707 Main articles : History of England , History of Wales , History of Scotland , History of Ireland , and History of the formation of the United Kingdom Stonehenge , in Wiltshire , was erected around 2500 BC Settlement by anatomically modern humans of what was to become the United Kingdom occurred in waves beginning by about 30,000 years ago . By the end of the region 's prehistoric period , the population is thought to have belonged , in the main , to a culture termed Insular Celtic , comprising Brythonic Britain and Gaelic Ireland . The Roman conquest , beginning in 43 AD , and the 400 - year rule of southern Britain , was followed by an invasion by Germanic Anglo - Saxon settlers , reducing the Brythonic area mainly to what was to become Wales , the Brittonic Kingdom incorporating later Brittany , Dumnonia ( later becomin English counties Cornwall and Devon ) and the historic Kingdom of Strathclyde . Most of the region settled by the Anglo - Saxons became unified as the Kingdom of England in the 10th century . Meanwhile , Gaelic - speakers in north - west Britain ( with connections to the north - east of Ireland and traditionally supposed to have migrated from there in the 5th century ) united with the Picts to create the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century . The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings , 1066 , and the events leading to it In 1066 , the Normans and their Breton allies invaded England from northern France and after its conquest , seized large parts of Wales , conquered much of Ireland and were invited to settle in Scotland , bringing to each country feudalism on the Northern French model and Norman - French culture . The Norman elites greatly influenced , but eventually assimilated with , each of the local cultures . Subsequent medieval English kings completed the conquest of Wales and made an unsuccessful attempt to annex Scotland . Following the Declaration of Arbroath , Scotland maintained its independence , albeit in near - constant conflict with England . The English monarchs , through inheritance of substantial territories in France and claims to the French crown , were also heavily involved in conflicts in France , most notably the Hundred Years War , while the Kings of Scots were in an alliance with the French during this period . The early modern period saw religious conflict resulting from the Reformation and the introduction of Protestant state churches in each country . Wales was fully incorporated into the Kingdom of England , and Ireland was constituted as a kingdom in personal union with the English crown . In what was to become Northern Ireland , the lands of the independent Catholic Gaelic nobility were confiscated and given to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland . In 1603 , the kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI , King of Scots , inherited the crowns of England and Ireland and moved his court from Edinburgh to London ; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political , legal , and religious institutions . In the mid-17th century , all three kingdoms were involved in a series of connected wars ( including the English Civil War ) which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the short - lived unitary republic of the Commonwealth of England , Scotland and Ireland . During the 17th and 18th centuries , British sailors were involved in acts of piracy ( privateering ) , attacking and stealing from ships off the coast of Europe and the Caribbean . The State House in St. George 's , Bermuda . Settled in 1612 , the town is the oldest continuously - inhabited English town in the New World . Although the monarchy was restored , the Interregnum ensured ( along with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights 1689 , and the Claim of Right Act 1689 ) that , unlike much of the rest of Europe , royal absolutism would not prevail , and a professed Catholic could never accede to the throne . The British constitution would develop on the basis of constitutional monarchy and the parliamentary system . With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660 , science was greatly encouraged . During this period , particularly in England , the development of naval power ( and the interest in voyages of discovery ) led to the acquisition and settlement of overseas colonies , particularly in North America . After the Acts of Union of 1707 Main article : History of the United Kingdom The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain On 1 May 1707 , the united Kingdom of Great Britain came into being , the result of Acts of Union being passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland to ratify the 1706 Treaty of Union and so unite the two kingdoms . In the 18th century , cabinet government developed under Robert Walpole , in practice the first prime minister ( 1721 -- 1742 ) . A series of Jacobite Uprisings sought to remove the Protestant House of Hanover from the British throne and restore the Catholic House of Stuart . The Jacobites were finally defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 , after which the Scottish Highlanders were brutally suppressed . The British colonies in North America that broke away from Britain in the American War of Independence became the United States of America , recognised by Britain in 1783 . British imperial ambition turned elsewhere , particularly to India . During the 18th century , Britain was involved in the Atlantic slave trade . British ships transported an estimated two million slaves from Africa to the West Indies before banning the trade in 1807 , banning slavery in 1833 , and taking a leading role in the movement to abolish slavery worldwide by pressing other nations to end their trade with a series of treaties , and then formed the world 's oldest international human rights organisation , Anti-Slavery International , in London in 1839 . The term `` United Kingdom '' became official in 1801 when the parliaments of Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union , uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The Battle of Waterloo , 1815 , marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the start of Pax Britannica In the early 19th century , the British - led Industrial Revolution began to transform the country . Gradually political power shifted away from the old Tory and Whig landowning classes towards the new industrialists . An alliance of merchants and industrialists with the Whigs would lead to a new party , the Liberals , with an ideology of free trade and laissez - faire . In 1832 Parliament passed the Great Reform Act , which began the transfer of political power from the aristocracy to the middle classes . In the countryside , enclosure of the land was driving small farmers out . Towns and cities began to swell with a new urban working class . Few ordinary workers had the vote , and they created their own organisations in the form of trade unions . After the defeat of France at the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1792 -- 1815 ) , Great Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century ( with London the largest city in the world from about 1830 ) . Unchallenged at sea , British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ( `` British Peace '' ) , a period of relative peace in Europe and the world ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman . By the time of the Great Exhibition of 1851 , Britain was described as the `` workshop of the world '' . The British Empire was expanded to include India , large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . Domestically , political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez - faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise . During the century , the population increased at a dramatic rate , accompanied by rapid urbanisation , causing significant social and economic stresses . To seek new markets and sources of raw materials , the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt , South Africa , and elsewhere . Canada , Australia , and New Zealand became self - governing dominions . After the turn of the century , Britain 's industrial dominance was challenged by the United States and Germany . Social reform and home rule for Ireland were important domestic issues after 1900 . The Labour Party emerged from an alliance of trade unions and small socialist groups in 1900 , and suffragettes campaigned for women 's right to vote before 1914 . Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme ( more than 885,000 British soldiers died on the battlefields of World War I ) Britain fought alongside France , Russia and ( after 1917 ) the United States , against Germany and its allies in the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . British armed forces were engaged across much of the British Empire and in several regions of Europe , particularly on the Western front . The high fatalities of trench warfare caused the loss of much of a generation of men , with lasting social effects in the nation and a great disruption in the social order . After the war , Britain received the League of Nations mandate over a number of former German and Ottoman colonies . The British Empire reached its greatest extent , covering a fifth of the world 's land surface and a quarter of its population . However , Britain had suffered 2.5 million casualties and finished the war with a huge national debt . The rise of Irish nationalism , and disputes within Ireland over the terms of Irish Home Rule , led eventually to the partition of the island in 1921 . The Irish Free State became independent with Dominion status in 1922 . Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom . A wave of strikes in the mid-1920s culminated in the General Strike of 1926 . Britain had still not recovered from the effects of the war when the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1932 ) occurred . This led to considerable unemployment and hardship in the old industrial areas , as well as political and social unrest in the 1930s , with rising membership in communist and socialist parties . A coalition government was formed in 1931 . Britain entered the Second World War by declaring war on Nazi Germany in 1939 , after Germany had invaded Poland . Winston Churchill became prime minister and head of a coalition government in 1940 . Despite the defeat of its European allies in the first year of the war , Britain and its Empire continued the fight alone against Germany . In 1940 , the Royal Air Force defeated the German Luftwaffe in a struggle for control of the skies in the Battle of Britain . Urban areas suffered heavy bombing during the Blitz . There were also eventual hard - fought victories in the Battle of the Atlantic , the North Africa campaign and the Burma campaign . British forces played an important role in the Normandy landings of 1944 , achieved with its United States ally . Since 1945 Main articles : Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) and Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Territories that were at one time part of the British Empire , while names of current British Overseas Territories are underlined in red After the end of the Second World War in 1945 , the UK was one of the Big Four powers ( the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the US and China ) who met to plan the post-war world ; it was an original signatory to the Declaration of the United Nations . The UK became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . However , the war left the UK severely weakened and depending financially on the Marshall Plan . In the immediate post-war years , the Labour government initiated a radical programme of reforms , which had a significant effect on British society in the following decades . Major industries and public utilities were nationalised , a welfare state was established , and a comprehensive , publicly funded healthcare system , the National Health Service , was created . The rise of nationalism in the colonies coincided with Britain 's now much - diminished economic position , so that a policy of decolonisation was unavoidable . Independence was granted to India and Pakistan in 1947 . Over the next three decades , most colonies of the British Empire gained their independence . Many became members of the Commonwealth of Nations . Although the UK was the third country to develop a nuclear weapons arsenal ( with its first atomic bomb test in 1952 ) , the new post-war limits of Britain 's international role were illustrated by the Suez Crisis of 1956 . The international spread of the English language ensured the continuing international influence of its literature and culture . As a result of a shortage of workers in the 1950s , the government encouraged immigration from Commonwealth countries . In the following decades , the UK became a more multi-ethnic society than before . Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 60s , the UK 's economic performance was less successful than many of its main competitors such as France , West Germany and Japan . Leaders of member states of the European Union in 2007 . The UK entered the European Economic Community in 1973 . In a referendum held in 1975 , 67 % of voters voted to remain in the EEC , but 52 % voted to leave the EU in 2016 . In the decade - long process of European integration , the UK was a founding member of the alliance called the Western European Union , established with the London and Paris Conferences in 1954 . In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) , but in 1973 it left to join the European Communities ( EC ) . When the EC became the European Union ( EU ) in 1992 , the UK was one of the 12 founding members . The Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 2007 , which forms the constitutional basis of the European Union since then . From the late 1960s , Northern Ireland suffered communal and paramilitary violence ( sometimes affecting other parts of the UK ) conventionally known as the Troubles . It is usually considered to have ended with the Belfast `` Good Friday '' Agreement of 1998 . Following a period of widespread economic slowdown and industrial strife in the 1970s , the Conservative government of the 1980s under Margaret Thatcher initiated a radical policy of monetarism , deregulation , particularly of the financial sector ( for example , Big Bang in 1986 ) and labour markets , the sale of state - owned companies ( privatisation ) , and the withdrawal of subsidies to others . This resulted in high unemployment and social unrest , but ultimately also economic growth , particularly in the services sector . From 1984 , the economy was helped by the inflow of substantial North Sea oil revenues . Around the end of the 20th century there were major changes to the governance of the UK with the establishment of devolved administrations for Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The statutory incorporation followed acceptance of the European Convention on Human Rights . The UK is still a key global player diplomatically and militarily . It plays leading roles in the EU , UN and NATO . However , controversy surrounds some of Britain 's overseas military deployments , particularly in Afghanistan and Iraq . The 2008 global financial crisis severely affected the UK economy . The coalition government of 2010 introduced austerity measures intended to tackle the substantial public deficits which resulted . In 2014 the Scottish Government held a referendum on Scottish independence , with 55 % of voters rejecting the independence proposal and opting to remain within the United Kingdom . In 2016 , the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union . The legal process of leaving the EU began on 29 March 2017 , with the UK 's invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon , formally notifying the EU of the UK 's intention to leave . The article stipulates that the negotiations to leave will last at least two years . The UK remains a full member of the EU during this time . Geography Main article : Geography of the United Kingdom The topography of the UK The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 243,610 square kilometres ( 94,060 sq mi ) . The country occupies the major part of the British Isles archipelago and includes the island of Great Britain , the north - eastern one - sixth of the island of Ireland and some smaller surrounding islands . It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea with the south - east coast coming within 22 miles ( 35 km ) of the coast of northern France , from which it is separated by the English Channel . In 1993 10 % of the UK was forested , 46 % used for pastures and 25 % cultivated for agriculture . The Royal Greenwich Observatory in London is the defining point of the Prime Meridian . The United Kingdom lies between latitudes 49 ° to 61 ° N , and longitudes 9 ° W to 2 ° E. Northern Ireland shares a 224 - mile ( 360 km ) land boundary with the Republic of Ireland . The coastline of Great Britain is 11,073 miles ( 17,820 km ) long . It is connected to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel , which at 31 miles ( 50 km ) ( 24 miles ( 38 km ) underwater ) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world . England accounts for just over half of the total area of the UK , covering 130,395 square kilometres ( 50,350 sq mi ) . Most of the country consists of lowland terrain , with mountainous terrain north - west of the Tees - Exe line ; including the Cumbrian Mountains of the Lake District , the Pennines , Exmoor and Dartmoor . The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames , Severn and the Humber . England 's highest mountain is Scafell Pike ( 978 metres ( 3,209 ft ) ) in the Lake District . Its principal rivers are the Severn , Thames , Humber , Tees , Tyne , Tweed , Avon , Exe and Mersey . The Skiddaw massif , town of Keswick and Derwent Water in Lakeland Skye is one of the major islands in the Inner Hebrides and part of the Scottish Highlands Scotland accounts for just under a third of the total area of the UK , covering 78,772 square kilometres ( 30,410 sq mi ) and including nearly eight hundred islands , predominantly west and north of the mainland ; notably the Hebrides , Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands . Scotland is the most mountainous country in the UK and its topography is distinguished by the Highland Boundary Fault -- a geological rock fracture -- which traverses Scotland from Arran in the west to Stonehaven in the east . The fault separates two distinctively different regions ; namely the Highlands to the north and west and the lowlands to the south and east . The more rugged Highland region contains the majority of Scotland 's mountainous land , including Ben Nevis which at 1,343 metres ( 4,406 ft ) is the highest point in the British Isles . Lowland areas -- especially the narrow waist of land between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth known as the Central Belt -- are flatter and home to most of the population including Glasgow , Scotland 's largest city , and Edinburgh , its capital and political centre , although upland and mountainous terrain lies within the Southern Uplands . Wales accounts for less than a tenth of the total area of the UK , covering 20,779 square kilometres ( 8,020 sq mi ) . Wales is mostly mountainous , though South Wales is less mountainous than North and mid Wales . The main population and industrial areas are in South Wales , consisting of the coastal cities of Cardiff , Swansea and Newport , and the South Wales Valleys to their north . The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia and include Snowdon ( Welsh : Yr Wyddfa ) which , at 1,085 metres ( 3,560 ft ) , is the highest peak in Wales . The 14 , or possibly 15 , Welsh mountains over 3,000 feet ( 910 metres ) high are known collectively as the Welsh 3000s . Wales has over 2,704 kilometres ( 1,680 miles ) of coastline . Several islands lie off the Welsh mainland , the largest of which is Anglesey ( Ynys Môn ) in the north - west . Cliffs at Gough and Inaccessible Islands , declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1995 . Northern Ireland , separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and North Channel , has an area of 14,160 square kilometres ( 5,470 sq mi ) and is mostly hilly . It includes Lough Neagh which , at 388 square kilometres ( 150 sq mi ) , is the largest lake in the British Isles by area . The highest peak in Northern Ireland is Slieve Donard in the Mourne Mountains at 852 metres ( 2,795 ft ) . Climate Main article : Climate of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has a temperate climate , with plentiful rainfall all year round . The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below − 11 ° C ( 12 ° F ) or rising above 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . The prevailing wind is from the south - west and bears frequent spells of mild and wet weather from the Atlantic Ocean , although the eastern parts are mostly sheltered from this wind since the majority of the rain falls over the western regions the eastern parts are therefore the driest . Atlantic currents , warmed by the Gulf Stream , bring mild winters ; especially in the west where winters are wet and even more so over high ground . Summers are warmest in the south - east of England , being closest to the European mainland , and coolest in the north . Heavy snowfall can occur in winter and early spring on high ground , and occasionally settles to great depth away from the hills . England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland The four countries of the United Kingdom Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative geography of the United Kingdom There is no consistent system of administrative or geographic demarcation across the United Kingdom . Each country of the United Kingdom has its own arrangements , whose origins often pre-date the UK 's formation . Until the 19th century there was little change to those arrangements , but there has since been a constant evolution of role and function , most significantly the devolution of powers to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The organisation of local government in England is complex , with the distribution of functions varying according to local arrangements . Legislation concerning local government in England is the responsibility of the UK 's parliament and the government , as England has no devolved legislature . The upper - tier subdivisions of England are the nine regions , now used primarily for statistical purposes . One region , Greater London , has had a directly elected assembly and mayor since 2000 following popular support for the proposal in a referendum . It was intended that other regions would also be given their own elected regional assemblies , but a proposed assembly in the North East region was rejected by a referendum in 2004 . Below the regional tier , some parts of England have county councils and district councils and others have unitary authorities ; while London consists of 32 London boroughs and the City of London . Councillors are elected by the first - past - the - post system in single - member wards or by the multi-member plurality system in multi-member wards . For local government purposes , Scotland is divided into 32 council areas , with wide variation in both size and population . The cities of Glasgow , Edinburgh , Aberdeen and Dundee are separate council areas , as is the Highland Council which includes a third of Scotland 's area but only just over 200,000 people . Local councils are made up of elected councillors , of whom there are 1,223 ; they are paid a part - time salary . Elections are conducted by single transferable vote in multi-member wards that elect either three or four councillors . Each council elects a Provost , or Convenor , to chair meetings of the council and to act as a figurehead for the area . Councillors are subject to a code of conduct enforced by the Standards Commission for Scotland . The representative association of Scotland 's local authorities is the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities ( COSLA ) . Local government in Wales consists of 22 unitary authorities . These include the cities of Cardiff , Swansea and Newport which are unitary authorities in their own right . Elections are held every four years under the first - past - the - post system . The most recent elections were held in May 2012 , except for the Isle of Anglesey . The Welsh Local Government Association represents the interests of local authorities in Wales . Local government in Northern Ireland has since 1973 been organised into 26 district councils , each elected by single transferable vote . Their powers are limited to services such as collecting waste , controlling dogs and maintaining parks and cemeteries . On 13 March 2008 the executive agreed on proposals to create 11 new councils and replace the present system . The next local elections were postponed until 2016 to facilitate this . Dependencies Main articles : British Overseas Territories , Crown dependencies , and British Islands British Antarctic Territory : Rothera research station The United Kingdom has sovereignty over seventeen territories which do not form part of the United Kingdom itself : fourteen British Overseas Territories and three Crown dependencies . The fourteen British Overseas Territories are : Anguilla ; Bermuda ; the British Antarctic Territory ; the British Indian Ocean Territory ; the British Virgin Islands ; the Cayman Islands ; the Falkland Islands ; Gibraltar ; Montserrat ; Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; the Turks and Caicos Islands ; the Pitcairn Islands ; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ; and Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the island of Cyprus . British claims in Antarctica are not universally recognised . Collectively Britain 's overseas territories encompass an approximate land area of 1,727,570 square kilometres ( 667,018 sq mi ) and a population of approximately 260,000 people . They are the last remaining remnants of the British Empire and a 1999 UK government white paper stated that : `` ( The ) Overseas Territories are British for as long as they wish to remain British . Britain has willingly granted independence where it has been requested ; and we will continue to do so where this is an option . '' Self - determination is also enshrined into the constitutions of several overseas territories and three have specifically voted to remain under British sovereignty ( Bermuda in 1995 , Gibraltar in 2002 and the Falkland Islands in 2013 ) . The Crown dependencies are possessions of the Crown , as opposed to overseas territories of the UK . They comprise three independently administered jurisdictions : the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel , and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea . By mutual agreement , the British Government manages the islands ' foreign affairs and defence and the UK Parliament has the authority to legislate on their behalf . However , internationally , they are regarded as `` territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible '' . The power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with their own respective legislative assemblies , with the assent of the Crown ( Privy Council or , in the case of the Isle of Man , in certain circumstances the Lieutenant - Governor ) . Since 2005 each Crown dependency has had a Chief Minister as its head of government . The British dependencies use a varied assortment of currencies . These include the British pound , US dollar , New Zealand dollar , euro or their own currencies , which may be pegged to either . Locations of UK dependencies ( crown dependencies alphabetised , overseas territories numbered ) : A Isle of Man ; B Guernsey ; C Jersey ; 1 United Kingdom ; 2 Gibraltar ; 3 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ; 4 Bermuda ; 5 Turks and Caicos Islands ; 6 British Virgin Islands ; 7 Anguilla ; 8 Cayman Islands ; 9 Montserrat ; 10 Pitcairn Islands ; 11 Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; 12 British Indian Ocean Territory ; 13 Falkland Islands ; 14 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ; ( 15 ) British Antarctic Territory Politics Main article : Politics of the United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II , Monarch since 1952 Theresa May , Prime Minister since 2016 The United Kingdom is a unitary state under a constitutional monarchy . Queen Elizabeth II is the monarch and head of state of the UK , as well as Queen of fifteen other independent Commonwealth countries . The monarch has `` the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , and the right to warn '' . The Constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified and consists mostly of a collection of disparate written sources , including statutes , judge - made case law and international treaties , together with constitutional conventions . As there is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and `` constitutional law '' , the UK Parliament can perform `` constitutional reform '' simply by passing Acts of Parliament , and thus has the political power to change or abolish almost any written or unwritten element of the constitution . However , no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments can not change . Government Main article : Government of the United Kingdom The UK has a parliamentary government based on the Westminster system that has been emulated around the world : a legacy of the British Empire . The parliament of the United Kingdom meets in the Palace of Westminster and has two houses : an elected House of Commons and an appointed House of Lords . All bills passed are given Royal Assent before becoming law . The position of prime minister , the UK 's head of government , belongs to the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons ; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber . The prime minister chooses a cabinet and its members are formally appointed by the monarch to form Her Majesty 's Government . By convention , the monarch respects the prime minister 's decisions of government . The Palace of Westminster , seat of both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom The cabinet is traditionally drawn from members of the prime minister 's party or coalition and mostly from the House of Commons but always from both legislative houses , the cabinet being responsible to both . Executive power is exercised by the prime minister and cabinet , all of whom are sworn into the Privy Council of the United Kingdom , and become Ministers of the Crown . The current Prime Minister is Theresa May , who has been in office since 13 July 2016 . May is also the leader of the Conservative Party . For elections to the House of Commons , the UK is divided into 650 constituencies , each electing a single member of parliament ( MP ) by simple plurality . General elections are called by the monarch when the prime minister so advises . Prior to the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 required that a new election must be called no later than five years after the previous general election . The Conservative Party , the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats ( formerly as the Liberal Party ) have , in modern times , been considered the UK 's three major political parties , representing the British traditions of conservatism , socialism and liberalism , respectively . However , in both the 2015 and 2017 general elections , the Scottish National Party was the third - largest party by number of seats won , ahead of the Liberal Democrats . Most of the remaining seats were won by parties that contest elections only in one part of the UK : Plaid Cymru ( Wales only ) ; and the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Féin ( Northern Ireland only ) . In accordance with party policy , no elected Sinn Féin members of parliament have ever attended the House of Commons to speak on behalf of their constituents because of the requirement to take an oath of allegiance to the monarch . Devolved administrations Main articles : Devolution in the United Kingdom , Northern Ireland Executive , Scottish Government , and Welsh Government The Scottish Parliament Building in Holyrood is the seat of the Scottish Parliament Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland each have their own government or executive , led by a First Minister ( or , in the case of Northern Ireland , a diarchal First Minister and deputy First Minister ) , and a devolved unicameral legislature . England , the largest country of the United Kingdom , has no such devolved executive or legislature and is administered and legislated for directly by the UK 's government and parliament on all issues . This situation has given rise to the so - called West Lothian question which concerns the fact that members of parliament from Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland can vote , sometimes decisively , on matters that only affect England . The McKay Commission reported on this matter in March 2013 recommending that laws affecting only England should need support from a majority of English members of parliament . The Scottish Government and Parliament have wide - ranging powers over any matter that has not been specifically reserved to the UK Parliament , including education , healthcare , Scots law and local government . At the 2011 elections the Scottish National Party won re-election and achieved an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament , with its leader , Alex Salmond , as First Minister of Scotland . In 2012 , the UK and Scottish governments signed the Edinburgh Agreement setting out the terms for a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014 , which was defeated 55.3 % to 44.7 % . The Welsh Government and the National Assembly for Wales have more limited powers than those devolved to Scotland . The Assembly is able to legislate on devolved matters through Acts of the Assembly , which require no prior consent from Westminster . The 2011 elections resulted in a minority Labour administration led by Carwyn Jones . The Northern Ireland Executive and Assembly have powers similar to those devolved to Scotland . The Executive is led by a diarchy representing unionist and nationalist members of the Assembly . Arlene Foster ( Democratic Unionist Party ) and Martin McGuinness ( Sinn Féin ) were First Minister and deputy First Minister respectively until 2017 . Devolution to Northern Ireland is contingent on participation by the Northern Ireland administration in the North - South Ministerial Council , where the Northern Ireland Executive cooperates and develops joint and shared policies with the Government of Ireland . The British and Irish governments co-operate on non-devolved matters affecting Northern Ireland through the British -- Irish Intergovernmental Conference , which assumes the responsibilities of the Northern Ireland administration in the event of its non-operation . The UK does not have a codified constitution and constitutional matters are not among the powers devolved to Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland . Under the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty , the UK Parliament could , in theory , therefore , abolish the Scottish Parliament , Welsh Assembly or Northern Ireland Assembly . Indeed , in 1972 , the UK Parliament unilaterally prorogued the Parliament of Northern Ireland , setting a precedent relevant to contemporary devolved institutions . In practice , it would be politically difficult for the UK Parliament to abolish devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly , given the political entrenchment created by referendum decisions . The political constraints placed upon the UK Parliament 's power to interfere with devolution in Northern Ireland are even greater than in relation to Scotland and Wales , given that devolution in Northern Ireland rests upon an international agreement with the Government of Ireland . Law and criminal Justice Main article : Law of the United Kingdom The Royal Courts of Justice of England and Wales The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system as Article 19 of the 1706 Treaty of Union provided for the continuation of Scotland 's separate legal system . Today the UK has three distinct systems of law : English law , Northern Ireland law and Scots law . A new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom came into being in October 2009 to replace the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords . The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , including the same members as the Supreme Court , is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries , the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies . Both English law , which applies in England and Wales , and Northern Ireland law are based on common - law principles . The essence of common law is that , subject to statute , the law is developed by judges in courts , applying statute , precedent and common sense to the facts before them to give explanatory judgements of the relevant legal principles , which are reported and binding in future similar cases ( stare decisis ) . The courts of England and Wales are headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales , consisting of the Court of Appeal , the High Court of Justice ( for civil cases ) and the Crown Court ( for criminal cases ) . The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land for both criminal and civil appeal cases in England , Wales and Northern Ireland and any decision it makes is binding on every other court in the same jurisdiction , often having a persuasive effect in other jurisdictions . The High Court of Justiciary -- the supreme criminal court of Scotland Scots law is a hybrid system based on both common - law and civil - law principles . The chief courts are the Court of Session , for civil cases , and the High Court of Justiciary , for criminal cases . The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law . Sheriff courts deal with most civil and criminal cases including conducting criminal trials with a jury , known as sheriff solemn court , or with a sheriff and no jury , known as sheriff summary Court . The Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts for a criminal trial : `` guilty '' , `` not guilty '' and `` not proven '' . Both `` not guilty '' and `` not proven '' result in an acquittal . Crime in England and Wales increased in the period between 1981 and 1995 , though since that peak there has been an overall fall of 66 % in recorded crime from 1995 to 2015 , according to crime statistics . The prison population of England and Wales has increased to 86,000 , giving England and Wales the highest rate of incarceration in Western Europe at 148 per 100,000 . Her Majesty 's Prison Service , which reports to the Ministry of Justice , manages most of the prisons within England and Wales . The murder rate in England and Wales has stabilised in the first half of the 2010s with a murder rate around 1 per 100,000 which is half the peak in 2002 and similar to the rate in the 1980s . More sexual offences have been reported to the police since 2002 . Crime in Scotland fell slightly in 2014 / 2015 to its lowest level in 39 years in with 59 killings for a murder rate of 1.1 per 100,000 . Scotland 's prisons are overcrowded but the prison population is shrinking . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of the United Kingdom The UK is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , a member of NATO , the Commonwealth of Nations , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum ( previously the G8 forum ) , the G20 , the OECD , the WTO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE . It is also a member state of the European Union in the process of withdrawal . The UK is said to have a `` Special Relationship '' with the United States and a close partnership with France -- the `` Entente cordiale '' -- and shares nuclear weapons technology with both countries . The UK is also closely linked with the Republic of Ireland ; the two countries share a Common Travel Area and co-operate through the British - Irish Intergovernmental Conference and the British - Irish Council . Britain 's global presence and influence is further amplified through its trading relations , foreign investments , official development assistance and military engagements . Military Main article : British Armed Forces HMS Queen Elizabeth , a Queen Elizabeth - class supercarrier on sea trials in June 2017 . The armed forces of the United Kingdom -- officially , Her Majesty 's Armed Forces -- consist of three professional service branches : the Royal Navy and Royal Marines ( forming the Naval Service ) , the British Army and the Royal Air Force . The forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence and controlled by the Defence Council , chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence . The Commander - in - Chief is the British monarch , Elizabeth II , to whom members of the forces swear an oath of allegiance . The Armed Forces are charged with protecting the UK and its overseas territories , promoting the UK 's global security interests and supporting international peacekeeping efforts . They are active and regular participants in NATO , including the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps , as well as the Five Power Defence Arrangements , RIMPAC and other worldwide coalition operations . Overseas garrisons and facilities are maintained in Ascension Island , Belize , Brunei , Canada , Cyprus , Diego Garcia , the Falkland Islands , Germany , Gibraltar , Kenya , Qatar and Singapore . The British armed forces played a key role in establishing the British Empire as the dominant world power in the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries . Throughout its unique history the British forces have seen action in a number of major wars , such as the Seven Years ' War , the Napoleonic Wars , the Crimean War , the First World War and the Second World War -- as well as many colonial conflicts . By emerging victorious from such conflicts , Britain has often been able to decisively influence world events . Since the end of the British Empire , the UK has nonetheless remained a major military power . Following the end of the Cold War , defence policy has a stated assumption that `` the most demanding operations '' will be undertaken as part of a coalition . Setting aside the intervention in Sierra Leone , recent UK military operations in Bosnia , Kosovo , Afghanistan , Iraq and , most recently , Libya , have followed this approach . The last occasion on which the British military fought alone was the Falklands War of 1982 . According to various sources , including the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and the International Institute for Strategic Studies , the United Kingdom has the fourth - or fifth - highest military expenditure in the world . Total defence spending amounts to 2.0 % of national GDP . Economy Main article : Economy of the United Kingdom Overview The Bank of England -- the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based The UK has a partially regulated market economy . Based on market exchange rates , the UK is today the fifth - largest economy in the world and the second - largest in Europe after Germany . HM Treasury , led by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , is responsible for developing and executing the government 's public finance policy and economic policy . The Bank of England is the UK 's central bank and is responsible for issuing notes and coins in the nation 's currency , the pound sterling . Banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland retain the right to issue their own notes , subject to retaining enough Bank of England notes in reserve to cover their issue . The pound sterling is the world 's third - largest reserve currency ( after the US dollar and the euro ) . Since 1997 the Bank of England 's Monetary Policy Committee , headed by the Governor of the Bank of England , has been responsible for setting interest rates at the level necessary to achieve the overall inflation target for the economy that is set by the Chancellor each year . The UK service sector makes up around 73 % of GDP . London is one of the three `` command centres '' of the global economy ( alongside New York City and Tokyo ) , it is the world 's largest financial centre alongside New York , and it has the largest city GDP in Europe . Edinburgh is also one of the largest financial centres in Europe . Tourism is very important to the British economy ; with over 27 million tourists arriving in 2004 , the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world and London has the most international visitors of any city in the world . The creative industries accounted for 7 % GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 % per annum between 1997 and 2005 . The Industrial Revolution started in the UK with an initial concentration on the textile industry , followed by other heavy industries such as shipbuilding , coal mining and steelmaking . British merchants , shippers and bankers developed overwhelming advantage over those of other nations allowing the UK to dominate international trade in the 19th century . As other nations industrialised , coupled with economic decline after two world wars , the United Kingdom began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry declined , by degrees , throughout the 20th century . Manufacturing remains a significant part of the economy but accounted for only 16.7 % of national output in 2003 . Jaguar cars , including the Jaguar XE as shown , are designed , developed and manufactured in the UK The automotive industry is a significant part of the UK manufacturing sector and employs around 800,000 people , with a turnover in 2015 of some £ 70 billion , generating £ 34.6 billion of exports ( 11.8 % of the UK 's total export goods ) . In 2015 , the UK produced around 1.6 million passenger vehicles and 94,500 commercial vehicles . The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing and in 2015 around 2.4 million engines were produced in the country . The UK has a significant presence in motor racing and the UK motorsport industry employs around 41,000 people , comprises around 4,500 companies and has an annual turnover of around £ 6 billion . The aerospace industry of the UK is the second - or third - largest national aerospace industry in the world depending upon the method of measurement and has an annual turnover of around £ 30 billion . In 2016 , the global market opportunity for UK aerospace manufacturers over the next two decades was estimated to be £ 3.5 trillion . The wings for the Airbus A380 and the A350 XWB are designed and manufactured at Airbus UK 's world - leading Broughton facility , whilst over a quarter of the value of the Boeing 787 comes from UK manufacturers including Eaton ( fuel subsystem pumps ) , Messier - Bugatti - Dowty ( the landing gear ) and Rolls - Royce ( the engines ) . Other key names include GKN Aerospace -- an expert in metallic and composite aerostructures that 's involved in almost every civil and military fixed and rotary wing aircraft in production and development today . Engines and wings for the Airbus A380 are manufactured in the UK BAE Systems plays a critical role in some of the world 's biggest defence aerospace projects . The company makes large sections of the Typhoon Eurofighter at its sub-assembly plant in Samlesbury and assembles the aircraft for the Royal Air Force at its Warton Plant , near Preston . It is also a principal subcontractor on the F35 Joint Strike Fighter -- the world 's largest single defence project -- for which it designs and manufactures a range of components including the aft fuselage , vertical and horizontal tail and wing tips and fuel system . As well as this it manufactures the Hawk , the world 's most successful jet training aircraft . Airbus UK also manufactures the wings for the A400 m military transporter . Rolls - Royce , is the world 's second - largest aero - engine manufacturer . Its engines power more than 30 types of commercial aircraft and it has more than 30,000 engines in service in the civil and defence sectors . Rolls - Royce is forecast to have more than 50 % of the widebody market share by 2016 , ahead of General Electric . Agusta Westland designs and manufactures complete helicopters in the UK . The UK space industry was worth £ 9.1 bn in 2011 and employed 29,000 people . It is growing at a rate of 7.5 % annually , according to its umbrella organisation , the UK Space Agency . Government strategy is for the space industry to be a £ 40bn business for the UK by 2030 , capturing a 10 % share of the $250 bn world market for commercial space technology . On 16 July 2013 , the British Government pledged £ 60 m to the Skylon project : this investment will provide support at a `` crucial stage '' to allow a full - scale prototype of the SABRE engine to be built . On 2 November 2015 , BAE Systems announced they have bought a 20 % stake in Reaction Engines ltd . The working partnership will draw on BAE Systems ' extensive aerospace technology development and project management expertise and will provide Reaction Engines with access to critical industrial , technical and capital resources to help progress the development of the SABRE engine . The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the UK economy and the country has the third - highest share of global pharmaceutical R&D expenditures ( after the United States and Japan ) . Agriculture is intensive , highly mechanised and efficient by European standards , producing about 60 % of food needs with less than 1.6 % of the labour force ( 535,000 workers ) . Around two - thirds of production is devoted to livestock , one - third to arable crops . Farmers are subsidised by the EU 's Common Agricultural Policy . The UK retains a significant , though much reduced fishing industry . It is also rich in a number of natural resources including coal , petroleum , natural gas , tin , limestone , iron ore , salt , clay , chalk , gypsum , lead , silica and an abundance of arable land . The City of London is one of the world 's largest financial centres The Canary Wharf is one of the two main financial centres of the UK along with the City of London In the final quarter of 2008 , as a result of the Great Recession , the UK economy officially entered recession for the first time since 1991 . Unemployment increased from 5.2 % in May 2008 to 7.6 % in May 2009 and by January 2012 the unemployment rate among 18 - to 24 - year - olds had risen from 11.9 % to 22.5 % , the highest since current records began in 1992 , although it had fallen to 14.2 % by November 2015 . Total UK government debt rose quickly from 44.4 % of GDP in 2007 to 82.9 % of GDP in 2011 , then increased more slowly to 87.5 % of GDP in 2015 . Following the likes of the United States , France and many major economies , in February 2013 , the UK lost its top AAA credit rating for the first time since 1978 with Moodys and Fitch credit agency while , unlike the other major economies retained their triple A rating with the largest agency Standard & Poor 's . However , by the end of 2014 , UK growth was the fastest in both the G7 and in Europe , and by September 2015 , the unemployment rate was down to a seven - year low of 5.3 % . As a direct result of the Great Recession between 2010 and the third quarter of 2012 wages in the UK fell by 3.2 % , but by 2015 real wages were growing by 3 % , having grown faster than inflation since 2014 . Since the 1980s , UK economic inequality , like Canada , Australia and the United States has grown faster than in other developed countries . The poverty line in the UK is commonly defined as being 60 % of the median household income . In 2007 -- 2008 13.5 million people , or 22 % of the population , lived below this line . This is a higher level of relative poverty than all but four other EU members . In the same year 4.0 million children , 31 % of the total , lived in households below the poverty line after housing costs were taken into account . This is a decrease of 400,000 children since 1998 -- 1999 . The UK imports 40 % of its food supplies . The Office for National Statistics has estimated that in 2011 , 14 million people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion , and that one person in 20 ( 5.1 % ) was now experiencing `` severe material depression '' , up from 3 million people in 1977 . The UK has an external debt of $9.6 trillion dollars which is second highest in the world after the US which has an external debt of 18.5 trillion dollars . As a percentage of GDP , external debt is 408 % which is third highest in the world after Luxembourg and Iceland . The combination of the UK 's relatively lax regulatory regime and London 's financial institutions providing sophisticated methods to launder proceeds from criminal activity around the world , including those from drug trade , makes the City of London a global hub for illicit finance and the UK a safe haven for the world 's major - league tax dodgers , according to research papers and reports published in the mid-2010s . The reports on the Panama papers published in April 2016 singled out the UK as being `` at the heart of super-rich tax - avoidance network . '' Science and technology Main article : Science and technology in the United Kingdom Charles Darwin ( 1809 -- 1882 ) , whose theory of evolution by natural selection is the foundation of modern biological sciences England and Scotland were leading centres of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century and the United Kingdom led the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century , and has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances . Major theorists from the 17th and 18th centuries include Isaac Newton , whose laws of motion and illumination of gravity have been seen as a keystone of modern science ; from the 19th century Charles Darwin , whose theory of evolution by natural selection was fundamental to the development of modern biology , and James Clerk Maxwell , who formulated classical electromagnetic theory ; and more recently Stephen Hawking , who has advanced major theories in the fields of cosmology , quantum gravity and the investigation of black holes . Major scientific discoveries from the 18th century include hydrogen by Henry Cavendish ; from the 20th century penicillin by Alexander Fleming , and the structure of DNA , by Francis Crick and others . Famous British engineers and inventors of the Industrial Revolution include James Watt , George Stephenson , Richard Arkwright , Robert Stephenson and Isambard Kingdom Brunel . Other major engineering projects and applications by people from the UK include the steam locomotive , developed by Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian ; from the 19th century the electric motor by Michael Faraday , the incandescent light bulb by Joseph Swan , and the first practical telephone , patented by Alexander Graham Bell ; and in the 20th century the world 's first working television system by John Logie Baird and others , the jet engine by Frank Whittle , the basis of the modern computer by Alan Turing , and the World Wide Web by Tim Berners - Lee . Scientific research and development remains important in British universities , with many establishing science parks to facilitate production and co-operation with industry . Between 2004 and 2008 the UK produced 7 % of the world 's scientific research papers and had an 8 % share of scientific citations , the third and second highest in the world ( after the United States and China , respectively ) . Scientific journals produced in the UK include Nature , the British Medical Journal and The Lancet . Transport Main article : Transport in the United Kingdom Heathrow Terminal 5 building . London Heathrow Airport is one of the busiest airports by international passenger traffic worldwide A radial road network totals 29,145 miles ( 46,904 km ) of main roads , 2,173 miles ( 3,497 km ) of motorways and 213,750 miles ( 344,000 km ) of paved roads . The M25 , encircling London , is the largest and busiest bypass in the world . In 2009 there were a total of 34 million licensed vehicles in Great Britain . London St Pancras International is the UK 's 13th busiest railway terminus . The station is one of London 's main domestic and international transport hubs providing both commuter rail and high speed rail services across the UK and to Paris , Lille and Brussels The UK has a railway network of 10,072 miles ( 16,209 km ) in Great Britain and 189 miles ( 304 km ) in Northern Ireland . Railways in Northern Ireland are operated by NI Railways , a subsidiary of state - owned Translink . In Great Britain , the British Rail network was privatised between 1994 and 1997 , which was followed by a rapid rise in passenger numbers following years of decline , although the factors behind this are disputed . Network Rail owns and manages most of the fixed assets ( tracks , signals etc . ) . About 20 privately owned Train Operating Companies operate passenger trains , which carried 1.68 billion passengers in 2015 . There are also some 1,000 freight trains in daily operation . The British Government is to spend £ 30 billion on a new high - speed railway line , HS2 , to be operational by 2026 . Crossrail , under construction in London , is Europe 's largest construction project with a £ 15 billion projected cost . In the year from October 2009 to September 2010 UK airports handled a total of 211.4 million passengers . In that period the three largest airports were London Heathrow Airport ( 65.6 million passengers ) , Gatwick Airport ( 31.5 million passengers ) and London Stansted Airport ( 18.9 million passengers ) . London Heathrow Airport , located 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of the capital , has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the world and is the hub for the UK flag carrier British Airways , as well as Virgin Atlantic . Energy Main article : Energy in the United Kingdom An oil platform in the North Sea In 2006 , the UK was the world 's ninth - largest consumer of energy and the 15th - largest producer . The UK is home to a number of large energy companies , including two of the six oil and gas `` supermajors '' -- BP and Royal Dutch Shell -- and BG Group . In 2011 , 40 % of the UK 's electricity was produced by gas , 30 % by coal , 19 % by nuclear power and 4.2 % by wind , hydro , biofuels and wastes . In 2013 , the UK produced 914 thousand barrels per day ( bbl / d ) of oil and consumed 1,507 thousand bbl / d . Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of oil since 2005 . In 2010 the UK had around 3.1 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves , the largest of any EU member state . In 2009 , 66.5 % of the UK 's oil supply was imported . In 2009 , the UK was the 13th - largest producer of natural gas in the world and the largest producer in the EU . Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004 . In 2009 , half of British gas was supplied from imports as domestic reserves are depleted . Coal production played a key role in the UK economy in the 19th and 20th centuries . In the mid-1970s , 130 million tonnes of coal was being produced annually , not falling below 100 million tonnes until the early 1980s . During the 1980s and 1990s the industry was scaled back considerably . In 2011 , the UK produced 18.3 million tonnes of coal . In 2005 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 171 million tons . The UK Coal Authority has stated there is a potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through underground coal gasification ( UCG ) or ' fracking ' , and that , based on current UK coal consumption , such reserves could last between 200 and 400 years . However , environmental and social concerns have been raised over chemicals getting into the water table and minor earthquakes damaging homes . In the late 1990s , nuclear power plants contributed around 25 % of total annual electricity generation in the UK , but this has gradually declined as old plants have been shut down and ageing - related problems affect plant availability . In 2012 , the UK had 16 reactors normally generating about 19 % of its electricity . All but one of the reactors will be retired by 2023 . Unlike Germany and Japan , the UK intends to build a new generation of nuclear plants from about 2018 . The total of all renewable electricity sources provided for 14.9 % of the electricity generated in the United Kingdom in 2013 , reaching 53.7 TWh of electricity generated . The UK is one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy , and wind power production is its fastest growing supply , in 2014 it generated 9.3 % of the UK 's total electricity . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom Access to improved water supply and sanitation in the UK is universal . It is estimated that 96.7 % of households are connected to the sewer network . According to the Environment Agency , total water abstraction for public water supply in the UK was 16,406 megalitres per day in 2007 . In England and Wales the economic regulator of water companies is the Water Services Regulation Authority ( Ofwat ) . The Environment Agency is responsible for environmental regulation , and the Drinking Water Inspectorate for regulating drinking water quality . The economic water industry regulator in Scotland is the Water Industry Commission for Scotland and the environmental regulator is the Scottish Environment Protection Agency . Drinking water standards and wastewater discharge standards in the UK , as in other countries of the European Union , are determined by the EU ( see Water supply and sanitation in the European Union ) . In England and Wales water and sewerage services are provided by 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 13 mostly smaller private `` water only '' companies . In Scotland water and sewerage services are provided by a single public company , Scottish Water . In Northern Ireland water and sewerage services are also provided by a single public entity , Northern Ireland Water . Demographics Main article : Demography of the United Kingdom Map of population density in the UK as at the 2011 census A census is taken simultaneously in all parts of the UK every ten years . The Office for National Statistics is responsible for collecting data for England and Wales , the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency each being responsible for censuses in their respective countries . In the 2011 census the total population of the United Kingdom was 63,181,775 . It is the third - largest in the European Union , the fifth - largest in the Commonwealth and the 22nd - largest in the world . In mid-2014 and mid-2015 net long - term international migration contributed more to population growth . In mid-2012 and mid-2013 natural change contributed the most to population growth . Between 2001 and 2011 the population increased by an average annual rate of approximately 0.7 % . This compares to 0.3 % per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 % in the decade 1981 to 1991 . The 2011 census also confirmed that the proportion of the population aged 0 -- 14 has nearly halved ( 31 % in 1911 compared to 18 in 2011 ) and the proportion of older people aged 65 and over has more than tripled ( from 5 to 16 % ) . It has been estimated that the number of people aged 100 or over will rise steeply to reach over 626,000 by 2080 . England 's population in 2011 was found to be 53 million . It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world , with 420 people resident per square kilometre in mid-2015 . with a particular concentration in London and the south - east . The 2011 census put Scotland 's population at 5.3 million , Wales at 3.06 million and Northern Ireland at 1.81 million . In percentage terms England has had the fastest growing population of any country of the UK in the period from 2001 to 2011 , with an increase of 7.9 % . In 2012 the average total fertility rate ( TFR ) across the UK was 1.92 children per woman . While a rising birth rate is contributing to current population growth , it remains considerably below the ' baby boom ' peak of 2.95 children per woman in 1964 , below the replacement rate of 2.1 , but higher than the 2001 record low of 1.63 . In 2012 , Scotland had the lowest TFR at only 1.67 , followed by Wales at 1.88 , England at 1.94 , and Northern Ireland at 2.03 . In 2011 , 47.3 % of births in the UK were to unmarried women . The Office for National Statistics published an `` Experimental Official Statistics '' bulletin in 2015 showing that , out of the UK population aged 16 and over , 1.7 % identify as lesbian , gay , or bisexual ( 2.0 % of males and 1.5 % of females ) . 4.5 % of respondents responded with `` other '' , `` I do n't know '' , or did not respond . Largest urban areas of the United Kingdom ( England and Wales : 2011 census built - up area ; Scotland : 2012 estimates urban area ; Northern Ireland : 2001 census urban area ) Rank Urban area Pop . Principal settlement Rank Urban area Pop . Principal settlement Greater London Urban Area Greater Manchester Urban Area Greater London Urban Area 9,787,426 London 11 Bristol Urban Area 617,280 Bristol West Midlands Urban Area West Yorkshire Urban Area Greater Manchester Urban Area 2,553,379 Manchester 12 Leicester Urban Area 508,916 Leicester West Midlands Urban Area 2,440,986 Birmingham 13 Edinburgh Urban Area 488,610 Edinburgh West Yorkshire Urban Area 1,777,934 Leeds 14 Belfast Urban Area 483,418 Belfast 5 Greater Glasgow 1,199,629 Glasgow 15 Brighton and Hove built - up area 474,485 Brighton 6 Liverpool Urban Area 864,122 Liverpool 16 South East Dorset conurbation 466,266 Bournemouth 7 South Hampshire 855,569 Southampton 17 Cardiff Urban Area 390,214 Cardiff 8 Tyneside 774,891 Newcastle 18 Teesside 376,633 Middlesbrough 9 Nottingham Urban Area 729,977 Nottingham 19 The Potteries Urban Area 372,775 Stoke - on - Trent 10 Sheffield Urban Area 685,368 Sheffield 20 Coventry and Bedworth Urban Area 359,262 Coventry Ethnic groups Main article : Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom Map showing the percentage of the population who are not white according to the 2011 census . Historically , indigenous British people were thought to be descended from the various ethnic groups that settled there before the 11th century : the Celts , Romans , Anglo - Saxons , Norse and the Normans . Welsh people could be the oldest ethnic group in the UK . A 2006 genetic study shows that more than 50 % of England 's gene pool contains Germanic Y chromosomes . Another 2005 genetic analysis indicates that `` about 75 % of the traceable ancestors of the modern British population had arrived in the British isles by about 6,200 years ago , at the start of the British Neolithic or Stone Age '' , and that the British broadly share a common ancestry with the Basque people . The UK has a history of small - scale non-white immigration , with Liverpool having the oldest Black population in the country dating back to at least the 1730s during the period of the African slave trade . During this period it is estimated the Afro - Caribbean population of Great Britain was 10,000 to 15,000 which later declined due to the abolition of slavery . The UK also has the oldest Chinese community in Europe , dating to the arrival of Chinese seamen in the 19th century . In 1950 there were probably fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in Britain , almost all born overseas . In 1951 there were an estimated 94,500 people living in Britain who had been born in South Asia , China , Africa and the Caribbean , just under 0.2 % of the UK population . By 1961 this number had more than quadrupled to 384,000 , just over 0.7 % of the United Kingdom population . Since 1948 substantial immigration from Africa , the Caribbean and South Asia has been a legacy of ties forged by the British Empire . Migration from new EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe since 2004 has resulted in growth in these population groups , although some of this migration has been temporary . Since the 1990s , there has been substantial diversification of the immigrant population , with migrants to the UK coming from a much wider range of countries than previous waves , which tended to involve larger numbers of migrants coming from a relatively small number of countries . Academics have argued that the ethnicity categories employed in British national statistics , which were first introduced in the 1991 census , involve confusion between the concepts of ethnicity and race . In 2011 , 87.2 % of the UK population identified themselves as white , meaning 12.8 % of the UK population identify themselves as of one of number of ethnic minority groups . In the 2001 census , this figure was 7.9 % of the UK population . Because of differences in the wording of the census forms used in England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , data on the Other White group is not available for the UK as a whole , but in England and Wales this was the fastest growing group between the 2001 and 2011 censuses , increasing by 1.1 million ( 1.8 percentage points ) . Amongst groups for which comparable data is available for all parts of the UK level , there was considerable growth in the size of the Other Asian category , which increased from 0.4 to 1.4 % of the population between 2001 and 2011 . There was also considerable growth in the Mixed category . In 2001 , people in this category accounted for 1.2 % of the UK population ; by 2011 , the proportion was 2 % . Ethnic diversity varies significantly across the UK. 30.4 % of London 's population and 37.4 % of Leicester 's was estimated to be non-white in 2005 , whereas less than 5 % of the populations of North East England , Wales and the South West were from ethnic minorities , according to the 2001 census . In 2016 , 31.4 % of primary and 27.9 % of secondary pupils at state schools in England were members of an ethnic minority . Ethnic group Population ( absolute ) Population ( % ) 2001 2011 2011 White 54,153,898 55,010,359 087.1 % White : Gypsy / Traveller / Irish Traveller -- 63,193 000.1 % Asian / Asian British Indian 1,053,411 1,451,862 002.3 % Pakistani 747,285 1,174,983 001.9 % Bangladeshi 283,063 451,529 000.7 % Chinese 247,403 433,150 000.7 % other Asian 247,664 861,815 001.4 % Black / African / Caribbean / Black British 1,148,738 1,904,684 003.0 % mixed / multiple ethnic groups 677,117 1,250,229 002.0 % other ethnic group 230,615 580,374 000.9 % Total 58,789,194 63,182,178 100.0 % Languages Main article : Languages of the United Kingdom The English - speaking world . States and territories in dark blue have a majority of native speakers , while those where English is an official but not a majority language are shaded in light blue . English is also one of the official languages of the European Union and the United Nations . The UK 's de facto official language is English . It is estimated that 95 % of the UK 's population are monolingual English speakers . 5.5 % of the population are estimated to speak languages brought to the UK as a result of relatively recent immigration . South Asian languages , including Punjabi , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Tamil and Gujarati , are the largest grouping and are spoken by 2.7 % of the UK population . According to the 2011 census , Polish has become the second - largest language spoken in England and has 546,000 speakers . Four Celtic languages are spoken in the UK : Welsh , Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Cornish . All are recognised as regional or minority languages , subject to specific measures of protection and promotion under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . In the 2001 Census over a fifth ( 21 % ) of the population of Wales said they could speak Welsh , an increase from the 1991 Census ( 18 % ) . In addition it is estimated that about 200,000 Welsh speakers live in England . In the same census in Northern Ireland 167,487 people ( 10.4 % ) stated that they had `` some knowledge of Irish '' ( see Irish language in Northern Ireland ) , almost exclusively in the nationalist ( mainly Catholic ) population . Over 92,000 people in Scotland ( just under 2 % of the population ) had some Gaelic language ability , including 72 % of those living in the Outer Hebrides . The number of schoolchildren being taught through Welsh , Scottish Gaelic and Irish is increasing . Among emigrant - descended populations some Scottish Gaelic is still spoken in Canada ( principally Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island ) , and Welsh in Patagonia , Argentina . Scots , a language descended from early northern Middle English , has limited recognition alongside its regional variant , Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland , without specific commitments to protection and promotion . It is compulsory for pupils to study a second language up to the age of 14 in England , and up to age 16 in Scotland . French and German are the two most commonly taught second languages in England and Scotland . All pupils in Wales are taught Welsh as a second language up to age 16 , or are taught in Welsh . Religion Main article : Religion in the United Kingdom Westminster Abbey is used for the coronation of British monarchs Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1400 years . Although a majority of citizens still identify with Christianity in many surveys , regular church attendance has fallen dramatically since the middle of the 20th century , while immigration and demographic change have contributed to the growth of other faiths , most notably Islam . This has led some commentators to variously describe the UK as a multi-faith , secularised , or post-Christian society . In the 2001 census 71.6 % of all respondents indicated that they were Christians , with the next largest faiths being Islam ( 2.8 % ) , Hinduism ( 1.0 % ) , Sikhism ( 0.6 % ) , Judaism ( 0.5 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.3 % ) and all other religions ( 0.3 % ) . 15 % of respondents stated that they had no religion , with a further 7 % not stating a religious preference . A Tearfund survey in 2007 showed only one in ten Britons actually attend church weekly . Between the 2001 and 2011 census there was a decrease in the amount of people who identified as Christian by 12 % , whilst the percentage of those reporting no religious affiliation doubled . This contrasted with growth in the other main religious group categories , with the number of Muslims increasing by the most substantial margin to a total of about 5 % . The Muslim population has increased from 1.6 million in 2001 to 2.7 million in 2011 , making it the second - largest religious group in the United Kingdom . In a 2016 survey conducted by BSA ( British Social Attitudes ) on religious affiliation ; 53 % of respondents indicated ' no religion ' , while 41 % indicated they were Christians , followed by 6 % who affiliated with other religions ( e.g. Islam , Hinduism , Judaism , etc . ) . Among Christians , adherents to the Church of England constituted 15 % , Roman Catholic Church -- 9 % , other Christians ( including Presbyterians , Methodists , other Protestants , as well as Eastern Orthodox ) -- 17 % . 71 % of young people aged 18 -- 24 said they had no religion . The Church of England is the established church in England . It retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor . In Scotland , the Church of Scotland is recognised as the national church . It is not subject to state control , and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . The Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and , as the Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland , there is no established church in Northern Ireland . Although there are no UK - wide data in the 2001 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations , it has been estimated that 62 % of Christians are Anglican , 13.5 % Catholic , 6 % Presbyterian , 3.4 % Methodist with small numbers of other Protestant denominations such as Open Brethren , and Orthodox churches . Migration Main article : Modern immigration to the United Kingdom See also : Foreign - born population of the United Kingdom Estimated foreign - born population by country of birth from April 2007 to March 2008 The United Kingdom has experienced successive waves of migration . The Great Famine in Ireland , then part of the United Kingdom , resulted in perhaps a million people migrating to Great Britain . Throughout the 19th century a small population of German immigrants built up , numbering 28,644 in England and Wales in 1861 . London held around half of this population , and other small communities existed in Manchester , Bradford and elsewhere . The German immigrant community was the largest group until 1891 , when it became second only to Russian Jews . England has had small Jewish communities for many centuries , subject to occasional expulsions , but British Jews numbered fewer than 10,000 at the start of the 19th century . After 1881 Russian Jews suffered bitter persecutions , and , out of some 2,000,000 who left Russia by 1914 , around 120,000 settled permanently in Britain , overtaking the Germans to be the largest ethnic minority from outside the British Isles . The population increasing to 370,000 in 1938 . Unable to return to Poland at the end of World War II , over 120,000 Polish veterans remained in the UK permanently . After World War II , there was significant immigration from the colonies and newly independent former colonies , partly as a legacy of empire and partly driven by labour shortages . Many of these migrants came from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent . In 1841 , 0.25 % of the population of England and Wales was born in a foreign country . In 1901 , 1.5 % of the population was foreign born . By 1931 , this figure had risen to 2.6 % , and by 1951 it was 4.4 % . In 2014 the net increase was 318,000 : immigration was 641,000 , up from 526,000 in 2013 , while the number of people emigrating ( for more than 12 months ) was 323,000 . One of the more recent trends in migration has been the arrival of workers from the new EU member states in Eastern Europe , known as the A8 countries . In 2010 , there were 7.0 million foreign - born residents in the UK , corresponding to 11.3 % of the total population . Of these , 4.76 million ( 7.7 % ) were born outside the EU and 2.24 million ( 3.6 % ) were born in another EU Member State . The proportion of foreign - born people in the UK remains slightly below that of many other European countries . However , immigration is now contributing to a rising population with arrivals and UK - born children of migrants accounting for about half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 . Analysis of Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) data shows that a net total of 2.3 million migrants moved to the UK in the 15 years from 1991 to 2006 . In 2008 it was predicted that migration would add 7 million to the UK population by 2031 , though these figures are disputed . The ONS reported that net migration rose from 2009 to 2010 by 21 % to 239,000 . In 2013 , approximately 208,000 foreign citizens were naturalised as British citizens , the highest number since records began in 1962 . This figure fell to around 125,800 in 2014 . Between 2009 and 2013 , the average number of people granted British citizenship per year was 195,800 . The main countries of previous nationality of those naturalised in 2014 were India , Pakistan , the Philippines , Nigeria , Bangladesh , Nepal , China , South Africa , Poland and Somalia . The total number of grants of settlement , which confers permanent residence in the UK without granting British citizenship , was approximately 154,700 in 2013 , compared to 241,200 in 2010 and 129,800 in 2012 . Over a quarter ( 27.0 % ) of live births in 2014 were to mothers born outside the UK , according to official statistics released in 2015 . Year Foreign born population of England and Wales Total population Irish born population Percentage of total population that was born abroad 1851 100,000 17,900,000 520,000 0.6 1861 150,000 20,100,000 600,000 0.7 1871 200,000 22,700,000 565,000 0.9 1881 275,000 26,000,000 560,000 1891 350,000 29,000,000 460,000 1901 475,000 32,500,000 425,000 1.5 1911 900,000 32,500,000 375,000 2.5 1921 750,000 37,900,000 365,000 1931 1,080,000 40,000,000 380,000 2.7 1951 1,875,000 43,700,000 470,000 4.3 1961 2,290,000 46,000,000 645,000 5.0 1971 3,100,000 48,700,000 585,000 6.4 1981 3,220,000 48,500,000 580,000 6.6 1991 3,625,000 49,900,000 570,000 7.3 2001 4,600,000 52,500,000 475,000 8.8 2011 7,500,000 56,000,000 400,000 13.4 Citizens of the European Union , including those of the UK , have the right to live and work in any EU member state . The UK applied temporary restrictions to citizens of Romania and Bulgaria , which joined the EU in January 2007 . Research conducted by the Migration Policy Institute for the Equality and Human Rights Commission suggests that , between May 2004 and September 2009 , 1.5 million workers migrated from the new EU member states to the UK , two - thirds of them Polish , but that many subsequently returned home , resulting in a net increase in the number of nationals of the new member states in the UK of some 700,000 over that period . The late - 2000s recession in the UK reduced the economic incentive for Poles to migrate to the UK , the migration becoming temporary and circular . In 2009 , for the first time since enlargement , more nationals of the eight central and eastern European states that had joined the EU in 2004 left the UK than arrived . In 2011 , citizens of the new EU member states made up 13 % of the immigrants entering the country . Estimated number of British citizens living overseas by country in 2006 The British Government has introduced a points - based immigration system for immigration from outside the European Economic Area to replace former schemes , including the Scottish Government 's Fresh Talent Initiative . In June 2010 the government introduced a temporary limit of 24,000 on immigration from outside the EU , aiming to discourage applications before a permanent cap was imposed in April 2011 . Emigration was an important feature of British society in the 19th century . Between 1815 and 1930 around 11.4 million people emigrated from Britain and 7.3 million from Ireland . Estimates show that by the end of the 20th century some 300 million people of British and Irish descent were permanently settled around the globe . Today , at least 5.5 million UK - born people live abroad , mainly in Australia , Spain , the United States and Canada . Education Main article : Education in the United Kingdom See also : Education in England , Education in Northern Ireland , Education in Scotland , and Education in Wales Christ Church , Oxford is part of the University of Oxford , which traces its foundations back to c. 1096 Education in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter , with each country having a separate education system . Whilst education in England is the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Education , the day - to - day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of local authorities . Universally free of charge state education was introduced piecemeal between 1870 and 1944 . Education is now mandatory from ages five to sixteen , and in England youngsters must stay in education or training until they are 18 . In 2011 , the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS ) rated 13 -- 14 - year - old pupils in England and Wales 10th in the world for maths and 9th for science . The majority of children are educated in state - sector schools , a small proportion of which select on the grounds of academic ability . Two of the top ten performing schools in terms of GCSE results in 2006 were state - run grammar schools . In 2010 , over half of places at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge were taken by students from state schools , while the proportion of children in England attending private schools is around 7 % which rises to 18 % of those over 16 . England has the two oldest universities in English - speaking world , Universities of Oxford and Cambridge ( jointly known as `` Oxbridge '' ) with history of over eight centuries . King 's College ( right ) and Clare College ( left ) , both part of the University of Cambridge , which was founded in 1209 Education in Scotland is the responsibility of the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning , with day - to - day administration and funding of state schools the responsibility of Local Authorities . Two non-departmental public bodies have key roles in Scottish education . The Scottish Qualifications Authority is responsible for the development , accreditation , assessment and certification of qualifications other than degrees which are delivered at secondary schools , post-secondary colleges of further education and other centres . Learning and Teaching Scotland provides advice , resources and staff development to education professionals . Scotland first legislated for compulsory education in 1496 . The proportion of children in Scotland attending private schools is just over 4 % in 2016 , but it has been falling slowly in recent years . Scottish students who attend Scottish universities pay neither tuition fees nor graduate endowment charges , as fees were abolished in 2001 and the graduate endowment scheme was abolished in 2008 . The Welsh Government has responsibility for education in Wales . A significant number of Welsh students are taught either wholly or largely in the Welsh language ; lessons in Welsh are compulsory for all until the age of 16 . There are plans to increase the provision of Welsh - medium schools as part of the policy of creating a fully bilingual Wales . Education in Northern Ireland is the responsibility of the Minister of Education , although responsibility at a local level is administered by the Education Authority which is further sub-divided into five geographical areas . The Council for the Curriculum , Examinations & Assessment ( CCEA ) is the body responsible for advising the government on what should be taught in Northern Ireland 's schools , monitoring standards and awarding qualifications . Considering the four systems together , about 38 percent of the United Kingdom population has a university or college degree , which is the highest percentage in Europe , and among the highest percentages in the world . The United Kingdom trails only the United States in terms of representation on lists of top 100 universities . A government commission 's report in 2014 found that privately educated people comprise 7 % of the general population of the UK but much larger percentages of the top professions , the most extreme case quoted being 71 % of senior judges . Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in the United Kingdom The Royal Aberdeen Children 's Hospital , an NHS Scotland specialist children 's hospital Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter and each country has its own system of private and publicly funded health care , together with alternative , holistic and complementary treatments . Public healthcare is provided to all UK permanent residents and is mostly free at the point of need , being paid for from general taxation . The World Health Organization , in 2000 , ranked the provision of healthcare in the United Kingdom as fifteenth best in Europe and eighteenth in the world . Regulatory bodies are organised on a UK - wide basis such as the General Medical Council , the Nursing and Midwifery Council and non-governmental - based , such as the Royal Colleges . However , political and operational responsibility for healthcare lies with four national executives ; healthcare in England is the responsibility of the British Government ; healthcare in Northern Ireland is the responsibility of the Northern Ireland Executive ; healthcare in Scotland is the responsibility of the Scottish Government ; and healthcare in Wales is the responsibility of the Welsh Government . Each National Health Service has different policies and priorities , resulting in contrasts . Since 1979 expenditure on healthcare has been increased significantly to bring it closer to the European Union average . The UK spends around 8.4 % of its gross domestic product on healthcare , which is 0.5 percentage points below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average and about one percentage point below the average of the European Union . Culture Main article : Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom has been influenced by many factors including : the nation 's island status ; its history as a western liberal democracy and a major power ; as well as being a political union of four countries with each preserving elements of distinctive traditions , customs and symbolism . As a result of the British Empire , British influence can be observed in the language , culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies including Australia , Canada , India , Ireland , New Zealand , Pakistan , South Africa and the United States . The substantial cultural influence of the United Kingdom has led it to be described as a `` cultural superpower '' . Literature Main article : British literature The Chandos portrait , believed to depict William Shakespeare ' British literature ' refers to literature associated with the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Most British literature is in the English language . In 2005 , some 206,000 books were published in the United Kingdom and in 2006 it was the largest publisher of books in the world . The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time , and his contemporaries Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson have also been held in continuous high esteem . More recently the playwrights Alan Ayckbourn , Harold Pinter , Michael Frayn , Tom Stoppard and David Edgar have combined elements of surrealism , realism and radicalism . Notable pre-modern and early - modern English writers include Geoffrey Chaucer ( 14th century ) , Thomas Malory ( 15th century ) , Sir Thomas More ( 16th century ) , John Bunyan ( 17th century ) and John Milton ( 17th century ) . In the 18th century Daniel Defoe ( author of Robinson Crusoe ) and Samuel Richardson were pioneers of the modern novel . In the 19th century there followed further innovation by Jane Austen , the gothic novelist Mary Shelley , the children 's writer Lewis Carroll , the Brontë sisters , the social campaigner Charles Dickens , the naturalist Thomas Hardy , the realist George Eliot , the visionary poet William Blake and romantic poet William Wordsworth . 20th century English writers include the science - fiction novelist H.G. Wells ; the writers of children 's classics Rudyard Kipling , A.A. Milne ( the creator of Winnie - the - Pooh ) , Roald Dahl and Enid Blyton ; the controversial D.H. Lawrence ; the modernist Virginia Woolf ; the satirist Evelyn Waugh ; the prophetic novelist George Orwell ; the popular novelists W. Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene ; the crime writer Agatha Christie ( the best - selling novelist of all time ) ; Ian Fleming ( the creator of James Bond ) ; the poets T.S. Eliot , Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes ; the fantasy writers J.R.R. Tolkien , C.S. Lewis and J.K. Rowling ; the graphic novelists Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman . A photograph of Victorian era novelist Charles Dickens Scotland 's contributions include the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle ( the creator of Sherlock Holmes ) , romantic literature by Sir Walter Scott , the children 's writer J.M. Barrie , the epic adventures of Robert Louis Stevenson and the celebrated poet Robert Burns . More recently the modernist and nationalist Hugh MacDiarmid and Neil M. Gunn contributed to the Scottish Renaissance . A more grim outlook is found in Ian Rankin 's stories and the psychological horror - comedy of Iain Banks . Scotland 's capital , Edinburgh , was UNESCO 's first worldwide City of Literature . Britain 's oldest known poem , Y Gododdin , was composed in Yr Hen Ogledd ( The Old North ) , most likely in the late 6th century . It was written in Cumbric or Old Welsh and contains the earliest known reference to King Arthur . From around the seventh century , the connection between Wales and the Old North was lost , and the focus of Welsh - language culture shifted to Wales , where Arthurian legend was further developed by Geoffrey of Monmouth . Wales 's most celebrated medieval poet , Dafydd ap Gwilym ( fl. 1320 -- 1370 ) , composed poetry on themes including nature , religion and especially love . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest European poets of his age . Until the late 19th century the majority of Welsh literature was in Welsh and much of the prose was religious in character . Daniel Owen is credited as the first Welsh - language novelist , publishing Rhys Lewis in 1885 . The best - known of the Anglo - Welsh poets are both Thomases . Dylan Thomas became famous on both sides of the Atlantic in the mid-20th century . He is remembered for his poetry -- his `` Do not go gentle into that good night ; Rage , rage against the dying of the light '' is one of the most quoted couplets of English language verse -- and for his `` play for voices '' , Under Milk Wood . The influential Church in Wales `` poet - priest '' and Welsh nationalist R.S. Thomas was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1996 . Leading Welsh novelists of the twentieth century include Richard Llewellyn and Kate Roberts . Authors of other nationalities , particularly from Commonwealth countries , the Republic of Ireland and the United States , have lived and worked in the UK . Significant examples through the centuries include Jonathan Swift , Oscar Wilde , Bram Stoker , George Bernard Shaw , Joseph Conrad , T.S. Eliot , Ezra Pound and more recently British authors born abroad such as Kazuo Ishiguro and Sir Salman Rushdie . Music Main article : Music of the United Kingdom See also : Rock music in the United Kingdom The Beatles are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music , selling over a billion records Various styles of music are popular in the UK from the indigenous folk music of England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland to heavy metal . Notable composers of classical music from the United Kingdom and the countries that preceded it include William Byrd , Henry Purcell , Sir Edward Elgar , Gustav Holst , Sir Arthur Sullivan ( most famous for working with the librettist Sir W.S. Gilbert ) , Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten , pioneer of modern British opera . Sir Harrison Birtwistle is one of the foremost living composers . The UK is also home to world - renowned symphonic orchestras and choruses such as the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus . Notable conductors include Sir Simon Rattle , Sir John Barbirolli and Sir Malcolm Sargent . Some of the notable film score composers include John Barry , Clint Mansell , Mike Oldfield , John Powell , Craig Armstrong , David Arnold , John Murphy , Monty Norman and Harry Gregson - Williams . George Frideric Handel became a naturalised British citizen and wrote the British coronation anthem , while some of his best works , such as Messiah , were written in the English language . Andrew Lloyd Webber is a prolific composer of musical theatre . His works have dominated London 's West End since the late 20th century and have also been a commercial success worldwide . The Beatles have international sales of over one billion units and are the biggest - selling and most influential band in the history of popular music . Other prominent British contributors to have influenced popular music over the last 50 years include ; The Rolling Stones , Pink Floyd , Queen , Led Zeppelin , the Bee Gees , and Elton John , all of whom have worldwide record sales of 200 million or more . The Brit Awards are the BPI 's annual music awards , and some of the British recipients of the Outstanding Contribution to Music award include ; The Who , David Bowie , Eric Clapton , Rod Stewart and The Police . More recent UK music acts that have had international success include Coldplay , Radiohead , Oasis , Spice Girls , Robbie Williams , Amy Winehouse and Adele . A number of UK cities are known for their music . Acts from Liverpool have had 54 UK chart number one hit singles , more per capita than any other city worldwide . Glasgow 's contribution to music was recognised in 2008 when it was named a UNESCO City of Music , one of only three cities in the world to have this honour . Visual Art Main article : Art of the United Kingdom J.M.W. Turner self - portrait , oil on canvas , c. 1799 The history of British visual art forms part of western art history . Major British artists include : the Romantics William Blake , John Constable , Samuel Palmer and J.M.W. Turner ; the portrait painters Sir Joshua Reynolds and Lucian Freud ; the landscape artists Thomas Gainsborough and L.S. Lowry ; the pioneer of the Arts and Crafts Movement William Morris ; the figurative painter Francis Bacon ; the Pop artists Peter Blake , Richard Hamilton and David Hockney ; the collaborative duo Gilbert and George ; the abstract artist Howard Hodgkin ; and the sculptors Antony Gormley , Anish Kapoor and Henry Moore . During the late 1980s and 1990s the Saatchi Gallery in London helped to bring to public attention a group of multi-genre artists who would become known as the `` Young British Artists '' : Damien Hirst , Chris Ofili , Rachel Whiteread , Tracey Emin , Mark Wallinger , Steve McQueen , Sam Taylor - Wood and the Chapman Brothers are among the better - known members of this loosely affiliated movement . The Royal Academy in London is a key organisation for the promotion of the visual arts in the United Kingdom . Major schools of art in the UK include : the six - school University of the Arts London , which includes the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and Chelsea College of Art and Design ; Goldsmiths , University of London ; the Slade School of Fine Art ( part of University College London ) ; the Glasgow School of Art ; the Royal College of Art ; and The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art ( part of the University of Oxford ) . The Courtauld Institute of Art is a leading centre for the teaching of the history of art . Important art galleries in the United Kingdom include the National Gallery , National Portrait Gallery , Tate Britain and Tate Modern ( the most - visited modern art gallery in the world , with around 4.7 million visitors per year ) . Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United Kingdom Alfred Hitchcock has been ranked as one of the greatest and most influential British filmmakers of all time The United Kingdom has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema . The British directors Alfred Hitchcock , whose film Vertigo is considered by some critics as the best film of all time , and David Lean are among the most critically acclaimed of all - time . Other important directors including Charlie Chaplin , Michael Powell , Carol Reed , Edgar Wright , Christopher Nolan , and Ridley Scott . Many British actors have achieved international fame and critical success , including : Julie Andrews , Richard Burton , Michael Caine , Colin Firth , Gary Oldman , Ben Kingsley , Ian McKellen , Liam Neeson , Charlie Chaplin , Sean Connery , Vivien Leigh , David Niven , Laurence Olivier , Peter Sellers , Kate Winslet , Anthony Hopkins , and Daniel Day - Lewis . Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in the United Kingdom , including two of the highest - grossing film franchises ( Harry Potter and James Bond ) . Ealing Studios has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world . Despite a history of important and successful productions , the industry has often been characterised by a debate about its identity and the level of American and European influence . British producers are active in international co-productions and British actors , directors and crew feature regularly in American films . Many successful Hollywood films have been based on British people , stories or events , including Titanic , The Lord of the Rings , Pirates of the Caribbean . In 2009 , British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7 % globally and 17 % in the United Kingdom . UK box - office takings totalled £ 944 million in 2009 , with around 173 million admissions . The British Film Institute has produced a poll ranking of what it considers to be the 100 greatest British films of all time , the BFI Top 100 British films . The annual British Academy Film Awards are hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Media Main article : Media of the United Kingdom Broadcasting House in London , headquarters of the BBC , the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world The BBC , founded in 1922 , is the UK 's publicly funded radio , television and Internet broadcasting corporation , and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world . It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by the television licence . Other major players in the UK media include ITV plc , which operates 11 of the 15 regional television broadcasters that make up the ITV Network , and News Corporation , which owns a number of national newspapers through News International such as the most popular tabloid The Sun and the longest - established daily `` broadsheet '' The Times , as well as holding a large stake in satellite broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting . London dominates the media sector in the UK : national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there , although Manchester is also a significant national media centre . Edinburgh and Glasgow , and Cardiff , are important centres of newspaper and broadcasting production in Scotland and Wales respectively . The UK publishing sector , including books , directories and databases , journals , magazines and business media , newspapers and news agencies , has a combined turnover of around £ 20 billion and employs around 167,000 people . In 2009 , it was estimated that individuals viewed a mean of 3.75 hours of television per day and 2.81 hours of radio . In that year the main BBC public service broadcasting channels accounted for an estimated 28.4 % of all television viewing ; the three main independent channels accounted for 29.5 % and the increasingly important other satellite and digital channels for the remaining 42.1 % . Sales of newspapers have fallen since the 1970s and in 2010 41 % of people reported reading a daily national newspaper . In 2010 , 82.5 % of the UK population were Internet users , the highest proportion amongst the 20 countries with the largest total number of users in that year . Philosophy Main article : British philosophy The United Kingdom is famous for the tradition of ' British Empiricism ' , a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that states that only knowledge verified by experience is valid , and ' Scottish Philosophy ' , sometimes referred to as the ' Scottish School of Common Sense ' . The most famous philosophers of British Empiricism are John Locke , George Berkeley and David Hume ; while Dugald Stewart , Thomas Reid and William Hamilton were major exponents of the Scottish `` common sense '' school . Two Britons are also notable for a theory of moral philosophy utilitarianism , first used by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill in his short work Utilitarianism . Other eminent philosophers from the UK and the unions and countries that preceded it include Duns Scotus , John Lilburne , Mary Wollstonecraft , Sir Francis Bacon , Adam Smith , Thomas Hobbes , William of Ockham , Bertrand Russell and A.J. `` Freddie '' Ayer . Foreign - born philosophers who settled in the UK include Isaiah Berlin , Karl Marx , Karl Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein . Sport Main article : Sport in the United Kingdom Wembley Stadium , London , home of the England national football team , is one of the most expensive stadia ever built Major sports , including association football , tennis , rugby union , rugby league , golf , boxing , netball , rowing and cricket , originated or were substantially developed in the UK and the states that preceded it . With the rules and codes of many modern sports invented and codified in late 19th century Victorian Britain , in 2012 , the President of the IOC , Jacques Rogge , stated ; `` This great , sports - loving country is widely recognized as the birthplace of modern sport . It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations . It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum '' . In most international competitions , separate teams represent England , Scotland and Wales . Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland usually field a single team representing all of Ireland , with notable exceptions being association football and the Commonwealth Games . In sporting contexts , the English , Scottish , Welsh and Irish / Northern Irish teams are often referred to collectively as the Home Nations . There are some sports in which a single team represents the whole of United Kingdom , including the Olympics , where the UK is represented by the Great Britain team . The 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics were held in London , making it the first city to host the games three times . Britain has participated in every modern Olympic Games to date and is third in the medal count . A 2003 poll found that football is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom . England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football , and The Football Association is the oldest of its kind , with the rules of football first drafted in 1863 by Ebenezer Cobb Morley . Each of the Home Nations has its own football association , national team and league system . The English top division , the Premier League , is the most watched football league in the world . The first - ever international football match was contested by England and Scotland on 30 November 1872 . England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland compete as separate countries in international competitions . A Great Britain Olympic football team was assembled for the first time to compete in the London 2012 Olympic Games . However , the Scottish , Welsh and Northern Irish football associations declined to participate , fearing that it would undermine their independent status -- a fear confirmed by FIFA . The Millennium Stadium of Cardiff opened for the 1999 Rugby World Cup In 2003 , rugby union was ranked the second most popular sport in the UK . The sport was created in Rugby School , Warwickshire , and the first rugby international took place on 27 March 1871 between England and Scotland . England , Scotland , Wales , Ireland , France and Italy compete in the Six Nations Championship ; the premier international tournament in the northern hemisphere . Sport governing bodies in England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland organise and regulate the game separately . If any of the British teams or the Irish team beat the other three in a tournament , then it is awarded the Triple Crown . Cricket was invented in England , and its laws were established by Marylebone Cricket Club in 1788 . The England cricket team , controlled by the England and Wales Cricket Board , is the only national team in the UK with Test status . Team members are drawn from the main county sides , and include both English and Welsh players . Cricket is distinct from football and rugby where Wales and England field separate national teams , although Wales had fielded its own team in the past . Irish and Scottish players have played for England because neither Scotland nor Ireland have Test status and have only recently started to play in One Day Internationals . Scotland , England ( and Wales ) , and Ireland ( including Northern Ireland ) have competed at the Cricket World Cup , with England reaching the finals on three occasions . There is a professional league championship in which clubs representing 17 English counties and 1 Welsh county compete . Wimbledon , the oldest Grand Slam tennis tournament , is held in Wimbledon , London every June and July The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the 1860s , before spreading around the world . The world 's oldest tennis tournament , the Wimbledon championships , first occurred in 1877 , and today the event takes place over two weeks in late June and early July . Thoroughbred racing , which originated under Charles II of England as the `` sport of kings '' , is popular throughout the UK with world - famous races including the Grand National , the Epsom Derby , Royal Ascot and the Cheltenham National Hunt Festival ( including the Cheltenham Gold Cup ) . The UK has proved successful in the international sporting arena in rowing . The UK is closely associated with motorsport . Many teams and drivers in Formula One ( F1 ) are based in the UK , and the country has won more drivers ' and constructors ' titles than any other . The UK hosted the first F1 Grand Prix in 1950 at Silverstone , the current location of the British Grand Prix held each year in July . The UK hosts legs of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing , World Rally Championship and FIA World Endurance Championship . The premier national auto racing event is the British Touring Car Championship . Motorcycle road racing has a long tradition with races such as the Isle of Man TT and the North West 200 . St Andrews , Scotland , the home of golf . The standard 18 hole golf course was created at St Andrews in 1764 . Golf is the sixth most popular sport , by participation , in the UK . Although The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in Scotland is the sport 's home course , the world 's oldest golf course is actually Musselburgh Links ' Old Golf Course . In 1764 , the standard 18 - hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes . The oldest golf tournament in the world , and the first major championship in golf , The Open Championship , is played annually on the weekend of the third Friday in July . Rugby league originated in Huddersfield , West Yorkshire in 1895 and is generally played in Northern England . A single ' Great Britain Lions ' team had competed in the Rugby League World Cup and Test match games , but this changed in 2008 when England , Scotland and Ireland competed as separate nations . Great Britain is still retained as the full national team . Super League is the highest level of professional rugby league in the UK and Europe . It consists of 11 teams from Northern England , 1 from London , 1 from Wales and 1 from France . The ' Queensberry rules ' , the code of general rules in boxing , was named after John Douglas , 9th Marquess of Queensberry in 1867 , that formed the basis of modern boxing . Snooker is another of the UK 's popular sporting exports , with the world championships held annually in Sheffield . In Northern Ireland Gaelic football and hurling are popular team sports , both in terms of participation and spectating , and Irish expatriates in the UK and the US also play them . Shinty ( or camanachd ) is popular in the Scottish Highlands . Highland games are held in spring and summer in Scotland , celebrating Scottish and celtic culture and heritage , especially that of the Scottish Highlands . Symbols Main article : Symbols of the United Kingdom , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man The Statue of Britannia in Plymouth . Britannia is a national personification of the UK . The flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Flag ( also referred to as the Union Jack ) . It was created in 1606 by the superimposition of the Flag of England on the Flag of Scotland and updated in 1801 with the addition of Saint Patrick 's Flag . Wales is not represented in the Union Flag , as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom . The possibility of redesigning the Union Flag to include representation of Wales has not been completely ruled out . The national anthem of the United Kingdom is `` God Save the Queen '' , with `` Queen '' replaced with `` King '' in the lyrics whenever the monarch is a man . Britannia is a national personification of the United Kingdom , originating from Roman Britain . Britannia is symbolised as a young woman with brown or golden hair , wearing a Corinthian helmet and white robes . She holds Poseidon 's three - pronged trident and a shield , bearing the Union Flag . Sometimes she is depicted as riding on the back of a lion . Since the height of the British Empire in the late 19th century , Britannia has often been associated with British maritime dominance , as in the patriotic song `` Rule , Britannia ! '' . Up until 2008 , the lion symbol was depicted behind Britannia on the British fifty pence coin and on the back of the British ten pence coin . It is also used as a symbol on the non-ceremonial flag of the British Army . A second , less used , personification of the nation is the character John Bull . The bulldog is sometimes used as a symbol of the United Kingdom and has been associated with Winston Churchill 's defiance of Nazi Germany . International Rankings The following are international rankings of the United Kingdom , including those measuring life quality , health care quality , stability , press freedom and income . Index Rank Countries reviewed Human Development Index 2015 14 187 Inequality adjusted Human Development Index 2015 13 150 OECD Better Life Index 2016 16 38 Legatum Prosperity Index 2015 10 142 Index of Public Integrity 2016 6 105 Democracy Index 2016 16 167 Freedom House ranking of political rights 2016 8 195 Freedom House ranking of civil liberties 2016 195 Save the Children State of the World 's Mothers report 2015 24 179 Total health expenditure per capita 2015 17 188 Fragile States Index ( Reverse ranking ) 2016 17 178 Gallup gross median household income 2013 19 131 Median equivalent adult income 2009 -- 2014 19 35 International Property Rights Index 2015 13 129 Euro health consumer index 2015 14 ( England ) 16 ( Scotland ) 35 Press Freedom Index 2016 38 180 Global Gender Gap Report 2015 20 144 World Happiness Report 2017 19 4 157 Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 10 175 Networked Readiness Index 2014 9 144 Household final consumption expenditure per capita 2016 6 Ease of doing business index 2017 7 185 Global Peace Index 2016 47 163 Globalization Index 2015 207 Logistics Performance Index 2014 160 Index of Economic Freedom 2016 10 167 Merchant Navy 10 39 Historiography Main articles : historiography of the United Kingdom and historiography of the British Empire See also United Kingdom portal England portal Northern Ireland portal Scotland portal Wales portal British Overseas Territories portal Commonwealth realms portal Outline of the United Kingdom Outline of England Outline of Northern Ireland Outline of Scotland Outline of Wales Index of United Kingdom - related articles List of venues in the United Kingdom United Kingdom -- Wikipedia book Notes Jump up ^ An alternative variant of the Royal coat of arms is used in Scotland : ( click to view image ) . Jump up ^ There is no authorised version of the national anthem as the words are a matter of tradition ; only the first verse is usually sung . No law was passed making `` God Save the Queen '' the official anthem . In the English tradition , such laws are not necessary ; proclamation and usage are sufficient to make it the national anthem . `` God Save the Queen '' also serves as the Royal anthem for certain Commonwealth realms . The words Queen , she , her , used at present ( in the reign of Elizabeth II ) , are replaced by King , he , him when the monarch is male . Jump up ^ Under the Council of Europe 's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Scots , Ulster Scots , Welsh , Cornish , Scottish Gaelic and Irish are officially recognised as regional or minority languages by the British Government for the purposes of the Charter . See also Languages of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ European Union since 1993 . Jump up ^ Some of the devolved countries , Crown dependencies and British Overseas Territories issue their own sterling banknotes or currencies , or use another nation 's currency . See List of British currencies for more information Jump up ^ This excludes some of the UK 's dependencies . See Time in the United Kingdom # British territories Jump up ^ Excludes most overseas territories Jump up ^ The . eu domain is also used , as it is shared with other European Union member states . Other TLDs are used regionally Jump up ^ Although Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state , two of its Overseas Territories also share land borders with other sovereign countries . Gibraltar shares a border with Spain , while the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia share borders with the Republic of Cyprus , the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the UN buffer zone separating the two Cypriot polities . Jump up ^ In the referendum of 23 June 2016 , a majority voted for the United Kingdom to withdraw from the European Union , but the process and date for Brexit have yet to be determined . Jump up ^ The Anglo - Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921 to resolve the Irish War of Independence . When it took effect one year later , it established the Irish Free State as a separate dominion within the Commonwealth . The UK 's current name was adopted to reflect the change . Jump up ^ Compare to section 1 of both of the 1800 Acts of Union which reads : the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland shall ... be united into one Kingdom , by the Name of `` The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland '' Jump up ^ / juː ˈnaɪtɪd ˈkɪŋdəm əv ɡreɪt ˈbrɪtən ənd ˈnɔːðən ˈaɪələnd / ( listen ) Jump up ^ / ˈbrɪtən / ( listen ) Jump up ^ Since the early twentieth century the prime minister has held the office of First Lord of the Treasury , and in recent decades has also held the office of Minister for the Civil Service . Jump up ^ Sinn Féin , an Irish republican party , also contests elections in the Republic of Ireland . Jump up ^ In 2007 -- 2008 , this was calculated to be £ 115 per week for single adults with no dependent children ; £ 199 per week for couples with no dependent children ; £ 195 per week for single adults with two dependent children under 14 ; and £ 279 per week for couples with two dependent children under 14 . Jump up ^ The 2011 Census recorded Gypsies / Travellers as a separate ethnic group for the first time . Jump up ^ In the 2011 Census , for the purpose of harmonising results to make them comparable across the UK , the ONS includes individuals in Scotland who classified themselves in the `` African '' category ( 29,638 people ) , which in the Scottish version of the census is separate from `` Caribbean or Black '' ( 6,540 people ) , in this `` Black or Black British '' category . The ONS note that `` the African categories used in Scotland could potentially capture White / Asian / Other African in addition to Black identities '' . Jump up ^ Berkeley is in fact Irish but was called a ' British empiricist ' due to the territory of what is now known as the Republic of Ireland being in the UK at the time References Jump up ^ `` National Anthem '' . Official web site of the British Royal Family . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 '' . Council of Europe . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Philby , Charlotte ( 12 December 2012 ) . `` Less religious and more ethnically diverse : Census reveals a picture of Britain today '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population estimates -- Office for National Statistics U.K '' . www.ons.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2011 UK censuses '' . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . World Economic Outlook Database . International Monetary Fund . 17 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Some data refers to IMF staff estimates but some are actual figures for the year 2015 , made on 4 October 2016 . World Economic Outlook Database - October 2016 , International Monetary Fund . Accessed on 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Great Britain in English '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England , Scotland and Wales , although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK Perspectives 2016 : The UK in a European context '' . Office for National Statistics . 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The British Monarchy , What is constitutional monarchy ? . Retrieved 17 July 2013 Jump up ^ CIA , The World Factbook . Retrieved 17 July 2013 Jump up ^ The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time , 1950 - 2030 , World Urbanization Prospects , the 2014 revision , Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries within a country '' . Prime Minister 's Office . 10 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2008 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Devolution of powers to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland '' . United Kingdom Government . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament , members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives , known as the devolved administrations ... 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Glasgow : Geddes & Grosset . p. 56 . ISBN 1 - 85534 - 380 - 0 Jump up ^ Hearn , J. ( 2002 ) . Claiming Scotland : National Identity and Liberal Culture . Edinburgh University Press . p. 104 . ISBN 1 - 902930 - 16 - 9 Jump up ^ `` English Civil Wars '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the Commonwealth : 1651 -- 1660 '' . Archontology.org. 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Mathew ( 2013 ) . Privateering , Piracy and British Policy in Spanish America , 1810 - 1830 ( 1st ed . ) . Woodbridge : The Boydell Press . ISBN 1843838613 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Richard ( 2007 ) ( 1910 ) . The History of England -- From the Restoration to the Death of William III ( 1660 -- 1702 ) . Read Books . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 0897 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Tudor Period and the Birth of a Regular Navy '' . Royal Navy History . Institute of Naval History . Archived from the original on 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . 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The White Paper had indicated that this was to be the approach taken in the legislation . The Scottish Parliament is not to be seen as a reflection of the settled will of the people of Scotland or of popular sovereignty but as a reflection of its subordination to a higher legal authority . Following the logic of this argument , the power of the Scottish Parliament to legislate can be withdrawn or overridden ... Jump up ^ Elliot , M. ( 2004 ) . `` United Kingdom : Parliamentary sovereignty under pressure '' . International Journal of Constitutional Law . 2 ( 3 ) : 545 -- 627 , 553 -- 554 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / 2.3. 545 . Notwithstanding substantial differences among the schemes , an important common factor is that the U.K. Parliament has not renounced legislative sovereignty in relation to the three nations concerned . 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If this can be equated with a treaty , it could be argued that the forthcoming distribution of power between Westminster and Belfast has similarities with divisions specified in the written constitutions of federal states ... Although the Agreement makes the general proviso that Westminster 's ' powers to make legislation for Northern Ireland ' remains ' unaffected ' , without an explicit categorical reference to reserved matters , it may be more difficult than in Scotland or Wales for devolved powers to be repatriated . The retraction of devolved powers would not merely entail consultation in Northern Ireland backed implicitly by the absolute power of parliamentary sovereignty but also the renegotiation of an intergovernmental agreement . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty ( act ) of the Union of Parliament 1706 '' . Scottish History Online . Retrieved 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UK Supreme Court judges sworn in '' . BBC News . 1 October 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Rudd , Alyson ( 7 April 2008 ) . `` The father of football deserves much more '' . Times Online . London . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Sheffield FC : 150 years of history '' . FIFA . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebner , Sarah ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` History and time are key to power of football , says Premier League chief '' . The Times ( London ) . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Paul ( November 2005 ) . `` The first international football match '' . BBC Sport Scotland . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why is there no GB Olympics football team ? '' . BBC Sport. 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter against British 2012 team '' . BBC News . 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Six ways the town of Rugby helped change the world '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Terry ; Rhys , Chris ( 1981 ). The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats . p. 10 . Enfield : Guinness Superlatives Ltd Jump up ^ Louw , Jaco ; Nesbit , Derrick ( 2008 ) . The Girlfriends Guide to Rugby . Johannesburg : South Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 620 - 39541 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown '' . RBS 6 Nations . Archived from the original on 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Colin White ( 2010 ) . `` Projectile Dynamics in Sport : Principles and Applications '' . p. 222 . Routledge Jump up ^ `` About ECB '' . England and Wales Cricket Board . n.d . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Martyn ( 4 August 2009 ) . `` Howzat happen ? England fields a Gaelic - speaking Scotsman in Ashes '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Uncapped Joyce wins Ashes call up '' . BBC Sport. 15 November 2006 . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glamorgan '' . BBC South East Wales . August 2009 . Retrieved 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ History of Tennis International Tennis Federation . Retrieved 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 125 years of Wimbledon : From birth of lawn tennis to modern marvels '' . CNN . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of British Motorsport and Motor Racing at Silverstone -- The 1950s '' . Silverstone.co.uk . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Forrest L. Richardson ( 2002 ) . `` Routing the Golf Course : The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey '' . p. 46 . John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ `` Tracking the Field '' ( PDF ) . Ipsos MORI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Links plays into the record books '' . BBC News . 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Open Championship -- More Scottish than British '' . PGA Tour . Archived from the original on 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ardener , Shirley ( 2007 ) . Professional identities : policy and practice in business and bureaucracy . New York : Berghahn . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 054 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Rugby League World Cup 2008 '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( 20 August 1995 ) . `` 100 years of rugby league : From the great divide to the Super era '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2006 ). ŷ Queensbury Rules , Britannica Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 22 January 2007 ) . `` China in Ding 's hands '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Gould , Joe ( 10 April 2007 ) . `` The ancient Irish sport of hurling catches on in America '' . Columbia News Service . Columbia Journalism School . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shinty '' . Scottish Sport . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport in Scotland '' . Scotland.org . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh dragon call for Union flag '' . BBC News . 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Britannia on British Coins '' . Chard . Retrieved 25 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Baker , Steve ( 2001 ) . Picturing the Beast . University of Illinois Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07030 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Legatum Prosperity Index - 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Index of Public Integrity '' . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2016 '' . The Economist Intelligence Unit . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Rankings 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` Save the Children State of the World 's Mothers report '' ( PDF ) . savethechildren.org . Jump up ^ `` Euro Health Consumer Index : 2015 Report '' ( PDF ) . healthpowerhouse.com . Jump up ^ http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2017/ Jump up ^ `` Networked Readiness Index '' . weforum.org . Jump up ^ https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.PC.KD?year_high_desc=true Further reading Hitchens , Peter ( 2000 ) . The Abolition of Britain : From Winston Churchill to Princess Diana . Second ed . San Francisco , Calif. : Encounter Books . xi , 332 pp. ISBN 1 - 893554 - 18 - X . Lambert , Richard S. ( 1964 ) . The Great Heritage : A History of Britain for Canadians . House of Grant , 1964 ( and earlier editions and printings ) . External links Find more aboutUnited Kingdomat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Government Official website of HM Government Official website of the British Monarchy Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom statistics The official site of the British Prime Minister 's Office General information United Kingdom from the BBC News `` United Kingdom '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day

Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work day - wikipedia Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work day Jump to : navigation , search `` Take Your Daughter To Work Day '' redirects here . For the episode of The Office , see Take Your Daughter to Work Day ( The Office ) . Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Day is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit educational program in the United States , Canada and Australia that revolves around parents taking their children to work for one day . It is the successor to Take Our Daughters To Work Day , which was expanded to include boys in 2003 . In the U.S. , it occurs on the fourth Thursday in April every year ; in the Canadian province of Ontario , it occurs on the 1st Wednesday of November . In Sydney , Melbourne , and Brisbane Australia it occurs on January 5 , just after Christmas Break . History ( edit ) Take Our Daughters To Work Day was created in New York City in the summer of 1992 by the Ms. Foundation for Women and its president , Marie C. Wilson , the Women 's foundation treasurer , Ms. Daren Ball , and with support from foundation founder Gloria Steinem . The first celebration took place on April 22 , 1993 , and has since been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April in order for the 37 million children , parents , schools in over 3.5 million workplaces across the country , in addition to participants in over 200 countries around the world , to plan ahead for the annual event . The day has generally been scheduled on a day that is a school day for most children in the United States , and schools are provided with literature and encouraged to promote the program . Educators are provided with materials for incorporating career exploration into school curricula on the day before or after the event . In 2000 , when asked by the Minneapolis Star Tribune which activities he would propose for a national day for boys equivalent to Take Our Daughters to Work day , author Robert Bly suggested that fathers take their sons to the library and show them the books they love . Noting that women have often been excluded from the work world , Bly said , `` I think it 's just as likely now that men will be shut out of the inward world , the literature world . '' The program was officially expanded in 2003 to include boys ; however , most companies that participated in the program had , since the beginning , allowed both boys and girls to participate , usually renaming it `` Take Our Children to Work Day '' or an equivalent . The program 's official website states that the program was changed in order to provide both boys and girls with opportunities to explore careers at an age when they are more flexible in terms of gender roles . The Ms. Foundation also states that men who have hosted children have benefited from being seen as parental figures in addition to their roles as professionals , which can contribute to combating gender stereotypes as well . Prior to the inclusion of boys , the Ms. Foundation contended that the program was designed to specifically address self - esteem issues unique to girls and initially resisted pressure to include boys . Much of this pressure came from educators who did not wish to include the event in their curriculum given that their male students were not encouraged to participate . In 2007 , upon becoming its own separate foundation , the Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work program was turned over to Carolyn McKecuen , a MacArthur Genius Award recipient , who took effective control as its Executive Director before relocated to Elizabeth City , North Carolina where it has remained since . Gloria Steinem continues to maintain a role with the Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Foundation as a member of its board of directors . Employees , across the United States and around the world , typically invite their own children or relatives to join them at work , but the program particularly encourages employees to invite children from residential programs or shelters who may not be exposed to many adults in skilled professions today . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.daughtersandsonstowork.org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=484 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . For over 21 years , the Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work ® event has been scheduled for the 18th of November ... Jump up ^ `` Find out more about the Ms. Foundation for Women ! '' . Ms. Foundation for Women . Jump up ^ `` Support - National Women 's History Museum - NWHM '' . www.nwhm.org . Jump up ^ `` One Day of ' Take a Child to Work ' Is Short on Substance : Boys are now being invited to join the formerly all - girl event . But it 's doubtful kids find our jobs worth imitating . It may be better to just share the pride of accomplishment . '' . Los Angeles Times . 1995 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Official homepage Collection of articles regarding inclusion of boys as well as alternative events held prior to the Ms. Foundation event being expanded to include boys Form 17 , a short film about a bomb squad dad who brings his daughter to work Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_Our_Daughters_and_Sons_to_Work_Day&oldid=794611053 '' Categories : Civil awareness days Recurring events established in 1993 American culture Movable April observances Movable November observances January observances Hidden categories : Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 00 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Seafloor spreading

Seafloor spreading - wikipedia Seafloor spreading Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Age of oceanic lithosphere ; youngest ( red ) is along spreading centers . Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges , where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge . Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics . When oceanic plates diverge , tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate pull rather than magma pressure , although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges . At a spreading center basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed . Hydrothermal vents are common at spreading centers . Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone . Additionally spreading rates determine if the ridge is a fast , intermediate , or slow . As a general rule , fast ridges see spreading rate of more than 9 cm / year . Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 4 -- 9 cm / year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 4 cm / year . Earlier theories ( e.g. by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit ) of continental drift postulated that continents `` ploughed '' through the sea . The idea that the seafloor itself moves ( and also carries the continents with it ) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s . The theory is well accepted now , and the phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere , which is ductile , or plastic , and the brittle lithosphere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Incipient spreading 2 Continued spreading and subduction 3 Debate and search for mechanism 4 Sea floor global topography : half - space model 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Incipient spreading ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Plates in the crust of the earth , according to the plate tectonics theory In the general case , sea floor spreading starts as a rift in a continental land mass , similar to the Red Sea - East Africa Rift System today . The process starts by heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense . Because less dense objects rise in relation to denser objects , the area being heated becomes a broad dome ( see isostasy ) . As the crust bows upward , fractures occur that gradually grow into rifts . The typical rift system consists of three rift arms at approximately 120 degree angles . These areas are named triple junctions and can be found in several places across the world today . The separated margins of the continents evolve to form passive margins . Hess ' theory was that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge . If spreading continues past the incipient stage described above , two of the rift arms will open while the third arm stops opening and becomes a ' failed rift ' . As the two active rifts continue to open , eventually the continental crust is attenuated as far as it will stretch . At this point basaltic oceanic crust begins to form between the separating continental fragments . When one of the rifts opens into the existing ocean , the rift system is flooded with seawater and becomes a new sea . The Red Sea is an example of a new arm of the sea . The East African rift was thought to be a `` failed '' arm that was opening somewhat more slowly than the other two arms , but in 2005 the Ethiopian Afar Geophysical Lithospheric Experiment reported that in the Afar region last September , a 60 km fissure opened as wide as eight meters . During this period of initial flooding the new sea is sensitive to changes in climate and eustasy . As a result , the new sea will evaporate ( partially or completely ) several times before the elevation of the rift valley has been lowered to the point that the sea becomes stable . During this period of evaporation large evaporite deposits will be made in the rift valley . Later these deposits have the potential to become hydrocarbon seals and are of particular interest to petroleum geologists . Sea floor spreading can stop during the process , but if it continues to the point that the continent is completely severed , then a new ocean basin is created . The Red Sea has not yet completely split Arabia from Africa , but a similar feature can be found on the other side of Africa that has broken completely free . South America once fit into the area of the Niger Delta . The Niger River has formed in the failed rift arm of the triple junction . Continued spreading and subduction ( edit ) Spreading at a mid-ocean ridge As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time . Older seafloor is therefore colder than new seafloor , and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy . If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust , a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed . The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust . Today , the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted . However , the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean . The Pacific is also home to one of the world 's most active spreading centres ( the East Pacific Rise ) with spreading rates of up to 13 cm / yr . The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a `` textbook '' slow - spreading centre , while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading . The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced . Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins , the total capacity of the world 's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading . During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean , sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean . Debate and search for mechanism ( edit ) At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( and in other areas ) , material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other , a phenomenon first observed as continental drift . When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912 , he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust . This was impossible : oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust . Accordingly , Wegener 's theory was n't taken very seriously , especially in the United States . Since then , it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading . In the 1960s , the past record of geomagnetic reversals was noticed by observing the magnetic stripe `` anomalies '' on the ocean floor . This results in broadly evident `` stripes '' from which the past magnetic field polarity can be inferred by looking at the data gathered from simply towing a magnetometer on the sea surface or from an aircraft . The stripes on one side of the mid-ocean ridge were the mirror image of those on the other side . The seafloor must have originated on the Earth 's great fiery welts , like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise . The driver for seafloor spreading in plates with active margins is the weight of the cool , dense , subducting slabs that pull them along . The magmatism at the ridge is considered to be `` passive upswelling '' , which is caused by the plates being pulled apart under the weight of their own slabs . This can be thought of as analogous to a rug on a table with little friction : when part of the rug is off of the table , its weight pulls the rest of the rug down with it . Sea floor global topography : half - space model ( edit ) To first approximation , sea floor global topography in areas without significant subduction can be estimated by the half - space model . In this model , the seabed height is determined by the oceanic lithosphere temperature , due to thermal expansion . Oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed at a constant rate at the mid-ocean ridges . The source of the lithosphere has a half - plane shape ( x = 0 , z < 0 ) and a constant temperature T. Due to its continuous creation , the lithosphere at x > 0 is moving away from the ridge at a constant velocity v , which is assumed large compared to other typical scales in the problem . The temperature at the upper boundary of the lithosphere ( z = 0 ) is a constant T = 0 . Thus at x = 0 the temperature is the Heaviside step function T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ Theta ( - z ) ) . Finally , we assume the system is at a quasi-steady state , so that the temperature distribution is constant in time , i.e. T = T ( x , z ) . By calculating in the frame of reference of the moving lithosphere ( velocity v ) , which have spatial coordinate x ' = x-vt , we may write T = T ( x ' , z , t ) and use the heat equation : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 x ′ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) T = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) + \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) x ' ) ) ) where κ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa ) is the thermal diffusivity of the mantle lithosphere . Since T depends on x ' and t only through the combination x = x ′ + v t ( \ displaystyle x = x'+ vt ) , we have : ∂ T ∂ x ′ = 1 v ⋅ ∂ T ∂ t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial x ' ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( v ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) ) Thus : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ v 2 ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) T = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ kappa ) ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) t ) ) ) We now use the assumption that v ( \ displaystyle v ) is large compared to other scales in the problem ; we therefore neglect the last term in the equation , and get a 1 - dimensional diffusion equation : ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial T ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ kappa ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) T ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) z ) ) ) with the initial conditions T ( t = 0 ) = T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) ( \ displaystyle T ( t = 0 ) = T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ Theta ( - z ) ) . The solution for z ≤ 0 ( \ displaystyle z \ leq 0 ) is given by the error function erf ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( erf ) ) : T ( x ′ , z , t ) = T 1 ⋅ erf ⁡ ( z 2 κ t ) ( \ displaystyle T ( x ' , z , t ) = T_ ( 1 ) \ cdot \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( \ kappa t ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) . Due to the large velocity , the temperature dependence on the horizontal direction is negligible , and the height at time t ( i.e. of sea floor of age t ) can be calculated by integrating the thermal expansion over z : h ( t ) = h 0 + α e f f ∫ 0 ∞ ( T ( z ) − T 1 ) d z = h 0 − 2 π α e f f T 1 κ t ( \ displaystyle h ( t ) = h_ ( 0 ) + \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( T ( z ) - T_ ( 1 ) ) dz = h_ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) T_ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ kappa t ) ) ) where α e f f ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) ) is the effective volumetric thermal expansion coefficient , and h is the mid-ocean ridge height ( compared to some reference ) . Note that the assumption the v is relatively large is equivalently to the assumption that the thermal diffusivity κ ( \ displaystyle \ kappa ) is small compared to L 2 / T ( \ displaystyle L ^ ( 2 ) / T ) , where L is the ocean width ( from mid-ocean ridges to continental shelf ) and T is its age . The effective thermal expansion coefficient α e f f ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) ) is different from the usual thermal expansion coefficient α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) due to isostasic effect of the change in water column height above the lithosphere as it expands or retracts . Both coefficients are related by : α e f f = α ⋅ ρ ρ − ρ w ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ mathrm ( eff ) ) = \ alpha \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ rho ) ( \ rho - \ rho _ ( w ) ) ) ) where ρ ∼ 3.3 g / c m 3 ( \ displaystyle \ rho \ sim 3.3 g / cm ^ ( 3 ) ) is the rock density and ρ 0 = 1 g / c m 3 ( \ displaystyle \ rho _ ( 0 ) = 1g / cm ^ ( 3 ) ) is the density of water . By substituting the parameters by their rough estimates : κ ∼ 8 ⋅ 10 − 7 ( \ displaystyle \ kappa \ sim 8 \ cdot 10 ^ ( - 7 ) ) m / s , α ∼ 4 ⋅ 10 − 5 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ sim 4 \ cdot 10 ^ ( - 5 ) ) ° C and T ~ 1220 ° C ( for the Atlantic and Indian oceans ) or ~ 1120 ° C ( for the eastern Pacific ) , we have : h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 350 t ( \ displaystyle h ( t ) \ sim h_ ( 0 ) - 350 ( \ sqrt ( t ) ) ) for the eastern Pacific Ocean , and : h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 390 t ( \ displaystyle h ( t ) \ sim h_ ( 0 ) - 390 ( \ sqrt ( t ) ) ) for the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean , where the height is in meters and time is in millions of years . To get the dependence on x , one must substitute t = x / v ~ Tx / L , where L is the distance between the ridge to the continental shelf ( roughly half the ocean width ) , and T is the ocean age . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seafloor spreading . Divergent boundary Mid-ocean ridge Morley - Vine - Matthews hypothesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tan , Yen Joe ; Tolstoy , Maya ; Waldhauser , Felix ; Wilcock , William S.D. `` Dynamics of a seafloor - spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 540 ( 7632 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20116 . Jump up ^ Tan , Yen Joe ; Tolstoy , Maya ; Waldhauser , Felix ; Wilcock , William S.D. `` Dynamics of a seafloor - spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise '' . Nature . 540 ( 7632 ) : 261 -- 265 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20116 . Jump up ^ Hess , H.H. ( November 1962 ) . `` History of Ocean Basins '' ( PDF ) . In A.E.J. Engel ; Harold L. James ; B.F. Leonard . Petrologic studies : a volume to honor A.F. Buddington . Boulder , CO : Geological Society of America . pp. 599 -- 620 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Elsasser , Walter M. ( 1971 ) . `` Sea - Floor Spreading as Thermal Convection '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 76 : 1101 . Bibcode : 1971JGR ... 76.1101 E . doi : 10.1029 / JB076i005p01101 . Jump up ^ Makris , J. ; Ginzburg , A. ( 1987 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Sedimentary basins within the Dead Sea and other rift zones The Afar Depression : transition between continental rifting and sea - floor spreading '' . Tectonophysics. 141 ( 1 ) : 199 -- 214 . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 87 ) 90186 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bastow , Ian D. ; Keir , Derek ; Daly , Eve ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Ethiopia Afar Geoscientific Lithospheric Experiment ( EAGLE ) : Probing the transition from continental rifting to incipient seafloor spreading '' . Geological Society of America Special Papers. 478 : 51 -- 76 . doi : 10.1130 / 2011.2478 ( 04 ) . ISSN 0072 - 1077 . Jump up ^ Bhagwat , S.B. ( 2009 ) . Foundation of Geology Vol 1 . Global Vision Publishing House . p. 83 . ISBN 9788182202764 . Jump up ^ Vine , F.J. ; Matthews , D.H. ( 1963 ) . `` Magnetic Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges '' . Nature . 199 : 947 -- 949 . doi : 10.1038 / 199947a0 . Jump up ^ Patriat , Philippe ; Achache , José ( 1984 ) . `` India -- Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates '' . Nature . 311 ( 5987 ) : 615 . Bibcode : 1984Natur. 311 ... 615P . doi : 10.1038 / 311615a0 . Jump up ^ Davis , E.E ; Lister , C.R.B. ( 1974 ) . `` Fundamentals of Ridge Crest Topography '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . North - Holland Publishing Company . 21 : 405 -- 413 . Bibcode : 1974E&PSL ... 21 ... 405D . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 74 ) 90180 - 0 . 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who were the two scientists who proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in the early 1960s

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List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1999

List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1999 - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1999 Santana 's `` Smooth '' was the longest - running single of 1999 , topping the chart for 10 consecutive weeks . The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best singles of the United States . Published by Billboard magazine , the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single 's weekly physical sales and airplays . There were 15 singles that topped the chart this year . The first of these , `` I 'm Your Angel '' by R. Kelly and Celine Dion , spent two weeks at the top , concluding a six - week run that had begun in December 1998 . During the year , 12 acts had achieved a first U.S. number - one single , including : Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Destiny 's Child , Enrique Iglesias , Jennifer Lopez , and Jay - Z . The longest running number - one single is `` Smooth '' by Santana featuring Rob Thomas , which attained 12 weeks at number - one . Ten of those weeks were logged in 1999 and two additional weeks were logged in 2000 . Contents 1 Chart history 2 See also 3 References 4 Additional sources Chart history Pop singer Cher earned her 4th number - one single when `` Believe '' topped the chart . Pop singer Christina Aguilera earned her first U.S. number - one single , `` Genie in a Bottle '' . Pop singer Britney Spears earned her first U.S. number - one peak with `` ... Baby One More Time '' . Singer Ricky Martin earned his first U.S. number - one single with `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' . Key Indicates best - performing single of 1999 Issue Date Song Artist ( s ) Reference January 2 `` I 'm Your Angel '' R. Kelly and Céline Dion January 9 January 16 `` Have You Ever ? '' Brandy January 23 January 30 `` ... Baby One More Time '' Britney Spears February 6 February 13 `` Angel of Mine '' Monica February 20 February 27 March 6 March 13 `` Believe '' Cher March 20 March 27 April 3 April 10 `` No Scrubs '' TLC April 17 April 24 May 1 May 8 `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' Ricky Martin May 15 May 22 May 29 June 5 June 12 `` If You Had My Love '' Jennifer Lopez June 19 June 26 July 3 July 10 July 17 `` Bills , Bills , Bills '' Destiny 's Child July 24 `` Wild Wild West '' Will Smith featuring Dru Hill and Kool Moe Dee July 31 `` Genie in a Bottle '' Christina Aguilera August 7 August 14 August 21 August 28 September 4 `` Bailamos '' Enrique Iglesias September 11 September 18 `` Unpretty '' TLC September 25 October 2 October 9 `` Heartbreaker '' Mariah Carey featuring Jay - Z October 16 October 23 `` Smooth '' Santana featuring Rob Thomas October 30 November 6 November 13 November 20 November 27 December 4 December 11 December 18 December 25 See also 1999 in music List of number - one hits ( United States ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1999 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1999 References Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 2 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 9 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 16 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 23 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of January 30 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 6 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 13 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 20 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of February 27 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 6 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 13 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 20 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of March 27 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 3 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 10 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 17 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of April 24 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 1 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 8 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 15 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 22 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of May 29 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 5 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 12 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 19 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of June 26 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 3 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 10 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 17 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 24 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of July 31 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 7 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 14 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 21 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of August 28 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Still ' Larger Than Life ' On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1999 - 08 - 19 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 4 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 11 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 18 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of September 25 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 2 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 9 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Scores 14th No. 1 Single '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 1999 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 16 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 23 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of October 30 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 6 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 13 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 20 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of November 27 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 4 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 11 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 18 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 chart listing for the week of December 25 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2008 , 12 Edition ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2000 -- present 2017 2018 By decade 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Top - ten singles Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1999&oldid=826585969 '' Categories : 1999 record charts Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number - one songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 23 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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what was number one on 21st march 1999

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Queen of the South (TV series)

Queen of the South ( TV series ) - wikipedia Queen of the South ( TV series ) Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series . It premiered June 23 , 2016 , on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur , which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo , which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . On September 6 , 2016 , USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , USA renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on June 21 , 2018 . On October 1 , 2018 , it was announced that the USA Network had renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 3.3 Awards and nominations 4 Broadcast 5 Source Material 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza , a poor woman from Sinaloa , Mexico who becomes a wealthy woman by building a drug empire Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas , Don Epifañio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas , Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra , Teresa 's best friend , Chino 's wife , and Tony 's mother ( season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez , Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes , Don Epifañio Vargas ' right - hand man ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifañio Vargas , Camilla Vargas ' husband , head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ) , and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( season 2 , recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Yancey Arias as Alberto Cortez ( season 3 , recurring season 2 ) Idalia Valles as Isabela Vargas daughter of Camila and Epifañio Vargas Recurring ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe , Camila 's lawyer who is killed in season 2 by his boss in the firm . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) James Martinez as Gato Fierros , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 1 - 3 ) Alfonso Herrera as Javier Jimenez ( season 3 ) Iván Sánchez as Santiago López Fisterra ( season 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 13 June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto ( Pilot ) '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 While working as a money changer in Sinaloa , Mexico , Teresa Mendoza falls for drug dealer Güero . His murder a year later forces Teresa and her friend Brenda to flee from Güero 's former cartel . They are separated during their escape ; Brenda remains in Mexico while Teresa ends up in Dallas , Texas . `` Cuarenta Minutos ( Forty Minutes ) '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 Teresa must prove her worth to Camila Vargas , who rescued Teresa in Mexico but now holds her captive in Dallas . Epifañio Vargas continues hunting for Teresa . In Mexico , Brenda tries to hide from the cartel . `` Estrategia de Entrada ( Entry Strategy ) '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 Camila tests Teresa 's loyalty on a major drug operation . Camila makes a move to take over Epifañio 's cartel . Teresa impresses Camila with skills she picked up as a money changer in Sinaloa . Brenda plots her escape from Mexico while hiding from the cartel sicarios . `` Lirio de los Valles ( Lily of the Valley ) '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 Teresa 's first solo drug run turns deadly . Epifañio realizes Teresa is in Dallas with Camila . Camila tries to win over her estranged husband 's associates . Brenda and Tony make an escape to Dallas . 5 5 `` Un Alma . Un Mapa . Dos Futuros . ( One Soul . One Map . Two Futures . ) '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 Teresa is tasked with infiltrating a wild party at a rival drug boss ' estate . After witnessing a horrific event , Teresa advances her escape plans . Needing money to survive , Brenda discovers a business opportunity right outside her hotel . In Mexico , Cesar betrays Camila , revealing Camila 's operation to Epifañio . 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla ( Deception as the Rule ) '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 Teresa 's delivery route puts her in touch with Russell , an immigration lawyer . Epifañio tips off the DEA about Camila 's incoming shipment from Colombia . Caught in the DEA 's trap , Teresa and James must race to escape downtown Dallas before law enforcement blockades shut down all roads . Realizing her cocaine supply is dangerously low , Camila grows desperate . Brenda 's burgeoning drug enterprise creates a rift between her and her son Tony . 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro ( The Bird Man ) '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 Epifañio ensures his latest shipment to Camila is also intercepted by the DEA . Taking advantage of Camila 's recent shortages , a rival cartel begins encroaching on Camila 's territory . Teresa visits the immigration lawyer . To pay back the Colombians for their seized shipment and ensure future shipments , Camila sends James and Teresa to retrieve a stash of savings . They 're attacked , but Teresa believes she knows who ordered the ambush . Brenda decides to sell more than just cocaine . 8 8 `` Billete de Magia ( Magic Ticket ) '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 Out of cocaine and desperate to supply her most demanding customers , Camila attempts a risky heist . Teresa goes undercover as a hotel maid , and must make a choice that will change her forever . Brenda and her crew try making crystal meth . 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar ( Take Everything You Can Carry ) '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 Camila assures her partners and local distributors that she is back in business and done with Epifañio . A man from Florida comes to avenge his brothers ' deaths , not knowing Camila is responsible . Camila orders Maria , the hotel maid , killed . Still wracked with guilt , Teresa disobeys Camila and helps Maria escape . To recover a valuable piece of evidence and potential blackmail material , Teresa travels with Maria through the underground tunnel to Mexico . 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra ( This Thing That is Ours ) '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 In Mexico , Teresa is met by Maria 's irate relatives , who complicate her plans to retrieve Güero 's notebook . After the failed attempt to kill Birdman , a member of the rival Jimenez cartel , Camila returns home to Mexico in order to protect her life . Epifañio vouches for Birdman 's safety to protect Camila . James hunts down Teresa . Brenda severs ties with her street dealers . 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno ( Point of No Return ) '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 Teresa returns to Texas with Güero 's notebook . Despite Epifañio 's previous promises to the Jimenez cartel , Camila orders Birdman killed . Brenda tries selling the notebook to Birdman ; she is present when James kills Birdman but escapes unseen and unharmed . Following an entry in Güero 's notebook that they believe is a cash storage location , Teresa and Brenda return to Mexico . Camila visits Don Manuel Jimenez and offers to break a Jimenez lieutenant out of jail as reparation for Birdman 's death . 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil ( Five Hundred Thousand ) '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 The coordinates lead Teresa and Brenda to a shocking find . Teresa and Brenda risk everything to extort money from Epifañio 's men . James leads the attempt to extract a Jimenez cartel lieutenant from a DEA safe house . As the governor 's election draws near and public scrutiny around Epifañio increases , Camila takes irreversible steps to overtake Epifañio 's empire . 13 13 `` Cicatriz ( Scar ) '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Epifañio retaliates against Camila 's takeover in an unexpected way . Teresa escapes Epifañio 's imprisonment , killing one of Epifañio 's sicarios and forcing a second sicario , Pote , to drive to El Limpiador 's ranch to rescue Brenda . Pote learns about Epifañio 's actions on the radio . Realizing that Teresa saved his life by taking him prisoner , Pote renounces Epifañio and swears lifelong allegiance to Teresa . Camila and James meet Teresa and Pote on El Limpiador 's ranch . Hidden in nearby weeds , a DEA photographer captures images as Teresa makes an offer to Camila . In a field office , another agent receives the photographs , and asks a surprising source to identify the conversation 's four participants . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo ( The Body of Christ ) '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 To become Camila 's partner , Teresa uses the information from Güero 's notebook to broker a deal with an eccentric gun smuggler . Camila struggles to rebuild her empire . Epifañio unwillingly takes on a new partner he may not be able to control . 15 `` Dios y el Abogado ( God and the Lawyer ) '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 To get the cash necessary to restart her business , Camila sets her sights on a high - stakes cartel horse race , but old enemies threaten to tear everything apart . Teresa is torn between joy and disgust when she encounters a ghost from her past . Pote warns Teresa that Camila is using expensive gifts and high - society events to distract Teresa . The DEA attempts to force Camila 's lawyer to cooperate . 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo ( A Pact With the Devil ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 A flashback reveals what happened to Güero three months prior . Teresa and James come face - to - face with a group of American border vigilantes while attempting to destroy Epifañio 's drug smuggling tunnels . Camila meets with her new lawyer . Güero escapes from DEA surveillance in order to speak with Teresa alone . 17 `` El Beso de Judas ( The Kiss of Judas ) '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 Teresa 's loyalties are tested when she and James are ordered to hunt down and kill a DEA mole . A wedding in Sinaloa brings together Camila , Epifañio , and Jimenez . A song reveals Epifañio 's past to Isabella . 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia ( The Birth of Bolivia ) '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 Teresa , James and Güero travel to Bolivia in search of a new cocaine supplier : the mysterious and dangerous narco - cult leader El Santo . An old flame and a soldier waging a personal vendetta complicate their hunt . 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte ( The Road of Death ) '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 Captured by narco - cult leader El Santo , Teresa embarks on a spiritual journey . The line between reality and illusion blur , with hallucinations leading to real - world consequences . Buena muerte , Teresita . 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe ( The Price of Faith ) '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 With their payment deadline looming , Teresa and Camila search for a new cocaine distributor , but Epifañio threatens their plans . Epifañio becomes concerned when El Santo 's symbol is found near his sleeping daughter . 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar ( Siphon Out the Sea ) '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 After an elusive drug distributor refuses to accept Camila 's business , Camila sends Teresa , Pote , James , and Güero to Chicago to give Devon Finch 's tastemaker a mind - changing sample of their coke . After capturing James , a DEA agent witnesses Cortez ' brutal methods . A heated telephone disagreement between Epifañio and Camila has lasting consequences for Epifañio . 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre ( Only the Love of A Mother ) '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 Camila and Teresa meet with Devon Finch to negotiate a deal , unaware they 're being followed . An uncharacteristic blunder forces Camila and Teresa to run from hit men , but the experience deepens their bond . Still shaken by his health scare , Epifañio offers Boaz a proposal during a funeral in Sinaloa . 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos ( Send in the Clowns ) '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 Epifañio plans to leave the cartel world for good , and insists on some fiery revenge as part his retirement . When Teresa competes with James for Camila 's trust , she begins to question everything . Kelly Ann , the wife of Camila 's lawyer , searches through her husband 's documents for evidence to incriminate Camila , but finds something that changes Teresa 's life . Battle lines are drawn and Teresa goes on the run to flee Camila . 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma ( The Dark Night of the Soul ) '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 With Teresa and Kelly Ann on the run , James 's loyalties are put to the test . An oversight enables Agent Loya to track down the two fugitives . After a showdown with hired guns , Teresa realizes the time for running is over . 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren ( All Hours Hurt ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 With Camila in jail , Teresa aims to take over her business . Teresa recruits a street gang to help her steal the remaining cocaine and cash that Camila has stored . El Santo dispatches an assassin to ensure Teresa either pays or dies . Camila 's transfer to a maximum - security prison is interrupted . The sins of the father haunt Epifañio as Isabella and her friends go missing . 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata ( The Last Hour Kills ) '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Camila and Epifañio realize Isabela hid a clue to her whereabouts in the ransom video . Teresa gets a nasty surprise when she goes to collect Devon Finch 's payment for the cocaine . James realizes Camila no longer needs him . And in a dramatic final showdown between Teresa and Camila , a shocking sacrifice causes the two women to realize only one queen can reign . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27 `` La Ermitaña ( The Hermit ) '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 301 1.24 While hiding in Malta , Spain from now - Governor Camila Vargas , Teresa has begun building a drug empire of her own in Europe . Isabella 's engagement to Kique Jimenez moves forward . Teresa strikes a deal with a dangerous , but technologically advanced , money launderer . 28 `` El Colgado ( The Hanged Man ) '' David Boyd Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 302 1.02 While running from the sicarios Camila sent to Malta , an old acquaintance of Teresa 's reemerges offering help , but his true intentions are unclear . Pote 's loyalty to Teresa costs him everything he values . In Mexico , Cortez convinces Boaz Jimenez to add heroin to his cocaine shipments without Camila 's knowledge , and without giving her a cut of the profits . Camila opens Casa Para Los Niños Orphanage . 29 `` Reina de Oros ( Queen of Gold ) '' David Grossman Ryan O'Nan July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 303 1.02 Teresa puts her life and her developing empire on the line when she attempts to rescue girls being trafficked by her new European business partner and money launderer . Camila allies herself with the DEA in an attempt to use their resources against Teresa . James and Pote are involved in a not - bank - robbery . 30 `` La Fuerza ( The Force ) '' Darren Grant Mark Valadez July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 304 1.22 Fleeing Europe , Teresa looks to starts anew in Phoenix , Ariz . Before she can , she must deal with a commission of cartel bosses and a corrupt local sheriff . Kelly Ann helps Teresa find a headquarters to start her mail order cocaine business . Boaz Jimenez makes an attempt on Camila 's life . 31 5 `` El Juicio ( The Judgement ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Jorge A. Reyes July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 305 1.12 An old enemy lays siege to Teresa 's new Phoenix property -- a winery that serves as a front for cocaine processing -- and Teresa 's crew is on their own when La Comisión refuses to help . James questions Lil T 's loyalty . Teresa finds passion with an old friend , before her past catches up to her . 32 6 `` Los Enamorados ( The Lovers ) '' Rebecca Rodriguez Dailyn Rodriguez & Fernanda Coppel July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 306 1.09 Teresa tries to escape her captors with the help of an unexpected ally . James and Pote confront Pecas . Despite her mother 's instructions , Isabella visits Teresa in captivity . Teresa faces the loss of someone that has been with her since the beginning . 33 7 `` Reina de Espadas ( Queen of Swords ) '' Meera Menon Tony Puryear August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 307 1.09 Still processing a deeply personal tragedy , Teresa battles a mutiny within her own ranks . Taza tries to convince La Comisión to honour their prior deal with Teresa . Pecas continues to balance La Comisión and Camila , but a bloody message is sent to inform him his time playing both sides is running out . Kique becomes the latest pawn in Cortez 's game . 34 8 `` El Carro ( The Car ) '' Ben Hernadez Bray Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 308 1.05 Frustrated at La Comisión 's multiple betrayals , Teresa makes a deal with the devil in a bold move to take over drug distribution in Phoenix . Pecas uses Lil T and Tonto to deliver a deadly reply to Teresa 's previous threat . King George and Bilal realize their luck has run out . After seeing Kique 's body , Isabella joins force with Cortez . 35 9 `` El Diablo ( The Devil ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Story by : Dailyn Rodriguez & Mark Valadez Teleplay by : Mark Valadez August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) 309 1.19 Teresa uses Kelly Ann 's high - society connections to contact an ambitious politician . Pote and James attempts to turn Bedoya of La Comisión against Pecas and the others . George tries to barter for his and Bilal 's freedom , but realizes Cortez has prevented Bilal from ever being free again . Kelly Ann begins to dip into Teresa 's cocaine stash . Isabella betrays Camila . 36 10 `` La Muerte ( Death ) '' David Boyd Story by : Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan Teleplay by : Ryan O'Nan August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 310 1.14 The narco - cult leader El Santo summons all his high - level distributors , including Teresa , to Bolivia . A Judas is among his ranks , and El Santo will not rest until they are found and killed . Teresa risks her life to prove her loyalty , but loyalty only goes so far . 37 11 `` Diez de Copas ( Ten of Cups ) '' Nick Copus Fernanda Coppel August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) 311 1.18 Teresa and Pote hunt for a mole inside the operation and gain a valuable piece of technology . With Camila on the run , flashbacks reveal how Camila and Epifañio first met . Teresa severs ties with Lil T. A terrible choice must be made as damning evidence reveals the mole as someone Teresa holds dear . 38 12 `` Justicia ( Justice ) '' Laura Belsey Dailyn Rodriguez & Ryan O'Nan September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) 312 1.14 With her Bolivian cocaine connection destroyed , Teresa makes a deal with her sworn enemy . Cortez is targeted . Teresa tries freeing a friend from his cage . Camila is trusted with a once - traitorous piece of technology , though it 's uncertain if she 's aware of its presence . 39 13 `` El Mundo ( The World ) '' Eduardo Sanchez Natalie Chaidez & Benjamin Daniel Lobato September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) 313 1.22 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 69 % , based on 16 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 59 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 10 : 00 pm 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 1.39 September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 1.35 1.22 0.39 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 1.25 August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 1.33 1.16 0.38 Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 1.24 September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) 1.22 1.13 0.37 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2017 Imagen Awards Best Supporting Actor - Television Peter Gadiot Won Best Primetime Television Series - Drama Queen of the South Nominated Best Actress - Television Alice Braga Nominated Best Actor - Television Joaquim de Almeida Nominated Best Supporting Actress - Television Veronica Falcon Nominated 2018 WIN Awards Film or Show Written By a Woman Natalie Chaidez Won Drama Series Queen Of the South Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4 , 2016 . German TV channel DMAX is showing the series since June 14 , 2017. . Source material ( edit ) Pérez - Reverte , author of the novel , has stated that a great source of inspiration were mexican drug ballads , country - polka songs that tell the stories about real life mexican drug lords . One of the real life characters that inspired the novel is Sandra Ávila Beltrán , known as the Queen of the Pacific , famous for being one of the first female drug traffickers to reach the level of `` Boss '' in the Mexican cartels , a place usually reserved for men . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne On Collaboration , Moroder 's Legacy & ' Scarface ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South '' . NBCUniversal Media Village . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Queen of the South - DVDs Are Coming Soon for the First Season of the USA Network Series ! '' . TVShowsonTV.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real -- ATX TV Festival '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Adaptation Of Telenovela ' La Reina Del Sur ' Ordered To Pilot By USA Network '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 3 By USA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 4 By USA With Dailyn Rodriguez & Ben Lobato As New Co-Showrunners '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle Dean Massey Joins ' Nashville ' ; Joaquim de Almeida In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' : Yancey Arias Upped To Series Regular For Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rafael Amaya talks about his role in the Queen of the South series '' . People en Español . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Carolina ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South '' . People en Español . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cordero , Rosy ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' Star Alfonso Herrera Joins USA Network 's ' Queen of the South ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Shubham ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` Queen of the South Season 4 : Release Date , Cast , Trailer , Spoilers & News '' . thecinemaholic . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Republican National Convention dominates the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks up , NFL Preseason dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot '' . Tvbythenumbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen of the South : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen of the South : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Queen of the South : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . September 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4 , Shades Of Blue , Queen Of The South , Super Rugby and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ KG , imfernsehen GmbH & Co. , Queen of the South ( in German ) , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 Jump up ^ http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/10/04/index.php?section=sociedad&article=048o1soc Jump up ^ http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2015/02/08/54d71e0e22601ded2e8b456d.html Jump up ^ http://www.unionjalisco.mx/articulo/2018/07/16/espectaculos/la-mujer-que-inspiro-la-reina-del-sur Jump up ^ https://www.debate.com.mx/show/La-narco-mas-famosa-llega-a-Estados-Unidos-20160622-0013.html Jump up ^ http://www.sinembargo.mx/20-05-2018/3420275 Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/may/16/mexico-drug-cartels-famous-female-leader-sandra-avila External links ( edit ) Official website Queen of the South on IMDb USA Network original programming Current American Ninja Warrior : Ninja vs. Ninja ( since 2017 ) Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Miz & Mrs. ( since 2018 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) The Purge ( since 2018 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Talk Stoop ( since 2009 ) Unsolved ( since 2018 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) WWE Tribute to the Troops ( since 2005 ) Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show The Hitchhiker Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E Highlander : The Animated Series The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver The Savage Dragon Silk Stalkings Street Fighter Strip Poker The Superman / Batman Adventures Swamp Thing Ultraforce USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science Wing Commander Academy World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. 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Washington, D.C.

Washington , D.C. - Wikipedia Washington , D.C. Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the capital of the United States . For the state on the U.S. West Coast , see Washington ( state ) . For other uses , see United States capital ( disambiguation ) , Washington ( disambiguation ) , and Columbia District . Washington , D.C. Federal district District of Columbia Clockwise from top right : United States Capitol , Washington Monument , the White House , Smithsonian Institution Building , Lincoln Memorial and Washington National Cathedral Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : Main article : Nicknames of Washington , D.C. Motto : Justitia Omnibus ( English : Justice for All ) Location of Washington , D.C. , in the contiguous United States and in relation to Maryland and Virginia . Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W  / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W  / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Country United States Approved 1790 Organized 1801 Consolidated 1871 Granted limited self - government 1973 Named for George Washington Government Mayor Muriel Bowser ( D ) D.C. Council Council members ( show ) Phil Mendelson ( D ) , Chairman Anita Bonds ( D ) , At ‐ large David Grosso ( I ) , At ‐ large Robert White ( D ) , At ‐ large Elissa Silverman ( I ) , At ‐ large Brianne Nadeau ( D ) , Ward 1 Jack Evans ( D ) , Ward 2 Mary Cheh ( D ) , Ward 3 Brandon Todd ( D ) , Ward 4 Kenyan McDuffie ( D ) , Ward 5 Charles Allen ( D ) , Ward 6 Vincent C. Gray ( D ) , Ward 7 Trayon White ( D ) , Ward 8 U.S. House Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D ) , Delegate ( At - large ) Area Federal district 68.34 sq mi ( 177.0 km ) Land 61.05 sq mi ( 158.1 km ) Water 7.29 sq mi ( 18.9 km ) Highest elevation 409 ft ( 125 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( 2016 estimate ) Federal district 681,170 Rank 22nd , U.S. as of 2015 incorporated places estimate Density 11,158 / sq mi ( 4,308 / km ) Metro 6,097,684 ( 6th , U.S. ) CSA 9,625,360 ( 4th , U.S. ) Demonym Washingtonian Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP code ( s ) 20001 - 20098 , 20201 - 20599 Area code ( s ) 202 Website www.dc.gov Washington , D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as `` Washington '' , `` the District '' , or simply `` D.C. '' , is the capital of the United States . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . Named in honor of President George Washington , the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 681,170 as of July 2016 . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's population to more than one million during the workweek . The Washington metropolitan area , of which the District is the principal city , has a population of over 6 million , the sixth - largest metropolitan statistical area in the country . The centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District , including the Congress , President , and Supreme Court . Washington is home to many national monuments and museums , which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall . The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations , trade unions , non-profit organizations , lobbying groups , and professional associations . A locally elected mayor and a 13 ‐ member council have governed the District since 1973 . However , the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws . D.C. residents elect a non-voting , at - large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives , but the District has no representation in the Senate . The District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1961 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundation 1.2 Retrocession and the Civil War 1.3 Growth and redevelopment 1.4 Civil rights and home rule era 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 4 Demographics 4.1 Crime 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Historic sites and museums 6.2 Arts 6.3 Sports 7 Media 8 Government and politics 8.1 Politics 8.2 Budgetary issues 8.3 Voting rights debate 8.4 Sister cities 9 Education 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Utilities 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History Further information : History of Washington , D.C. and Timeline of Washington , D.C. Various tribes of the Algonquian - speaking Piscataway people ( also known as the Conoy ) inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century . One group known as the Nacotchtank ( also called the Nacostines by Catholic missionaries ) maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present - day District of Columbia . Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people , some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks , Maryland . In his Federalist No. 43 , published January 23 , 1788 , James Madison argued that the new federal government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance and safety . Five years earlier , a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia . Known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security . Article One , Section Eight , of the Constitution permits the establishment of a `` District ( not exceeding ten miles square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States '' . However , the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital . In what is now known as the Compromise of 1790 , Madison , Alexander Hamilton , and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement that the federal government would pay each state 's remaining Revolutionary War debts in exchange for establishing the new national capital in the Southern United States . Foundation Map of the District of Columbia in 1835 , prior to the retrocession On July 9 , 1790 , Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington , who signed the bill into law on July 16 . Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia , the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles ( 16 km ) on each side , totaling 100 square miles ( 259 km ) . Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory : the port of Georgetown , Maryland , founded in 1751 , and the city of Alexandria , Virginia , founded in 1749 . During 1791 -- 92 , Andrew Ellicott and several assistants , including a free African American astronomer named Benjamin Banneker , surveyed the borders of the federal district and placed boundary stones at every mile point . Many of the stones are still standing . A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac , to the east of Georgetown . On September 9 , 1791 , the three commissioners overseeing the capital 's construction named the city in honor of President Washington . The federal district was named Columbia , which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time . Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17 , 1800 . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1801 , which officially organized the District and placed the entire territory under the exclusive control of the federal government . Further , the unincorporated area within the District was organized into two counties : the County of Washington to the east of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to the west . After the passage of this Act , citizens living in the District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia , which therefore ended their representation in Congress . Ford 's Theatre in the 19th century , site of the 1865 assassination of President Lincoln On August 24 -- 25 , 1814 , in a raid known as the Burning of Washington , British forces invaded the capital during the War of 1812 . The Capitol , Treasury , and White House were burned and gutted during the attack . Most government buildings were repaired quickly ; however , the Capitol was largely under construction at the time and was not completed in its current form until 1868 . Retrocession and the Civil War See also : District of Columbia retrocession and Washington , D.C. , in the American Civil War In the 1830s , the District 's southern territory of Alexandria went into economic decline partly due to neglect by Congress . The city of Alexandria was a major market in the American slave trade , and pro-slavery residents feared that abolitionists in Congress would end slavery in the District , further depressing the economy . Alexandria 's citizens petitioned Virginia to take back the land it had donated to form the District , through a process known as retrocession . The Virginia General Assembly voted in February 1846 to accept the return of Alexandria and on July 9 , 1846 , Congress agreed to return all the territory that had been ceded by Virginia . Therefore , the District 's current area consists only of the portion originally donated by Maryland . Confirming the fears of pro-slavery Alexandrians , the Compromise of 1850 outlawed the slave trade in the District , although not slavery itself . The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 led to expansion of the federal government and notable growth in the District 's population , including a large influx of freed slaves . President Abraham Lincoln signed the Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862 , which ended slavery in the District of Columbia and freed about 3,100 enslaved persons , nine months prior to the Emancipation Proclamation . In 1868 , Congress granted the District 's African American male residents the right to vote in municipal elections . Growth and redevelopment Crowds surrounding the Reflecting Pool during the 1963 March on Washington By 1870 , the District 's population had grown 75 % from the previous census to nearly 132,000 residents . Despite the city 's growth , Washington still had dirt roads and lacked basic sanitation . Some members of Congress suggested moving the capital further west , but President Ulysses S. Grant refused to consider such a proposal . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871 , which repealed the individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown , and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia . President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd to the position of governor in 1873 . Shepherd authorized large - scale projects that greatly modernized Washington , but ultimately bankrupted the District government . In 1874 , Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three - member Board of Commissioners . The city 's first motorized streetcars began service in 1888 and generated growth in areas of the District beyond the City of Washington 's original boundaries . Washington 's urban plan was expanded throughout the District in the following decades . Georgetown was formally annexed by the City of Washington in 1895 . However , the city had poor housing conditions and strained public works . Washington was the first city in the nation to undergo urban renewal projects as part of the `` City Beautiful movement '' in the early 1900s . Increased federal spending as a result of the New Deal in the 1930s led to the construction of new government buildings , memorials , and museums in Washington . World War II further increased government activity , adding to the number of federal employees in the capital ; by 1950 , the District 's population reached its peak of 802,178 residents . Civil Rights and home Rule era The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1961 , granting the District three votes in the Electoral College for the election of president and vice president , but still no voting representation in Congress . After the assassination of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , on April 4 , 1968 , riots broke out in the District , primarily in the U Street , 14th Street , 7th Street , and H Street corridors , centers of black residential and commercial areas . The riots raged for three days until more than 13,600 federal troops stopped the violence . Many stores and other buildings were burned ; rebuilding was not completed until the late 1990s . In 1973 , Congress enacted the District of Columbia Home Rule Act , providing for an elected mayor and 13 - member council for the District . In 1975 , Walter Washington became the first elected and first black mayor of the District . On September 11 , 2001 , terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 and deliberately crashed the plane into the Pentagon in nearby Arlington , Virginia . United Airlines Flight 93 , believed to be destined for Washington , D.C. , crashed in Pennsylvania when passengers tried to recover control of the plane from hijackers . Geography Main article : Geography of Washington , D.C. Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George 's Alexandria Arlington Clarke Fairfax Fairfax County Falls Church Fauquier Loudoun Manassas Manassas Park Prince William Spotsylvania Stafford Fredericksburg Warren Washington Jefferson Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV Metropolitan Statistical Area The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes through the Georgetown neighborhood . Washington , D.C. , is located in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. East Coast . Due to the District of Columbia retrocession , the city has a total area of 68.34 square miles ( 177.0 km ) , of which 61.05 square miles ( 158.1 km ) is land and 7.29 square miles ( 18.9 km ) ( 10.67 % ) is water . The District is bordered by Montgomery County , Maryland , to the northwest ; Prince George 's County , Maryland , to the east ; and Arlington and Alexandria , Virginia , to the south and west . The south bank of the Potomac River forms the District 's border with Virginia and has two major tributaries : the Anacostia River and Rock Creek . Tiber Creek , a natural watercourse that once passed through the National Mall , was fully enclosed underground during the 1870s . The creek also formed a portion of the now - filled Washington City Canal , which allowed passage through the city to the Anacostia River from 1815 until the 1850s . The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal starts in Georgetown and was used during the 19th century to bypass the Little Falls of the Potomac River , located at the northwest edge of Washington at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line . The highest natural elevation in the District is 409 feet ( 125 m ) above sea level at Fort Reno Park in upper northwest Washington . The lowest point is sea level at the Potomac River . The geographic center of Washington is near the intersection of 4th and L Streets NW . Contrary to the urban legend , Washington was not built on a reclaimed swamp , but wetlands did cover areas along the water . The District has 7,464 acres ( 30.21 km ) of parkland , about 19 % of the city 's total area and the second - highest percentage among high - density U.S. cities . The National Park Service manages most of the 9,122 acres ( 36.92 km ) of city land owned by the U.S. government . Rock Creek Park is a 1,754 - acre ( 7.10 km ) urban forest in Northwest Washington , which extends 9.3 miles ( 15.0 km ) through a stream valley that bisects the city . Established in 1890 , it is the country 's fourth - oldest national park and is home to a variety of plant and animal species including raccoon , deer , owls , and coyotes . Other National Park Service properties include the C&O Canal National Historical Park , the National Mall and Memorial Parks , Theodore Roosevelt Island , Columbia Island , Fort Dupont Park , Meridian Hill Park , Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens , and Anacostia Park . The D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation maintains the city 's 900 acres ( 3.6 km ) of athletic fields and playgrounds , 40 swimming pools , and 68 recreation centers . The U.S. Department of Agriculture operates the 446 - acre ( 1.80 km ) U.S. National Arboretum in Northeast Washington . Climate See also : List of Maryland hurricanes ( 1950 -- present ) and List of tornadoes of Washington , D.C. The National Cherry Blossom Festival is celebrated around the city each spring . Washington is in the northern part of the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen : Cfa ) However , under the Trewartha climate classification , the city has a temperate maritime climate ( Do ) . Winters are usually chilly with light snow , and summers are hot and humid . The District is in plant hardiness zone 8a near downtown , and zone 7b elsewhere in the city , indicating a humid subtropical climate . Spring and fall are mild to warm , while winter is chilly with annual snowfall averaging 15.5 inches ( 39 cm ) . Winter temperatures average around 38 ° F ( 3.3 ° C ) from mid-December to mid-February . Summers are hot and humid with a July daily average of 79.8 ° F ( 26.6 ° C ) and average daily relative humidity around 66 % , which can cause moderate personal discomfort . The combination of heat and humidity in the summer brings very frequent thunderstorms , some of which occasionally produce tornadoes in the area . Blizzards affect Washington on average once every four to six years . The most violent storms are called `` nor'easters '' , which often affect large sections of the East Coast . From January 27 to 28 , 1922 , the city officially received 28 inches ( 71 cm ) of snowfall , the largest snowstorm since official measurements began in 1885 . According to notes kept at the time , the city received between 30 and 36 inches ( 76 and 91 cm ) from a snowstorm on January 1772 . Hurricanes ( or their remnants ) occasionally track through the area in late summer and early fall , but are often weak by the time they reach Washington , partly due to the city 's inland location . Flooding of the Potomac River , however , caused by a combination of high tide , storm surge , and runoff , has been known to cause extensive property damage in the neighborhood of Georgetown . Precipitation occurs throughout the year . The highest recorded temperature was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 6 , 1918 , and on July 20 , 1930 . while the lowest recorded temperature was − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) on February 11 , 1899 , during the Great Blizzard of 1899 . During a typical year , the city averages about 37 days at or above 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) and 64 nights at or below freezing . Climate data for Washington , D.C. ( Reagan National Airport ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1871 − present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 84 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 79 ( 26 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 95.2 ( 35.1 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 91.6 ( 33.1 ) 83.7 ( 28.7 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 84.2 ( 29 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 79.5 ( 26.4 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 36.1 ( 2.3 ) 39.1 ( 3.9 ) 46.9 ( 8.3 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 66.1 ( 18.9 ) 75.3 ( 24.1 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 78.2 ( 25.7 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) 39.8 ( 4.3 ) 58.21 ( 14.56 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 30.9 ( − 0.6 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 47.0 ( 8.3 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 50.6 ( 10.3 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 12.9 ( − 10.6 ) 16.6 ( − 8.6 ) 22.9 ( − 5.1 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 18.2 ( − 7.7 ) 9.9 ( − 12.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) ( − 16 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 33 ( 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 52 ( 11 ) 49 ( 9 ) 36 ( 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 11 ( − 12 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.81 ( 71.4 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 3.48 ( 88.4 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 3.99 ( 101.3 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 2.93 ( 74.4 ) 3.72 ( 94.5 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 39.74 ( 1,009.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) 5.7 ( 14.5 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 15.4 ( 39.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 9.0 10.5 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.3 8.2 8.3 7.7 8.6 9.7 114.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 3.0 2.4 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.5 8.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 62.1 60.5 58.6 58.0 64.5 65.8 66.9 69.3 69.7 67.4 64.7 64.1 64.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 144.6 151.8 204.0 228.2 260.5 283.2 280.5 263.1 225.0 203.6 150.2 133.0 2,527.7 Percent possible sunshine 48 50 55 57 59 64 62 62 60 59 50 45 57 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Cityscape See also : Streets and highways of Washington , D.C. ; Neighborhoods in Washington , D.C. ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. L'Enfant Plan for the federal capital city Washington , D.C. , is a planned city . In 1791 , President Washington commissioned Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant , a French - born architect and city planner , to design the new capital . He enlisted Scottish surveyor Alexander Ralston helped layout the city plan . The L'Enfant Plan featured broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles , providing room for open space and landscaping . He based his design on plans of cities such as Paris , Amsterdam , Karlsruhe , and Milan that Thomas Jefferson had sent to him . L'Enfant's design also envisioned a garden - lined `` grand avenue '' approximately 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in length and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide in the area that is now the National Mall . L'Enfant Plan for Washington , D.C. , as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792 President Washington dismissed L'Enfant in March 1792 due to conflicts with the three commissioners appointed to supervise the capital 's construction . Andrew Ellicott , who had worked with L'Enfant surveying the city , was then tasked with completing the design . Though Ellicott made revisions to the original plans , including changes to some street patterns , L'Enfant is still credited with the overall design of the city . By the early 1900s , L'Enfant's vision of a grand national capital had become marred by slums and randomly placed buildings , including a railroad station on the National Mall . Congress formed a special committee charged with beautifying Washington 's ceremonial core . What became known as the McMillan Plan was finalized in 1901 and included re-landscaping the Capitol grounds and the National Mall , clearing slums , and establishing a new citywide park system . The plan is thought to have largely preserved L'Enfant's intended design . The construction of the 12 - story Cairo Apartment Building in 1894 spurred the city 's first building height restrictions . By law , Washington 's skyline is low and sprawling . The federal Heights of Buildings Act of 1910 allows buildings that are no taller than the width of the adjacent street , plus 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) . Despite popular belief , no law has ever limited buildings to the height of the United States Capitol or the 555 - foot ( 169 m ) Washington Monument , which remains the District 's tallest structure . City leaders have criticized the height restriction as a primary reason why the District has limited affordable housing and traffic problems caused by urban sprawl . The District is divided into four quadrants of unequal area : Northwest ( NW ) , Northeast ( NE ) , Southeast ( SE ) , and Southwest ( SW ) . The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building . All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location and house numbers generally correspond with the number of blocks away from the Capitol . Most streets are set out in a grid pattern with east -- west streets named with letters ( e.g. , C Street SW ) , north -- south streets with numbers ( e.g. , 4th Street NW ) , and diagonal avenues , many of which are named after states . The City of Washington was bordered by Boundary Street to the north ( renamed Florida Avenue in 1890 ) , Rock Creek to the west , and the Anacostia River to the east . Washington 's street grid was extended , where possible , throughout the District starting in 1888 . Georgetown 's streets were renamed in 1895 . Some streets are particularly noteworthy , such as Pennsylvania Avenue , which connects the White House to the Capitol and K Street , which houses the offices of many lobbying groups . Washington hosts 177 foreign embassies , constituting approximately 297 buildings beyond the more than 1,600 residential properties owned by foreign countries , many of which are on a section of Massachusetts Avenue informally known as Embassy Row . Architecture The White House ranked second on the AIA 's `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' in 2007 . The architecture of Washington varies greatly . Six of the top 10 buildings in the American Institute of Architects ' 2007 ranking of `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' are in the District of Columbia : the White House ; the Washington National Cathedral ; the Thomas Jefferson Memorial ; the United States Capitol ; the Lincoln Memorial ; and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The neoclassical , Georgian , gothic , and modern architectural styles are all reflected among those six structures and many other prominent edifices in Washington . Notable exceptions include buildings constructed in the French Second Empire style such as the Eisenhower Executive Office Building . Outside downtown Washington , architectural styles are even more varied . Historic buildings are designed primarily in the Queen Anne , Châteauesque , Richardsonian Romanesque , Georgian revival , Beaux - Arts , and a variety of Victorian styles . Rowhouses are especially prominent in areas developed after the Civil War and typically follow Federalist and late Victorian designs . Georgetown 's Old Stone House was built in 1765 , making it the oldest - standing original building in the city . Founded in 1789 , Georgetown University features a mix of Romanesque and Gothic Revival architecture . The Ronald Reagan Building is the largest building in the District with a total area of approximately 3.1 million square feet ( 288,000 m ) . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Washington , D.C. Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 8,144 -- 1810 15,471 90.0 % 1820 23,336 50.8 % 1830 30,261 29.7 % 1840 33,745 11.5 % 1850 51,687 53.2 % 1860 75,080 45.3 % 1870 131,700 75.4 % 1880 177,624 34.9 % 1890 230,392 29.7 % 1900 278,718 21.0 % 1910 331,069 18.8 % 1920 437,571 32.2 % 1930 486,869 11.3 % 1940 663,091 36.2 % 1950 802,178 21.0 % 1960 763,956 − 4.8 % 1970 756,510 − 1.0 % 1980 638,333 − 15.6 % 1990 606,900 − 4.9 % 2000 572,059 − 5.7 % 601,723 5.2 % Est. 2016 681,170 13.2 % Source : Note : The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the District 's population was 681,170 on July 1 , 2016 , an 13.2 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The increase continues a growth trend since 2000 , following a half - century of population decline . The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010 . According to data from 2010 , commuters from the suburbs increase the District 's daytime population to over one million people . If the District were a state it would rank 49th in population , ahead of Vermont and Wyoming . Row houses on Logan Circle The Washington Metropolitan Area , which includes the District and surrounding suburbs , is the sixth - largest metropolitan area in the United States with an estimated 6 million residents in 2014 . When the Washington area is included with Baltimore and its suburbs , the Baltimore -- Washington Metropolitan Area had a population exceeding 9.5 million residents in 2014 , the fourth - largest combined statistical area in the country . According to 2016 Census Bureau data , the population of Washington , D.C. , was 47.7 % Black or African American , 44.6 % White ( 36.4 % non-Hispanic White ) , 4.1 % Asian , 0.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native , and 0.2 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander . Individuals from two or more races made up 2.7 % of the population . Hispanics of any race made up 10.9 % of the District 's population . Map of racial distribution in Washington , D.C. , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) Washington has had a significant African American population since the city 's foundation . African American residents composed about 30 % of the District 's total population between 1800 and 1940 . The black population reached a peak of 70 % by 1970 , but has since steadily declined due to many African Americans moving to the surrounding suburbs . Partly as a result of gentrification , there was a 31.4 % increase in the non-Hispanic white population and an 11.5 % decrease in the black population between 2000 and 2010 . About 17 % of D.C. residents were age 18 or younger in 2010 ; lower than the U.S. average of 24 % . However , at 34 years old , the District had the lowest median age compared to the 50 states . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 81,734 immigrants living in Washington , D.C. Major sources of immigration include El Salvador , Vietnam , and Ethiopia , with a concentration of Salvadorans in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood . Researchers found that there were 4,822 same - sex couples in the District of Columbia in 2010 ; about 2 % of total households . Legislation authorizing same - sex marriage passed in 2009 and the District began issuing marriage licenses to same - sex couples in March 2010 . A 2007 report found that about one - third of District residents were functionally illiterate , compared to a national rate of about one in five . This is attributed in part to immigrants who are not proficient in English . As of 2011 , 85 % of D.C. residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language . Half of residents had at least a four - year college degree in 2006 . D.C. residents had a personal income per capita of $55,755 ; higher than any of the 50 states . However , 19 % of residents were below the poverty level in 2005 , higher than any state except Mississippi . Of the District 's population , 17 % is Baptist , 13 % is Catholic , 6 % is Evangelical Protestant , 4 % is Methodist , 3 % is Episcopalian / Anglican , 3 % is Jewish , 2 % is Eastern Orthodox , 1 % is Pentecostal , 1 % is Buddhist , 1 % is Adventist , 1 % is Lutheran , 1 % is Muslim , 1 % is Presbyterian , 1 % is Mormon , and 1 % is Hindu . Over 90 % of D.C. residents have health insurance coverage , the second - highest rate in the nation . This is due in part to city programs that help provide insurance to low - income individuals who do not qualify for other types of coverage . A 2009 report found that at least 3 % of District residents have HIV or AIDS , which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) characterizes as a `` generalized and severe '' epidemic . Crime Main article : Crime in Washington , D.C. Crime in Washington , D.C. , is concentrated in areas associated with poverty , drug abuse , and gangs . A 2010 study found that 5 % of city blocks accounted for over one - quarter of the District 's total crime . The more affluent neighborhoods of Northwest Washington are typically safe , but reports of violent crime increase in poorer neighborhoods generally concentrated in the eastern portion of the city . Approximately 60,000 residents are ex-convicts . Washington was often described as the `` murder capital '' of the United States during the early 1990s . The number of murders peaked in 1991 at 479 , but the level of violence then began to decline significantly . By 2012 , Washington 's annual murder count had dropped to 88 , the lowest total since 1961 . The murder rate has since risen from that historic low , though it remains close to half the rate of the early 2000s . In 2016 , the District 's Metropolitan Police Department tallied 135 homicides , a 53 % increase from 2012 but a 17 % decrease from 2015 . Many neighborhoods such as Columbia Heights and Logan Circle are becoming safer and vibrant . However , incidents of robberies and thefts have remained higher in these areas because of increased nightlife activity and greater numbers of affluent residents . Even still , citywide reports of both property and violent crimes have declined by nearly half since their most recent highs in the mid-1990s . On June 26 , 2008 , the Supreme Court of the United States held in District of Columbia v. Heller that the city 's 1976 handgun ban violated the right to keep and bear arms as protected under the Second Amendment . However , the ruling does not prohibit all forms of gun control ; laws requiring firearm registration remain in place , as does the city 's assault weapon ban . In addition to the District 's own Metropolitan Police Department , many federal law enforcement agencies have jurisdiction in the city as well ; most visibly the U.S. Park Police , founded in 1791 . Economy See also : Category : Companies based in Washington , D.C. and Category : Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Washington has a growing , diversified economy with an increasing percentage of professional and business service jobs . The gross state product of the District in 2010 was $103.3 billion , which would rank it No. 34 compared to the 50 states . The gross product of the Washington Metropolitan Area was $435 billion in 2014 , making it the sixth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Between 2009 and 2016 , GDP per capita in Washington , D.C has consistently ranked on the very top among US states . In 2016 , at $160,472 , its GDP per capita is almost three times as high as that of Massachusetts , which ranked second place in the country . As of June 2011 , the Washington Metropolitan Area had an unemployment rate of 6.2 % ; the second - lowest rate among the 49 largest metro areas in the nation . The District of Columbia itself had an unemployment rate of 9.8 % during the same time period . Eastern Market on Capitol Hill houses food vendors and artisan stalls . In 2012 , the federal government accounted for about 29 % of the jobs in Washington , D.C. This is thought to immunize Washington to national economic downturns because the federal government continues operations even during recessions . Many organizations such as law firms , independent contractors ( both defense and civilian ) , non-profit organizations , lobbying firms , trade unions , industry trade groups , and professional associations have their headquarters in or near D.C. to be close to the federal government . Tourism is Washington 's second largest industry . Approximately 18.9 million visitors contributed an estimated $4.8 billion to the local economy in 2012 . The District also hosts nearly 200 foreign embassies and international organizations such as the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Organization of American States , the Inter-American Development Bank , and the Pan American Health Organization . In 2008 , the foreign diplomatic corps in Washington employed about 10,000 people and contributed an estimated $400 million annually to the local economy . The District has growing industries not directly related to government , especially in the areas of education , finance , public policy , and scientific research . Georgetown University , George Washington University , Washington Hospital Center , Children 's National Medical Center and Howard University are the top five non-government - related employers in the city as of 2009 . According to statistics compiled in 2011 , four of the largest 500 companies in the country were headquartered in the District . In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index , Washington was ranked as having the 12th most competitive financial center in the world , and fifth most competitive in the United States ( after New York City , San Francisco , Chicago , and Boston ) . Culture Historic Sites and museums See also : List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. ; National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington , D.C. ; and List of museums in Washington , D.C. The Lincoln Memorial had over six million visitors in 2012 . The National Mall is a large , open park in downtown Washington between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol . Given its prominence , the mall is often the location of political protests , concerts , festivals , and presidential inaugurations . The Washington Monument and the Jefferson Pier are near the center of the mall , south of the White House . Also on the mall are the National World War II Memorial at the east end of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool , the Korean War Veterans Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Directly south of the mall , the Tidal Basin features rows of Japanese cherry blossom trees that originated as gifts from the nation of Japan . The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial , George Mason Memorial , Jefferson Memorial , Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , and the District of Columbia War Memorial are around the Tidal Basin . The National Archives houses thousands of documents important to American history including the Declaration of Independence , the United States Constitution , and the Bill of Rights . Located in three buildings on Capitol Hill , the Library of Congress is the largest library complex in the world with a collection of over 147 million books , manuscripts , and other materials . The United States Supreme Court Building was completed in 1935 ; before then , the court held sessions in the Old Senate Chamber of the Capitol . The Smithsonian Institution operates 19 museums and the National Zoo , all free to the public . The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation chartered by Congress in 1846 that maintains most of the nation 's official museums and galleries in Washington , D.C. The U.S. government partially funds the Smithsonian and its collections open to the public free of charge . The Smithsonian 's locations had a combined total of 30 million visits in 2013 . The most visited museum is the National Museum of Natural History on the National Mall . Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries on the mall are : the National Air and Space Museum ; the National Museum of African Art ; the National Museum of American History ; the National Museum of the American Indian ; the Sackler and Freer galleries , which both focus on Asian art and culture ; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ; the Arts and Industries Building ; the S. Dillon Ripley Center ; and the Smithsonian Institution Building ( also known as `` The Castle '' ) , which serves as the institution 's headquarters . The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are housed in the Old Patent Office Building , near Washington 's Chinatown . The Renwick Gallery is officially part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum but is in a separate building near the White House . Other Smithsonian museums and galleries include : the Anacostia Community Museum in Southeast Washington ; the National Postal Museum near Union Station ; and the National Zoo in Woodley Park . The National Gallery of Art is on the National Mall near the Capitol and features works of American and European art . The gallery and its collections are owned by the U.S. government but are not a part of the Smithsonian Institution . The National Building Museum , which occupies the former Pension Building near Judiciary Square , was chartered by Congress and hosts exhibits on architecture , urban planning , and design . There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia , which house major collections and exhibits open to the public such as the National Museum of Women in the Arts ; the Corcoran Gallery of Art , the largest private museum in Washington ; and The Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle , the first museum of modern art in the United States . Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum , the O Street Museum Foundation , the International Spy Museum , the National Geographic Society Museum , and the Marian Koshland Science Museum . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum near the National Mall maintains exhibits , documentation , and artifacts related to the Holocaust . Arts Main articles : Theater in Washington , D.C. and Music of Washington , D.C. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on the Potomac River Mural of Duke Ellington on U Street Washington , D.C. , is a national center for the arts . The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is home to the National Symphony Orchestra , the Washington National Opera , and the Washington Ballet . The Kennedy Center Honors are awarded each year to those in the performing arts who have contributed greatly to the cultural life of the United States . The historic Ford 's Theatre , site of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , continues to operate as a functioning performance space as well as museum . The Marine Barracks near Capitol Hill houses the United States Marine Band ; founded in 1798 , it is the country 's oldest professional musical organization . American march composer and Washington - native John Philip Sousa led the Marine Band from 1880 until 1892 . Founded in 1925 , the United States Navy Band has its headquarters at the Washington Navy Yard and performs at official events and public concerts around the city . Washington has a strong local theater tradition . Founded in 1950 , Arena Stage achieved national attention and spurred growth in the city 's independent theater movement that now includes organizations such as the Shakespeare Theatre Company , Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company , and the Studio Theatre . Arena Stage opened its newly renovated home in the city 's emerging Southwest waterfront area in 2010 . The GALA Hispanic Theatre , now housed in the historic Tivoli Theatre in Columbia Heights , was founded in 1976 and is a National Center for the Latino Performing Arts . The U Street Corridor in Northwest D.C. , known as `` Washington 's Black Broadway '' , is home to institutions like the Howard Theatre , Bohemian Caverns , and the Lincoln Theatre , which hosted music legends such as Washington - native Duke Ellington , John Coltrane , and Miles Davis . Washington has its own native music genre called go - go ; a post-funk , percussion - driven flavor of rhythm and blues that was popularized in the late 1970s by D.C. band leader Chuck Brown . The District is an important center for indie culture and music in the United States . The label Dischord Records , formed by Ian MacKaye , was one of the most crucial independent labels in the genesis of 1980s punk and eventually indie rock in the 1990s . Modern alternative and indie music venues like The Black Cat and the 9 : 30 Club bring popular acts to the U Street area . Sports Main article : Sports in Washington , D.C. The Capital One Arena in Chinatown Washington is one of 13 cities in the United States with teams from all four major professional men 's sports and is home to one major professional women 's team . The Washington Wizards ( National Basketball Association ) , the Washington Capitals ( National Hockey League ) , and the Washington Mystics ( Women 's National Basketball Association ) , play at the Capital One Arena in Chinatown . Nationals Park , which opened in Southeast D.C. in 2008 , is home to the Washington Nationals ( Major League Baseball ) . D.C. United ( Major League Soccer ) plays at RFK Stadium . The Washington Redskins ( National Football League ) play at FedExField in nearby Landover , Maryland . Current D.C. teams have won a combined ten professional league championships : the Washington Redskins have won five ; D.C. United has won four ; and the Washington Wizards ( then the Washington Bullets ) have won a single championship . Other professional and semi-professional teams in Washington include : the Washington Kastles ( World TeamTennis ) ; the Washington D.C. Slayers ( USA Rugby League ) ; the Baltimore Washington Eagles ( U.S. Australian Football League ) ; the D.C. Divas ( Independent Women 's Football League ) ; and the Potomac Athletic Club RFC ( Rugby Super League ) . The William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Rock Creek Park hosts the Citi Open . Washington is also home to two major annual marathon races : the Marine Corps Marathon , which is held every autumn , and the Rock ' n ' Roll USA Marathon held in the spring . The Marine Corps Marathon began in 1976 and is sometimes called `` The People 's Marathon '' because it is the largest marathon that does not offer prize money to participants . The District 's four NCAA Division I teams , American Eagles , George Washington Colonials , Georgetown Hoyas and Howard Bison and Lady Bison , have a broad following . The Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team is the most notable and also plays at the Capital One Arena . From 2008 to 2012 , the District hosted an annual college football bowl game at RFK Stadium , called the Military Bowl . The D.C. area is home to one regional sports television network , Comcast SportsNet ( CSN ) , based in Bethesda , Maryland . Media Main article : Media in Washington , D.C. See also : List of newspapers in Washington , D.C. and List of television shows set in Washington , D.C. Washington 's Newspaper Row on Pennsylvania Avenue in 1874 Washington , D.C. , is a prominent center for national and international media . The Washington Post , founded in 1877 , is the oldest and most - read local daily newspaper in Washington . It is probably most notable for its coverage of national and international politics and for exposing the Watergate scandal . `` The Post '' , as it is popularly called , had the sixth - highest readership of all news dailies in the country in 2011 . The Washington Post Company also publishes a daily free commuter newspaper called the Express , which summarizes events , sports and entertainment , as well as the Spanish - language paper El Tiempo Latino . Another popular local daily is The Washington Times , the city 's second general interest broadsheet and also an influential paper in political circles . The alternative weekly Washington City Paper also have substantial readership in the Washington area . Some community and specialty papers focus on neighborhood and cultural issues , including the weekly Washington Blade and Metro Weekly , which focus on LGBT issues ; the Washington Informer and The Washington Afro American , which highlight topics of interest to the black community ; and neighborhood newspapers published by The Current Newspapers . Congressional Quarterly , The Hill , Politico and Roll Call newspapers focus exclusively on issues related to Congress and the federal government . Other publications based in Washington include the National Geographic magazine and political publications such as The Washington Examiner , The New Republic and Washington Monthly . The Washington Metropolitan Area is the ninth - largest television media market in the nation , with two million homes , approximately 2 % of the country 's population . Several media companies and cable television channels have their headquarters in the area , including C - SPAN ; Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) ; Radio One ; the National Geographic Channel ; Smithsonian Networks ; National Public Radio ( NPR ) ; Travel Channel ( in Chevy Chase , Maryland ) ; Discovery Communications ( in Silver Spring , Maryland ) ; and the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) ( in Arlington , Virginia ) . The headquarters of Voice of America , the U.S. government 's international news service , is near the Capitol in Southwest Washington . Government and politics Main article : Government of Washington , D.C. Politics Mayoral election results Year Democratic Republican 82.5 % 79,065 3.7 % 3,501 1978 70.2 % 68,354 28.1 % 27,366 1982 81.0 % 95,007 14.1 % 16,502 1986 61.4 % 79,142 32.8 % 42,354 1990 86.2 % 140,011 11.5 % 18,653 56.0 % 102,884 41.9 % 76,902 1998 66.2 % 92,504 30.2 % 42,280 2002 60.6 % 79,841 34.5 % 45,407 2006 89.7 % 98,740 6.1 % 6,744 74.2 % 97,978 2014 54.5 % 96,666 Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1964 85.5 % 169,796 14.5 % 28,801 1968 81.8 % 139,566 18.2 % 31,012 1972 78.1 % 127,627 21.6 % 35,226 1976 81.6 % 137,818 16.5 % 27,873 1980 74.9 % 130,231 13.4 % 26,218 1984 85.4 % 180,408 13.7 % 29,009 82.6 % 159,407 14.3 % 27,590 84.6 % 192,619 9.1 % 20,698 85.2 % 158,220 9.3 % 17,339 2000 85.2 % 171,923 9.0 % 18,073 89.0 % 202,970 9.3 % 21,256 2008 92.5 % 245,800 6.5 % 17,367 2012 90.9 % 267,070 7.3 % 21,381 2016 90.5 % 282,830 4.1 % 12,723 See also : District of Columbia home rule ; List of mayors of Washington , D.C. ; and List of District of Columbia symbols The John A. Wilson Building houses the offices of the mayor and council of the District of Columbia . Article One , Section Eight of the United States Constitution grants the United States Congress `` exclusive jurisdiction '' over the city . The District did not have an elected local government until the passage of the 1973 Home Rule Act . The Act devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor , currently Muriel Bowser , and the thirteen - member Council of the District of Columbia . However , Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs . Each of the city 's eight wards elects a single member of the council and residents elect four at - large members to represent the District as a whole . The council chair is also elected at - large . There are 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions ( ANCs ) elected by small neighborhood districts . ANCs can issue recommendations on all issues that affect residents ; government agencies take their advice under careful consideration . The Attorney General of the District of Columbia , currently Karl Racine , is elected to a four - year term . Washington , D.C. , observes all federal holidays and also celebrates Emancipation Day on April 16 , which commemorates the end of slavery in the District . The flag of Washington , D.C. , was adopted in 1938 and is a variation on George Washington 's family coat of arms . Budgetary issues The mayor and council set local taxes and a budget , which must be approved by Congress . The Government Accountability Office and other analysts have estimated that the city 's high percentage of tax - exempt property and the Congressional prohibition of commuter taxes create a structural deficit in the District 's local budget of anywhere between $470 million and over $1 billion per year . Congress typically provides additional grants for federal programs such as Medicaid and the operation of the local justice system ; however , analysts claim that the payments do not fully resolve the imbalance . The city 's local government , particularly during the mayoralty of Marion Barry , was criticized for mismanagement and waste . During his administration in 1989 , The Washington Monthly magazine claimed that the District had `` the worst city government in America . '' In 1995 , at the start of Barry 's fourth term , Congress created the District of Columbia Financial Control Board to oversee all municipal spending . Mayor Anthony Williams won election in 1998 and oversaw a period of urban renewal and budget surpluses . The District regained control over its finances in 2001 and the oversight board 's operations were suspended . Voting Rights debate See also : District of Columbia voting rights and Political party strength in Washington , D.C. The United States Congress has ultimate authority over the District . The District is not a state and therefore has no voting representation in the Congress . D.C. residents elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives , currently Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D - D.C. At - Large ) , who may sit on committees , participate in debate , and introduce legislation , but can not vote on the House floor . The District has no official representation in the United States Senate . Neither chamber seats the District 's elected `` shadow '' representative or senators . Unlike residents of U.S. territories such as Puerto Rico or Guam , which also have non-voting delegates , D.C. , residents are subject to all federal taxes . In the financial year 2012 , D.C. , residents and businesses paid $20.7 billion in federal taxes ; more than the taxes collected from 19 states and the highest federal taxes per capita . A 2005 poll found that 78 % of Americans did not know that residents of the District of Columbia have less representation in Congress than residents of the 50 states . Efforts to raise awareness about the issue have included campaigns by grassroots organizations and featuring the city 's unofficial motto , `` Taxation Without Representation '' , on D.C. vehicle license plates . There is evidence of nationwide approval for D.C. voting rights ; various polls indicate that 61 to 82 % of Americans believe that D.C. should have voting representation in Congress . Despite public support , attempts to grant the District voting representation , including the D.C. statehood movement and the proposed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment , have been unsuccessful . Opponents of D.C. voting rights propose that the Founding Fathers never intended for District residents to have a vote in Congress since the Constitution makes clear that representation must come from the states . Those opposed to making D.C. a state claim that such a move would destroy the notion of a separate national capital and that statehood would unfairly grant Senate representation to a single city . Sister cities Washington , D.C. , has fourteen official sister city agreements . Listed in the order each agreement was first established , they are : Bangkok , Thailand ( 1962 , renewed 2002 ) ; Dakar , Senegal ( 1980 , renewed 2006 ) ; Beijing , China ( 1984 , renewed 2004 ) ; Brussels , Belgium ( 1985 , renewed 2002 ) ; Athens , Greece ( 2000 ) ; Paris , France ( 2000 as a friendship and cooperation agreement , renewed 2005 ) ; Pretoria , South Africa ( 2002 , renewed 2008 ) ; Seoul , South Korea ( 2006 ) ; Accra , Ghana ( 2006 ) ; Sunderland , United Kingdom ( 2006 ) ; Rome , Italy ( 2011 ) ; Ankara , Turkey ( 2011 ) ; Brasília , Brazil ( 2013 ) ; and Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ( 2013 ) . Each of the listed cities is a national capital except for Sunderland , which includes the town of Washington , the ancestral home of George Washington 's family . Paris and Rome are each formally recognized as a `` partner city '' due to their special one sister city policy . Education See also : List of colleges and universities in Washington , D.C. and List of parochial and private schools in Washington , D.C. Founders Library at Howard University , an historically black university District of Columbia Public Schools ( DCPS ) operates the city 's 123 public schools . The number of students in DCPS steadily decreased for 39 years until 2009 . In the 2010 -- 11 school year , 46,191 students were enrolled in the public school system . DCPS has one of the highest - cost yet lowest - performing school systems in the country , both in terms of infrastructure and student achievement . Mayor Adrian Fenty 's administration made sweeping changes to the system by closing schools , replacing teachers , firing principals , and using private education firms to aid curriculum development . The District of Columbia Public Charter School Board monitors the 52 public charter schools in the city . Due to the perceived problems with the traditional public school system , enrollment in public charter schools has steadily increased . As of fall 2010 , D.C. , charter schools had a total enrollment of about 32,000 , a 9 % increase from the prior year . The District is also home to 92 private schools , which enrolled approximately 18,000 students in 2008 . The District of Columbia Public Library operates 25 neighborhood locations including the landmark Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Library . Private universities include American University ( AU ) , the Catholic University of America ( CUA ) , Gallaudet University , George Washington University ( GW ) , Georgetown University ( GU ) , Howard University , the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) , and Trinity Washington University . The Corcoran College of Art and Design provides specialized arts instruction and other higher - education institutions offer continuing , distance and adult education . The University of the District of Columbia ( UDC ) is a public university providing undergraduate and graduate education . D.C. residents may also be eligible for a grant of up to $10,000 per year to offset the cost of tuition at any public university in the country . The District is known for its medical research institutions such as Washington Hospital Center and the Children 's National Medical Center , as well as the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland . In addition , the city is home to three medical schools and associated teaching hospitals at George Washington , Georgetown , and Howard universities . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in Washington , D.C. Metro Center is the transfer station for the Red , Orange , Silver , and Blue Metrorail lines . There are 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of streets , parkways , and avenues in the District . Due to the freeway revolts of the 1960s , much of the proposed interstate highway system through the middle of Washington was never built . Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) , the nation 's major east coast highway , therefore bends around the District to form the eastern portion of the Capital Beltway . A portion of the proposed highway funding was directed to the region 's public transportation infrastructure instead . The interstate highways that continue into Washington , including I - 66 and I - 395 , both terminate shortly after entering the city . The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) operates the Washington Metro , the city 's rapid transit system , as well as Metrobus . Both systems serve the District and its suburbs . Metro opened on March 27 , 1976 and , as of July 2014 , consists of 91 stations and 117 miles ( 188 km ) of track . With an average of about one million trips each weekday , Metro is the second - busiest rapid transit system in the country . Metrobus serves over 400,000 riders each weekday and is the nation 's fifth - largest bus system . The city also operates its own DC Circulator bus system , which connects commercial areas within central Washington . Union Station is a transportation hub for passengers on Amtrak , commuter rail lines , and the Washington Metro . Union Station is the city 's main train station and services approximately 70,000 people each day . It is Amtrak 's second - busiest station with 4.6 million passengers annually and is the southern terminus for the Northeast Corridor and Acela Express routes . Maryland 's MARC and Virginia 's VRE commuter trains and the Metrorail Red Line also provide service into Union Station . Following renovations in 2011 , Union Station became Washington 's primary intercity bus transit center . Three major airports serve the District . Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is across the Potomac River from downtown Washington in Arlington , Virginia and primarily handles domestic flights . Major international flights arrive and depart from Washington Dulles International Airport , 26.3 miles ( 42.3 km ) west of the District in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia . Baltimore - Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is 31.7 miles ( 51.0 km ) northeast of the District in Anne Arundel County , Maryland . According to a 2010 study , Washington - area commuters spent 70 hours a year in traffic delays , which tied with Chicago for having the nation 's worst road congestion . However , 37 % of Washington - area commuters take public transportation to work , the second - highest rate in the country . An additional 12 % of D.C. commuters walked to work , 6 % carpooled , and 3 % traveled by bicycle in 2010 . A 2011 study by Walk Score found that Washington was the seventh-most walkable city in the country with 80 % of residents living in neighborhoods that are not car dependent . An expected 32 % increase in transit usage within the District by 2030 has spurred construction of a new DC Streetcar system to interconnect the city 's neighborhoods . Construction has also started on an additional Metro line that will connect Washington to Dulles airport . The District is part of the regional Capital Bikeshare program . Started in 2010 , it is currently one of the largest bicycle sharing systems in the country with over 4,351 bicycles and more than 395 stations all provided by PBSC Urban Solutions . By 2012 , the city 's network of marked bicycle lanes covered 56 miles ( 90 km ) of streets . Utilities Processing facilities at Dalecarlia Reservoir , the city 's primary storage basin of drinking water . The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority ( i.e. WASA or D.C. Water ) is an independent authority of the D.C. government that provides drinking water and wastewater collection in Washington . WASA purchases water from the historic Washington Aqueduct , which is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers . The water , sourced from the Potomac River , is treated and stored in the city 's Dalecarlia , Georgetown , and McMillan reservoirs . The aqueduct provides drinking water for a total of 1.1 million people in the District and Virginia , including Arlington , Falls Church , and a portion of Fairfax County . The authority also provides sewage treatment services for an additional 1.6 million people in four surrounding Maryland and Virginia counties . Pepco is the city 's electric utility and services 793,000 customers in the District and suburban Maryland . An 1889 law prohibits overhead wires within much of the historic City of Washington . As a result , all power lines and telecommunication cables are located underground in downtown Washington , and traffic signals are placed at the edge of the street . A plan announced in 2013 would bury an additional 60 miles ( 97 km ) of primary power lines throughout the District . Washington Gas is the city 's natural gas utility and serves over one million customers in the District and its suburbs . Incorporated by Congress in 1848 , the company installed the city 's first gas lights in the Capitol , the White House , and along Pennsylvania Avenue . See also Washington , D.C. portal Book : Washington , D.C. Arts and culture of Washington , D.C. Category : People from Washington , D.C. Index of Washington , D.C. - related articles Outline of Washington , D.C. Notes Jump up ^ By 1790 , the Southern states had largely repaid their overseas debts from the Revolutionary War . The Northern states had not , and wanted the federal government to take over their outstanding liabilities . Southern Congressmen agreed to the plan in return for establishing the new national capital at their preferred site on the Potomac River . Jump up ^ The Residence Act allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as the Anacostia River . However , Washington shifted the federal territory 's borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the District 's southern tip . In 1791 , Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site , including territory ceded by Virginia . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Washington , D.C. were kept at 24th and M Streets NW from January 1871 to June 1945 , and at Reagan National since July 1945 . Jump up ^ Until 1890 , the Census Bureau counted the City of Washington , Georgetown , and unincorporated portions of Washington County as three separate areas . The data provided in this article from before 1890 are calculated as if the District of Columbia were a single municipality as it is today . Population data for each city prior to 1890 are available . Jump up ^ These figures count adherents , meaning all full members , their children , and others who regularly attend services . In all of the District , 55 % of the population is adherent to any particular religion . Jump up ^ Independents David Catania and Carol Schwartz , both former Republicans , garnered 61,388 and 12,327 votes or 34.6 % and 7.0 % , respectively . References Jump up ^ David Robinson BA ( Hons ) , PGCE , FRGS , FRMetS . `` Demonyms for people from the USA '' . www.geography-site.co.uk . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Addis.com : : `` Demonym '' `` . addis.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts District of Columbia '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 -- United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau . 2015 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Robert L. ; Mary Elizabeth Chambers ( 1977 ) . `` Ancient Washington : American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley '' ( PDF ) . The George Washington University . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , James . `` The Federalist No. 43 '' . The Independent Journal . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Washington Becomes The Capital '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 89 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown Historic District '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandria 's History '' . Alexandria Historical Society . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . pp. 76 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia '' . BoundaryStones.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 101 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know D.C. '' . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Moves to Washington '' . United States Senate . February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Act '' ( PDF ) . American Bar Association . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saving History : Dolley Madison , the White House , and the War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Mark David ( Spring -- Summer 2004 ) . `` The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia , 1801 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Washington History . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. : 54 -- 82 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace ( 1864 ) . The American Conflict : A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States . Chicago : G. & C.W. Sherwood . pp. 142 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Compromise of 1850 '' . Library of Congress . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Walter Fairleigh ( 1909 ) . The government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : John Byrne & Co. pp. 40 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ending Slavery in the District of Columbia '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 13 , 2002 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia '' . Statutes at Large , 41st Congress , 3rd Session . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Delos Franklin ( 1910 ) . Great cities in America : their problems and their government . The Macmillan Company . pp. 27 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Schneider Smith , ed. ( 2010 ) . Washington at Home : An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in the Nation 's Capital ( 2 ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9353 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , William ( 1907 ) . Origin and government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 26 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ramroth , William ( 2007 ) . `` The City Beautiful Movement '' . Planning for Disaster . Kaplan . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4195 - 9373 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 2001 ) . History of American Architecture . Manchester University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4727 - 5 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul Kelsey ( 2004 ) . Washington , D.C. : the World War II years . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1636 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Third Amendment '' . CRS Annotated Constitution . Legal Information Institute ( Cornell University Law School ) . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartzman , Paul ; Robert E. Pierre ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` From Ruins To Rebirth '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Home Rule Act '' . Government of the District of Columbia . February 1999 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jay ( October 11 , 1999 ) . `` City 's 1st Mayoral Race , as Innocent as Young Love '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Jazeera offers accounts of 9 / 11 planning '' . CNN . September 12 , 2002 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` White House target of Flight 93 , officials say '' . CNN . May 23 , 2002 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV '' . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . June 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & FAQs '' . Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grant III , Ulysses Simpson ( 1950 ) . `` Planning the Nation 's Capital '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 50 : 43 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Heine , Cornelius W. ( 1953 ) . `` The Washington City Canal '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 53 : 1 -- 27 . JSTOR 40067664 . Jump up ^ `` C&O Canal National Historic Park : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dvorak , Petula ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` D.C. 's Puny Peak Enough to Pump Up ' Highpointers ' '' . Washington Post . pp. B01 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winegar , Deane ( 2003 ) . Highroad Guide to the Chesapeake Bay . John F. Blair . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 279 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Science In Your State : District of Columbia '' . United States Geological Survey . July 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Mollie ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Washington 's Myths , Legends , and Tall Tales -- Some of Which Are True '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Built on a Swamp ? Think Again . '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City Park Facts '' ( PDF ) . The Trust for Public Land . 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of Federally Owned Land with Total Acreage of States '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 1999 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Creek Park '' . Geology Fieldnotes . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY12 Performance Plan '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Arboretum History and Mission '' . United States National Arboretum . October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna . November 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trewartha GT , Horn LH ( 1980 ) Introduction to climate , 5th edn . McGraw Hill , New York , NY Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zones '' . Arbor Day Foundation . 2006 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions : Washington DC , USA '' . BBC Weather . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iovino , Jim . `` Severe Storm Warnings , Tornado Watches Expire '' . NBCWashington.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Barbara McNaught ( November 17 , 1999 ) . `` Washington Area Winters '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Kevin ; Junker , Wes . `` Where Snowzilla fits into D.C. 's top 10 snowstorms '' . The Washington Post . January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heidorn , Keith C. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Washington and Jefferson Snowstorm of 1772 '' . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Rick ( 2007 ) . Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States . Blue Diamond Books . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9786280 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Steve ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Bulk of Flooding Expected in Old Town , Washington Harbour '' . The Washington Post . p . B02 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` WMO Climate Normals for WASHINGTON DC / NATIONAL ARPT VA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Samenow , Jason ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Washington , D.C. shatters all - time June record high , sizzles to 104 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Threaded Station Extremes '' . threadex.rcc-acis.org . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : VA WASHINGTON REAGAN AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Matt ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` April outlook : Winter be gone ! First half of month looks warmer than average '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Christopher Bush ( 1920 ) . Indiana Magazine of History . Indiana Historical Society . p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Minta , Anna ( 2009 ) . Klaus Benesch ; Jeffrey L. Meilke ; David E. Nye ; Miles Orvell , eds . Planning a National Pantheon : Monuments in Washington , D.C. and the Creation of Symbolic Space . Public Space and the Ideology of Place in American Culture . Amsterdam -- New York , NY : Rodopi B.V. p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2574 - 5 . OCLC 644525117 . Jump up ^ `` Map 1 : The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 101 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartzman , Paul ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` High - Level Debate On Future of D.C. '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layout of Washington DC '' . United States Senate . September 30 , 2005 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laws relating to the permanent system of highways outside of the cities of Washington and Georgetown . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . 1908 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Jeffrey H. ( June 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Road to Riches Is Called K Street '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Van Dyne , Larry ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Foreign Affairs : DC 's Best Embassies '' . Washingtonian Magazine . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . American Institute of Architects and Harris Interactive . 2007 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington , D.C. , List of Sites '' . National Park Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Pamela ( 2005 ) . `` Residential Architecture of Washington , D.C. , and Its Suburbs '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Old Stone House '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Building '' . Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Population Totals Tables : 2010 -- 2016 '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . `` Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Dan Keating ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` D.C. population soars past 600,000 for first time in years '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population Change for Places With Populations of 50,000 or More in the United States and Puerto Rico : 2000 to 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Austermuhle , Martin ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` D.C. 's Population Grows 79 Percent Every Workday , Outpacing Other Cities '' . WAMU . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 -- United States -- Combined Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau . 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kolchin , Peter ( 1994 ) . American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Keating , Dan ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Number of black D.C. residents plummets as majority status slips away '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Age and Sex Composition : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . May 2011 . p. 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Social Characteristics in the United States '' . American Community Survey 2010 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Singer , Audrey ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The World in a Zip Code : Greater Washington , D.C. as a New Region of Immigration '' . The Brookings Institution . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Abigail M. Cooke ( September 2011 ) . `` District of Columbia Census Snapshot : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . The Williams Institute . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Keith L. ; Anne E. Marimow ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. begins licensing same - sex marriages '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Study Finds One - Third in D.C. Illiterate '' . Associated Press . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Camille ( August 2013 ) . `` Language Use in the United States : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . American Community Survey . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Income Per Capita in Current and Constant ( 2000 ) Dollars by State : 2000 to 2006 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals and Families Below Poverty Level -- Number and Rate by State : 2000 and 2005 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2005 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` County Membership Report : District of Columbia : Religious Traditions , 2010 '' . Association of Religion Data Archives . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jenny ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` National Health Care Reform is a Win for DC '' . DC Fiscal Policy Institute . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vargas , Jose Antonio ; Darryl Fears ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` HIV / AIDS Rate in D.C. Hits 3 % '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill , Meagan ; John K. Roman ( November 2010 ) . `` Small Number of Blocks Account for Lots of Crime in D.C. '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Crime Policy Institute . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierre , Robert ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Ex-Offenders Protest Dearth of Jobs , Services '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian ( July 13 , 2006 ) . `` Washington Officials Try to Ease Crime Fear '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Klein , Allison ; Matt Zapotosky ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` As homicides fall in D.C. , rise in Prince George 's , numbers meet in the middle '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mollenbeck , Andrew ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` District celebrates historically low homicide rate '' . WTOP . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime rate in Washington , District of Columbia ( DC ) '' . City-data.com . Jump up ^ `` District Crime Data '' . Mpdc.dc.gov . Jump up ^ Klein , Allison ; Dan Keating ( October 13 , 2006 ) . `` Liveliest D.C. Neighborhoods Also Jumping With Robberies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Crime Rates 1960 -- 2010 '' . Disaster Center . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Ban on Handguns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` D.C. Attorney General : All Guns Must Be Registered '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Park Police Authority and Jurisdiction '' . National Park Service . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` What Housing Crisis ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product by State '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . June 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . www.bea.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Economic Analysis . `` Per capita real GDP by state ( chained 2009 dollars ) '' . www.bea.gov . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment ( Monthly ) News Release '' . United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regional and State Employment and Unemployment ( Monthly ) News Release '' . United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wage and Salary Employment by Industry and Place of Work '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Department of Employment Services . 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Prashant ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Some Cities Will Be Safer in a Recession '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Matt ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` D.C. sets tourism record with 19m visitors in 2012 '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Chief Executive Officers of the Major Employers in the District of Columbia 2009 '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Department of Employment Services . 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2011 : States : District Of Columbia Companies '' . Fortune Magazine . CNNMoney.com . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 21 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Mall & Memorial Parks : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Cherry Trees '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The National Archives . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . Library of Congress . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Court Building '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Statistics '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Museum and Program Fact Sheets '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( 2006 ) . `` Back To The Future '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the National Gallery of Art '' . National Gallery of Art . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the National Building Museum '' . National Building Museum . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Corcoran hires consultant to help re-imagine museum , art school '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About The Phillips Collection '' . The Phillips Collection . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum . January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About the Kennedy Center Honors '' . The Kennedy Center . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Where a Comedy Turned to Tragedy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . United States Marine Band . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davison , Marjorie Risk ( 1969 ) . `` History of Music in the District of Columbia '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 66 -- 68 : 183 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . United States Navy Band . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilmeth , Don B. ; C.W.E. Bigsby ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge history of American theatre . Cambridge University Press . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66959 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kravitz , Derek ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` The emerging Southwest : Transformation underway '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Gala Theatre History '' . GALA Hispanic Theatre . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( September 10 , 2006 ) . `` Lights Return to ' Black Broadway ' in Northwest Washington , D.C. '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wartofsky , Alona ( June 3 , 2001 ) . `` What Go - Goes Around ... '' . The Washington Post . p . G01 . Jump up ^ Constantinou , Costas M. ( 2008 ) . Cultures and politics of global communication . Cambridge University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 72711 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Black Cat : A changing club with a changing scene in a changing city '' . The Georgetown Voice . September 9 , 2001 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History by Decades '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. United History & Tradition '' . D.C. United . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : All - Time Champions '' . National Basketball Association . 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MCM History '' . Marine Corps Marathon . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emergence of the Bowl '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Bowl Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Post '' . 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Watergate Story Timeline '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edmonds , Rick ; Emily Guskin ; Tom Rosenstiel ; Amy Mitchell . `` Newspapers : By the Numbers '' . The State of the News Media 2012 . Pew Research Center . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Sr. To Celebrate Rev. Sun Myung Moon -- Again '' . Jump up ^ `` Times circulation climbs to buck trend '' . The Washington Times . May 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Washington City Paper '' . Association of Alternative Newsweeklies . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia , 2010 -- 2011 '' . Chronicling America : Historic American Newspapers . Library of Congress . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US TV Households Up 1.5 % -- Asian , Hispanic Households Triple That '' . Nielsen Media Research . September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About VOA '' . Voice of America . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Dictrict of Columbia '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Has the District of Columbia Never Elected a Republican Mayor ? '' . InsideSources. April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results '' . District of Columbia Board of Elections . District of Columbia Board of Elections . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC Home Rule '' . Council of the District of Columbia . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Elected Officials in DC '' . D.C. Board of Elections and Ethics . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About ANC '' . Government of the District of Columbia . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` § 1 -- 204.35 . Election of the Attorney General . '' . Code of the District of Columbia ( Unofficial ) . Open Law DC . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glaser , Jason ( 2003 ) . Washington , D.C. Capstone . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 2204 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Buildling the Best Capital City in the World '' ( PDF ) . DC Appleseed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Structural Imbalance and Management Issues '' ( PDF ) . Government Accountability Office . May 2003 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Poor Management , Federal Rule , Undermine Services '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeParle , Jason ( January 1 , 1989 ) . `` The worst city government in America . '' . The Washington Monthly . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( April 8 , 1995 ) . `` Congress creates board to oversee Washington , D.C. '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` After 10 years , D.C. control board is gone but not forgotten '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals Living or Working in U.S. Possessions '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Gross Collections , by Type of Tax and State , Fiscal Year 2012 '' ( XLS ) . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poll Shows Nationwide Support for DC Voting Rights '' ( PDF ) . DC Vote Voice. 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Taxation without Representation ' Tags '' . District of Columbia Department of Motor Vehicles . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post Poll : D.C. Voting Rights '' . The Washington Post . April 23 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fortier , John ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` The D.C. colony '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friendship and cooperation agreements '' . Paris : Marie de Paris . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC & Addis to Become Sister Cities '' . Tadias Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DC Sister Cities '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twinning with Rome '' . Ville de Paris . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 2011 School Opening Report '' . District of Columbia Public Schools . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` DC Public School Enrollment Up for Third Straight Year '' . Office of the State Superintendent of Education . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Best And Worst School Districts For The Buck '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Haynes , V. Dion ; Bill Turque ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Rhee Offers Plan To Improve D.C. 's Troubled Schools '' . The Washington Post . p . B01 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SY2010 - 2011 Charter School Profile '' . D.C. Public Charter School Board . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haynes , V. Dion ; Theola Labbe ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` A Boom for D.C. Charter Schools '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table 15 . Number of private schools , students , full - time equivalent ( FTE ) teachers , and 2006 -- 07 high school graduates , by state : United States , 2007 -- 08 '' . National Center for Education Statistics . 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Your Neighborhood '' . D.C. Public Library . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DC Tuition Assistance Grant '' . Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Inci A. `` Historic Medical Sites in the Washington , DC Area '' . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Public Road Length '' . Highway Statistics 2006 . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schrag , Zachary ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The Bridge '' . The Great Society Subway . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8906 - 6 . Jump up ^ I - 66 : Kozel , Scott M. ( May 31 , 2000 ) . `` Interstate 66 in Virginia '' . Roads to the Future . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . I - 395 : BMI ( February 1999 ) . I - 95 / i - 395 Hov Restriction Study ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Transportation . p. 70 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metro launches Silver Line , largest expansion of region 's rail system in more than two decades '' ( Press release ) . Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority . July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christie R. ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Estimated Unliked Transit Passenger Trips '' ( PDF ) . American Public Transport Association . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About DC Circulator '' . DC Circulator . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Amtrak Fact Sheet FY 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Station gets new bus depot '' . WJLA - TV . November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Halsey III , Ashley ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Washington area tied with Chicago for traffic congestion , study finds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` New Yorkers are top transit users '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Commuting Characteristics by Sex '' . 2010 American Community Survey . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. among top 10 most walkable cities '' . WTOP . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History -- DC Streetcar '' . District Department of Transportation . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dulles Metrorail Project Overview '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Bike - Share Washington DC / Arlington PBSC '' . PBSC Solutions Urbanes . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Program '' . District Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Aqueduct System '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . District of Columbia Washington and Sewer Authority . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Pepco '' . January 5 , 2014 . Pepco . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. streetcar project may get hung up on overhead wires '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Plan to bury D.C. 's outage - prone power lines backed by task force '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Company Profile / History '' . Washington Gas Light Co . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . External links Find more aboutWashington , D.C. at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Guide to Washington , D.C. , materials from the Library of Congress Geographic data related to Washington , D.C. at OpenStreetMap U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : District of Columbia ( civil ) Washington , D.C. at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 31 , 2001 ) Places adjacent to Washington , D.C. 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FIFA World Cup

FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA World Cup This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website fifa.com/worldcup/ The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this , 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . 17 countries have hosted the World Cup . Brazil , France , Italy , Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice , while Uruguay , Switzerland , Sweden , Chile , England , Argentina , Spain , the United States , Japan and South Korea ( jointly ) , South Africa and Russia have each hosted once . Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals , and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada , the United States and Mexico , which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals . Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All - time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World War II FIFA president Jules Rimet convinced the confederations to promote an international football tournament . Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World War II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa , during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on 29 May and 3 December . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women 's World Cup match An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . The current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams Fair play points , defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage : Yellow card : minus 1 point Indirect red card ( as a result of a second yellow card ) : minus 3 points Direct red card : minus 4 points Yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the first tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) won its only title while playing as a host nation . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Hosts Venues / Cities Total attendance Matches Avg . attendance Highest attendances † Number Venue Game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 173,850 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final 2018 Russia 12 / 11 3,031,768 64 47,371 78,011 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Seven matches at the Luzhniki , including France 4 -- 2 Croatia , Final Overall 40,532,478 900 45,036 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca - Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each tournament . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals # Year Hosts Champions Score and Venue Runners - up Third place Score and Venue Fourth place Number of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Stade de Colombes , Paris Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Sweden 15 1942 Editions not organized because of World War II . 1946 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sweden 3 -- 1 Pacaembu , São Paulo Spain 13 5 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Hardturm , Zürich Uruguay 16 6 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Råsundastadion , Solna Sweden France 6 -- 3 Ullevi , Gothenburg West Germany 16 7 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Yugoslavia 16 8 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Wembley Stadium , London Soviet Union 16 9 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Uruguay 16 10 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Olympiastadion , Munich Brazil 16 11 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Italy 16 12 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante France 24 13 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Belgium 24 14 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari England 24 15 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Bulgaria 24 16 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Parc des Princes , Paris Netherlands 32 17 2002 Details South Korea Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu South Korea 32 18 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin France Germany 3 -- 1 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Portugal 32 19 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Uruguay 32 20 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília Brazil 32 21 2018 Details Russia France 4 -- 2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Croatia Belgium 2 -- 0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg England 32 a.e.t. : after extra time PSO : after penalty shoot - out TBD : to be determined Notes Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930 ; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a 3rd place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . In all , 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 21 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Map of countries ' best results Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Teams reaching the top four Team Titles Runners - up Third place Fourth place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) 5 5 5 France 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 6 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) Czechoslovakia 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) Sweden 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Croatia 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Poland 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) Austria 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) Portugal 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) Belgium 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1986 ) United States 1 ( 1930 ) Chile 1 ( 1962 * ) Turkey 1 ( 2002 ) Yugoslavia 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) Soviet Union 1 ( 1966 ) Bulgaria 1 ( 1994 ) South Korea 1 ( 2002 * ) * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won twelve titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : United States ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) . Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas . Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010 , Germany in 2014 and France in 2018 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by more than one championship . Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 37 44 42 85 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 35 91 156 Top 8 5 34 0 100 144 Top 4 0 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 0 17 21 4th 0 0 5 0 15 21 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : List of FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments . Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Rafael Márquez ( 2002 - 2018 ) ; and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) all played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach , and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018 , after having won in 1998 as captain . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup - winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches ( 109 ) , Germany appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 21 ) , has the most wins ( 73 ) and has scored the most goals ( 229 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups . Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 21 109 73 18 18 229 105 124 237 2.17 5 Germany 19 109 67 20 22 226 125 101 221 2.03 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 17 81 43 15 23 137 93 44 144 1.78 5 France 15 66 34 13 19 120 77 43 115 1.74 6 England 15 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 108 1.59 7 Spain 15 63 30 15 18 99 72 27 105 1.67 8 Uruguay 13 56 24 12 20 87 74 13 84 1.50 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup referees National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Trophy '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Stephen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 30 October 2007 ) , `` Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 July 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially , 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã Stadium on July 16 ( ... ) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup '' . Football Facts . FIFA . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeremy ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil pass Germany as all - time top scorers at the World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 2006 -- 2018 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions World association football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA eWorld Cup International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-19 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football National association football teams FIFA FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Summer Olympics Football AFC Asian Cup Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América OFC Nations Cup UEFA Euro AFC Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China PR Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia IR Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Korea DPR Korea Republic Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - 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Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg FYR Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia Saar West Germany East Germany Ireland Tanganyika North Vietnam South Vietnam North Yemen South Yemen United Arab Republic Soviet Union CIS Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro Netherlands Antilles Teams indicated in italics are associate / full members of their respective regional bodies but not members of FIFA . See also : List of women 's football teams World cup competitions List of world cups Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Viva Athletics Continental Cup Athletics World Cup Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts PDC WDF Field hockey men women Fencing Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Ice hockey Lacrosse women Pool ( nine - ball ) Pitch and putt Rowing Motorsport enduro Roll ball Pesäpallo Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Quidditch Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Individual Archery Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Diving Equestrian dressage Fencing Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Mountain bike racing Orienteering Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Sailing Show jumping Speedway motorcycle Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Track cycling Triathlon Winter sports Biathlon Curling Skiing Alpine Cross-country Freestyle ski cross Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Snowboarding Ski orienteering Sledding Bobsleigh Luge Skeleton Speed skating Short track See also : Template : Main world championships World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Baseball men Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Beach volleyball Curling Mixed doubles Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball women Volleyball men men 's club women women 's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing ( amateur ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampolining Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Karate Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Skiing alpine nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Men Women Triathlon mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Cricket men women Lacrosse men Polo Roller hockey men women Paralympic sports Team Amputee Football Blind Football CP Football Para Ice Hockey Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Boccia Cycling Track cycling Road cycling DanceSport Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing Alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Cue sports Carom billiards Three - cushion individual team artistic five - pin English billiards amateurs Crokinole Pocket billiards eight - ball nine - ball ten - ball straight pool Snooker six - red ladies amateurs Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women Draughts men women checkers draughts - 64 draughts - 64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Overwatch Motorsport Auto racing Formula One Karting Rallying WRC WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Rally raid Sports car Endurance Touring car Motorcycle sports Cross-country rally Endurance Enduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Motocross individual nation Supercross sidecarcross Production Superbike Supersport Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating F1 offshore Radio - controlled racing 1 : 10 electric off - road Tank biathlon Other sports Team American football men women Australian football Bandy men men 's club women women 's club Ball hockey Baseball women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball Futsal men men 's club women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Lacrosse men women indoor Netball Padel tennis Quidditch Ringette Roll Ball Roller derby Rugby league men men 's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Aquatics Surfing Water skiing Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Mountain running Long Distance Mountain running Snowshoe running Skyrunning Trail running Bowling Tenpin Bowls Indoor Canoeing marathon Cycling cyclo - cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller Sports aggressive roller freestyle artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline freestyle inline speed skating skateboarding Swimming short course Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo BIBSYS : 14068828 GND : 4018983 - 1 LCCN : n98090291 VIAF : 133874960 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=852881021 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA competitions World championships in association football Recurring sporting events established in 1930 Quadrennial sporting events June sporting events July sporting events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from June 2012 Articles containing French - 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Religion in the United Kingdom

Religion in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Religion in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about religion in the whole of the United Kingdom . For England alone , see Religion in England . For Wales alone , see Religion in Wales . For Scotland alone , see Religion in Scotland . For Northern Ireland alone , see Religion in Northern Ireland . Westminster Abbey is used for the coronation of British monarchs . Religion in the United Kingdom ( 2011 census ) Christianity ( 59.5 % ) No religion ( 25.7 % ) Islam ( 4.4 % ) Hinduism ( 1.3 % ) Judaism ( 0.4 % ) Other religions ( 1.5 % ) Not stated ( 7.2 % ) Religion in the United Kingdom and in the countries that preceded it has been dominated , for over 1,400 years , by various forms of Christianity . Religious affiliations of United Kingdom citizens are recorded by regular surveys , the four major ones being the national decennial census , the Labour Force Survey , the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey . According to the 2011 Census , Christianity is the major religion , followed by Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism , Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents . Among Christians , Anglicans are the most common denomination , followed by the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom . This , and the relatively large number of individuals with nominal or no religious affiliations , has led commentators to variously describe the United Kingdom as a multi-faith and secularised society . The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent countries in 1707 , and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK - wide organisational structures . While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom , others have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain . Similarly , due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921 , most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all - Ireland basis . While the United Kingdom as a whole lacks an official religion , the Church of England remains the state church of its largest constituent country , England . The Monarch of the United Kingdom is the Supreme Governor of the Church , and accordingly , only a Protestant may inherit the British throne . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Statistics 2.1 Surveys 2.2 Religious affiliations 2.3 Attendance 2.4 Belief 2.5 Jedi census phenomenon 3 Christianity 3.1 Anglicanism 3.2 Catholic Church 3.3 Presbyterianism , Congregationalism and other Reformed 3.4 Methodism 3.5 Baptists 3.6 Charismatic and Pentecostalism 3.7 Eastern Orthodoxy 3.8 Oriental Orthodoxy 3.9 Other Trinitarian denominations 3.10 Non-Trinitarian denominations 3.10. 1 Latter - day Saints 3.10. 2 Other Non-Trinitarian denominations 3.11 Quakers 4 Other faiths 4.1 Islam 4.2 Judaism 4.3 Bahá'í Faith 5 Asian religions 5.1 Buddhism 5.2 Hinduism 5.3 Jainism 5.4 Sikhism 6 Neopaganism 6.1 Wicca 6.2 Druidry 7 Religion and society 7.1 Religion and politics 7.2 Religion and education 7.3 Religion and prison 7.4 Religion and the media 7.5 Religion and social identity : Saints parts of the United Kingdom society . 7.6 Interfaith dialogue , tolerance , religious discrimination and secularism 8 National and regional differences 9 Main religious leaders 10 Notable places of worship 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links 14.1 General 14.2 Christianity 14.3 Judaism 14.4 Islam 14.5 Hinduism 14.6 Sikhism 14.7 Buddhism 14.8 No religion History ( edit ) Main article : History of Christianity in Britain Fourth century Chi - Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa , Kent , which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain . Pre-Roman forms of religion in Britain included various forms of ancestor worship and paganism . Little is known about the details of such religions ( see British paganism ) . Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1,400 years . It was introduced by the Romans to what is now England , Wales , and Southern Scotland . The doctrine of Pelagianism , declared heretical in the Council of Carthage ( 418 ) , originated with a British - born ascetic , Pelagius . The Anglo - Saxon invasions briefly re-introduced paganism in the 5th and 6th centuries ; Christianity was again brought to Great Britain by Catholic Church and Irish - Scottish missionaries in the course of the 7th century ( see Anglo - Saxon Christianity ) . Insular Christianity as it stood between the 6th and 8th centuries retained some idiosyncrasies in terms of liturgy and calendar , but it had been nominally united with Roman Christianity since at least the Synod of Whitby of 664 . Still in the Anglo - Saxon period , the archbishops of Canterbury established a tradition of receiving their pallium from Rome to symbolize the authority of the Pope . The Catholic Church remained the dominant form of Western Christianity in Britain throughout the Middle Ages , but the ( Anglican ) Church of England became the independent established church in England and Wales in 1534 as a result of the English Reformation . It retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor . In Scotland , the Presbyterian Church of Scotland , established in a separate Scottish Reformation in the sixteenth century , is recognized as the national church . It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . The adherence to the Catholic Church continued at various levels in different parts of Britain , especially among recusants and in the north of England , but most strongly in Ireland . This would expand in Great Britain , partly due to Irish immigration in the nineteenth century , the Catholic emancipation and the Restoration of the English hierarchy . Particularly from the mid-seventeenth century , forms of Protestant nonconformity , including Congregationalists , Baptists , Quakers and , later , Methodists , grew outside of the established church . The ( Anglican ) Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and , as the ( Anglican ) Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland , there is no established church in Northern Ireland . The Jews in England were expelled in 1290 and only emancipated in the 19th century . British Jews had numbered fewer than 10,000 in 1800 but around 120,000 after 1881 when Russian Jews settled permanently in Britain . The substantial immigration to the United Kingdom since the 1920s has contributed to the growth of foreign faiths , especially of Islam , Hinduism and Sikhism , Buddhism in the United Kingdom experienced growth partly due to immigration and partly due to conversion ( especially when including Secular Buddhism ) . As elsewhere in the western world , religious demographics have become part of the discourse on multiculturalism , with Britain variously described as a post-Christian society , as `` multi-faith '' , or as secularised . Scholars have suggested multiple possible reasons for the decline , but have not agreed on their relative importance . Martin Wellings lays out the `` classical model '' of secularization , while noting that it has been challenged by some scholars . The familiar starting - point , a classical model of secularization , argues that religious faith becomes less plausible and religious practice more difficult in advanced industrial and urbanized societies . The breakdown or disruption of traditional communities and norms of behavior ; the spread of a scientific world - view diminishing the scope of the supernatural and the role of God ; increasing material affluence promoting self - reliance and this - worldly optimism ; and greater awareness and toleration of different creeds and ideas , encouraging religious pluralism and eviscerating commitment to a particular faith , all form components of the case for secularization . Applied to the British churches in general by Steve Bruce and to Methodism in particular by Robert Currie , this model traces decline back to the Victorian era and charts in the twentieth century a steady ebbing of the sea of faith . Statistics ( edit ) The statistics for current religion ( not religion of upbringing where also asked ) from the 2011 census and the corresponding statistics from the 2001 census are set out in the tables below . ( hide ) Religion ( 2011 ) England Wales England and Wales Scotland Great Britain Northern Ireland United Kingdom Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Christianity 31,479,876 59.4 1,763,299 57.6 33,243,175 59.3 2,850,199 53.8 36,093,374 58.8 1,490,588 82.3 37,583,962 59.5 Islam 2,660,116 5.0 45,950 1.5 2,706,066 4.8 76,737 1.4 2,782,803 4.5 3,832 0.21 2,786,635 4.4 Hinduism 806,199 1.5 10,434 0.34 816,633 1.5 16,379 0.3 833,012 1.4 2,382 0.13 835,394 1.3 Sikhism 420,196 0.8 2,962 0.1 423,158 0.8 9,055 0.2 432,213 0.7 216 0.01 432,429 0.7 Judaism 261,282 0.5 2,064 0.1 263,346 0.5 5,887 0.1 269,233 0.4 335 0.02 269,568 0.4 Buddhism 238,626 0.5 9,117 0.3 247,743 0.4 12,795 0.2 260,538 0.4 1,046 0.06 261,584 0.4 Other religion 227,825 0.4 12,705 0.4 240,530 0.4 15,196 0.3 255,726 0.4 7,048 0.39 262,774 0.4 Total non-Christian religion 4,614,244 8.7 83,232 2.7 4,697,476 8.4 136,049 2.6 4,833,525 7.9 14,859 0.8 4,848,384 7.7 No religion 13,114,232 24.7 982,997 32.1 14,097,229 25.1 1,941,116 36.7 16,038,345 26.1 183,164 10.1 16,221,509 25.7 Religion not stated 3,804,104 7.2 233,928 7.6 4,038,032 7.2 368,039 7.0 4,406,071 7.2 122,252 6.8 4,528,323 7.2 No religion and Religion not stated 16,918,336 31.9 1,216,925 39.7 18,135,261 32.3 2,309,155 43.6 20,444,416 33.3 305,416 16.9 20,749,832 32.8 Total population 53,012,456 100.0 3,063,456 100.0 56,075,912 100.0 5,295,403 100.0 61,371,315 100.0 1,810,863 100.0 63,182,178 100.0 ( show ) Religion ( 2001 ) England Wales England and Wales Scotland Great Britain Northern Ireland United Kingdom Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Christianity 35,251,244 71.7 2,087,242 71.9 37,338,486 71.8 3,294,545 65.1 40,633,031 71.2 1,446,386 85.8 42,079,417 71.6 Islam 1,524,887 3.1 21,739 0.7 1,546,626 3.0 42,557 0.8 1,589,183 2.8 1,943 0.12 1,591,126 2.7 Hinduism 546,982 1.1 5,439 0.2 552,421 1.1 5,564 0.1 557,985 1.0 825 0.05 558,810 1.0 Sikhism 327,343 0.7 2,015 0.1 329,358 0.6 6,572 0.1 335,930 0.6 219 0.0 336,149 0.6 Judaism 257,671 0.5 2,256 0.1 259,927 0.5 6,448 0.1 266,375 0.5 365 0.0 266,740 0.5 Buddhism 139,046 0.3 5,407 0.2 144,453 0.3 6,830 0.1 151,283 0.3 533 0.0 151,816 0.3 Other religion 143,811 0.3 6,909 0.2 150,720 0.3 26,974 0.5 177,694 0.3 1,143 0.1 178,837 0.3 Total non-Christian religion 2,939,740 6.0 43,765 1.5 2,983,505 5.7 94,945 1.9 3,078,450 5.4 5,028 0.3 3,083,478 5.2 No religion 7,171,332 14.6 537,935 18.5 7,709,267 14.8 1,394,460 27.6 9,103,727 15.9 no data no data Religion not stated 3,776,515 7.7 234,143 8.1 4,010,658 7.7 278,061 5.5 4,288,719 7.5 no data no data No religion and Religion not stated 10,947,847 22.3 772,078 26.6 11,719,925 22.5 1,672,521 33.0 13,392,446 23.5 233,853 13.9 13,626,299 23.2 Total population 49,138,831 100.0 2,903,085 100.0 52,041,916 100.0 5,062,011 100.0 57,103,927 100.0 1,685,267 100.0 58,789,194 100.0 Percentage of respondents in the 2011 census in the UK who said they were Christian . Surveys ( edit ) Religious affiliations of UK citizens are recorded by regular surveys , the four major ones being the UK Census , the Labour Force Survey , the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey . The different questions asked by these surveys produced different results : The census for England and Wales asked the question `` What is your religion ? '' . In 2001 14.81 % and in 2011 around a quarter ( 25.1 % ) of the population said they had `` none '' and 59.5 % stated they were Christian . The census for Scotland asked the question `` What religion , religious denomination or body do you belong to ? '' . In 2001 27.55 % and in 2011 36.7 % selected ' none ' and 53.8 % stated they were Christian . The Labour Force Survey asked the question `` What is your religion even if you are not currently practising ? '' with a response of 15.7 % selecting ' no religion ' in 2004 and 22.4 % selecting ' no religion ' in 2010 . The British Social Attitudes survey asked the question `` Do you regard yourself as belonging to any particular religion ? '' with 49 % selecting ' no religion ' in 2014 . The European Social Survey asked the question `` Which religion or denomination do you belong to at present ? '' with 50.54 % of respondents selecting ' no religion ' in 2002 and 52.68 % selecting ' no religion ' in 2008 . The Pew Research Center 's Western Europe Survey held between April and August 2017 asked the question `` What is your present religion , if any ? '' with 17 % of respondents selcting ' Catholicism ' , 54 % selecting ' Protestantism ' , and 24 % selecting ' Unaffiliated ' . The wording of the question affects the outcome of polls as is apparent when comparing the results of the Scottish census with that of the English and Welsh census . An ICM poll for The Guardian in 2006 asked the question `` Which religion do you yourself belong to ? '' with a response of 64 percent stating ' Christian ' and 26 % stating ' None ' . In the same survey , 63 % claimed they are not religious with just 33 % claiming they are . This suggests that the religious UK population identify themselves as having Christian beliefs , but maybe not as active ' church - goers ' . The British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys are fielded to adult individuals . In contrast , the United Kingdom Census and the Labour Force Surveys are household surveys ; the respondent completes the questionnaire on behalf of each member of the household , including children , as well as for themselves . The 2010 Labour Force Survey claimed that 54 % of children aged from birth to four years were Christian , rising to 59 % for children aged between 5 and 9 and 65 % for children aged between 10 and 14 . The inclusion of children with adult - imposed religions influences the results of the polls . Other major polls agree with the British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys , with a YouGov survey fielded in February 2012 indicating that 43 % of respondents claimed to belong to a religion and 76 % claimed they were not very religious or not religious at all . An Ipsos MORI survey fielded in August 2003 indicated that 18 % of respondents claimed to be `` a practising member of an organised religion '' and 25 % claimed `` I am a non-practising member of an organised religion '' . Detailed 2015 BSA survey on religion in the UK Affiliation % of U.K. population Christian 42 42 Church of England 17 17 Other Christian 17 17 Catholic 8 8 Unaffiliated 49 49 Non-Christian faiths 8 8 Muslim 5 5 Other Non-Christian faiths Do n't know / refused answer Total 100 100 A 2015 study estimated some 25,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background , most of whom belong to an evangelical or Pentecostal community . Religious affiliations ( edit ) Religions in Great Britain -- BSA 2009 Religion / Denomination Percent % No religion 50.7 Church of England 19.9 Catholic 8.6 Presbyterian / Church of Scotland 2.2 Methodist 1.3 Other Protestant Christian ( no denomination ) 9.3 Other Christian 0.4 Muslim 2.4 Hindu 0.9 Sikh 0.8 Judaism 0.4 Other religions 0.3 Refused / NA 0.4 Time series from the British Social Attitudes Survey showing the religion to which people consider themselves to belong . Source : BSA Survey 2009 . In the 2011 census , Christianity was the largest religion , stated as their affiliation by 59.5 % of respondents . This figure was found to be 53 % in the 2007 Tearfund survey , 42.9 percent in the 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey and 42.98 percent in the EU - funded European Social Survey published in April 2009 for those identifying as Christian . Although there was no UK - wide data in the 2001 or the 2011 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations , Ceri Peach estimated in 2005 that 62 % of Christians were Anglican , 13.5 % Catholic , 6 % Presbyterian and 3.4 % Methodist , with small numbers in other Protestant denominations and the Orthodox church . The 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey , which covers Great Britain but not Northern Ireland , indicated that over 50 percent would self - classify as not religious at all , 19.9 percent were part of the Church of England , 9.3 % non-denominational Christian , 8.6 % Catholic , 2.2 % Presbyterian / Church of Scotland , 1.3 % Methodist , 0.53 % Baptist , 1.17 % other Protestant , 0.23 % United Reformed Church / Congregational , 0.06 % Free Presbyterian , 0.03 % Brethren Christian and 0.41 % other Christian . In a 2016 survey conducted by BSA ( British Social Attitudes ) on religious affiliation ; 53 % of respondents indicated ' no religion ' and 41 % indicated they were Christians , while 6 % affiliated with non-Christian religions ( Islam , Hinduism , Judaism etc . ) The Pew Research Center 's Western Europe Survey held between April and August 2017 asked the question `` What is your present religion , if any ? '' with 17 % of respondents selecting ' Catholicism ' , 54 % selecting ' Protestantism ' , and 24 % selecting ' Unaffiliated ' . Religions other than Christianity , such as Islam , Hinduism , Sikhism and Judaism , have established a presence in the United Kingdom , both through immigration and by attracting converts . Others that have done so include the Bahá'í Faith , the Rastafari movement and Neopaganism . Attendance ( edit ) Society in the United Kingdom is markedly more secular than it was in the past and the number of churchgoers fell over the second half of the 20th century . The Ipsos MORI poll in 2003 reported that 18 % were `` a practising member of an organised religion '' . The Tearfund Survey in 2007 found that only 7 % of the population considered themselves as practising Christians . Some 10 % attended church weekly and two - thirds had not gone to church in the past year . The Tearfund Survey also found that two - thirds of UK adults ( 66 % ) or 32.2 million people had no connection with the Church at present ( nor with another religion ) . These people were evenly divided between those who have been in the past but have since left ( 16 million ) and those who have never been in their lives ( 16.2 million ) . A survey in 2002 found Christmas attendance at Anglican churches in England varied between 10.19 % of the population in the diocese of Hereford , down to just 2.16 % in Manchester . Church attendance at Christmas in some dioceses was up to three times the average for the rest of the year . Overall church attendance at Christmas has been steadily increasing in recent years ; a 2005 poll found that 43 per cent expected to attend a church service over the Christmas period , in comparison with 39 % and 33 % for corresponding polls taken in 2003 and 2001 respectively . A December 2007 report by Christian Research showed that the services of the Catholic Church had become the best - attended services of Christian denominations in England , with average attendance at Sunday Mass of 861,000 , compared to 852,000 attending Anglican services . Attendance at Anglican services had declined by 20 % between 2000 and 2006 , while attendance at Catholic services , boosted by large - scale immigration from Poland and Lithuania , had declined by only 13 % . In Scotland , attendance at Church of Scotland services declined by 19 % and attendance at Catholic services fell by 25 % . British Social Attitudes Surveys have shown the proportion of those in Great Britain who consider they `` belong to '' Christianity to have fallen from 66 % in 1983 to 43 % in 2009 . In 2012 about 6 % of the population of the United Kingdom regularly attended church , with the average age of attendees being 51 ; in contrast , in 1980 , 11 % had regularly attended , with an average age of 37 . It is predicted that by 2020 attendance will be around 4 % , with an average age of 56 . This decline in church attendance has forced many churches to close down across the United Kingdom , with the Church of England alone closing 1,500 churches between 1969 and 2002 . Their fates include dereliction , demolition , and residential , artistic and commercial conversion . In October 2014 weekly attendance at Church of England services dropped below 1 million for the first time . At Christmas 2014 , 2.4 million attended . For that year baptisms were 130,000 , down 12 % since 2004 ; marriages were 50,000 , down 19 % ; and funerals 146,000 , down 29 % . The Church estimated that about 1 % of churchgoers were lost to death each year ; the Church 's age profile suggested that attendances would continue to decline . One study showed that in 2004 at least 930,000 Muslims attended a mosque at least once a week , just outnumbering the 916,000 regular churchgoers in the Church of England . Muslim sources claim the number of practising Muslims is underestimated as nearly all of them pray at home . Belief ( edit ) European Social Survey ( UK ) `` Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination ? '' Year Yes No 2008 47.32 % 52.64 % 2006 48.45 % 51.34 % 50.55 % 49.24 % 2002 49.46 % 50.49 % Source : European social survey 2002 -- 2010 There is a disparity between the figures for those identifying themselves with a particular religion and for those proclaiming a belief in a God : In a 2011 YouGov poll , 34 % of UK citizens said they believed in a God or gods . A Eurobarometer opinion poll in 2010 reported that 37 % of UK citizens `` believed there is a God '' , 33 % believe there is `` some sort of spirit or life force '' and 25 % answered `` I do n't believe there is any sort of spirit , God or life force '' . The 2008 European Social Survey suggested that 46.94 % of UK citizens never prayed and 18.96 % prayed daily . A survey in 2007 suggested that 42 % of adults resident in the United Kingdom prayed , with one in six praying daily . Jedi Census phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : Jedi census phenomenon In the 2001 census , 390,127 individuals ( 0.7 percent of total respondents ) in England and Wales self - identified as followers of the Jedi faith . This Jedi census phenomenon followed an internet campaign that stated , incorrectly , that the Jedi belief system would receive official government recognition as a religion if it received enough support in the census . An email in support of the campaign , quoted by BBC News , invited people to `` do it because you love Star Wars ... or just to annoy people '' . The Office for National Statistics revealed the total figure in a press release entitled `` 390,000 Jedi there are '' . Christianity ( edit ) Christian denominations in the United Kingdom UK Interchurch ( show ) Affinity ( formerly British Evangelical Council ) Churches Together in Britain & Ireland Evangelical Alliance , UK Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches Churches Together in England Action of Churches Together , Scotland ( ACTS ) Churches Together in Wales Evangelical Movement of Wales Anglican ( show ) Church of England Church of Ireland Scottish Episcopal Church Church in Wales Baptist ( show ) Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland Baptist Union of Great Britain Baptist Union of Scotland Baptist Union of Wales Catholic ( show ) Roman Catholicism Roman Catholicism in England & Wales Roman Catholicism in Ireland Roman Catholicism in Scotland Holiness & Pietist ( show ) Church of the Nazarene Salvation Army Seventh - day Adventist Church Wesleyan Holiness Church Lutheran ( show ) Lutheran Church in Great Britain Methodist & Wesleyan ( show ) Methodist Church of Great Britain Methodist Church in Ireland New Church Movement ( show ) Newfrontiers Pioneer Church Orthodox ( show ) Greek Orthodox of G.B. ( Eastern Orthodox ) Pentecostal ( show ) Assemblies of God Church of God in Christ Elim Pentecostal Church Presbyterian & Reformed ( show ) Asso . Presbyterian Churches , Scotland Church of Scotland Congregational Federation Evangelical Presbyterian Church Presbyterian Church in Ireland Presbyterian Church of Wales United Free Church of Scotland United Reformed Church Other ( show ) LDS Church in England LDS Church in Wales LDS Church in Scotland LDS Church in Ireland Quakers / Britain Yearly Meeting The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent states in 1707 , and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK - wide organisational structures . While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom , others have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain . Similarly , due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921 , most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all - Ireland basis . Anglicanism ( edit ) Main articles : Anglicanism , Church of England , Church of Ireland , Church in Wales , and Scottish Episcopal Church See also : Anglican Communion The Church of England is the established church in England . Its most senior bishops sit in the national parliament and the Queen is its supreme governor . It is also the `` mother church '' of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The Church of England separated from the Catholic Church in 1534 and became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy , beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation . Historically it has been the predominant Christian denomination in England and Wales , in terms of both influence and number of adherents . The Scottish Episcopal Church , which is part of the Anglican Communion ( but not a `` daughter church '' of the Church of England ) , dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690 , when it split from the Church of Scotland . In the 1920s , the Church in Wales became disestablished and independent from the Church of England , but remains in the Anglican Communion . During the years 2012 to 2014 the number of members of the Church of England dropped by around 1.7 million . Catholic Church ( edit ) Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , Liverpool Main article : Catholic Church in the United Kingdom See also : Catholic Church in England and Wales , Catholic Church in Scotland , and Catholic Church in Ireland The Catholic Church has separate national organisations for England and Wales , for Scotland and for Ireland , which means there is no single hierarchy for the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom . The Catholic Church in England and Wales is the second largest Christian church with around five million members , mainly in England . There is , however , a single apostolic nuncio to Great Britain , presently Archbishop Edward Joseph Adams . The Catholic Church in Scotland is Scotland 's second largest Christian church , representing a sixth of the population . The apostolic nuncio to the whole of Ireland ( both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland ) is Charles Brown . Eastern Rite Catholics in the United Kingdom are served by their own clergy and do not belong to the Latin Church dioceses but are still in full communion with the Bishop of Rome . Presbyterianism , congregationalism and other Reformed ( edit ) See also : Nonconformist , Presbyterianism , English Presbyterianism , Congregational church , Church of Scotland , and Presbyterian Church in Ireland In Scotland , the Church of Scotland ( informally known by its Scots language name , `` the Kirk '' ) , is recognised as the national church . It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member , required to swear an oath to `` maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government '' upon his or her accession . Splits in the Church of Scotland , especially in the 19th century , led to the creation of various other Presbyterian churches in Scotland , including the Free Church of Scotland , which claims to be the constitutional continuator of the Church in Scotland and was founded in 1843 . The Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland was formed in 1893 by some who left the Free Church over alleged weakening of her position and likewise claims to be the spiritual descendant of the Scottish Reformation . The Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales was founded in the late 1980s and organized themselves as a presbytery in 1996 . As of 2016 they had 15 churches in the UK . Lisburn Free Presbyterian Church , County Antrim , Northern Ireland The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest Protestant denomination and second largest church in Northern Ireland . The Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster was founded on 17 March 1951 by the cleric and politician Ian Paisley . It has about 60 churches in Northern Ireland . The Presbyterian Church of Wales seceded from the Church of England in 1811 and formally formed itself into a separate body in 1823 . The Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland has 31 congregations in Northern Ireland , with the first Presbytery being formed in Antrim in 1725 . The United Reformed Church ( URC ) , a union of Presbyterian and Congregational churches , consists of about 1,500 congregations in England , Scotland and Wales . There are about 600 Congregational churches in the United Kingdom . In England there are three main groups , the Congregational Federation , the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches , and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches , or are unaffiliated . In Scotland the churches are mostly member of the Congregational Federation and in Wales which traditionally has a larger number of Congregationalists , most are members of the Union of Welsh Independents . Methodism ( edit ) See also : Methodist Church of Great Britain , Methodist Church in Ireland , and Nonconformist The Methodist church at Haroldswick is the most northerly church in the United Kingdom The Methodist movement traces its origin to the evangelical awakening in the 18th century . The British Methodist Church , which has congregations throughout Great Britain , the Channel Islands , the Isle of Man , Malta and Gibraltar , has around 290,000 members , and 5,900 churches , though only around 3,000 members in 50 congregations are in Scotland . In the 1960s , it made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England , aimed at church unity . Formally , these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England 's General Synod in 1972 . However , conversations and co-operation continued , leading on 1 November 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches . The Methodist Church in Ireland covers the whole of the island of Ireland , including Northern Ireland where it is the fourth - largest denomination . Other Methodist denominations in Britain include the Salvation Army , founded in 1865 ; the Free Methodist Church , a holiness church ; and the Church of the Nazarene . Baptists ( edit ) A Baptist church in Birmingham , West Midlands . The Baptist Union of Great Britain , despite its name , covers just England and Wales . There is a separate Baptist Union of Scotland and the Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland is an all - Ireland organisation . Other Baptist associations also exist in England , such as the Grace Baptist association and the Gospel Standard Baptists . Charismatic and Pentecostalism ( edit ) Assemblies of God in Great Britain are part of the World Assemblies of God Fellowship with over 600 churches in Great Britain . Assemblies of God Ireland cover the whole of the island of Ireland , including Northern Ireland . The Apostolic Church commenced in the early part of the 20th century in South Wales and now has over 110 churches across the United Kingdom . Elim Pentecostal Church as of 2013 had over 500 churches across the United Kingdom . There is also a growing number of independent , charismatic churches that encourage Pentecostal practices as part of their worship . These are broadly grouped together as the British New Church Movement and could number up to 400,000 members . The phenomenon of immigrant churches and congregations that began with the arrival of the SS Empire Windrush from the West Indies in 1948 stands as a unique trend . West Indian congregations that started from this time include the Church of God , New Testament Assembly and New Testament Church of God . Africans began to arrive in the early 1980s and established their own congregations . Foremost among these are Matthew Ashimolowo from Nigeria and his Kingsway International Christian Centre in London that may be the largest church in Western Europe . Eastern orthodoxy ( edit ) The Cathedral of the Dormition of the Most - Holy Mother of God and the Holy Royal Martyrs ( Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia ) , in Gunnersbury The Russian Orthodox Church has a Diocese of Sourozh , which covers Great Britain and Ireland , and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia also has a diocese in the same territory . The Ecumenical Patriarchate has established the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain , led by Archbishop Gregorios , that covers England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland as well as Malta . The Patriarchate of Antioch has 15 parishes and 7 missions within the Deanery of the United Kingdom and Ireland . The Serbian Orthodox Church has nine parishes in the United Kingdom and missions in Dublin and Malta , under the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia . Other Eastern Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Georgian Orthodox Church , the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church . Oriental orthodoxy ( edit ) The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has two regional Dioceses in the United Kingdom : the Diocese of Ireland , Scotland , North East England and its Affiliated Areas is led by Bishop Antony of Newcastle and the Diocese of the Midlands and its Affiliated Areas is led by Bishop Missael of Birmingham . There is also ( part of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate until 2015 ) the British Orthodox Church , ( covering the British Isles ) which is led by Metropolitan Seraphim of Glastonbury . In addition , there is one General Bishop in Stevenage , Bishop Angaelos . There are many Coptic Orthodox Churches in the United Kingdom that are directly the responsibility of Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria . Other Oriental Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Syriac Orthodox Church , the Armenian Apostolic Church , the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . Other trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Other denominations and groups include the Seventh - day Adventist Church , the Seventh Day Baptists , the Plymouth Brethren , and Newfrontiers . Non-trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Latter - Day Saints ( edit ) Main articles : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in England , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Wales , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Scotland , and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints in Ireland London England Temple ( LDS ) The first missionaries from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to proselytise in the British Isles arrived in 1837 . By 1900 as many as 100,000 converts had joined the faith , but most of these early members soon emigrated to the United States to join the main body of the church . From the 1950s emigration to the United States began to be discouraged and local congregations grew more rapidly . Today the church claims just over 186,000 members across the United Kingdom , in over 330 local congregations , known as ' wards ' or ' branches ' . The church also maintains two temples in England , the first opening in the London area in 1958 , and the second completed in 1998 in Preston and known as the Preston England Temple . Preston is also the site of the first preaching by LDS missionaries in 1837 , and is home to the oldest continually existing Latter Day Saint congregation anywhere in the world . Restored 1994 -- 2000 , the Gadfield Elm Chapel in Worcestershire is the oldest extant chapel of the LDS Church . Other non-trinitarian denominations ( edit ) Jehovah 's Witnesses had 137,631 `` publishers '' ( a term referring to members actively involved in preaching ) in the United Kingdom in 2015 . The Church of Christ , Scientist is also represented in the UK . The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches is the umbrella organisation for Unitarian , Free Christian and other liberal religious congregations in the United Kingdom . The Unitarian Christian Association was formed in 1991 . There are an estimated 18,000 Christadelphians in the UK . Quakers ( edit ) The Britain Yearly Meeting is the umbrella body for the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Great Britain , the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man . It has 14,260 adult members . Northern Ireland comes under the umbrella of the Ireland Yearly Meeting . Other faiths ( edit ) Islam ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in England , Islam in Northern Ireland , Islam in Scotland , and Islam in Wales Shah Jahan Mosque is the oldest purpose - built mosque in the United Kingdom . Estimates in 2009 suggested a total of about 2.4 million Muslims over all the United Kingdom . According to Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life , the number of Muslims in Britain could be up to 3 million . The vast majority of Muslims in the United Kingdom live in England and Wales : of 1,591,126 Muslims recorded at the 2001 Census , 1,546,626 were living in England and Wales , where they form 3 per cent of the population ; 42,557 were living in Scotland , forming 0.8 per cent of the population ; and 1,943 were living in Northern Ireland . Between 2001 and 2009 the Muslim population increased roughly 10 times faster than the rest of society . Most Muslim immigrants to the United Kingdom came from former colonies . The biggest groups of Muslims are of Pakistani , Bangladeshi , Indian and Arab origins , with the remainder coming from Muslim - dominated areas such as Southwest Asia , Somalia , Malaysia , and Indonesia . During the 18th century , lascars ( sailors ) who worked for the British East India Company settled in port towns with local wives . These numbered only 24,037 in 1891 but 51,616 on the eve of World War I. Naval cooks , including Sake Dean Mahomet , also came from what is now the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh . From the 1950s onwards , the growing Muslim population has led to a number of notable Mosques being established , including East London Mosque , London Central Mosque , Manchester Central Mosque , London Markaz , and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . According to Kevin Brice , a researcher at the University of Wales , Trinity Saint David , thousands convert to Islam annually and there are approximately 100,000 converts to Islam in Britain , where they run two mosques . According to a Labour Force Survey estimate , the total number of Muslims in Great Britain in 2008 was 2,422,000 , around 4 per cent of the total population . Between 2004 and 2008 , the Muslim population grew by more than 500,000 . In 2010 , The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life estimated 2,869,000 Muslims in Great Britain . The largest age - bracket within the British Muslim population were those under the age of 4 , at 301,000 in September 2008 . The Muslim Council of Britain and the Islamic Forum of Europe are the umbrellas organisations for many local , regional and specialist Islamic organisations in the United Kingdom , although it is disputed how representative this organisation is of British Muslims as a whole . Judaism ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Jews in England , History of the Jews in Scotland , History of the Jews in Wales , and History of the Jews in Ireland Singers Hill Synagogue , Birmingham , England . The Jewish Naturalisation Act , enacted in 1753 , permitted the naturalisation of foreign Jews , but was repealed the next year . The first graduate from the University of Glasgow who was openly - known to be Jewish was in 1787 . Unlike their English contemporaries , Scottish students were not required to take a religious oath . In 1841 Isaac Lyon Goldsmid was made baronet , the first Jew to receive a hereditary title . The first Jewish Lord Mayor of the City of London , Sir David Salomons , was elected in 1855 , followed by the 1858 emancipation of the Jews . On 26 July 1858 , Lionel de Rothschild was finally allowed to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom when the law restricting the oath of office to Christians was changed . ( Benjamin Disraeli , a baptised , teenage convert to Christianity of Jewish parentage , was already an MP at this time and rose to become Prime Minister in 1874 . ) In 1884 Nathan Mayer Rothschild , 1st Baron Rothschild became the first Jewish member of the British House of Lords ; again Disraeli was already a member . British Jews number around 300,000 with the United Kingdom having the fifth largest Jewish community worldwide . However , this figure did not include Jews who identified ' by ethnicity only ' in England and Wales or Scottish Jews who identified as Jewish by upbringing but held no current religion . A report in August 2007 by University of Manchester historian Dr Yaakov Wise stated that 75 per cent of all births in the Jewish community were to ultra-orthodox , Haredi parents , and that the increase of ultra-orthodox Jewry has led to a significant rise in the proportion of British Jews who are ultra-orthodox . However various studies suggest that within some Jewish communities and particularly in some strictly Orthodox areas , many residents ignored the voluntary question on religion following the advice of their religious leaders resulting in a serious undercount , therefore it is impossible to give an accurate number on the total UK Jewish population . It may be even more than double the official estimates , heavily powered by the very high birth rate of orthodox families and British people who are Jewish by origin but not religion ; as it currently stands , the Jewish as ethnicity section is not documented on the census . Bahá'í faith ( edit ) Main article : Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom See also : Bahá'í Faith in England , Bahá'í Faith in Scotland , and Bahá'í Faith in Wales The Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom has a historical connection with the earliest phases of the Bahá'í Faith starting in 1845 and has had a major effect on the development of communities of the religion in far flung nations around the world . It is estimated that between 1951 and 1993 , Bahá'ís from the United Kingdom settled in 138 countries . Asian religions ( edit ) Buddhism ( edit ) Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre in Scotland Main article : Buddhism in the United Kingdom See also : Buddhism in England , Buddhism in Scotland , and Buddhism in Wales The earliest Buddhist influence on Britain came through its imperial connections with Southeast Asia , and as a result the early connections were with the Theravada traditions of Burma , Thailand , and Sri Lanka . The tradition of study resulted in the foundation of the Pali Text Society , which undertook the task of translating the Pali Canon of Buddhist texts into English . Buddhism as a path of practise was pioneered by the Theosophists , Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott , and in 1880 they became the first Westerners to receive the refuges and precepts , the ceremony by which one traditionally becomes a Buddhist . In 1924 London 's Buddhist Society was founded , and in 1926 the Theravadin London Buddhist Vihara . The rate of growth was slow but steady through the century , and the 1950s saw the development of interest in Zen Buddhism . In 1967 Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre , now the largest Tibetan Buddhist centre in Western Europe , was founded in Scotland . The first home - grown Buddhist movement was also founded in 1967 , the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order ( now the Triratna Buddhist Community ) . There are some Soka Gakkai groups in the United Kingdom . Hinduism ( edit ) The Neasden Temple is the second largest temple of Hinduism in Europe . Main article : Hinduism in the United Kingdom Hinduism was the religion of 558,810 people in Great Britain according to the 2001 census but an estimate in a British newspaper in 2007 has put the figure as high as 1.5 million . One Non-governmental organisation estimated as of 2007 that there are 800,000 Hindus in the United Kingdom . Although most British Hindus live in England , with half living in London alone , small but growing Hindu communities also exist in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jainism in the United Kingdom As of 2006 , there are around 25,000 Jains in the United Kingdom . One of the first Jain settlers , Champat Rai Jain , was in England during 1892 -- 1897 to study law . He established the Rishabh Jain Lending Library in 1930 . Later , he translated several Jain texts into English . Leicester houses one of the world 's few Jain temples outside of India . There is an Institute of Jainology at Greenford , London . Sikhism ( edit ) Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha , Southall , UK Main article : Sikhism in the United Kingdom See also : Sikhism in England , Sikhism in Scotland , and Sikhism in Wales Sikhism was recorded as the religion of 336,149 people in the United Kingdom at the time of the 2001 Census . While England is home to the majority of Sikhs in the United Kingdom , small communities also exist in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales . The first recorded Sikh settler in the United Kingdom was Maharaja Duleep Singh , dethroned and exiled in 1849 at the age of 14 , after the Anglo - Sikh wars . The first Sikh Gurdwara ( temple ) was established in 1911 , in Putney , London . The first wave of Sikh migration came in the 1950s , mostly of men from the Punjab seeking work in industries such as foundries and textiles . These new arrivals mostly settled in London , Birmingham and West Yorkshire . Thousands of Sikhs from East Africa followed . Neopaganism ( edit ) Neo-druids . Main article : Neopaganism in the United Kingdom In the 2001 Census , a total of 42,262 people from England , Scotland , and Wales declared themselves to be pagans or adherents of Wicca . However , other surveys have led to estimates of around 250,000 or even higher . Wicca ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , census figures do not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the Pagan heading , as a campaign by the Pagan Federation before the 2001 Census encouraged Wiccans , Heathens , Druids and others all to use the same write - in term ' Pagan ' in order to maximise the numbers reported . For the first time , respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the checklist of common religions , and a total of 42,262 people from England , Scotland and Wales declared themselves to be Pagans by this method . These figures were not immediately analysed by the Office for National Statistics , but were released after an application by the Pagan Federation of Scotland . Druidry ( edit ) During the Iron Age , Celtic polytheism was the predominant religion in the area now known as England . Neo-Druidism grew out of the Celtic revival in 18th century Romanticism . A 2012 Druid analysis estimates that there are roughly 11,000 Druids in Britain . Religion and Society ( edit ) Religion and Politics ( edit ) Though the main political parties are secular , the formation of the Labour Party was influenced by Christian socialism and by leaders from a nonconformist background , such as Keir Hardie . On the other hand , the Church of England was once nicknamed `` the Conservative Party at prayer '' , though this has changed since the 1980s as the Church has moved to the left of the Conservative Party on social and economic issues . Some minor parties are explicitly ' religious ' in ideology : two ' Christian ' parties -- the Christian Party and the Christian Peoples Alliance , fielded joint candidates at the 2009 European Parliament elections and increased their share of the vote to come eighth , with 249,493 votes ( 1.6 % of total votes cast ) , and in London , where the CPA had three councillors , the Christian parties picked up 51,336 votes ( 2.9 % of the vote ) , up slightly from the 45,038 gained in 2004 . The Church of England is represented in the UK Parliament by 26 bishops ( the Lords Spiritual ) and the British monarch is a member of the church ( required under Article 2 of the Treaty of Union ) as well as its Supreme Governor . The Lords Spiritual have seats in the House of Lords and debate government policies affecting the whole of the United Kingdom . The Church of England also has the right to draft legislative measures ( related to religious administration ) through the General Synod that can then be passed into law by Parliament . The Prime Minister , regardless of personal beliefs , plays a key role in the appointment of Church of England bishops , although in July 2007 Gordon Brown proposed reforms of the Prime Minister 's ability to affect Church of England appointments . Religion and Education ( edit ) Religious education and Collective Worship are compulsory in many state schools in England and Wales by virtue of clauses 69 and 70 of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 . Clause 71 of the act gives parents the right to withdraw their children from Religious Education and Collective Worship and parents should be informed of their right in accordance with guidelines published by the Department for Education ; `` a school should ensure parents or carers are informed of this right '' . The content of the religious education is decided locally by the Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education . In England and Wales , a significant number of state funded schools are faith schools with the vast majority Christian ( mainly either of Church of England or Catholic ) though there are also Jewish , Muslim and Sikh faith schools . Faith schools follow the same national curriculum as state schools , though with the added ethos of the host religion . Until 1944 there was no requirement for state schools to provide religious education or worship , although most did so . The Education Act 1944 introduced a requirement for a daily act of collective worship and for religious education but did not define what was allowable under these terms . The act contained provisions to allow parents to withdraw their children from these activities and for teachers to refuse to participate . The Education Reform Act 1988 introduced a further requirement that the majority of collective worship be `` wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character '' . According to a 2003 report from the Office for Standards in Education , a `` third of governing bodies do not fulfil their statutory duties adequately , sometimes because of a failure to pursue thoroughly enough such matters as arranging a daily act of collective worship . '' In Scotland , the majority of schools are non-denominational , but separate Catholic schools , with an element of control by the Catholic Church , are provided within the state system . The Education ( Scotland ) Act 1980 imposes a statutory duty on all local authorities to provide religious education and religious observance in Scottish schools . These are currently defined by the Scottish Government 's Curriculum for Excellence ( 2005 ) . Northern Ireland has a highly segregated education system . 95 per cent of pupils attend either maintained ( Catholic ) schools or controlled schools , which are open to children of all faiths and none , though in practise most pupils are from the Protestant community . Religion and prison ( edit ) Prisoners are given religious freedom and privileges while in prison . This includes access to a chaplain or religious advisor , authorised religious reading materials , ability to change faith , as well as other privileges . Several faith - based outreach programmes provide faith promoting guidance and counselling . Every three months , the Ministry of Justice collects data , including religious affiliation , of all UK prisoners and is published as the Offender Management Caseload Statistics . This data is then compiled into reports and published in the House of Commons library . On 31 March 2015 the prison population of England and Wales was recorded as 49 % Christian , 14 % Muslim , 2 % Buddhist , 2 % other religions and 31 % no religion . Religion and the media ( edit ) The Communications Act 2003 requires certain broadcasters in the United Kingdom to carry a `` suitable quantity and range of programmes '' dealing with religion and other beliefs , as part of their public service broadcasting . Prominent examples of religious programming include the BBC television programme Songs of Praise , aired on a Sunday evening with an average weekly audience of 2.5 million , and the Thought for the Day slot on BBC Radio 4 . Channels also offer documentaries on , or from the perspective of a criticism of organised religion . A significant example is Richard Dawkins ' two - part Channel 4 documentary , The Root of all Evil ? . Open disbelief of , or even mockery of organised religion , is not regarded as a taboo in the British media , though it has occasionally provoked controversy -- for example , the movie Monty Python 's Life of Brian , the poem `` The Love That Dares to Speak Its Name '' , and the musical Jerry Springer : The Opera , all of which involved characters based on Jesus , were subject to public outcry and blasphemy allegations , while The Satanic Verses , a novel by British Indian author Salman Rushdie which includes a fantasy sequence about Muhammed , caused global protests including several by British Muslims . British comedy has a history of parody on the subject of religion . Religion and Social identity : Saints parts of the United Kingdom Society ( edit ) Saint George is the regional saint for England . Saint Andrew is the regional saint for Scotland . Saint David is the regional saint for Wales . Saint Patrick is the regional saint for Ireland . Interfaith dialogue , tolerance , religious discrimination and secularism ( edit ) Interfaith dialogue London neighbours , the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue and the East London Mosque The Interfaith Network for the United Kingdom encompasses the main faith organisations of the United Kingdom , either directly with denominational important representatives or through joint bodies for these denominations , promotes local interfaith cooperation , promotes understanding between faiths and convenes meetings and conferences where social and religious questions of concern to the different faith communities can be examined together , including meetings of the Network 's ' Faith Communities Consultative Forum ' . Ecumenical friendship and cooperation has gradually developed between Christian denominations and where inter-sect prejudice exists this has via education and employment policy been made a pressing public matter in dealing with its two prominent examples -- sectarianism in Glasgow and Northern Ireland -- where segregation is declining . Tolerance and Religious Discrimination In the early 21st century , the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 made it an offence in England and Wales to incite hatred against a person on the grounds of their religion . The common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel were abolished with the coming into effect of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 on 8 July 2008 . 2005 -- 2010 polls have shown that public opinion in the United Kingdom generally tends towards a suspicion or outright disapproval of radical or evangelical religiosity , though moderate groups and individuals are rarely subject to less favourable treatment from society or employers . The Equality Act 2010 prohibits discrimination against people on the basis of religion , in the supply of goods and services and selection for employment , subject to very limited exceptions ( such as the right of schools and religious institutions to appoint paid ministers ) . Secularism There is no strict separation of church and state in the United Kingdom . Accordingly , most public officials may display the most common identifiers of a major religion in the course of their duties -- for example , rosary beads . Chaplains are provided in the armed forces ( see Royal Army Chaplains ' Department , RAF Chaplains Branch ) and in prisons . Although school uniform codes are generally drawn up flexibly enough to accommodate compulsory items of religious dress , some schools have banned wearing the crucifix in a necklace , arguing that to do so is not a requirement of Christianity where they prohibit all other necklaces . Post-adolescence , the wearing of a necklace is permitted in some F.E. colleges who permit religious insignia necklaces on a wider basis , which are without exception permitted at universities . Some churches have warned that the Equality Act 2010 could force them to go against their faith when hiring staff . In 2011 two judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales upheld previous statements in the country 's jurisprudence that the ( non-canon ) laws of the United Kingdom ' do not include Christianity ' . Therefore , a local authority was acting lawfully in denying a Christian married couple the right to foster care because of stated negative views on homosexuality . In terms of the rights recognised `` in the case of fostering arrangements at least , the right of homosexuals to equality should take precedence over the right of Christians to manifest their beliefs and moral values . '' National and regional differences ( edit ) Levels of affiliation vary between different part of the UK , particularly between Great Britain and Northern Ireland . The percentages declaring themselves Christians in the 2011 Census are 59.4 in England , 57.6 in Wales and 53.8 in Scotland , which decreased by 12.3 , 14.3 , and 11.3 percentage points respectively from the census of 2001 . This is argued to make them the fastest secularising nations in history . Northern Ireland remains one of the most religious nations in western Europe with 82.3 % of the population claiming Christian affiliation , with a decline of only 3.5 % by the 2011 census , while `` other religions '' have increased in membership . Religion has been seen as both a product and a cause of political divisions in Northern Ireland . Main religious leaders ( edit ) Lambeth Palace is the official residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury in London The Queen is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York below her . The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland presides over the annual Assembly , but does not lead , the Church of Scotland . The Primus of Scotland is the presiding bishop of the Scottish Episcopal Church . The Great Imam is Sheikh Mawlana Abdul Qayum , one of the most famous scholar of Europe , who serves the largest Muslim congregation in the Great Britain . The Archbishop of Westminster is the leader of the Catholic bishops of England and Wales . The de facto head of the Catholic Church in Scotland is the most senior archbishop , currently Leo Cushley , Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh ( see Bishops ' Conference of Scotland ) . The Primate of All Ireland exercises his ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Northern Ireland as well as the Republic of Ireland . The Archbishop of Wales is one of the six diocesan bishops of the Church in Wales , chosen by his colleagues to hold the higher designation in addition to his own diocese . The Chief Rabbi is the title of the leader of Orthodox Judaism in the Commonwealth . The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland presides over , but does not lead , the Church . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints is led by the Europe Area Presidency . The current area president is Elder Erich W. Kopischke with Elder Gérald J. Caussé and Elder José A. Teixeira as first and second counsellors respectively . The Caliph Masih of the Ahmadiyya Community is Mirza Masroor Ahmad , and Fazl Mosque is his headquarters . Notable places of worship ( edit ) CHRISTIAN Westminster Cathedral -- Catholic St Mary 's Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Catholic Canterbury Cathedral -- Church of England and Mother Church of England York Minster -- Church of England Durham Cathedral -- Church of England Salisbury Cathedral -- Church of England Dormition Cathedral , London -- Russian Orthodox Holy Trinity Cathedral , Down -- Church of Ireland Kingsway International Christian Centre -- Charismatic London England Temple -- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Metropolitan Tabernacle -- Baptist St Anne 's Cathedral , Belfast -- Church of Ireland St David 's Cathedral -- Church in Wales St Giles ' Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Church of Scotland St Lazar 's Church , Bournville -- Serbian Orthodox St Mary 's Cathedral , Edinburgh -- Scottish Episcopal St Paul 's Cathedral -- Church of England St Sarkis , Kensington -- Armenian Apostolic St Sophia 's Cathedral , London -- Greek Orthodox Westminster Abbey -- Church of England Westminster Central Hall -- Methodist JEWISH Bevis Marks Synagogue -- Jewish New West End Synagogue -- Jewish ISLAMIC London Central Mosque -- Islamic North London Central Mosque -- Islamic OTHERS Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha -- Sikh Neasden Temple -- Hindu See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Religion portal Religion by country Religion in England Religion in Scotland Religion in Wales Religion in Northern Ireland Religion in the Republic of Ireland Commission on Religion and Belief in British Public Life References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Philby , Charlotte ( 12 December 2012 ) . `` Less religious and more ethnically diverse : Census reveals a picture of Britain today '' . 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Retrieved 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parishes , Missions and Clergy '' . Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch Deanery of the United Kingdom and Ireland . 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Britain and Scandinavia Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Religions -- Christianity : Exclusive Brethren '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Newfrontiers : History '' . newfrontierstogether.org . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profile : United Kingdom ( England , Scotland , Northern Ireland , and Wales ) '' . LDS Newsroom . LDS Church . Jump up ^ `` History of the church in the UK '' . lds.org.uk . LDS Church . Jump up ^ `` Do you know where the oldest Mormon chapel in the world is ? '' . BBC News . 30 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' ( PDF ) . Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tabular Statement as at 31 xii 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Britain . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History of Islam in the UK -- population figures '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Muslims rise while Christians fall in Britain '' . Thaindian News . Jump up ^ `` Islamophobia ' acceptable ' in UK '' . aljazeera.net . Jump up ^ ANALYSIS OF RELIGION IN THE 2001 CENSUS : Summary Report , Scottish Executive Jump up ^ `` NISRA - Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ( c ) 2015 '' . Jump up ^ Muslim population ' rising 10 times faster than rest of society ' 30 January 2009 , Richard Kerbaj , The Sunday Times Jump up ^ `` Muslims in Britain '' ( PDF ) . mywf.org.uk . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Born Abroad -- Countries of birth '' . BBC Online . 7 September 2005 . Retrieved 16 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Michael Herbert ( 2006 ) . Counterflows to Colonialism . Orient Blackswan . pp. 111 -- 9 , 129 -- 30 , 140 , 154 -- 6 , 160 -- 8 , 181 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 154 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ansari , Humayun ( 2004 ) . The Infidel Within : The History of Muslims in Britain , 1800 to the Present. C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . p. 37 . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 685 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Curry house founder is honoured '' . BBC News . 29 September 2005 . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21578099-british-strand-islam-emerging-more-people-become-converts-changing-my-religion Muslim converts : Changing my religion ^ Jump up to : Kerbaj , Richard ( 30 January 2009 ) . `` Muslim population ' rising 10 times faster than rest of society ' '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron must face the challenge of Islamisation '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ London 's Jewish Museum reopens after major facelift , USA Today ' . ' Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Majority of Jews will be Ultra-Orthodox by 2050 '' . University of Manchester . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.K. Bahá'í Heritage Site -- The Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom -- A Brief History '' . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) -- ONS '' . statistics.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Curtis , Polly ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` Hindu school is first to make vegetarianism a condition of entry '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hinduism in Britain today '' . International Society for Krishna Consciousness . Retrieved 22 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Minority religions mainly in London . National Statistics . Retrieved 5 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Religions -- Jainism : Jainism at a glance '' . BBC . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` on www.jainsamaj.org ( Jainism , Ahimsa News , Religion , Non-Violence , Culture , Vegetarianism , Meditation , India . ) '' . Jainsamaj.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Jain Centre , Leicester . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Kurt Titze , Klaus Bruhn , Jainism : a pictorial guide to the religion of non-violence , p. 264 Jump up ^ 2001 Census , Office for National Statistics Jump up ^ Evans , Dr. David ( 2007 ) . The History of British Magic After Crowley . Oxford : Hidden Publishing . pp. 70 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9555237 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jenny Percival . Pagan prisoners allowed twig wands in cells . Scotland on Sunday . 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 February 2009 . Citation : `` There are estimated to be one million Pagans in Britain -- around 300 of whom are in prison . There are about 30,000 in Scotland . '' Jump up ^ `` Pagans and the Scottish Census of 2001 '' . ScottisPF.org . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ UK 2011 Census publishes figures for Druids , druidry.org , retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric J Evans Jump up ^ CPA Party People cpaparty.org.uk . Retrieved 12 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Christians aim to build on vote BBC News , 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Monarchy Today > Queen and State > Queen and Church > Queen and Church of England '' . Cached at the Internet Archive . Archived from the original on 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Synod '' . Church of England . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Report , from the Church Times Jump up ^ `` School Standards and Framework Act 1998 '' . legislation.gov.uk. 1998 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dept . Education '' ( PDF ) . ( 885 KB ) Retrieved on 15 June 2012 Jump up ^ Education Reform Act 1988 -- Chapter I - The Curriculum -- pt 6 Retrieved on 15 October 2007 Jump up ^ `` Standards and Quality 2002 / 03 The Annual Report of Her Majesty 's Chief Inspector of Schools '' (. pdf ) . UK Government -- Office for Standards in Education . 2003 . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . Governing bodies are effective in fulfilling their responsibilities in two thirds of schools. This is reflected in their contribution to shaping the direction of the school and their understanding of its strengths and weaknesses . A third of governing bodies do not fulfil their statutory duties adequately , sometimes because of a failure to pursue thoroughly enough such matters as arranging a daily act of collective worship . Jump up ^ `` Religious Education and Observance '' , The Scottish Government . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ british-prisons.co.uk Religious books permitted during cellular confinement Jump up ^ Ministry of Justice Faith and Pastoral Care for Prisoners Jump up ^ `` Prison Outreach -- Love Life UK '' . lovelifeuk.org . Jump up ^ Director Rev. Emmanuel Sola King . `` Prison Outreach Network '' . prisonministry.net . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Kenneth Copeland Ministries '' . Kenneth Copeland Ministries . Jump up ^ `` Offender management caseload statistics '' . Ministry of Justice . 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ UK National Statistics - Offender management statistics quarterly : October to December 2014 and annual : Prison population : 31 March 2015 , XLSX spreadsheet Jump up ^ `` Communications Act 2003 '' . Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament . 2003 ( 21 ) . 17 July 2003 . pp. 264 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC Songs of Praise accessed 1 January 2008 Jump up ^ Bhaskar , Sanjeev ( 29 November 2009 ) . `` What did ' Life of Brian ' ever do for us ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 10 January 2008 ) . `` The gay poem that broke blasphemy laws '' . pinknews.co.uk . Pink News . Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Protests as Jerry Springer opens BBC News , February 2006 Jump up ^ Malik , Kenan . From Fatwa to Jihad : The Rushdie Affair and Its Aftermath . Melville House ( 2010 ) : p. 4 Jump up ^ `` George , Andrew , David and Patrick -- the Four Patron Saints of the British Isles '' . Jump up ^ Interfaith Network for the UK List of Members . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 Jump up ^ `` Mixed picture emerges on British attitudes to religion in public life '' . Ekklesia . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Teen Banned From Wearing Crucifix Sky News , 6 December 2005 Jump up ^ `` Churches fear Equality Bill will conflict with faith '' . BBC News Online . 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross , Tim ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Foster parent ban : ' no place ' in the law for Christianity , High Court rules '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . ^ Jump up to : `` NISRA '' . NISRA . NISRA . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland 's Census '' . Scotland 's census . Scottish government . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of National Statistics '' . ons . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of National Statistics '' . The Welsh Government . Welsh government . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ David , Robertson . `` The Trajectory of God '' . St. Peter 's Dundee . Saint Peter 's Free Church of Scotland . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Claire ( 2005 ) . Religion , Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland : Boundaries of Belonging and Belief . pp. 69 -- 117 . ISBN 0754641546 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Organisation of the Church of England , Church of England website . Jump up ^ `` Shaykh Abdul Qayyum '' . AL - QALAM . Retrieved 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Figure 2014 '' . British Bangladeshi Power Inspiration . Retrieved 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Bebbington , David W. Evangelicalism in Modern Britain : A History from the 1730s to the 1980s ( Routledge , 2003 ) Davie , Grace . Religion in Britain since 1945 : Believing without belonging ( Blackwell , 1994 ) Davie , Grace . Religion in Britain : A Persistent Paradox ( 2014 ) . Gilbert , Alan D. Religion and society in industrial England : church , chapel , and social change , 1740 -- 1914 ( 1976 ) . Gilley , Sheridan , and W.J. Sheils . A History of Religion in Britain : Practice and Belief from Pre-Roman Times to the Present ( 1994 ) 608pp excerpt and text search McLeod , Hugh . Religion and society in England , 1850 -- 1914 ( Macmillan , 1996 ) . Obelkevich , J. Religion and Rural Society ( Oxford University Press , 1976 ) Shaw , Duncan , edt al. `` What is Religious History ? '' History Today ( 1985 ) 35 # 8 online , commentary by 8 scholars Primary sources ( edit ) Horace Mann ( 1854 ) . Census of Great Britain , 1851 : Religious Worship in England and Wales . External links ( edit ) General ( edit ) Eurel : sociological and legal data on religions in Europe BBC What the World Thinks of God television programme Kettell , Steven ( 2009 ) . `` On the Public Discourse of Religion : An Analysis of Christianity in the United Kingdom '' ( PDF ) . Politics and Religion . 2 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 443 . doi : 10.1017 / s1755048309990204 . Christianity ( edit ) Church of England Church of Scotland Presbyterian Church in Ireland Church of Ireland ( Anglican ) Church in Wales ( Anglican ) Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Bishops ' Conference of Scotland Catholic Church in Ireland Assemblies of God of Great Britain Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales Free Church of Scotland Free Church of Scotland ( Continuing ) Ecumenical Patriarchate Greek Orthodox Church in Great Britain Parishes in the British Isles under the Ecumenical Patriarchate 's Paris Exarchate Russian Orthodox Church in Great Britain and Ireland -- Diocese of Sourozh , Patriarchate of Moscow Antiochian Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland Romanian Orthodox Church , London Judaism ( edit ) Office of the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth ( Orthodox ) Masorti Judaism Movement for Reform Judaism Liberal Judaism Islam ( edit ) Muslim Council of Great Britain Hinduism ( edit ) Hindu Council UK Hindu Cultural Association of Wales UK Sikhism ( edit ) The Network of Sikh Organisations UK Buddhism ( edit ) The Buddhist Society No religion ( edit ) The British Humanist Association The Freethinker - The voice of Atheism since 1881 Religion in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Northern Ireland Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations History Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health care Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Food banks Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Identity Literature Media television Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Portal Jump up ^ the listing of parishes on this website is disputed : Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe # Parishes and Communities of the Vicariate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=803650883 '' Categories : Religion in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 20 : 13 . 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Tax-Free Savings Account

Tax - Free Savings account - wikipedia Tax - Free Savings account Jump to : navigation , search `` TFSA '' redirects here . For other uses , see TFSA ( disambiguation ) . The Tax - Free Savings Account ( TFSA , French : Compte d'épargne libre d'impôt or CÉLI ) is an account available in Canada and South Africa that provides tax benefits for saving . Investment income , including capital gains and dividends , earned in a TFSA is not taxed in most cases , even when withdrawn . Contributions to a TFSA are not deductible for income tax purposes , unlike contributions to a Registered Retirement Savings Plan ( RRSP ) . Despite the name , a TFSA does not have to be a cash savings account . Like an RRSP , a TFSA may contain cash and / or other investments such as mutual funds , certain stocks , bonds , or Guaranteed Investment Certificates ( GICs ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Canadian features 2.1 Contribution room 2.2 Eligible investments 2.3 Creditor protection 2.4 Over-contributions 2.5 Foreign dividend withholding tax 2.6 Risks for U.S. citizens and U.S residents 3 South African features 4 Comparison to RRSP 5 Similar accounts in other countries 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The first Tax - Free Savings Account was introduced by Jim Flaherty , then Canadian federal Minister of Finance , in the 2008 federal budget . It came into effect on January 1 , 2009 . This measure was supported by the C.D. Howe Institute , which stated ; `` This tax policy gem is very good news for Canadians , and Mr. Flaherty and his government deserve credit for a novel program '' . Furthermore , the Canadian Federation of Independent Business , Canadian Bankers Association , Bank of Montreal economist Doug Porter , the Canadian Chamber of Commerce , and the Canadian Taxpayers Federation also supported this tax policy . In 2015 South Africa introduced TFSA accounts to encourage low to middle - class citizens to save money . Canadian features ( edit ) The TFSA is an account in which Canadian residents 18 years and older can save or invest . Income earned on contributions is not taxed . The TFSA account - holder may withdraw money from the account at any time , free of taxes . Contribution room ( edit ) The maximum annual contribution room for each year prior to 2013 was $5,000 per year . Beginning in 2013 it was increased to $5,500 per year . The $5,500 annual contribution limit was indexed to the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) , in $500 increments , in order to account for inflation . The 2015 federal budget raised the contribution limit to $10,000 , and eliminated indexation for inflation , beginning with the 2015 tax year . However , in December 2015 a newly elected government proposed to restore the pre-2015 contribution limit of $5,500 for 2016 , which will be indexed for inflation after that . As of January 1 , 2018 , the total cumulative contribution room for a TFSA is $57,500 for those who have been 18 years or older and residents of Canada for all eligible years . Years TFSA Annual Limit Cumulative Total 2009 -- 2012 $5,000 $20,000 2013 -- 2014 $5,500 $31,000 2015 $10,000 $41,000 2016 -- 2018 $5,500 $57,500 Any unused contribution room under the cap can be carried forward to subsequent years , without any upward limit . Eligible investments ( edit ) A TFSA can hold any investments that are RRSP - eligible , including publicly traded shares on eligible exchanges , eligible shares of private corporations , certain debt obligations , instalment receipts , money denominated in any currency , trust interests including mutual funds and real estate investment trusts , annuity contracts , warrants , rights and options , registered investments , royalty units , partnership units , and depository receipts . Creditor protection ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Assets within a TFSA are not protected from creditors in the event of bankruptcy or a financial judgement that results from legal proceedings against the account - holder , whereas those within an RRSP are protected . Unless the investments in the TFSA are in a segregated fund ( which then follows the Insurance act rules ) . Over-contributions ( edit ) A withdrawal in any year will increase the available contribution room , but not in that current calendar year -- it can only be re-contributed starting on January 1 of the following year . An over-contribution will occur if an individual ( whose TFSA contributions have already been maximized for the year ) mistakenly believes that a withdrawal immediately creates contribution room and re-contributes the withdrawn funds later the same calendar year . In the 2012 tax year , the CRA sent notices to about 74,000 taxpayers about TFSA over-contributions , out of about nine million TFSAs existing at the end of 2012 . About 76,000 notices were sent in 2011 and 103,000 in 2010 . Foreign dividend withholding tax ( edit ) Unlike an RRSP , a TFSA is not considered by the United States Internal Revenue Service to be a pension plan . Therefore , the tax treaty between the U.S. and Canada foregoing the U.S. withholding tax on dividends in registered pension plans does not apply to TFSA accounts , subjecting Canadians in most cases to a 15 % U.S. tax withheld on dividends paid on shares of U.S. corporations . The tax withheld can not be credited against other payable taxes as would be the case with non-registered accounts . To get around this problem , one exchange - traded fund manager , Horizons ETFs Group , offers an ETF that uses swap contracts to replicate the return of the underlying dividend - paying stocks in the fund without actually holding any of those stocks . However , due to the fees charged by the counterparty to the swap agreement , as well as the fund 's own management fee , its expenses exceed the actual withholding tax payable for the underlying stocks , if those were to be held directly in the TFSA . Risks for U.S. citizens and U.S. residents ( edit ) Canadian mutual funds held in TFSAs are generally considered by the IRS to be investments in a passive foreign investment company ( PFIC ) , and must be reported as such ( on form 8621 ) by U.S. citizens . PFICs can be very disadvantageous as , absent certain elections , `` excess '' distributions are always taxed at the highest marginal rate . Also , income is averaged over the duration of the investment , and interest is then charged from the date the income is deemed to have occurred , resulting in effective tax rates as high as 50 % or more . The TFSA may also be a grantor foreign trust from the perspective of the U.S.U.S. citizens with a grantor foreign trust are required to file IRS Forms 3520A ( due March 15 ) and 3520 ( due at the same time as Form 1040 ) . These forms are both complicated and both involve potentially large penalties for late filing . Like other non-U.S. accounts the TFSA may also need to be included on a U.S. citizen 's FBAR and tax - FBAR . Earnings inside the TFSA are taxed by the U.S. South african features ( edit ) The lifetime contribution limit is R500000 and the annual limit is R33000 . Comparison to RRSP ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The tax treatment of a TFSA is the opposite of a Registered Retirement Savings Plan ( RRSP ) . There is an income tax deduction for contributions to an RRSP , and withdrawals of contributions and investment income are all taxable . In contrast , there is no tax deduction for contributions to a TFSA , and there is no tax on withdrawals of investment income or contributions from the account . Unlike an RRSP , which must be withdrawn before the holder turns 71 , the TFSA does not expire . If an account - holder withdraws funds from a TFSA , his or her contribution room is increased by that amount on the 1st of January after the withdrawal . In an RRSP , the contribution room is not increased to reflect withdrawals . The Canada Revenue Agency ( CRA ) describes the difference between a TFSA and an RRSP as follows : `` An RRSP is primarily intended for retirement . The TFSA is like an RRSP for everything else in your life . '' Interest paid on money borrowed to invest in either TFSA or RRSP is not tax deductible . Similar accounts in other countries ( edit ) The TFSA is similar to a Roth Individual Retirement Arrangement in United States , although the TFSA has fewer restrictions . In the UK , similar tax advantages have been available in Individual Savings Accounts since 1999 . See also ( edit ) Taxation in Canada Registered Retirement Savings Plan Registered Education Savings Plan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Revenue Agency ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` TFSA : Types of investments '' . CRA.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for new Tax - Free Savings Account '' , Oakville Today , 2008 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` TFSA 's : the biggest thing since RRSP 's '' , National Post , 2008 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Budget : Report Card '' , National Post , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Budget Prudent for Today 's Economic Conditions '' , Canadian Bankers Association , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Budget '' , The Canadian Chamber of Commerce , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A New Tax Savings Plan & Modest Spending Growth '' , Canadian Taxpayers Association , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Tax - Free Savings Account '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TFSA contribution room , Canada.ca Jump up ^ Evans , Pete ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Budget 2015 : TFSA limit hiked to $10,000 as election budget delivers few goodies '' . CBC.ca . CBC / Radio - Canada . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Notice of Ways and Means Motion to amend the Income Tax Act Jump up ^ Liberals detail how they will roll back TFSA contribution limits , The Globe and Mail , 7 December 2015 Jump up ^ Bill Morneau confirms tax cuts coming for ' middle class ' , CBC News , 7 December 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tfsa/ Jump up ^ `` Tories Introduce Tax - Free Savings Account '' , CTV , 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/tax/individuals/topics/tax-free-savings-account/types-investments.html Jump up ^ `` Misunderstanding this simple TFSA rule could cost you a lot '' , by Rob Carrick , The Globe and Mail , Wednesday , Feb. 26 2014 Jump up ^ Your tax , RRSP questions answered The Globe and Mail , 1 December 2010 Jump up ^ ' Where should I hold U.S. dividend stocks ? ' Financial Post , 16 April 2013 Jump up ^ Understanding Swap - Based ETFs MoneySense , 6 June 2011 Jump up ^ Foreign dividend withholding tax and your TFSA The Globe and Mail , 4 April 2013 Jump up ^ More Swap Talk With Horizons Canadian Couch Potato , 10 June 2011 Jump up ^ HXS Horizons S&P 500 Index ETF horizonsetfs.com , retrieved 12 January 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.fidelity.ca/cs/Satellite/en/public/products/regulatory_documents/pfic Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.moneyweb.co.za/mymoney/moneyweb-tax/south-africans-invest-tax-free-savings-accounts/ Jump up ^ `` 2015 TFSA update '' . www.taxclinic.ca . The Tax Group . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ How the ' TIFSA ' can be your tax free nest egg Jump up ^ `` Cashing in on TFSAs '' ( PDF ) . Benefits Canada . May 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Government of Canada info about TFSAs Canada Revenue Agency info about TFSAs CRA IT - 320 : Qualified Investments -- Trusts Governed by Registered Retirement Savings Plans , Registered Education Savings Plans and Registered Retirement Income Funds Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tax-Free_Savings_Account&oldid=837987447 '' Categories : Tax - advantaged savings plans in Canada Banking in Canada Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Ido 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 07 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when did the tax free savings account start in canada

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Military funerals in the United States

Military funerals in the United States - wikipedia Military funerals in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The United States Army Caisson Platoon of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment `` The Old Guard '' transports the flag - draped casket of Sergeant Major of the Army George W. Dunaway on a horse - drawn limbers and caissons during a military funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery , 2008 . A military funeral in the United States is a memorial or burial rite given by the U.S. military for a Soldier , Marine , Sailor , Coast Guardsman , or Airman who died in battle , a veteran , or other prominent military figures or a president . A military funeral may feature guards of honor , the firing of volley shots as a salute , drumming and other military elements , with a flag draping over the coffin . In the United States , the United States Army Military District of Washington ( MDW ) is responsible for providing military funerals . `` Honoring Those Who Served '' is the title of the program for instituting a dignified military funeral with full honors to the nation 's veterans . As of January 1 , 2000 , Section 578 of Public Law 106 - 65 of the National Defense Authorization Act mandates that the United States Armed Forces shall provide the rendering of honors in a military funeral for any eligible veteran if requested by his or her family . As mandated by federal law , an honor guard detail for the burial of an eligible veteran shall consist of no fewer than two members of the Armed Forces . One member of the detail shall be a representative of the parent armed service of the deceased veteran . The honor guard detail will , at a minimum , perform a ceremony that includes the folding and presenting of the flag of the United States to the next of kin and the playing of Taps which will be played by a lone bugler , if available , or by audio recording . Today , there are so few buglers available that the United States Armed Forces often can not provide one . However , federal law allows Reserve and National Guard units to assist with funeral honors duty when necessary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eligibility 2 Ceremony 3 Ramp ceremonies 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Eligibility ( edit ) See also : United States Department of Veterans Affairs and United States National Cemetery A military chaplain seen leading honor guards derived from the United States Marine Corps as they carry the casket of General Robert H. Barrow to the place of burial . Generally , federal law allows for military funeral honors for all veterans who were discharged under circumstances `` other than dishonorable . '' Funeral directors will require the veteran 's DD Form 214 to establish eligibility . Those who are eligible for military funerals and full honors in the United States include the following : Active duty or Selected Reserve in the United States Armed Forces . Former active duty or Selected Reserve who departed under conditions other than dishonorable in the United States Armed Forces . Former enlisted servicemen or servicewomen who completed at least one term or period of initial obligated service in the Selected Reserve and departed under conditions other than dishonorable . Former servicemen or servicewomen who were discharged due to a disability incurred or aggravated in the line of duty . Ceremony ( edit ) See also : Arlington Ladies and Fallen Soldier Battle Cross A bugler sounds Taps during the funeral of former United States Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger in Arlington National Cemetery , 2006 . Escort platoons marching during the military funeral of Admiral Thomas Hinman Moorer in Arlington National Cemetery , 2004 . In the United States , there are several types of military funerals such as those performed at Arlington National Cemetery , which include and omit certain components depending on the status of the deceased ( active , retired , veteran , rank / occupation ) . Standard honor military funerals include the following : A military chaplain for family members . A casket draped in the flag of the United States and as a pall . A casket team serving as honor guards in a ceremonial role over the remains and as pallbearers . For funerals for an enlisted non-commissioned officer of E-9 and Officers , the casket is transported via a horse - drawn limbers and caissons . For all other funerals , the casket is transported using a hearse . Fighter jets in missing man formation by the United States Air Force may perform an aerial flyover . The formation of a rifle party consisting of an odd number of service members , between 3 and 7 , will fire a three - volley salute ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . The playing of Taps is performed by a lone bugler or an audio recording , at a distance 30 to 50 yards from the grave site while a `` Final Salute '' is given . ( In specific cases with the United States Military Academy , a muffled drum roll might accompany the bugler . ) Full honor military funerals include all standard honors in addition to the following : For funerals of commanding officers of O - 6 ( Colonel / Captain ) and above , a caparisoned , riderless horse , symbolizing a fallen leader , will follow the limbers and caissons . For funerals of general officers and flag officers of O - 10 ( four - star rank ) , a 17 gun salute is fired ; O - 9 ( three - star rank ) , a 15 gun salute is fired ; O - 8 ( two - star rank ) , a 13 gun salute is fired ; O - 7 ( one - star rank ) , an 11 gun salute is fired . A military band and an escort platoon participate ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . Armed forces military funerals include all standard and full honors in addition to the following : Escort platoons from all five branches of the United States Armed Forces participate . These funerals are reserved for the President of the United States ( as commander - in - chief ) , the Secretary of Defense , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and officers granted multiple - service command . For funerals of presidents , a 21 gun salute using artillery and battery pieces is fired ( not to be confused with a three - volley salute ) , while all other high state officials receive 19 gun salutes . When a spouse or other dependent of a current or former member of the United States Armed Forces is buried , the military service in which the primary party served will provide a casket team and a chaplain . No other military honors will be rendered unless the spouse served in the military . Sailors from the United States Navy fold the flag of the United States during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery for Captain Laurie Mosolino , a former United States Navy Medical Corps surgeon . Sequence for folding the flag of the United States Members of the 86th Airlift Wing honor guard conduct a flag - folding ceremony at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , 2009 . Inspector General of the Marine Corps Brigadier General Kenneth J. Lee presents a folded flag to Laurence E. Pope , the eldest son of Medal of Honor recipient Major Everett Pope during the burial service for Major Pope held at Arlington National Cemetery on September 15 , 2009 . The flag of the United States draped over the casket is meticulously folded twelve times by a total of six honor guards , three on each side of the casket . When the flag is completely folded , the stars point upwards , which remind Americans of their national motto , In God We Trust . After the flag is completely folded and tucked in , it takes on the appearance of a tricorne hat , reminding Americans of the soldiers who served under General George Washington , and the sailors and Marines who served under Captain John Paul Jones , who were followed by their comrades and shipmates in the United States Armed Forces . An honor guard composed of one or more branches of the United States Armed Forces , presents the flag to the next of kin . The presenter , if possible a member of the same service as the deceased , will generally kneel while presenting the folded flag , with the straight edge of the flag facing the recipient . The presenter then recites the following wording , which was standardized on April 20 , 2012 : On behalf of the President of the United States , the United States ( Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force or Coast Guard ) , and a grateful nation , please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one 's honorable and faithful service . Three spent shell - casings , each representing one of three volleys , were sometimes slipped into the folds of the flag before its presentation to the next of kin . The intention was to convey that the presence of the shell - casings proved that a rifle volley had taken place in connection with the members funeral . However , this practice has become infrequent and is rarely seen today as Title 4 , Section 8 ( h ) of the United States Code specifies that the flag should not be used as a receptacle for holding anything . Ramp ceremonies ( edit ) A `` ramp ceremony '' is a memorial ceremony , not an actual funeral , for a soldier killed in a war zone held at an airfield near or in a location where an airplane is waiting nearby to take the deceased 's remains to his or her home country . The term has been in use since about 2005 and became common during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . Gallery ( edit ) The military funeral of U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell held in Hiogo , Japan on January 14 , 1868 . Members of the Presidential Salute Guns Battery , 3rd Infantry Regiment , render a gun salute with 3 '' anti-tank guns during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery on August 10 , 1998 . A casket team from the 1st Special Forces Group carries the flag - draped casket of Sergeant First Class Nathan Chapman on January 8 , 2002 . A casket team from the United States Navy folds the flag covering the casket of NASA Astronaut and U.S. Navy Captain Laurel Blair Salton Clark , who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 . Military funeral procession for World War II soldier and Victoria Cross recipient Ernest ( `` Smokey '' ) Smith in Vancouver , Canada on August 13 , 2005 . The casket of Caspar Weinberger , 15th United States Secretary of Defense , in a ceremonial funeral procession en route to Arlington National Cemetery on April 4 , 2006 . A casket team from the 3rd Infantry Regiment transports the remains of Retired Chief Warrant Officer Michael J. Novosel during a funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery on April 13 , 2006 . The Ceremonial Unit assigned to Naval Air Station Lemoore rendering honors at a military funeral at San Joaquin Valley National Cemetery in Gustine , California . Escort platoons march in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery as part of the funeral procession for former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral William J. Crowe in 2007 . A casket team carries Major Douglas A. Zembiec , former commander of E Company , 2nd Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment from the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis , Maryland following the funeral service . See also ( edit ) State funerals in the United States Military funeral United States flag code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` How do I establish veteran eligibility ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Who is eligible for Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery '' . Military.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag folding procedures and symbols '' . American Legion . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos Zamorano . God Bless America . Xlibris , Corp . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Folding '' . US Flag . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dept. of Defense Issues Standardized Flag Presentation Text '' . Jump up ^ `` What do the three bullets represent in military funerals ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Honor Guard '' . Byron.org . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 8 - Respect for flag '' . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Conrad , John D. ( 2009 ) . What the thunder said : reflections of a Canadian officer in Kandahar . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 408 - 7 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Mossman , B.C. ; Stark , M.W. ( 1991 ) . `` 77 - 606843 '' . The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funerals 1921 - 1969 . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Army . CMH Pub 90 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Military Funeral Customs - Arlington National Cemetery Military Funeral Honors Web site Burial & Memorial Benefits Web site Folding the American Flag Sample of `` Taps '' (. mp3 ) Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries : Frequently Asked Questions Congressional Research Service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_funerals_in_the_United_States&oldid=817380858 '' Categories : Military life Military traditions State ritual and ceremonies Funerals in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Accuracy disputes from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 01 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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Pokhran-II

Pokhran - II - Wikipedia Pokhran - II Pokhran - II Operation Shakti A cylindrical shaped nuclear bomb , Shakti I , prior to its detonation . Information Country India Test site Pokhran Test Range , Rajasthan Period 11 -- 13 May 1998 Number of tests 5 Test type Underground tests Device type Fission / fusion Max . yield 43 -- 45 kilotons of TNT ( 180 -- 190 TJ ) tested Test chronology ← Pokhran - I ( Operation Smiling Buddha ) The Pokhran - II tests were a series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army 's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998 . It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India ; the first test , code - named Smiling Buddha , was conducted in May 1974 . Pokhran - II consisted of five detonations , the first of which was a fusion bomb while the remaining four were fission bombs . The tests were initiated on 11 May 1998 , under the assigned code name Operation Shakti , with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs . On 13 May 1998 , two additional fission devices were detonated , and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India a full - fledged nuclear state . The tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states , including Japan and the United States . Many names have been assigned to these tests ; originally these were collectively called Operation Shakti -- 98 , and the five nuclear bombs were designated Shakti - I through to Shakti - V. More recently , the operation as a whole has come to be known as Pokhran II , and the 1974 explosion as Pokhran - I . Contents 1 India 's nuclear bomb project 1.1 Post-Smiling Buddha 2 Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 2.1 1998 Indian general elections 2.2 Preparations for the test 3 Nuclear weapon designs and development 3.1 Development and test teams 3.2 Movement and logistics 3.3 Specifications and detonation 3.4 Announcement 4 Reactions to tests 4.1 Domestic reactions 4.2 International reactions 4.2. 1 United States 4.2. 2 Canada , Japan , and other countries 4.2. 3 China 4.2. 4 Pakistan 4.3 U.N. sanctions 4.3. 1 Effects on Indian economy 5 Legacy 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links India 's nuclear bomb project ( edit ) Efforts towards building the nuclear bomb , infrastructure , and research on related technologies have been undertaken by India since World War II . Origins of India 's nuclear program dates back to 1944 when nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha began persuading the Indian Congress towards the harnessing of nuclear energy -- a year later he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) . In 1950s , the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed to produce plutonium and other bomb components . In 1962 , India and China engaged in the disputed northern front , and was further intimidated with Chinese nuclear test in 1964 . Direction towards militarisation of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram Sarabhai became its head and little interest of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 . After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966 , the nuclear program was consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts . Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India 's decision toward building nuclear weapons in 1967 and conducted its first nuclear test , Smiling Buddha , in 1974 . Post-smiling Buddha ( edit ) Responding to Smiling Buddha , the Nuclear Suppliers Group severely affected the India 's nuclear program . The world 's major nuclear powers imposed technological embargo on India and Pakistan , which was technologically racing to meet with India 's challenge . The nuclear program struggled for years to gain credibility and its progress crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependent on imported technology and technical assistance . At IAEA , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared that India 's nuclear program was not militarising despite authorising preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb design . As an aftermath of the state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's government , the nuclear program was left with a vacuum of political leadership and even basic management . Work on the hydrogen bomb design continued under M. Srinivasan , a mechanical engineer , but progress was slow . The nuclear program received little attention from Prime Minister Morarji Desai who was renowned for his peace advocacy . In 1978 , Prime Minister Desai transferred physicist Ramanna to Indian MoD , and his government was not entirely without progress in nuclear program and had the program continue to grow at a desirable rate . Disturbing news came from Pakistan when the world discovered the Pakistan 's clandestine atomic bomb program . Contrary to India 's nuclear program , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program was akin to United States 's Manhattan Project , it was under military oversight with civilian scientists in charge of the scientific aspects of the program . The Pakistani atomic bomb program was well funded and organised by then ; India realised that Pakistan was likely to succeed in its project in matter of two years . In 1980 , the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981 . Requests for additional nuclear tests were continued to be denied by the government when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship , though the nuclear program continued to advance . Initiation towards hydrogen bomb began as well as the launch of the missile programme began under Late president Dr. Abdul Kalam , who was then an aerospace engineer . Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 ( edit ) During the 1998 Indian general election , BJP 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee promised to carry out nuclear tests . In 1989 , the general elections witnessed the Janata Dal party led by V.P. Singh , forming the government . Prime Minister V.P. Singh down played the relations with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto whose Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) won the general elections in 1988 . Foreign relations between India and Pakistan began to severely worsen when India began charging Pakistan of supporting the militancy in Jammu and Kashmir . During this time , the missile program succeeded in the development of the Prithvi missiles . Successive governments in India decided to observe this temporary moratorium for fear of inviting international criticism . The Indian public had been supportive towards the nuclear tests which ultimately led Prime Minister Narasimha Rao deciding to conduct further tests in 1995 . Plans were halted after American spy satellites picked up signs of preparations for nuclear testing at Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan . President Bill Clinton and his administration exerted enormous pressure on Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to stop the preparations . Responding to India , Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto issued harsh and severe statements against India on Pakistan 's news channels ; thus putting stress on the relations between two countries . Diplomatic tension escalated between two countries when Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto raised the Kashmir issue at the United Nations in 1995 . In a speech delivered by then - Speaker National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani , stressed the `` Kashmir issue '' as continue to endanger the peace and security in the region . The Indian delegation headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the United Nations , reiterated that the `` UN resolutions only call upon Pakistan -- the occupying force to vacate the `` Jammu and Kashmir Area . '' 1998 Indian general elections ( edit ) Main articles : Indian general election , 1998 ; Bharatiya Janata Party ; Indian economy ; and Indian politics The BJP , came to power in 1998 general elections with an exclusive public mandate . BJP 's political might had been growing steadily in strength over the past decade over several issues . In Pakistan , the similar conservative force , the PML ( N ) , was also in power with an exclusive mandate led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who defeated the leftist PPP led by Benazir Bhutto in general elections held in 1997 . During the BJP campaign , Atal Bihari Vajpayee indulged in grandstanding -- such as when he declared on 25 February that his government would `` take back that part of Kashmir that is under Pakistan 's control . '' Before this declaration , the BJP platform had clear intention to `` exercise the option to induct nuclear weapons '' and `` India should become an openly nuclear power to garner the respect on the world stage that India deserved . '' By 18 March 1998 , Vajpayee had publicly begun his lobbying for nuclear explosion and declared that `` there is no compromise on national security ; all options including the nuclear options will be exercised to protect security and sovereignty . '' Consultation began between Prime Minister Vajpayee , Dr. Abdul Kalam , R. Chidambaram and officials of the Indian DAE on nuclear options . Chidambaram briefed Prime Minister Vajpayee extensively on the nuclear program ; Abdul Kalam presented the status of the missile program . On 28 March 1998 , Prime Minister Vajpayee asked the scientists to make preparations in the shortest time possible , and preparations were hastily made . It was time of tense atmosphere when Pakistan , at a Conference on Disarmament , offered a peace rhetoric agreement with India for `` an equal and mutual restraint in conventional , missile and nuclear fields . '' Pakistan 's equation was later reemphasised on 6 April and the momentum in India for nuclear tests began to build up which strengthened Vajpayee 's position to order the tests . Preparations for the test ( edit ) Main articles : CIA activities in India , ISI activities in India , and Indo - US Relations The US Marine Intelligence maps showing the Indian test site , 1997 . Unlike Pakistan 's weapon -- testing laboratories , there was very little that India could do to hide its activity at Pokhran . Contrary to high - altitude granite mountains in Pakistan , the bushes are sparse and the dunes in the Rajasthan Desert do n't provide much cover from probing satellites . The Indian intelligence had been aware of United States spy satellites and the American CIA had been detecting Indian test preparations since 1995 ; therefore , the tests required complete secrecy in India and also needed to avoid detection by other countries . The 58th Engineer Regiment of Indian Army 's Corps of Engineers was commissioned to prepare the test sites without being probed by the United States spy satellites . The 58th Engineer 's commander Colonel Gopal Kaushik supervised the test preparations and ordered his `` staff officers take all measures to ensure total secrecy . '' Extensive planning was done by a very small group of scientists , senior military officers and senior politicians to ensure that the test preparations would remain secret , and even senior members of the Indian government did n't know what was going on . The chief scientific adviser and the Director of Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) , Dr. Abdul Kalam , and Dr. R. Chidambaram , the Director of the Department of Atomic Energy ( DAE ) , were the chief coordinators of this test planning . The scientists and engineers of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) , the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research ( AMDER ) , and the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly , layout , detonation and obtaining test data . A very small group of senior scientists were involved in the detonation process , all scientists were required to wear army uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests . Since 1995 , the 58th Engineer Regiment had learned to avoid satellite detection . Work was mostly done during night , and equipment was returned to the original place to give the impression that it was never moved . Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug - out sand was shaped like dunes . Cables for sensors were covered with sand and concealed using native vegetation . Scientists would not depart for Pokhran in groups of two or three . They travelled to destinations other than Pokhran under pseudonyms , and were then transported by the army . Technical staff at the test range wore military uniform , to prevent detection in satellite images . Nuclear weapon designs and development ( edit ) Development and test teams ( edit ) The main technical personnel involved in the operation were : Project Chief Coordinators Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO . Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy . Defence Research & Development Organization ( DRDO ) Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations . Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC . Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development . Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture . Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition . Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment . Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation . Movement and logistics ( edit ) Main articles : Military logistics and Indian Army Corps of Engineers The Thar Desert in the state of Rajasthan where the nuclear site , the Pokhran Test Range , is located . Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing , testing and producing components for the bombs , including the advanced detonators , the implosion and high - voltage trigger systems . These were also responsible for weaponising , systems engineering , aerodynamics , safety interlocks and flight trials . The bombs were transported in four Indian Army trucks under the command of Colonel Umang Kapur ; all devices from BARC were relocated at 3 am on 1 May 1998 . From the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport , the bombs were flown in an Indian Air Force 's AN - 32 plane to the Jaisalmer army base . They were transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks , and this required three trips . The devices were delivered to the device preparation building , which was designated as ' Prayer Hall ' . The test sites was organised into two government groups and were fired separately , with all devices in a group fired at the same time . The first group consisted of the thermonuclear device ( Shakti I ) , the fission device ( Shakti II ) , and a sub-kiloton device ( Shakti III ) . The second group consisted of the remaining two sub-kiloton devices Shakti IV and V. It was decided that the first group would be tested on 11 May and the second group on 13 May . The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ' White House ' , which was over 200 metres ( 660 ft ) deep , the fission bomb was placed in a 150 metres ( 490 ft ) deep shaft code named ' Taj Mahal ' , and the first sub-kiloton device in ' Kumbhkaran ' . The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May , and the first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device in the ' Kumbhkaran ' shaft , which was sealed by the army engineers by 8 : 30 pm . The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed into the ' White House ' shaft by 4 am , and the fission device being placed in the ' Taj Mahal ' shaft was sealed at 7 : 30 am , which was 90 minutes before the planned test time . The shafts were L - shaped , with a horizontal chamber for the test device . The timing of the tests depended on the local weather conditions , with the wind being the critical factor . The tests were underground , but due to a number of shaft seal failures that had occurred during tests conducted by the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Kingdom , the sealing of the shaft could not be guaranteed to be leak - proof . By early afternoon , the winds had died down and the test sequence was initiated . Dr. K. Santhanam of the DRDO , in charge of the test site preparations , gave the two keys that activated the test countdown to Dr. M. Vasudev , the range safety officer , who was responsible for verifying that all test indicators were normal . After checking the indicators , Vasudev handed one key each to a representative of BARC and the DRDO , who unlocked the countdown system together . At 3 : 45 pm the three devices were detonated . Specifications and detonation ( edit ) Five nuclear devices were Made during Operation Shakti . All devices were weapon - grade plutonium and they were : Shakti I -- A thermonuclear device yielding 45 kt , but designed for up to 200 kt . Shakti II -- A plutonium implosion design yielding 15 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile . It was an improvement of the device detonated in the 1974 Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) test of 1974 , developed using simulations on the PARAM supercomputer . Shakti III -- An experimental linear implosion design that used `` non-weapon grade '' plutonium , but which likely omitted the material required for fusion , yielding 0.3 kt . Shakti IV - A 0.5 kt experimental device . Shakti V -- A 0.2 kt experimental device . An additional , sixth device ( Shakti VI ) is suspected to have been present but not detonated . At 3 : 43 pm IST ; three nuclear bombs ( specifically , the Shakti I , II and III ) were detonated simultaneously , as measured by international seismic monitors . On 13 May , at 12.21 p.m. IST 6 : 51 UTC , two sub-kiloton devices ( Shakti IV and V ) were detonated . Due to their very low yield , these explosions were not detected by any seismic station . On 13 May 1998 , India declared the series of tests to be over after this . Announcement ( edit ) Following the Pokhran - II tests , India became the sixth country to join the nuclear club . Shortly after the tests , a press meet was convened at the Prime Minister 's residence in New Delhi . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement : `` Today , at 15 : 45 hours , India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range . The tests conducted today were with a fission device , a low yield device and a thermonuclear device . The measured yields are in line with expected values . Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere . These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974 . I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests . '' Reactions to tests ( edit ) Domestic reactions ( edit ) News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large - scale approval by society in India . The Bombay Stock Exchange registered significant gains . Newspapers and television channels praised the government for its bold decision ; editorials were full of praise for the country 's leadership and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country 's armed forces . The Indian opposition , led by Congress Party criticised the Vajpayee administration for carrying out the series of nuclear tests . The Congress Party spokesman , Salman Khursheed , accused the BJP of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country 's national security . By the time India had conducted tests , the country had a total of $44 bn in loans in 1998 , from IMF and the World Bank . The industrial sectors of the Indian economy such as the chemicals industry , were likely to be hurt by sanctions . The Western consortium companies , which had invested heavily in India , especially in construction , computing and telecoms , were generally the ones who were harmed by the sanctions . In 1998 , Indian government announced that it had already allowed for some economic response and was willing to take the consequences . International reactions ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The United States issued a strong statement condemning India and promised that sanctions would follow . The American intelligence community was embarrassed as there had been `` a serious intelligence failure of the decade '' in detecting the preparations for the test . In keeping with its preferred approach to foreign policy in recent decades , and in compliance with the 1994 anti-proliferation law , the United States imposed economic sanctions on India . The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid , banning the export of certain defence material and technologies , ending American credit and credit guarantees to India , and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India . From 1998 -- 1999 , the United States held series of bilateral talks with India over the issue of India becoming party of the CTBT and NPT . In addition , the United States also made an unsuccessful attempt of holding talks regarding the rollback of India 's nuclear program . India took a firm stand against the CTBT and refusing to be signatory party of it despite under pressure by the US President Bill Clinton , and noted the treaty as it was not consistent with India 's national security interest . Canada , Japan , and other countries ( edit ) Strong criticism was drawn from Canada on India 's actions and its High Commissioner . Sanctions were also imposed by Japan on India and consisted of freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid to India . Some other nations also imposed sanctions on India , primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid to India and government - to - government credit lines . However , the United Kingdom , France , and Russia refrained from condemning India . China ( edit ) On 12 May the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated : `` The Chinese government is seriously concerned about the nuclear tests conducted by India , '' and that the tests `` run counter to the current international trend and are not conducive to peace and stability in South Asia . '' . The next day the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued the statement clearly stating that `` it is shocked and strongly condemned '' the Indian nuclear tests and called for the international community to `` adopt a unified stand and strongly demand that India immediate stop development of nuclear weapons '' . China further rejected India 's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as `` totally unreasonable '' . In a meeting with Masayoshi Takemura of Democratic Party of Japan , Foreign Minister of the People 's Republic of China Qian Qichen was quoted as saying that India 's nuclear tests were a `` serious matter , '' particularly because they were conducted in light of the fact that more than 140 countries have signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . `` It is even more unacceptable that India claims to have conducted the tests to counter what it called a `` China threat '' . On 24 November 1998 , the Chinese Embassy , New Delhi issued a formal statement : ( sic ) ... But regrettably , India conducted nuclear tests last May , which has run against the contemporary historical trend and seriously affected peace and stability in South Asia . Pakistan also conducted nuclear tests later on . India 's nuclear tests have not only led to the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan and provocation of nuclear arms races in South Asia , but also dealt a heavy blow to international nuclear disarmament and the global nonproliferation regime . It is only natural that India 's nuclear tests have met with extensive condemnation and aroused serious concern from the international community . -- Chinese Embassy , New Delhi Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : India - Pakistan relations The most vehement and strong reaction to India 's nuclear explosion was from a neighbouring country , Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a severe statement blaming India for instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vowed that his country would give a suitable reply to India . The day after the first tests , Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan indicated that Pakistan was ready to conduct a nuclear test . He stated : `` Pakistan is prepared to match India , we have the capability ... We in Pakistan will maintain a balance with India in all fields '' , he said in an interview . `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent . '' On 13 May 1998 , Pakistan bitterly condemned the tests , and Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub was quoted as saying that Indian leadership seemed to `` have gone berserk ( sic ) and was acting in a totally unrestrained way . '' Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was much more subdued , maintaining ambiguity about whether a test would be conducted in response : `` We are watching the situation and we will take appropriate action with regard to our security '' , he said . Sharif sought to mobilise the entire Islamic world in support of Pakistan and criticised India for nuclear proliferation . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had been under intense pressure regarding the nuclear tests by President Bill Clinton and Opposition leader Benazir Bhutto at home . Initially surprising the world , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif authorised nuclear testing program and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) carried out nuclear testings under the codename Chagai - I on 28 May 1998 and Chagai - II on 30 May 1998 . These six underground nuclear tests at the Chagai and Kharan test site were conducted fifteen days after India 's last test . The total yield of the tests was reported to be 40 kt ( see codename : Chagai - I ) . Pakistan 's subsequent tests invited similar condemnation from the United States . American President Bill Clinton was quoted as saying `` Two wrongs do n't make a right '' , criticising Pakistan 's tests as reactionary to India 's Pokhran - II . The United States and Japan reacted by imposing economic sanctions on Pakistan . According to the Pakistan 's science community , the Indian nuclear tests gave an opportunity to Pakistan to conduct nuclear tests after 14 years of conducting only cold tests ( See : Kirana - I ) . Pakistan 's leading nuclear physicist , Pervez Hoodbhoy , held India responsible for Pakistan 's nuclear test experiments in Chagai . UN sanctions ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 The reactions from abroad started immediately after the tests were advertised . On 6 June , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1172 condemning the test and that of Pakistan 's . China issued a vociferous condemnation calling upon the international community to exert pressure on India to sign the NPT and eliminate its nuclear arsenal . With India joining the group of countries possessing nuclear weapons , a new strategic dimension had emerged in Asia , particularly South Asia . Effects on Indian economy ( edit ) Overall , the effect of international sanctions on Indian economy was minimal ; the technological progress was marginal . Most nations did not call for embargoes against India as the exports and imports together constituted only 4.0 % of its GDP , with United States trade accounting for only 10.0 % of this total . Far more significant were the restrictions on lending imposed by the United States and its representatives on international finance bodies . Most of the sanctions were lifted within five years . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in India The Indian government has officially declared the 11 May as National Technology Day in India to commemorate the first of the five nuclear tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998 . It was officially signed by then - Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1998 and the day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology . In popular culture ( edit ) Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran is a 2018 Bollywood movie based on India 's underground Pokhran - II nuclear test . See also ( edit ) India and weapons of mass destruction Pokhran - I -- First nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Operation Shakti : 1998 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org. 30 March 2001 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN India Bureau ( 17 May 1998 ) . `` India releases pictures of nuclear tests '' . CNN India Bureau , 1998 . CNN India Bureau . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release by India '' . meadev.gov.in/ . Ministry of External Affairs , 1998 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : et . al . `` The nuclear politics : The 1998 Election '' . Nuclear weapon archives . Nuclear politics . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` US imposes sanctions on India '' . BBC America . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bates , Crispin ( 2007 ) . Subalterns and Raj : South Asia Since 1600 . Routledge . p. 343 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21484 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Sublette , Carey . `` The Long Pause : 1974 -- 1989 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Chengappa , Raj ( 2000 ) . Weapons of peace : the secret story of India 's quest to be a nuclear power . New Delhi : Harper Collins Publishers , India . pp. 219 -- 220 . ISBN 81 - 7223 - 330 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : weapon archive . `` The Momentum builds '' . Nuclear weapon Archive . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 4 January 1996 ) . `` India wants to divert attention from N - test plan '' . Dawn Archives . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UN General Assembly -- 11th Meeting official records '' ( PDF ) . documents-dds-ny.un.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Team , ODS . `` UN General Assembly -- 10th Meeting official records '' ( PDF ) . documents-dds-ny.un.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Masood Haider ( 5 September 1995 ) . `` Pakistan 's raising of Kashmir issue upsets India '' . Dawn . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ See : Pakistani general elections , 1997 Jump up ^ ( PTI ) , Press Trust of India . `` Pokhran II row : Sethna slams Kalam , Iyengar says tests were done in haste '' . DNA News . dna news . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Books : Weapons of Peace -- How the CIA was Fooled '' . India Today . Jump up ^ `` Forces gung - ho on N - arsenal '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Note : While the plutonium used in Shakti III has been reported in some sources as `` reactor - grade '' , it may have been fuel - grade , which is intermediate between the former and weapons - grade ; cf . Why You Ca n't Build a Bomb From Spent Fuel Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Press Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Planned Series of Nuclear Tests Completed '' . Indian Government < http://www.indiagov.org/news/official/19980516/official.htm > . Ministry of External Affairs . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ BBC Report ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Asia 's nuclear challenge : Third World joins the nuclear club '' . BBC India 1998 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister 's announcement of India 's three underground nuclear tests '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lyon , David ( 31 May 1998 ) . `` India detonates two more bombs '' . BBC India , 1998 ( Follow up ) . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Reports ( 1 June 1998 ) . `` India -- will sanctions bite ? '' . BBC Economic review . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Weiner , T. ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Nuclear anxiety : The Blunders ; U.S. Blundered On Intelligence , Officials Admit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. imposes sanctions on India '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Chandrasekharan , S. `` CTBT : where does India stand ? '' . southasiaanalysis.org/ . South Asia analysis . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clarifying India 's Nascent Nuclear Doctrine '' . armscontrol.org/ . arms control interview . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/east-meets-far-east/article6365598.ece Jump up ^ `` U.S. lifts final sanctions on Pakistan '' . CNN . 29 October 2001 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Charan D. Wadhva ( 27 June -- 3 July 1998 ) . `` Costs of Economic Sanctions : Aftermath of Pokhran II '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 33 ( 26 ) : 1604 -- 1607 . JSTOR 4406922 . Jump up ^ `` China is ' Seriously Concerned ' But Restrained in Its Criticism , '' . New York Times , 13 May 1998 . 13 May 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Resources on India and Pakistan ( 1999 ) . `` China 's Reaction to India 's Nuclear Tests '' . CNS Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Active Correspondents ( 24 November 1998 ) . `` India - China Claim ' active approach '' . The Hindu , 24 / xi - 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Special Report ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Pakistan condemns India 's nuclear tests '' . BBC Pakistan . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gertz , Bill ( 2013 ) . Betrayal : How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security . Washington DC : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 1 - 62157 - 137 - 8 . Jump up ^ See Chagai - I Jump up ^ cns.miis.edu at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 2001 - 11 - 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's tests '' . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoodbhoy , PhD ( Nuclear Physics ) , Pervez Amerali ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Bayonet '' . Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy , Doctor of Philosophy ( Nuclear Physics ) , Professor of Nuclear and High - Energy Physics at the Quaid - e-Azam University and Senior academic research scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics . Dr. Prof. Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy and The Herald . ^ Jump up to : Dittmer , L. , ed. ( 2005 ) . South Asia 's nuclear security dilemma : India , Pakistan , and China . Armonk , NY : Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1419 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Press Information Bureau ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` National technology day celebrated '' . Department of Science and Technology . Archived from the original on 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) Nuclear Weapons Archive : Operation Shakti India aborted nuclear bomb plans in 1994 Sumit Ganguly ( Spring 1999 ) . `` India 's Pathway to Pokhran II : The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi 's Nuclear Weapons Program '' . International Security . 23 ( 4 ) : 148 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 23.4. 148 . JSTOR 2539297 . Chengappa , Raj . How the CIA was Fooled written by Raj Chengappa ( Weapons of peace ) . India Today . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ 44 '' N 71 ° 43 ′ 20 '' E  /  27.07884 ° N 71.722113 ° E  / 27.07884 ; 71.722113 Pokhran - II ( Operation Shakti ) Sites 58th Regiment of the Army Engineering Corps Pokhran CIRUS reactor Department of Atomic Energy Rajasthan Trombay Research Institutes Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory ( TBRL ) High Energy Materials Research Laboratory ( HEMRL ) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Administrators Atal Bihari Vajpai George Fernandes Brajesh Mishra Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Ved Prakash Malik Jaswant Singh Saleem Iqbal Shervani K. Subrahmanyam Scientists Raja Ramanna Homi Sethna A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Satinder Kumar Sikka K. Santhanam Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan P.K. Iyengar Rajagopala Chidambaram Ravi Grover Anil Kakodkar M.P. Parameswaran Srikumar Banerjee D.D. Sood M.S. Ramkumar Related articles India and weapons of mass destruction History of nuclear weapons Pokhran - I Trinity expolsion Tsar Bomba Operation Shakti Chagai - I Test No. 6 See also : Nuclear power in India Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 -- 1948 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokhran-II&oldid=862950617 '' Categories : Indian nuclear weapons testing 1998 in India 1998 in military history Pokaran Vajpayee administration initiatives Underground nuclear weapons testing Code names 1998 in science Political history of India Nuclear history of India Politics of India A.P.J. Abdul Kalam May 1998 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template other archives Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Français 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Great Britain Davis Cup team

Great Britain Davis Cup team - wikipedia Great Britain Davis Cup team Jump to : navigation , search Great Britain Association Lawn Tennis Association Confederation Tennis Europe Captain Leon Smith ITF ranking Current ranking ( 26 November 2016 ) Highest ranking 1 ( 30 November 2015 ) First international United States 3 -- 0 British Isles ( Longwood Cricket Club , Boston , Massachusetts , United States ; 8 -- 10 August 1900 ) Biggest win 5 -- 0 ( 15 -- 0 sets , 96 -- 16 games ) versus Poland ( Warsaw , Poland ; 15 -- 17 May 1925 ) World Group Appearances 16 Best result Champions , 1903 , 1904 , 1905 , 1906 , 1912 , 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 2015 Player stats The Great Britain Davis Cup team is the men 's national tennis team and has represented the United Kingdom internationally since 1900 . Organised by the Lawn Tennis Association ( LTA ) , it is one of the 50 members of International Tennis Federation 's European association ( Tennis Europe ) . The United Kingdom team 's performance has been inconsistent ; it enjoyed its most successful periods in the 1910s and the 1930s , and has seen a resurgence in recent years . The team has won the world cup 10 times and been runner - ups on 8 occasions . It has longstanding rivalries with Australia and the United States . The national team took part in the inaugural Davis Cup in 1900 , and has spent 16 years in the World Group . They are the third most successful team in terms of championships won . Under the current management of Leon Smith , the national team qualified to the World Group in 2013 , won the title in 2015 , reached the semifinals of the in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years , dominance and rot ( 1900 -- 1986 ) 1.2 Declining fortunes ( 1986 -- 2010 ) 1.3 Resurgence under Leon Smith ( 2010 -- present ) 2 Captain 3 Players 3.1 Current 3.2 Recent 4 Results and fixtures 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years , dominance and rot ( 1900 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) Great Britain 's first match , and first ever national team match in history , was a 0 -- 3 loss to the United States in 1900 . The tournament was not organised in 1901 , and Britain lost the following year , but the British won the competition for the first time in 1903 . The national team would go on to dominate the competition , winning the next three tournaments . The postwar period saw moderate results , but British fortunes declined until the appointment of 31 - year old Paul Hutchins as captain in 1976 . He would captain the team for 10 years , and lead the team in 31 ties ( a record ) . He would lead Great Britain to the final in 1978 , defeating Australia 3 -- 2 in the semifinal , only to lose to the United States 1 -- 4 . Despite losing in the final , the team won ( alongside the women 's Wightman Cup team ) the BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award . Likewise , it was the first time the LTA promoted the event . According to The Guardian `` Britain has seen a decline in its Davis Cup fortunes ever since ( the final ) . '' The next two years saw mixed results , but in 1981 the team reached the semifinals , losing to Australia . It would be their last semifinal until 2015 . Declining fortunes ( 1986 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Warren Jacques , an Australian , was appointed captain in 1988 as Hutchins ' replacement . He was appointed due to his former role in coaching Kevin Curren , the 1985 Wimbledon finalist . However , the idea to appoint a person who was not of the team 's nationality was so foreign that the LTA sought `` special dispensation '' from the International Tennis Federation . The team 's results continued to slide under Jacques leadership . Following the team 's 0 -- 5 defeat to France , Jacques was removed as captain and replaced by Tony Pickard . When asked about the defeat , Jacques claimed `` We 're ten years from being competitive in the Davis Cup . '' In the ensuing years , under Pickard 's leadership , Great Britain would manage to keep its place in the World Group . In 1994 , Pickard `` delivered a scathing attack on the Lawn Tennis Association 's training department and threatened to resign as captain unless his views ( were ) acted upon '' after the team 's defeat to Portugal . In response the LTA did not renew Pickard 's contract . The team lost the last four matches under Pickard 's stewardship , marking the worst performance in twenty years . David Lloyd took over as captain later that year . His captaincy started well , with Great Britain winning the Europe / Africa Zone II , and being promoted to the Europe / Africa Zone I . The team would remain in Europe / Africa Zone I throughout the rest of Lloyd 's captaincy . The defeat to the Czech national team in 2000 led to the resignation of David Lloyd as captain . Before his departure he criticised the British player for not being fit enough . On his departure , Lloyd went on to criticise the LTA and it 's work . In response John Crowther , the Executive Director of the LTA , stated they had `` lost confidence '' his Lloyd 's abilities , and appointed former top 10 player Roger Taylor as his replacement . During Taylor 's captaincy , the post itself was under criticism , with Tim Henman claiming `` It 's mainly handing out the drinks and the bananas '' since most of the players had their own coaches . Taylor 's first match as captain was against Ecuador , in which Britain lost 2 -- 3 at home on grass . The Guardian quipped that `` In one hundred years of the Davis Cup there had never been a more embarrassing defeat . '' Despite this , the team continued to decline in the ranking . In their 2003 match against Australia the team 's top player was ranked 163 in the world ; both Henman and Greg Rusedski were hampered by injury , and could not take part . On 1 January 2004 Jeremy Bates was appointed as team captain . He led the national team to two victories in eight ties , and resigned after the team 's 2 -- 3 defeat to Israel . John Lloyd was employed later that year as the team 's new captain . He is the brother of David Lloyd , a former team captain . The decline continued , and John Lloyd captained his last match in 2010 , when the team lost 2 -- 3 to Lithuania . On his resignation , he stated `` Call me old - fashioned , but when is it a convenience , and not a privilege , to play for your country ? '' He went on to criticise the mentality that Andy Murray did n't need to play as long as the rest of the team were not good enough , claiming that neither the British public or media would accept such a position if Wayne Rooney had used the same argument . Henman backed Lloyd , claiming it would be wrong to fault Lloyd and coach Paul Annacone for the team 's bad performance over the years . The problem was structural he argued , and lamented the failture of the LTA to produce talented players . Resurgence under Leon Smith ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) From left to right : Smith , Ward , Evans , Colin Fleming and Jonathan Marray after their 2013 tie against Russia Leon Smith was appointed as team captain in 2010 . His first tie was against Turkey in the play - offs of the Europe / Africa Zone Group II ( the second lowest tier in the game ) at home in Eastbourne , UK . A defeat would have sent the national team to the lowest tier of the game . Smith picked James Ward , Jamie Baker , Colin Fleming and Ken Skupski to play the tie , and defeated Turkey 5 -- 0 . This would mark the beginning of the team 's resurgence . In 2011 , the team won the Europe / Africa Zone Group II ( third division ) , and was promoted to the Europe / Africa Zone Group I. Andy Murray , who had not played in the 2009 competition , returned in 2010 for the match against Luxembourg , winning 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 against Laurent Bram in the first rubber . Explaining his hiatus , Murray quipped that he `` wanted the younger guys to step up and experience it '' , claiming `` There was no use for us being in the World Group because we were n't ready for it . '' 2012 started well , with a 3 -- 2 victory over Slovakia , but ended with the first defeat under Smith 's captaincy against Belgium . In its second round of the 2013 Europe / Africa Zone Group I the team won from 0 -- 2 down , to defeat Russia 3 -- 2 . Both Dan Evans and Ward had lost five setters on the first day , but a victory in the doubles and a five - set win by Ward on the third day , gave way to a straight sets victory in the fifth rubber . It was the first time since 1930 that the national team had managed to win from 0 -- 2 down . In the World Group play - offs that year Murray returned after a two - year hiatus , and helped defeat Croatia 4 -- 1 . It would mark the team 's return to the World Group , having dropped out in 2007 . In the team 's first match in the World Group since 2007 , Great Britain won 3 -- 1 over the United States , marking its first victory in the World Group since 1986 . The tie was played on clay courts in the United States in the hope that the Americans would defeat Murray on his weakest surface . The team would lose its next tie against Italy 1 -- 3 . The team started 2015 in the World Group , and would win the title for the first time in 79 years ( last victory was in 1936 ) . On their run to the final , the team defeated the United States , France and Australia before defeating Belgium in the final . It would mark the first final reached since 1978 . As defending champions in 2016 the team reached the semifinals , in which they were defeated by Argentina 2 -- 3 . Captain ( edit ) 34 different individuals has served as Captain of the Great Britain Davis Cup team . Arthur Gore ( 1900 ) William Collins ( 1902 -- 1908 ) Josiah Ritchie ( 1908 -- 1909 ) James Parke ( 1909 -- 1911 ) Charles Dixon ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Roger McNair ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Alfred Hickson ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roger McNair ( 1919 -- 1922 ) Arthur Bately ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Frank Riseley ( 1923 -- 1924 ) Anthony Sabelli ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Albert Prebble ( 1925 -- 1927 ) Herbert Barrett ( 1927 -- 1928 ) Anthony Sabelli ( 1928 -- 1930 ) Herbert Barrett ( 1930 -- 1938 ) Francis Stowe ( 1938 -- 1948 ) Colin Gregory ( 1948 -- 1953 ) Herman David ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Geoff Paish ( 1956 -- 1959 ) John Barrett ( 1959 -- 1962 ) Headley Baxter ( 1962 -- 1967 ) Peter Hare ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Headley Baxter ( 1968 -- 1971 ) Ken Jarvis ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Tony Pickard ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Paul Hutchins ( 1976 -- 1986 ) Warren Jacques ( 1987 -- 1991 ) Tony Pickard ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Bill Knight ( 1994 -- 1995 ) David Lloyd ( 1995 -- 2000 ) Roger Taylor ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Jeremy Bates ( 2004 -- 2006 ) John Lloyd ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Leon Smith ( 2010 -- present ) Players ( edit ) For a list of former Davis Cup representatives , see List of Great Britain Davis Cup team representatives . Current ( edit ) The following players have been picked to play matches in the 2017 season . Player Date of birth ( age ) Singles ( W -- L ) Doubles ( W -- L ) Latest call - up Edmund , Kyle Kyle Edmund ( 1995 - 01 - 08 ) 8 January 1995 ( age 22 ) 3 -- 5 -- 2017 First Round Evans , Dan Dan Evans ( 1990 - 05 - 23 ) 23 May 1990 ( age 27 ) 6 -- 14 -- 2017 First Round Inglot , Dominic Dominic Inglot ( 1986 - 03 - 06 ) 6 March 1986 ( age 31 ) -- 2 -- 3 2017 First Round Murray , Jamie Jamie Murray ( 1986 - 02 - 13 ) 13 February 1986 ( age 31 ) 0 -- 1 11 -- 4 2017 First Round Recent ( edit ) The following players played for the national team in the past 12 months , but are not part of the current squad . Player Date of birth ( age ) Singles ( W -- L ) Doubles ( W -- L ) Latest call - up Murray , Andy Andy Murray ( 1987 - 05 - 15 ) 15 May 1987 ( age 30 ) 30 -- 3 9 -- 5 2016 Semifinals Ward , James James Ward ( 1987 - 02 - 09 ) 9 February 1987 ( age 30 ) 10 -- 11 -- 2016 Quarterfinals Results and fixtures ( edit ) Main article : Great Britain Davis Cup team results Year Competition Date Surface Venue Opponent Score Result 2016 World Group , First round 4 -- 6 March Hard ( i ) Barclaycard Arena , Birmingham ( GBR ) Japan 3 -- 1 Win World Group , Quarterfinals 15 -- 17 July Clay Tašmajdan Stadium , Belgrade ( SRB ) Serbia ( 7 ) 3 -- 2 Win World Group , Semifinals 16 -- 18 September Hard ( i ) Commonwealth Arena , Glasgow ( GBR ) Argentina ( 6 ) 2 -- 3 Loss 2017 World Group , First round 3 -- 5 Feb Hard ( i ) TD Place Arena , Ottawa ( CAN ) Canada 3 -- 2 Win World Group , Quarterfinals 7 -- 9 Apr Clay ( i ) Kindarena , Rouen ( FRA ) France 1 -- 4 Loss Notes = Played on hardcourt indoor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bowers , Chris . `` What a racquet : Britain 's Davis Cup history '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` Andy and Jamie Murray win Davis Cup doubles thriller '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Britain '' . Davis Cup . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Former Davis Cup captain Paul Hutchins '' . The Scotsman. 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frozen in time : 7 October 1978 '' . The Guardian . 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Briggs , Simon ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Davis Cup final : From humiliation in Vilnius to one match from glory '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feinstein 2011 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John ( 28 March 1994 ) . `` Tennis : Britain plummet to new depths : Davis Cup captain attacks LTA 's training '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , John ( 31 March 1994 ) . `` Tennis : Pickard 's angry exit as Davis Cup captain '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lloyd sacked as Davis Cup captain '' . BBC News . 28 February 1998 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor braves the storm '' . The Guardian . 21 September 2001 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , Jim ( 3 February 2003 ) . `` Taylor made '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bates quits as Davis Cup captain '' . BBC News . 24 July 2006 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lloyd is new GB Davis Cup captain '' . BBC News . 9 August 2006 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgkinson , Mark ( 17 March 2010 ) . `` John Lloyd resigns as GB Davis Cup coach '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgkinson , Mark ( 11 March 2010 ) . `` Tim Henman rules himself out of GB Davis Cup job '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schooler , Andy ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Davis Cup : How Great Britain went from no - hopers to champions '' . Sky News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray guides Great Britain back to Davis Cup World Group '' . BBC World News . 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup , Canada v Great Britain : Vasek Pospisil levels after Dan Evans wins opener '' . Davis Cup 2013 : Great Britain shock Russia in Coventry . BBC World News . 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Davis Cup 2014 : Andy Murray completes Great Britain 's passage into quarter - finals with win over Sam Querrey '' . The Daily Telegraph . 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italy bounce back to defeat Great Britain in Davis Cup quarter - final '' . The Guardian . 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` Davis Cup 2015 : Great Britain win competition for the first time in 79 years after Andy Murray beats David Goffin '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Newbery , Piers ( 19 July 2015 ) . `` Andy Murray puts Great Britain into Davis Cup semi-finals '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mirza , Raz ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` Great Britain 's hold on the Davis Cup ended after semi-final defeat to Argentina '' . Sky News . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Feinstein , John ( 2011 ) . Hard Courts : Real Life on the Professional Tennis Tours . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 0307800962 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Britain Davis Cup team . Team page on DavisCup.com National sports teams of the United Kingdom A1GP American football Australian football Baseball Basketball men women Football men women Olympic men women Paralympic cerebral palsy Field hockey men women Gymnastics Handball men women Ice hockey men women Korfball Muggle Quidditch Pitch and Putt Rugby League men women Rugby Sevens men women Rugby Union men women Squash men women Tennis men women Track racing Long track Speedway Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair basketball men women The Olympics The Paralympics European Games Team GB British Olympic Association British Paralympic Association Davis Cup Current champions ( 2017 ) : France Editions 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Groups 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Groups Play - offs 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Group teams Australia Belgium Canada Croatia France Germany Great Britain Hungary Italy Japan Kazakhstan Netherlands Serbia Spain Switzerland United States Former World Group teams Argentina Austria Brazil Belarus Chile Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Ecuador India Indonesia Ireland Israel Mexico Morocco New Zealand Paraguay Peru Poland Romania Russia Slovakia South Africa South Korea Sweden Yugoslavia Zimbabwe Players American Argentine Australian Austrian Belarusian Belgian Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Croatian Cuban Czech Czechoslovak Danish Dutch Ecuadorian French German Hungarian Indian Indonesian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Kazakhstani Korean Mexican Montenegrin Moroccan New Zealand Paraguayan Peruvian Polish Romanian Russian Serbian Slovakian South African Soviet Spanish Swedish Swiss Yugoslavian Zimbabwean List of champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Britain_Davis_Cup_team&oldid=815996663 '' Categories : Davis Cup teams Great Britain national tennis team Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did great britain win the davis cup

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Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States

Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . The procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States are governed by the U.S. Constitution , various federal statutes , and the Court 's own internal rules . Since 1869 , the Court has consisted of one chief justice and eight associate justices . Justices are nominated by the president , and with the advice and consent ( confirmation ) of the U.S. Senate , appointed to the Court by the president . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed from office . Established pursuant to Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution in 1789 , it has original jurisdiction over a small range of cases , such as suits between two or more states , and those involving ambassadors . It also has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all federal court and state court cases that involve a point of constitutional or statutory law . Most of the cases the Supreme Court hears are appeals from lower courts . Moreover , the Court has the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the Constitution or an executive act for being unlawful . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions . Contents 1 Terms and sittings 2 The Court 's authority to hear cases 2.1 Appellate jurisdiction 2.2 Original jurisdiction 3 Selection of cases 4 Hearing cases 4.1 Filing briefs 4.2 Oral arguments 5 Forming opinions 5.1 The conference : assignment of opinions 5.2 Circulating draft opinions and changing of views 5.2. 1 Tied votes and lack of quorum 5.3 Announcement of opinions 6 Reporting and citation of cases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Terms and sittings ( edit ) A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of approximately two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . The Court 's authority to hear cases ( edit ) Appellate jurisdiction ( edit ) In nearly all of the cases heard by the Supreme Court , the Court exercises the appellate jurisdiction granted it by Article III of the Constitution . This authority permits the Court to review -- and affirm or overturn -- decisions made by lower courts and tribunals . Procedures for bringing cases before the Supreme Court have changed significantly over time . Today , cases are brought before the Supreme Court by one of several methods , of which the first two account for the overwhelming majority of cases decided : By petition for a writ of certiorari , filed by a party to a case that has been decided by one of the United States courts of appeals or by the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . By petition for writ of certiorari with respect to a decision of one of the territorial or state courts , after all state appeals have been exhausted , where an issue of federal constitutional or statutory law is in question . The writ is usually issued to a state supreme court ( including high courts of the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and American Samoa ) , but is occasionally issued to a state 's intermediate appellate court for cases where the state supreme court denied certiorari or review and thereby refused to hear the appeal . By petition for certiorari before judgment , which permits the Court to expedite a case pending before a United States court of appeals by accepting the case for review before the appellate court has decided it . However , Supreme Court Rule 11 provides that a case may be taken by the Court before judgment in a lower court `` only upon a showing that the case is of such imperative public importance as to justify deviation from normal appellate practice and to require immediate determination in this Court . '' By appeal from certain decisions of United States district courts in certain cases involving redistricting of congressional or state legislative districts , or when specifically authorized in a particular statute . By a certified question or proposition of law from one of the United States Courts of Appeals , meaning that the Court of Appeals requests the Supreme Court to instruct it on how to decide the case . This procedure was once common but is now rarely invoked ; the last certificate accepted for review was in 1981 . By petition for an `` extraordinary writ '' such as mandamus , prohibition , or habeas corpus . These writs are rarely granted by the Supreme Court though they are more frequently granted by lower courts . Original jurisdiction ( edit ) Certain cases that have not been considered by a lower court may be heard by the Supreme Court in the first instance under what is termed original jurisdiction . The Supreme Court 's authority in this respect is also derived from Article III of the Constitution , which states that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction `` in all cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and those in which a state shall be party . '' The original jurisdiction of the Court is set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1251 . This statute provides further that , in the case of disputes between two or more states , the Supreme Court holds both original and exclusive jurisdiction and no lower court may hear such cases . The number of original jurisdiction cases heard by the court is small ; generally only one or two such cases are heard per term . Because the nine - member Supreme Court is not well - suited to conducting pretrial proceedings or trials , original jurisdiction cases accepted by the Court are typically referred to a well - qualified lawyer or lower - court judge to serve as special master , conduct the proceedings , and report recommendations to the Court . The Court then considers whether to accept the special master 's report or whether to sustain any exceptions filed to the report . Although jury trials are in theory possible in the Court 's original jurisdiction cases , there has not been one since Georgia v. Brailsford in 1794 . In 1950 , in the case United States v. Louisiana , the state of Louisiana moved for a jury trial , but the Court denied the motion , ruling that the suit was an equity action and not an action at law , and that therefore the Seventh Amendment guarantee of a jury trial did not apply . If a matter involving an action at law did come before the court , however , a jury would likely be empaneled and would hear the case alongside the justices of the Court . Selection of cases ( edit ) Since the Judiciary Act of 1925 ( `` The Certiorari Act '' in some texts ) , the majority of the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction has been discretionary . Each year , the court receives approximately 9,000 -- 10,000 petitions for certiorari , of which less than 1 % ( approximately 80 -- 100 ) , are granted plenary review with oral arguments , and an additional 50 to 60 are disposed of without plenary review . The Court strictly enforces its requirements for the preparation and timely filing of certiorari petitions , in order to manage such a massive caseload . This occasionally results in harsh consequences , as Justice Thomas acknowledged in a 2007 opinion : `` Just a few months ago , the Clerk , pursuant to this Court 's Rule 13.2 , refused to accept a petition for certiorari submitted by Ryan Heath Dickson because it had been filed one day late ... Dickson was executed on April 26 , 2007 , without any Member of this Court having even seen his petition for certiorari . The rejected certiorari petition was Dickson 's first in this Court , and one can only speculate as to whether denial of that petition would have been a foregone conclusion . '' In theory , each Justice 's clerks write a brief for the Justice outlining the questions presented , and offering a recommendation as to whether certiorari should be granted ; in practice , most Justices ( all of the current court , except Justices Alito and Gorsuch ) have their clerks participate in the cert pool . During the Justices ' regular conference , the Justices discuss the petitions , and grant certiorari in less than five percent of the cases filed . ( During the 1980s and 1990s , the number of cases accepted and decided each term approached 150 per year ; more recently , the number of cases granted has averaged well under 100 annually ) . Before each conference , the Chief Justice prepares a list of those petitions he believes have sufficient merit to warrant discussion . Any other Justice may also add a case to the `` discuss list '' ; cases not designated for discussion by any Justice are automatically denied review . The Court or a Justice may also decide that a case be `` re-listed '' for discussion at a later conference ; this occurs , for example , where the Court decides to request input from the Solicitor General of the United States on whether a petition should be granted . The votes of four Justices at conference ( see Rule of four ) will suffice to grant certiorari and place the case on the court 's calendar . If the Supreme Court grants certiorari ( or the certified question or other extraordinary writ ) , then a briefing schedule is arranged for the parties to submit their briefs in favor of or against a particular form of relief . During this time , an individual or group having an interest in a case but not a party to the case may submit a motion to appear before the court as amicus curiae ( `` friend of the court '' ) . Except for certain specific categories ( such as lawyers for state and local governments ) or where all parties to the case consent , it is in the Court 's discretion whether such motions are granted . The grant or denial of certiorari petitions by the Court are usually issued as one - sentence orders without explanation . Cases that fall within the Court 's original jurisdiction are initiated by filing a complaint directly with the Supreme Court , and normally are assigned to a special master appointed by the Court for the taking of evidence and making recommendations , after which the Court may accept briefs and hear oral arguments as in an appellate case . Hearing cases ( edit ) Filing briefs ( edit ) Before oral arguments , the parties to a case file legal briefs outlining their arguments . An amicus curiae may also submit a brief in support of a particular outcome in the case if the Court grants it permission . Formal rules govern every aspect of these briefs ; Chief Justice William Rehnquist described the rules thus : The rules direct what information must be included in a brief , describe the size of paper and type of print , and limit the number of pages . Even the colors of the covers of the briefs are specified : the petitioner 's brief must have a blue cover and the respondent 's must have a red cover . The Court also often receives briefs from amici curiae ( friends of the Court ) in particular cases , and these must have a green cover . This color - coding comes in very handy when you have a stack of eight or ten briefs in a particular case and can locate the brief you want by its color without having to read the covers of each . Oral arguments ( edit ) Thereafter , if the Court chooses to hold a hearing , each side has thirty minutes to present its case orally . In exceptional and controversial cases , however , the time limit may be extended . In the Court 's early years , attorneys might argue a single case for hours or even days ; but as the judicial workload increased , the time available for argument has been restricted . The late Chief Justice Rehnquist was noted for his especially strict enforcement of the argument time limits . To file pleadings or to argue a case , an attorney must be a member of the bar of the Court . ( The primary requirement for admission to the Bar is that the attorney must have been admitted to practice in the highest court of a state or territory for at least the past three years . ) Justices are allowed to interrupt the attorney speaking in order to ask him or her questions , and particularly since the arrival of Justice Antonin Scalia in 1986 , do so often . The Court began recording Oral Arguments in October 1955 . Beginning in October 2010 , the Supreme Court began the practice of posting recordings and transcripts of the oral arguments made during the preceding week on Fridays on the Court 's website . In an interview for C - SPAN , former Justice Scalia , speaking for himself , noted that by the time the Justices hear oral arguments , having read the submissions by the parties and amici , it was `` very rare , though not unheard of '' , for the discussion during the oral arguments to change his view of a case in which he had already made up his mind based on the submissions and his research about the case . However , he also made the point that it was `` quite common '' for him to go into Oral Arguments with his mind not made up yet , as the cases are usually very hard and difficult , and that in those situations a persuasive attorney could make the difference for him . Forming opinions ( edit ) The conference : assignment of opinions ( edit ) At the end of a week in which the Court has heard oral arguments , the Justices hold a conference to discuss the cases and vote on any new petitions of certiorari . The Justices discuss the points of law at issue in the cases . No clerks are permitted to be present , which would make it exceedingly difficult for a justice without a firm grasp of the matters at hand to participate . At this conference , each justice -- in order from most to least senior -- states the basis on which he or she would decide the case , and a preliminary vote is taken . Former Justice Scalia professed frustration that there is little substantive discussion , while former Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote that this makes the conference more efficient . The votes are tallied , and the responsibility for writing the opinion in the case is assigned to one of the justices ; the most senior Justice voting in the majority ( but always the Chief Justice if he is in the majority ) makes the assignment , and can assign the responsibility to him - or herself . Circulating draft opinions and changing of views ( edit ) The justice writing the opinion for the court will produce and circulate a draft opinion to the other justices . Each justice 's law clerks may be involved in this phase . In modern Supreme Court history only a few justices , such as former Justice Antonin Scalia , have regularly written their own first drafts . Once the draft opinion has been reviewed , the remaining Justices may recommend changes to the opinion . Whether these changes are accommodated depends on the legal philosophy of the drafters as well as on how strong a majority the opinion garnered at conference . A justice may instead simply join the opinion at that point without comment . Votes at conference are preliminary ; while opinions are being circulated , it is not unheard of for a justice to change sides . A justice may be swayed by the persuasiveness ( or lack thereof ) of the opinion or dissent , or as a result of reflection and discussion on the points of law at issue . The evolution of the justices ' views during the circulation of draft opinions can change the outcome of the case ; an opinion that begins as a majority opinion can become a dissenting opinion , and vice versa . At the conference for Planned Parenthood v. Casey , Justice Kennedy is said to have initially voted with Chief Justice Rehnquist , but then changed his mind , feeling unable to join Rehnquist 's draft opinion . While working for the Justice Department , present - day Chief Justice John Roberts -- a former Rehnquist law clerk -- wrote an analysis of Wallace v. Jaffree in which he indicated his belief ( based on the length and structure ) that Rehnquist 's dissent had started out as an opinion for the court , but lost its majority ; similar speculation is often heard of Justice O'Connor 's dissent in Kelo v. New London . Justice Kennedy is known within the Court for changing his mind subsequent to the conference , and Justice Thomas is known for having the tendency to lose a majority . Justices may change sides at any time prior to the handing down of the Court 's opinion . Generally , the Court 's decision is the opinion which a majority ( five or more ) of justices have joined . In rare instances , the Court will issue a plurality opinion in which four or fewer Justices agree on one opinion , but the others are so fractured that they can not agree on a position . In this circumstance , in order to determine what the decision is lawyers and judges will analyze the opinions to determine on which points a majority agrees . An example of a case decided by a plurality opinion is Hamdi v. Rumsfeld . A justice voting with the majority may write a concurring opinion ; this is an opinion where the justice agrees with the majority holding itself , but where he or she wishes to express views on the legal elements of the case that are not encompassed in the majority opinion . Justices who do not agree with the decision made by the majority may also submit dissenting opinions , which may give alternative legal viewpoints . Dissenting opinions carry no legal weight or precedent , but they can set the argument for future cases . John Marshall Harlan 's dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson set down for the majority opinion later in Brown v. Board of Education . After granting a writ of certiorari and accepting a case for review , the justices may decide against further review of the case . For example , the Court may feel the case presented during oral arguments did not present the constitutional issues in a clear - cut way , and that adjudication of these issues is better deferred until a suitable case comes before the court . In this event the writ of certiorari is `` dismissed as improvidently granted '' ( DIG ) -- saying , in effect that the Court should not have accepted the case . As with the granting or denial of cert , this dismissal is customarily made using a simple per curiam decision without explanation . Customarily , justices who were not seated at the time oral arguments were heard by the Supreme Court do not participate in the formulation of an opinion . Likewise , a justice leaving the Court prior to the handing down of an opinion does not take part in the Court 's opinion . Should the composition of the Court materially affect the outcome of a pending case , the justices will likely elect to reschedule the case for rehearing . Tied votes and lack of quorum ( edit ) If not all of the nine justices vote on a case , or the Court has a vacancy , then a tied vote is possible . If this occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but the case is not considered to be binding precedent . The effect is a return to the status quo ante . No opinions ( or voting alignments ) are issued in such a case , only the one - sentence announcement that `` ( t ) he judgment is affirmed by an equally divided Court . '' Omega S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp. is an example of such a case . The court tries to avoid such rulings when possible : After the retirement of Justice O'Connor in 2006 three cases would have ended with a tie . All cases were reargued to allow the newly appointed Samuel Alito to cast a decisive vote . A quorum of justices to hear and decide a case is six . If , through recusals or vacancies , fewer than six justices can participate in a case , and a majority of qualified justices determines that the case can not be heard in the next term , then the decision of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been equally divided on the case . An exception exists when this situation arises in one of the now - rare cases brought directly to the Supreme Court on appeal from a United States District Court ; in this situation , the case is referred to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the corresponding circuit for a final decision there by either the Court of Appeals sitting en banc , or a panel consisting of the three most senior active circuit judges . Announcement of opinions ( edit ) Throughout the term , but mostly during the last months of the term -- May , June , and , if necessary , July -- the Court announces its opinions . The decision of the Court is subsequently published , first as a slip opinion , and subsequently in the United States Reports . In recent years , opinions have been available on the Supreme Court 's website and other legal websites on the morning they are announced . Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom , the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through the Running of the Interns . The opinion of the Court is usually signed by the author ; occasionally , the Supreme Court may issue an unsigned opinion per curiam . The practice of issuing a single opinion of the Court was initiated during the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall during the early 19th century . This custom replaced the previous practice under which each Justice , whether in the majority or the minority , issued a separate opinion . The older practice is still followed by appellate courts in many common law jurisdictions outside the United States . Reporting and citation of cases ( edit ) For more specific details on how cases are cited , see case citation . Supreme Court decisions are typically cited as in the following example : `` Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) . '' The court citation consists of the names of the opposing parties ; the volume number ; `` U.S. '' ( signifying United States Reports , the official reporter of Supreme Court decisions ) ; the page number on which the decision begins ; and the year in which the case was decided . The names of the opposing parties are listed in the format `` Petitioner v. Respondent '' or `` Appellant v. Appellee . '' The Reporter of Decisions is responsible for publication of the Court 's rulings . Two other widely used citation formats exist : the Supreme Court Reporter and the Lawyers ' Edition , corresponding to two privately published collections of decisions . Citations to cases in the Supreme Court Reporter would be structured as follows : Snowden v. Hughes , 64 S. Ct. 397 ( 1944 ) . Citations to cases in the Lawyers ' Edition would be as follows : Snowden v. Hughes , 88 L. Ed . 497 ( 1944 ) . Judicial opinions often use the citation from all three sources ( the United States Reports , Supreme Court Reporter , and Lawyers ' Edition ) , as seen here : Martin v. Texas , 200 U.S. 316 , 26 S. Ct. 338 , 50 L. Ed . 497 ( 1906 ) . Since the 1930s , prior to publication of the decisions in these reporters , they are available from the United States Law Week ( U.S.L.W. ) . In more recent years , opinions have been available electronically soon after they appeared on commercial sites such as Lexis or Westlaw , on Internet sites such as FindLaw and on the Court 's own website . The Reporter of Decisions is the court official responsible for the publication of the Court 's opinions and orders . The current Reporter of Decisions is Christine Luchok Fallon . Decisions of the Supreme Court are precedents that bind all lower courts , both federal and state . The Supreme Court generally respects its own precedents , but has in some cases overturned them . See also ( edit ) Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court Case Selections Act United States Supreme Court building References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Supreme Court '' . Washington , D.C. : Administrative Office of the United States Courts . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Georgia v. Brailsford , Powell & Hopton , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Louisiana , 399 U.S. 699 ( 1950 ) . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin . `` Originalism : The Lesser Evil '' . University of Cincinnati Law Review . 57 : 849 , 850 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2006 ; Rehnquist , William H. ( September 27 , 2001 ) . Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ( Speech ) . Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato , Mexico . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Lazarus , Edward ( June 14 , 1998 ) . `` Closed Chambers '' . Booknotes ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Brian Lamb. C - SPAN . Jump up ^ `` The Justices ' Caseload '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States . Jump up ^ Bowles v. Russell , 551 U.S. 205 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Law.com . Regarding the picking of cases , see generally , Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . pp. 224 -- 238 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , David C. ; Wachtell , Melanie F. ( 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Analysis of Supreme Court Certiorari Petition Procedures '' . George Mason University Law Review . 16 ( 2 ) : 237 , 241 . SSRN 1377522 . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( September 27 , 2001 ) . Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ( Speech ) . Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato , Mexico ; cf . `` Part VII . Practice and Procedure . Rule 33 . Document Preparation : Booklet Format ; 8 1 / 2 - by 11 - Inch Paper Format '' . Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States . Supreme Court of the United States . April 19 , 2013 -- via Legal Information Institute , Cornell University . Jump up ^ Talbot , Margaret ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Confidence : The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2005 -- via New America Foundation . In his early years on the Court , Scalia 's exuberant questioning was not well received by his colleagues ... In Scalia 's first oral argument he asked so many questions that Powell whispered , ' Do you think he knows that the rest of us are here ? ' The other Justices have since caught up with Scalia . Now all of them -- with the exception of Clarence Thomas -- are garrulous Linder , Doug . `` Justices Brennan & Scalia Debate Creation - Science '' . On a bench lined with solemn gray figures who often sat as silently as pigeons on a railing , Scalia stood out like a talking parrot . Jump up ^ `` About the Oyez Project '' . Oyez Project . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Justice Antonin Scalia '' ( PDF ) ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Susan Swain. C - SPAN . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . ( I ) t is probably quite rare , although not unheard of , that oral argument will change my mind . But it is quite common that I go in with my mind not made up . I mean a lot of these cases are very close , and you go in on the knife 's edge . Persuasive counsel can make the difference . There are things you can do with oral argument that can not be done in a brief . You can convey the relative importance of your various points . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . p. 253 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Edward ( 2005 ) . Closed Chambers . New York : Penguin . p. 285 . ISBN 9780143035275 . to call our discussion of a case a conference is really something of a misnomer . It 's much more a statement of the views of each of the nine justices . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . pp. 254 -- 58 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Edward ( 2005 ) . Closed Chambers . New York : Penguin . p. 271 . ISBN 9780143035275 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Zimmerman , Carol ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Blackmun 's Papers Reveal Near Overturn of Roe '' . Catholic Herald . Catholic News Service . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Roberts , memo to Fred F. Fielding , June 4 , 1985 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Claeys , Eric ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` Did O'Connor Lose the Majority ? '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2005 ) . A Court Divided : The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law . New York : Norton . ISBN 9780393058680 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( January 2002 ) . `` Adarand Did n't Add Up : Lawyers Now Wonder Which Affirmative Action Case Court Will Take '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . 88 : 26 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S.C. Title 28 , Section 1 ; U.S.C. Title 28 , Section 2109 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Court Rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2010 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2013 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2013 rule revisions from the U.S. Supreme Court website ( with `` clerk comments '' that clarify what 's changing for 2013 and why ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timeline Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=865127782 '' Categories : United States procedural law Supreme Court of the United States United States appellate procedure Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 22 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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Hormone receptor

Hormone receptor - wikipedia Hormone receptor Jump to : navigation , search A hormone receptor is a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone . Hormone receptors are a wide family of proteins made up of receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones , retinoids and Vitamin D , and a variety of other receptors for various ligands , such as fatty acids and prostaglandins . There are two main classes of hormone receptors . Receptors for peptide hormones tend to be cell surface receptors built into the plasma membrane of cells and are thus referred to as trans membrane receptors . An example of this is insulin . Receptors for steroid hormones are usually found within the cytoplasm and are referred to as intracellular or nuclear receptors , such as testosterone . Upon hormone binding , the receptor can initiate multiple signaling pathways which ultimately lead to changes in the behavior of the target cells . Hormonal therapy and hormone receptors play a very large part in breast cancer treatment ( therapy is not limited to only breast cancer ) . By influencing the hormones , the cells ' growth can be changed along with its function . These hormones can cause cancer to not survive in the human body . Contents ( hide ) 1 General Ligand Binding 2 Functions 2.1 Transmission of Signal 2.1. 1 Intracellular ( Nuclear Receptors ) 2.1. 2 Trans - Membrane Receptors 2.2 Aiding Gene Expression 3 Classification 3.1 Receptors for water - soluble hormones 3.2 Receptors for lipid - soluble hormones 4 List of hormone receptors 5 References General ligand binding ( edit ) Signal molecule binds to its hormone receptor , inducing a conformational change in the receptor to begin a signaling cascade that will induce a cellular response . Hormone receptor proteins bind to a hormone as a result of an accumulation of weak interactions . Because of the relatively large size of enzymes and receptors , the large amount of surface area provides the basis for these weak interactions to occur . This binding is actually highly specific because of the complementarity of these interactions between polar , non-polar , charged , neutral , hydrophilic , or hydrophobic residues . Upon binding , the receptor often undergoes a conformational change and may bind further signaling ligands in order to activate a signaling pathway . Because of these highly specific and high affinity interactions between hormones and their receptors , very low concentrations of hormone are needed to produce significant cellular response . Receptors can have various different structures depending on the function of the hormone and the structure of its ligand . Therefore , hormone binding to its receptor is a complex process which can be mediated by cooperative binding , reversible and irreversible interactions , and multiple binding sites . Functions ( edit ) Transmission of signal ( edit ) The presence of hormone or multiple hormones enables a response in the receptor which begins a cascade of signaling . The hormone receptor interacts with different molecules in order to induce a variety of changes , such as the increase or decrease of nutrient sources , growth , and other metabolic functions . These signaling pathways are complex mechanisms mediated by feedback loops where different signals activate and inhibit other signals . If a signaling pathway ends with the increase in production of a nutrient , that nutrient is then a signal back to the receptor that acts as a competitive inhibitor to prevent further production . Signaling pathways regulate cells through activating or inactivating gene expression , transport of metabolites , and controlling enzymatic activity in order to manage growth and functions of metabolism . Intracellular ( nuclear receptors ) ( edit ) Intracellular and nuclear receptors are a direct way for the cell to respond to internal changes and signals . Intracellular receptors are activated by hydrophobic ligands which pass through the cellular membrane . All nuclear receptors are very similar in structure , and are described with intrinsic transcriptional activity . Intrinsic transcriptional involves the three following domains : transcription - activating , DNA - binding , and ligand - binding . These domains and ligands are hydrophobic and are able to travel through the membrane . The movement of macromolecules and ligand molecules into the cell enables a complex transport system of intracellular signal transfers through different cellular environments until response is enabled . Nuclear receptors are a special class of intracellular receptor which specifically aid the needs of the cell to express certain genes . Nuclear receptors often bind directly to DNA by targeting specific DNA sequences in order to express or repress transcription of nearby genes . Trans - membrane receptors ( edit ) The extracellular environment is able to induce changes within the cell . Hormones , or other extracellular signals , are able to induce changes within the cell by binding to membrane - bound receptors . This interaction allows the hormone receptor to produce second messengers within the cell to aid response . Second messengers may also be sent to interact with intracellular receptors in order to enter the complex signal transport system that eventually changes cellular function . Aiding gene expression ( edit ) Hormone receptors can behave as transcription factors by interacting directly with DNA or by cross-talking with signaling pathways . This process is mediated through co-regulators . In the absence of ligand , receptor molecules bind corepressors in order to repress gene expression , compacting chromatin through histone deacetylatase . When a ligand is present , nuclear receptors undergo a conformational change to recruit various coactivators . These molecules work to remodel chromatin . Hormone receptors have highly specific motifs which are able to interact with coregulator complexes . This is the mechanism through which receptors can induce regulation of gene expression depending on both the extracellular environment and the immediate cellular composition . Steroid hormones and their regulation by receptors are the most potent molecule interactions in aiding gene expression . Problems with nuclear receptor binding as a result of shortages of ligand or receptors can have drastic effects on the cell . The dependency on the ligand is the most important part in being able to regulate gene expression , so the absence of ligand is drastic to this process . For example , estrogen deficiency is a cause of osteoporosis and the inability to undergo a proper signaling cascade prevents bone growth and strengthening . Deficiencies in nuclear receptor - mediated pathways play a key role in the development of disease , like osteoporosis . Classification ( edit ) Receptors for water - soluble hormones ( edit ) Water - soluble hormones include glycoproteins , catecholamines , and peptide hormones composed of polypeptides , e.g. thyroid - stimulating hormone , follicle - stimulating hormone , luteinizing hormone and insulin . These molecules are not lipid - soluble and therefore can not diffuse through cell membranes . Consequently , receptors for peptide hormones are located on the plasma membrane because they have bound to a receptor protein located on the plasma membrane . Water - soluble hormones come from amino acids and are located and stored in endocrine cells until actually needed . The main two types of transmembrane receptor hormone receptor are the G - protein - coupled receptors and the enzyme - linked receptors . These receptors generally function via intracellular second messengers , including cyclic AMP ( cAMP ) , cyclic GMP ( cGMP ) , inositol 1 , 4 , 5 - trisphosphate ( IP3 ) and the calcium ( Ca ) - calmodulin system . Receptors for lipid - soluble hormones ( edit ) Cartoon representation of the human hormone estrogen receptor DBD . DNA = Orange and Blue . DBD of Estrogen Receptor = white . Zinc Atoms = Green . Steroid hormone receptors and related receptors are generally soluble proteins that function through gene activation . Lipid - soluble hormones target specific sequences of DNA by diffusing into the cell . When they have diffused into the cell , they bind to receptors ( intracellular ) , and migrate into the nucleus . heir response elements are DNA sequences ( promoters ) that are bound by the complex of the steroid bound to its receptor . The receptors themselves are zinc - finger proteins . These receptors include those for glucocorticoids ( glucocorticoid receptors ) , estrogens ( estrogen receptors ) , androgens ( androgen receptors ) , thyroid hormone ( T3 ) ( thyroid hormone receptors ) , calcitriol ( the active form of vitamin D ) ( calcitriol receptors ) , and the retinoids ( vitamin A ) ( retinoid receptors ) . Receptor - protein interactions induce the uptake and destruction of their respective hormones in order to regulate their concentration in the body . This is especially important for steroid hormones because many body systems are entirely steroid dependent . List of hormone receptors ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . For some of these classes , in any given species ( such as , for example , humans ) , there is a single molecule encoded by a single gene ; in other cases , there are several molecules in the class . Androgen receptors Calcitriol receptors Corticotropin - releasing hormone receptor 1 Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 Estrogen receptors Follicle - stimulating hormone receptors Glucagon receptors Gonadotropin receptors Gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptors Growth hormone receptors Luteinizing hormone Progesterone receptors Retinoid receptors Somatostatin receptors Thyroid hormone receptors Thyrotropin receptors References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Aranda , A. ; Pascual , A. ( 2001 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression '' . Physiological Reviews . 81 ( 3 ) : 1269 -- 1304 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 2001.81. 3.1269 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 11427696 . ^ Jump up to : Gammeltoft , S. ( 1984 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Insulin receptors : binding kinetics and structure - function relationship of insulin '' . Physiological Reviews . 64 ( 4 ) : 1321 -- 1378 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 6387730 . Jump up ^ McEwen , B.S. ; Kloet , E.R. De ; Rostene , W. ( 1986 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system '' . Physiological Reviews . 66 ( 4 ) : 1121 -- 1188 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 3532143 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Hormone Receptors and What They Do '' . Breastcancer.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 1 , Cox 2 , Lehninger 3 . Principles of Biochemistry . New York : Worth . p. 81 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mullur , Rashmi ; Liu , Yan - Yun ; Brent , Gregory A. ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism '' . Physiological Reviews . 94 ( 2 ) : 355 -- 382 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00030.2013 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMC 4044302 . PMID 24692351 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , L.S. ; Carter - Su , C. ( 1996 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Mechanism of signaling by growth hormone receptor '' . Physiological Reviews . 76 ( 4 ) : 1089 -- 1107 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 8874495 . Jump up ^ `` Mechanism of Action : Hormones with Intracellular Receptors '' . www.vivo.colostate.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Molecular Biology '' . www.uh.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Follis , Ariele Viacava ; Llambi , Fabien ; Ou , Li ; Baran , Katherine ; Green , Douglas R. ; Kriwacki , Richard W. ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The DNA - binding domain mediates both nuclear and cytosolic functions of p53 '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 21 ( 6 ) : 535 -- 543 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 2829 . ISSN 1545 - 9993 . PMC 4134560 . PMID 24814347 . Jump up ^ `` Ligand Binding Domain '' . www.ks.uiuc.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cell signalling '' . OpenLearn . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stockert , R.J. ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The asialoglycoprotein receptor : relationships between structure , function , and expression '' . Physiological Reviews . 75 ( 3 ) : 591 -- 609 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 7624395 . Jump up ^ Vasudevan , Nandini ; Ogawa , Sonoko ; Pfaff , Donald ( 2002 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Estrogen and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interactions : Physiological Flexibility by Molecular Specificity '' . Physiological Reviews . 82 ( 4 ) : 923 -- 944 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00014.2002 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 12270948 . Jump up ^ Imai , Yuuki ; Youn , Min - Young ; Inoue , Kazuki ; Takada , Ichiro ; Kouzmenko , Alexander ; Kato , Shigeaki ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Nuclear Receptors in Bone Physiology and Diseases '' . Physiological Reviews . 93 ( 2 ) : 481 -- 523 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00008.2012 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMC 3768103 . PMID 23589826 . Jump up ^ Boundless ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Mechanisms of Hormone Action '' . Boundless . Jump up ^ `` e. hormone Endocrine System : Types of Hormones '' . e.hormone.tulane.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Endocrine System '' . classes.midlandstech.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steroid Hormone Receptors and their Response Elements Jump up ^ Gimpl , Gerald ; Fahrenholz , Falk ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Oxytocin Receptor System : Structure , Function , and Regulation '' . Physiological Reviews . 81 ( 2 ) : 629 -- 683 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 11274341 . Jump up ^ `` Luteinizing hormone '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 03 - 15 . Neuropeptide receptors G protein - coupled receptor Hormone receptors Hypothalamic CRH FSH LHRH TRH Somatostatin Pituitary Vasopressin 1A 1B Oxytocin LHCG TSH Other Atrial natriuretic factor NPR3 Calcitonin Cholecystokinin VIP Opioid receptors Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin Other neuropeptide receptors Angiotensin Bradykinin B1 B2 Tachykinin TACR1 Calcitonin gene - related peptide Galanin GPCR neuropeptide B / W FF Y Neurotensin Type I cytokine receptor GH Prolactin Enzyme - linked receptor Atrial natriuretic factor NPR1 NPR2 Other Sigma Transcription factors and intracellular receptors ( 1 ) Basic domains ( 1.1 ) Basic leucine zipper ( bZIP ) Activating transcription factor AATF 5 6 7 AP - 1 c - Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c - Jun JUNB JunD BACH BATF BLZF1 C / EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF NFE L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF XBP1 ( 1.2 ) Basic helix - loop - helix ( bHLH ) ATOH1 AhR AHRR ARNT ASCL1 BHLH 9 ARNTL ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK EPAS1 FIGLA HAND HES 5 6 HEY HES1 HIF 1A 3A ID LYL1 MESP2 MXD4 MYCL1 MYCN Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 Neurogenins NeuroD NPAS OLIG Pho4 Scleraxis SIM TAL Twist USF1 ( 1.3 ) bHLH - ZIP AP - 4 MAX MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MXI1 Myc SREBP ( 1.4 ) NF - 1 NFI X SMAD R - SMAD 5 9 I - SMAD 6 7 4 ) ( 1.5 ) RF - X RFX 5 6 ANK ( 1.6 ) Basic helix - span - helix ( bHSH ) AP - 2 α β γ δ ε ( hide ) ( 2 ) Zinc finger DNA - binding domains ( 2.1 ) Nuclear receptor ( Cys ) subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β / δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev - ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP - TF ( I II Ear - 2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH - 1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP ( 2.2 ) Other Cys GATA 5 6 MTA TRPS1 ( 2.3 ) Cys His General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE TFIIF TFIIH 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR ERV3 GFI1 GLI - Krüppel family REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC HIVEP IKZF ILF KLF 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL SP 7 8 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 32 33 40 zinc finger 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 295 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 ( 2.4 ) Cys HIVEP1 ( 2.5 ) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D JMJD1B ( 2.6 ) WRKY WRKY ( 3 ) Helix - turn - helix domains ( 3.1 ) Homeodomain ARX CDX CRX CUTL1 DBX DLX 5 6 EMX EN FHL HESX1 HHEX HLX Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 HOPX IRX 5 6 MKX LMX 1A 1B MEIS MEOX2 MNX1 MSX NANOG NKX 2 - 1 2 - 2 2 - 3 2 - 5 3 - 1 3 - 2 6 - 1 6 - 2 NOBOX PBX PHF 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A PHOX 2A 2B PITX POU domain PIT - 1 BRN - 3 : A Octamer transcription factor : 1 3 / 4 6 7 11 OTX PDX1 SATB2 SHOX2 SIX 5 VAX1 ZEB ( 3.2 ) Paired box PAX 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX RAX ( 3.3 ) Fork head / winged helix E2F 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 D3 D4 E1 E3 F1 G1 H1 I1 J1 J2 K1 K2 L2 M1 N1 N3 O1 O3 O4 P1 P2 P3 P4 ( 3.4 ) Heat shock factors HSF ( 3.5 ) Tryptophan clusters ELF 5 EGF ELK ERF ETS ERG SPIB ETV 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 ( 3.6 ) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor ( 4 ) β - Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts ( 4.1 ) Rel homology region NF - κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 ( 4.2 ) STAT STAT 5 6 ( 4.3 ) p53 p53 TBX 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF TP63 ( 4.4 ) MADS box Mef2 SRF ( 4.6 ) TATA - binding proteins TBP TBPL1 ( 4.7 ) High - mobility group BBX HMGB HMGN HNF 1A 1B LEF1 SOX 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF TOX ( 4.9 ) Grainyhead TFCP2 ( 4.10 ) Cold - shock domain CSDA YBX1 ( 4.11 ) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 ( 0 ) Other transcription factors ( 0.2 ) HMGI ( Y ) HMGA HBP1 ( 0.3 ) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 ( 0.5 ) AP - 2 / EREBP - related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 ( 0.6 ) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL T1 MNDA NFY Rho / Sigma see also transcription factor / coregulator deficiencies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hormone_receptor&oldid=831026514 '' Categories : Receptors Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Incomplete lists from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 08 : 55 . 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where are receptors for water soluble hormones located

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Mike's Hard Lemonade Co.

Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co. . - Wikipedia Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co. . Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co . ( USA ) Type Privately held company Industry Flavored Malt Beverages Founded April 1 , 1999 ( April 1 , 1999 ) Headquarters Chicago , Illinois , United States Area served United States of America Website mikeshard.com Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co. is a flavored malt beverage supplier based in Chicago , IL . It is part of Mark Anthony Brands , Inc. : the fastest growing beer company in the U.S. as of 2017 . Founded in 1999 , Mike 's Hard Lemonade Co. defined the $3.2 billion flavored malt beverage category with the introduction of its groundbreaking mike 's hard Lemonade . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Products 3 Drink on the bright side campaign 4 Involvement in charities 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Mike 's was introduced in Canada in 1996 as a mix of vodka , natural flavors , and carbonated water . mike 's entered the U.S. market on April 1 , 1999 , replacing the vodka base with a proprietary malt base . Products ( edit ) Mike 's is offered in a variety of formats in both bottles and cans : singles , 6 - packs , and multi-packs . All flavors and formats are 5 % ABV , or 3.2 % ABV where required by law , and have been crafted to remove gluten . Besides their flagship lemonade , Mike 's offers a variety of permanent and seasonal flavors including Black Cherry , Strawberry , Watermelon , and many more . Drink on the bright side campaign ( edit ) In 2017 , Mike 's launched the `` Drink on the bright side '' campaign , illustrating how consumers 's favorite times pair perfectly with mike 's . Utilizing the brand 's notorious yellow color , early internet culture , and happy imagery , the campaign received accolades for disrupting traditional beer advertising techniques . The campaign is continuing in 2018 with sponsored comedy tours , Snapchat filter integration , and a limited edition 6 - pack of the brand 's iconic lemonade . Involvement in charities ( edit ) Mike 's has a long history of working with charities , specifically supporting U.S. troops and breast cancer research . Mike 's donated nearly $1 MM to Boot Campaign throughout their partnership . Mike 's partnered with the USO in 2018 , donating $250,000 . As part of a fall seasonal package takeover , Mike 's contributes $250,000 / year to breast cancer research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holden , Ronald . `` America 's Fastest - Growing Beer Brand , Mike 's Hard Lemonade , To Refocus On 25 - 29 Year Old Males '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mike 's Hard FAQ ( nutrition ) '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike 's Hard homepage '' . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hoping to Attract Millennial Men , Mike 's Hard Lemonade Rebrands With a Bright New Campaign '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike%27s_Hard_Lemonade_Co.&oldid=850254804 '' Categories : Lemonade Alcopop Beer Hidden categories : Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

what are the different kinds of mike's hard lemonade

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Blood plasma

Blood plasma - wikipedia Blood plasma Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A unit of donated fresh plasma Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension ; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells . It makes up about 55 % of the body 's total blood volume . It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid ( all body fluid outside cells ) . It is mostly water ( up to 95 % by volume ) , and contains dissolved proteins ( 6 -- 8 % ) ( i.e. -- serum albumins , globulins , and fibrinogen ) , glucose , clotting factors , electrolytes ( Na , Ca , Mg , HCO , Cl , etc . ) , hormones , carbon dioxide ( plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation ) and oxygen . Plasma also serves as the protein reserve of the human body . It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolytes in balanced form and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders . Blood plasma is separated from the blood by spinning a tube of fresh blood containing an anticoagulant in a centrifuge until the blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube . The blood plasma is then poured or drawn off . Blood plasma has a density of approximately 1025 kg / m , or 1.025 g / ml . Blood serum is blood plasma without clotting factors . Plasmapheresis is a medical therapy that involves blood plasma extraction , treatment , and reintegration . Fresh frozen plasma is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . It is of critical importance in the treatment of many types of trauma which result in blood loss , and is therefore kept stocked universally in all medical facilities capable of treating trauma ( ex. trauma centers , hospitals , and ambulances ) or that pose a risk of patient blood loss such as surgical suite facilities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Volume 3 History 3.1 Blood for Britain 4 Plasma donation 4.1 United Kingdom 5 Synthetic blood plasma 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Ion Normal concentration range ( mEq. L ) Sodium 135 -- 145 Potassium 3.6 -- 5.1 Chloride 95 -- 105 Calcium 2.0 Further information : Reference ranges for blood tests Reference ranges for blood tests , showing normal mass concentration of blood plasma constituents . The same information , shown in molarity rather than mass . Volume ( edit ) Blood plasma volume may be expanded by or drained to extravascular fluid when there are changes in Starling forces across capillary walls . For example , when blood pressure drops in circulatory shock , Starling forces drive fluid into the interstitium , causing third spacing . Standing still for a prolonged period will cause an increase in transcapillary hydrostatic pressure . As a result , approximately 12 % of blood plasma volume will cross into the extravascular compartment . This causes an increase in hematocrit , serum total protein , blood viscosity and , as a result of increased concentration of coagulation factors , it causes orthostatic hypercoagulability . History ( edit ) Private Roy W. Humphrey is being given blood plasma after he was wounded by shrapnel in Sicily in August 1943 . Dried plasma packages used by the British and US militaries during WWII The use of blood plasma as a substitute for whole blood and for transfusion purposes was proposed in March 1918 , in the correspondence columns of the British Medical Journal , by Gordon R. Ward . `` Dried plasmas '' in powder or strips of material format were developed and first used in World War II . Prior to the United States ' involvement in the war , liquid plasma and whole blood were used . Blood for Britain ( edit ) The `` Blood for Britain '' program during the early 1940s was quite successful ( and popular in the United States ) based on Charles Drew 's contribution . A large project began in August 1940 to collect blood in New York City hospitals for the export of plasma to Britain . Drew was appointed medical supervisor of the `` Plasma for Britain '' project . His notable contribution at this time was to transform the test tube methods of many blood researchers into the first successful mass production techniques . Nevertheless , the decision was made to develop a dried plasma package for the armed forces as it would reduce breakage and make the transportation , packaging , and storage much simpler . The resulting dried plasma package came in two tin cans containing 400 cc bottles . One bottle contained enough distilled water to reconstitute the dried plasma contained within the other bottle . In about three minutes , the plasma would be ready to use and could stay fresh for around four hours . The Blood for Britain program operated successfully for five months , with total collections of almost 15,000 people donating blood , and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma . Following the `` Plasma for Britain '' invention , Drew was named director of the Red Cross blood bank and assistant director of the National Research Council , in charge of blood collection for the United States Army and Navy . Drew argued against the armed forces directive that blood / plasma was to be separated by the race of the donor . Drew insisted that there was no racial difference in human blood and that the policy would lead to needless deaths as soldiers and sailors were required to wait for `` same race '' blood . By the end of the war the American Red Cross had provided enough blood for over six million plasma packages . Most of the surplus plasma was returned to the United States for civilian use . Serum albumin replaced dried plasma for combat use during the Korean War . Plasma donation ( edit ) Plasma as a blood product prepared from blood donations is used in blood transfusions , typically as fresh frozen plasma ( FFP ) or plasma Frozen Within 24 Hours After Phlebotomy ( PF24 ) . When donating whole blood or packed red blood cell ( PRBC ) transfusions , O - is the most desirable and is considered a `` universal donor , '' since it has neither A nor B antigens and can be safely transfused to most recipients . Type AB+ is the `` universal recipient '' type for PRBC donations . However , for plasma the situation is somewhat reversed . Blood donation centers will sometimes collect only plasma from AB donors through apheresis , as their plasma does not contain the antibodies that may cross react with recipient antigens . As such , AB is often considered the `` universal donor '' for plasma . Special programs exist just to cater to the male AB plasma donor , because of concerns about transfusion related acute lung injury ( TRALI ) and female donors who may have higher leukocyte antibodies . However , some studies show an increased risk of TRALI despite increased leukocyte antibodies in women who have been pregnant . United Kingdom ( edit ) Following fears of variant Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease ( vCJD ) being spread through the blood supply , the British government began to import American plasma to meet its needs . In 2002 , it purchased Life Resources Incorporated to be able to secure plasma supply from the United States . The company became Plasma Resources UK ( PRUK ) . It owned Bio Products Laboratory . In 2013 , the British government sold an 80 % stake in PRUK to American hedge fund Bain Capital , in a deal estimated to be worth £ 230 million . The sale was met with criticism in the UK , over both the oversight of the company , and the impact on British blood needs . Confusion arose as some thought that the blood of British blood donors voluntarily donating to NHS Blood and Transplant Services would be sold for profit . Currently , plasma donated in the United Kingdom is still not used due to concerns about vCJD , and is incinerated after component parts have been separated from it . Synthetic blood plasma ( edit ) Simulated body fluid ( SBF ) is a solution having a similar ion concentration to that of human blood plasma . SBF is normally used for the surface modification of metallic implants , and more recently in gene delivery application . See also ( edit ) Blood plasma fractionation Chromatography in blood processing Hypoxia preconditioned plasma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennis O'Neil ( 1999 ) . `` Blood Components '' . Palomar College . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tuskegee University ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Chapter 9 Blood '' . tuskegee.edu . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ways to Keep Your Blood Plasma Healthy '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Physics Factbook -- Density of Blood Jump up ^ `` 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( April 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . WHO. April 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masoud M , Sarig G , Brenner B , Jacob G ( June 2008 ) . `` Orthostatic hypercoagulability : a novel physiological mechanism to activate the coagulation system '' . Hypertension. 51 ( 6 ) : 1545 -- 51 . doi : 10.1161 / HYPERTENSIONAHA. 108.112003 . PMID 18413485 . Jump up ^ Transfusion before World War I Jump up ^ Plasma Equipment and Packaging , and Transfusion Equipment Jump up ^ Starr , Douglas P. ( 2000 ) . Blood : An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce . New York : Quill . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17649 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Eric ( 1991 ) . What Your 1st Grader Needs to Know : Fundamentals of a Good First - Grade Education . pp 232 -- 233 . New York : Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Plasma Program Jump up ^ `` AB Plasma Donor Program '' . NIH Clinical Center . March 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Female Plasma May Not Increase Risk for Transfusion - Related Acute Lung Injury '' . Medscape . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` UK buys ' safe ' blood supply for NHS '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2002 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bain Capital buys stake in UK government blood company '' . BBC News . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHSBT reassures blood donors that Government 's sale of PRUK does not affect them '' . NHS Blood and Transplant Services . Jump up ^ Joint United Kingdom ( UK ) Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee . `` Position Statement on Creutzfeldt -- Jakob Disease '' ( PDF ) . transfusionguidelines.org.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Blood plasma pioneer , English physician Gordon R. Ward Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes The main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&oldid=832705457 '' Categories : Blood Blood products Body fluids Hematology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from May 2017 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from May 2017 All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 15 : 09 . 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what percentage of blood is composed of plasma

637300284474920997

Skin Wars

Skin Wars - wikipedia Skin Wars Skin Wars Genre Reality competition Presented by Rebecca Romijn Judges RuPaul Charles Craig Tracy Robin Slonina Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 28 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Levitt Jill Goularte Producer ( s ) Robin Barcus Slonina Editor ( s ) Jacob McCampbell Camera setup Johna Great Production company ( s ) Michael Levitt Productions Distributor Passion Distribution Release Original network Game Show Network Original release August 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) -- August 10 , 2016 External links Website Skin Wars is a body painting reality competition hosted by Rebecca Romijn that premiered on Game Show Network on August 6 , 2014 . Skin Wars Contestants on the series perform challenges containing body painting each episode . At the end of each episode , one contestant is eliminated and told `` It 's time to wash off your canvas . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Season 1 2.1 Contestants 2.2 Contestant Progress 3 Season 2 3.1 Contestants 3.2 Contestant Progress 4 Season 3 4.1 Contestants 4.2 Contestant Progress 5 International broadcast 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) On September 12 , 2013 , GSN ordered eight episodes of the series , making it GSN 's first television show devoted to body art . On February 4 , 2014 , GSN announced Rebecca Romijn as host of Skin Wars , with RuPaul Charles , Craig Tracy and Robin Slonina serving as judges . The series premiered on GSN August 6 , 2014 . That same night , the network also began airing an online series entitled Skin Wars : The Naked Truth with Kandee Johnson airing immediately after Skin Wars on DOOR3 , GSN 's YouTube channel targeted toward 18 - to 25 - year - olds . The series features commentary from Johnson as well as highlights from that night 's episode and a `` Skinterview '' with one of the contestants . On September 30 , 2014 , GSN announced plans to air a ten - episode second season of Skin Wars with Romijn and all three judges returning to reprise their respective roles . The second season premiered June 10 , 2015 . A spinoff called Skin Wars : Fresh Paint hosted by RuPaul aired as a special on August 26 , 2015 . It featured six highly accomplished artists , each at the top of their game , as they leave their comfort zones to compete in body painting for the first time . The artists must conquer three difficult challenges as they are mentored by three top artists from the first season , Dutch Bihary , Lawrence `` Gear '' Duran and Season One champion , Natalie Fletcher . As the artists work closely with their body painting mentors they try to quickly master the craft and win the $10,000 prize and become champion . It premiered to 456,000 viewers . Later , it became a series itself , premiering on June 15 , 2016 . On August 27 , 2015 , GSN renewed the series for a third season . Season 1 ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) The 10 body painters competing in the first season were : Contestant Outcome Alan Anderson , 38 10th Sean Avram , 39 9th Angela Roberts , 22 8th Mythica Von Griffyn , 43 7th Felle Kelsaw , 41 6th Lawrence `` Gear '' Duran , 35 5th Nicole Hays , 29 4th Dutch Bihary , 41 3rd Shannon Holt , 38 Runner - Up Natalie Fletcher , 28 Winner Contestant progress ( edit ) Elimination Chart Artists 5 6 7 8 Natalie SAFE WIN WIN SAFE LOW ‡ F / O LOW ‡ WINNER Shannon WIN SAFE LOW ‡ LOW ‡ HIGH WIN HIGH RUNNER - UP Dutch HIGH ‡ HIGH LOW HIGH LOW ‡ SAFE WIN 3RD PLACE ‡ Nicole SAFE SAFE ‡ HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH ELIM Gear SAFE HIGH LOW HIGH WIN ELIM ‡ Felle HIGH SAFE HIGH ‡ WIN ELIM Mythica LOW LOW HIGH ELIM Angela SAFE LOW ELIM Sean LOW ELIM Alan ELIM The contestant won Skin Wars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant placed 3rd overall . The contestant won the weekly challenge . The contestant placed in the top , but did not win the challenge . The contestant placed in the bottom , but was not up for elimination . The contestant placed in the bottom 2 and up for elimination . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant went into a face off against another contestant and won . The contestant was eliminated after a face off against another contestant . ‡ The contestant won the mini challenge . Season 2 ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) The 12 body painters competing in the second season were : Contestant Age Hometown Place Finished Marcio Karam 53 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 12th Rudy Zanzibar Campos 30 Houston , Texas 11th Rachel Deboer 40 Maui , Hawaii 10th Fernello Nelson 30 Queens , New York 9th Sammie Bartko 38 Heber City , Utah 8th Dawn Marie Svanoe 44 Madison , Wisconsin 7th Kyle Vest 25 Orlando , Florida 6th Rio Sirah 33 Atlanta , Georgia 5th Cheryl Ann Lipstreu 37 Winston - Salem , North Carolina 4th Aryn Fox 27 Newport , Kentucky 3rd Avi Ram 28 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 2nd Lana Chromium 29 San Diego , California 1st Contestant progress ( edit ) Elimination Chart Artists 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lana WIN SAFE HIGH LOW LOW HIGH ‡ WIN HIGH F / O WINNER Avi SAFE WIN HIGH HIGH ‡ HIGH WIN LOW WIN WIN RUNNER - UP ‡ Aryn SAFE HIGH SAFE WIN HIGH HIGH LOW ‡ LOW HIGH ‡ 3RD PLACE Cheryl Ann HIGH HIGH ‡ LOW LOW LOW SAFE LOW LOW ‡ ELIM Rio SAFE SAFE WIN ‡ LOW HIGH ‡ LOW HIGH ELIM Kyle HIGH SAFE HIGH SAFE WIN LOW ELIM Dawn Marie SAFE LOW LOW HIGH LOW ELIM Sammie SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE ELIM Fernello LOW ‡ SAFE SAFE ELIM Rachel LOW LOW ELIM Rudy SAFE ELIM Marcio ELIM The contestant won Skin Wars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant placed 3rd overall . The contestant won the weekly challenge . The contestant placed in the top , but did not win the challenge . The contestant placed in the bottom , but was not up for elimination . The contestant placed in the bottom 2 and up for elimination . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant went into a face off against another contestant and won . The contestant was eliminated after a face off against another contestant . ‡ The contestant won the mini challenge . Season 3 ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) The 12 body painters competing in the third season are : Contestant Age Hometown Place Finished Jermaze Wade 36 Decatur , Georgia 12th Shelley Wapniak 33 Brooklyn , New York 11th Kyera Dalesandro 22 Virginia Beach , Virginia 10th Jessica `` Jess '' Watson Miller 24 Sydney , Australia 9th Hans Haveron 36 Los Angeles , California 8th Joseph `` Otto '' Ott 38 Winneconne , Wisconsin 7th Luis Martinez 21 Atlanta , Georgia 6th Tiffany Beckler 26 Rock Hill , South Carolina 5th Michael Mejia 25 Queens , New York 4th Brittney Pelloquin 28 Broussard , Louisiana 3rd Alison Kenyon 44 Grass Valley , California Runner - Up Rick Uribe 20 El Paso , Texas Winner Contestant progress ( edit ) Elimination Chart Artists 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rick SAFE WIN WIN LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH ‡ LOW WINNER Alison SAFE ‡ SAFE LOW WIN HIGH SAFE HIGH ‡ HIGH WIN RUNNER - UP ‡ Brittney HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH SAFE HIGH LOW WIN HIGH ‡ 3RD PLACE Michael HIGH LOW LOW HIGH ‡ WIN LOW ‡ WIN LOW ELIM Tiffany WIN SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE ELIM Luis SAFE SAFE SAFE ‡ LOW LOW ‡ ELIM Otto SAFE LOW HIGH SAFE ELIM Hans LOW HIGH HIGH SAFE QUIT Jess SAFE SAFE ‡ SAFE ELIM Kyera LOW SAFE ELIM Shelley SAFE ELIM Jermaze ELIM The contestant won Skin Wars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant placed 3rd overall . The contestant won the weekly challenge . The contestant placed in the top , but did not win the challenge . The contestant placed in the bottom , but was not up for elimination ... The contestant placed in the bottom 2 and up for elimination . The contestant placed in the bottom 2 , but neither of the contestants were eliminated . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant quit the competition . ‡ The contestant won the mini challenge . In Episode 5 , Hans quit the competition at panel after a fall out with the judges . International broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , the series premiered on LifeStyle You on May 26 , 2015 . All three seasons are now available on Netflix . In Canada , the series aired on GameTV in 2015 . In the United Kingdom , the series premiered on truTV UK in 2015 . In Brazil , the show 's first season has been broadcast on Multishow since February , 2016 and since 2017 on E ! In South Africa it broadcasts on Sony Max . In India , the show 's first season has been broadcast on FYI TV18 since 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` GSN Orders Body - Painting Competition Series ' Skin Wars ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . September 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` GSN Paints the Town With ' Skin Wars ' as Network Orders 8 Episodes of New Original Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Announces Rebecca Romijn as Host of New Original Series `` Skin Wars '' '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Announces Premiere Dates for New Original Summer Series Skin Wars and Idiotest '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . June 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN to Launch Online Series Skin Wars : The Naked Truth with Kandee Johnson , Debuting on DOOR3 YouTube Channel Wednesday , August 6 at 10 : 00PM ET / PM '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Skin Wars Renewed for Season 2 on GSN '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN 's Groundbreaking Hit Series Skin Wars Returns for Its Second Season on Wednesday , June 10 at 9PM ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.26. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Debuts Spinoff Series SKIN WARS : FRESH PAINT Today '' . Broadway World . June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Announces Season Three Pick - up of Groundbreaking Original Hit Series Skin Wars '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20141129110843/http://skinwars.gsntv.com/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150915100301/http://skinwars.gsntv.com/ Jump up ^ `` Hit Series `` Skin Wars , '' Hosted By Rebecca Romijn , Returns for Its Third Season on Wednesday , April 20 At 10PM ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . GSN . March 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foxtel in May : 200 + new shows including Wayward Pines , Open Slather , Nashville and River Cottage Australia '' . The Green Room . Foxtel. April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Skin Wars on GameTV '' . GameTV . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skin Wars '' . truTV UK . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Skin Wars on IMDb Skin Wars at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin_Wars&oldid=845852074 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts American reality television series English - language television programs Game Show Network original programs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 15 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who was the winner of season 1 skin wars

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Lady in White

Lady in White - wikipedia Lady in White For the 1938 film directed by Mario Mattoli , see The Lady in White . Lady in White Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank LaLoggia Produced by Frank LaLoggia Andrew G. La Marca Written by Frank LaLoggia Starring Lukas Haas Len Cariou Alex Rocco Katherine Helmond Music by Frank LaLoggia Cinematography Russell Carpenter Edited by Steve Mann Distributed by New Century Vista Film Company Release date April 22 , 1988 Running time Theatrical cut 112 min . Extended cut 117 min . Country United States Language English Italian Budget $4.7 million Box office $1,705,139 Lady in White is a 1988 American horror film of the ghost / mystery genre . Much of the filming took place in Wayne County , New York , which took advantage of the appropriate local lore and scenery . The movie is based on a version of The Lady in White legend , concerning a woman who supposedly searches for her daughter in Durand - Eastman Park in Rochester , New York . The film was directed , produced , written , and scored by Frank LaLoggia , a native of Rochester . It starred Lukas Haas , Len Cariou , Alex Rocco , and Katherine Helmond . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Awards and nominations 3.3 Home media 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In a flashback , horror author Franklin `` Frankie '' Scarlatti tells a story on the way to his hometown , Willowpoint Falls . On Halloween 1962 , Frankie , then 9 years old , is tricked by school jokesters Donald , and Louie . Frankie and ends up locked in the school 's cloakroom after the last school bell has rung . Trapped well after dark , he witnesses the ghostly scene of a brutal attack of a red - haired little girl . Suddenly , he is attacked and strangled by a dark figure . Losing consciousness , he again sees the girl , and she mysteriously asks for his help to find her mother . Without warning , Frankie is revived by his father , Angelo , and rushed to the hospital . The police arrest the janitor , Harold `` Willy '' Williams , believing him to be the attacker . As Frankie recovers at home , Frankie 's brother , Geno , brings him a newspaper article about the attack , and he learns it was linked to the deaths of eleven other children , all apparently at the hands of a child serial killer . The name of the girl he met is also revealed to be Melissa Ann Montgomery . She continues to haunt Frankie , and the two form a tenuous friendship . Striving to help her , he returns to the cloakroom to investigate . Remembering that his attacker began unscrewing the grating over the air vent prior to the attack , he removes the cover to discover several dust - laden objects , including a few toys , a hair clip and a high school class ring . He pockets the hairclip and ring , then leaves . Later , Frankie overhears the chief of police talking to his father , who reveals the case against the janitor is crumbling , and that the cloakroom is also the scene of Melissa 's murder . After considering this new information , Frankie confides in Phil Terragarossa , a family friend , that the class ring likely belongs to the killer and that he thinks the killer returned to the cloakroom to retrieve it as the air system was due to be replaced soon . Unbeknownst to Frankie , the ring , which had accidentally fallen out of his pocket earlier , has been found by Geno and hidden away again . Later , Donald and Louie lure Frankie out to the nearby cliffs , where they encounter a ghostly lady dressed in white . All three boys take off running and Frankie collides into Geno within the surrounding forest . Frankie tries to explain the link between Melissa , the attacker and the lady in white , but is unsuccessful . One evening , Melissa appears to both Geno and Frankie . The town clock begins to chime and Frankie realizes that her nightly death re-enactment is about to commence . They follow her ghost to the school then wait until her lifeless body reappears , which is then carried by an invisible figure out of the school and onto the cliffs . At the last minute , she awakes and begins screaming as she is thrown over the cliffs . A pale , red - headed woman dressed in white then comes out of the cottage . Upon seeing Melissa 's lifeless body on the rocks below , she flings herself off the cliff and also plunges to her death . The ghostly scene ends and the brothers head home . Finally , Frankie understands the source of Melissa 's anguish . He vows to help her bring her killer to justice . Willy finally has his hearing , but a grand jury fails to indict him due to insufficient evidence . Outside the courthouse , the distraught mother of one the murdered children fatally shoots him . Geno begins to research the class ring he found . Using one of his father 's old yearbooks and class ring , he realizes that their father and the killer wore the same type of class rings . Angelo 's yearbook reveals that the initials on the ring , `` MPT '' , belong to Michael P. Terragarossa . Geno quickly deduces that the `` P '' stands for Phillip -- as in their family friend Phil -- and he rushes to tell his father . Frankie happens to be with Phil at that same time , and Frankie realizes Phil is the killer after he begins whistling `` Did You Ever See a Dream Walking ? '' , Melissa 's song . Phil realizes that Frankie has deduced his secret and attacks him , but Frankie escapes and runs to the cliffs . Phil catches him and confesses to the murders just before he starts to strangle Frankie again . Suddenly , Phil is struck from behind and they both collapse to the ground . Regaining consciousness , Frankie finds himself in Melissa 's old cottage with Amanda Harper , and learns that she was the one who saved him from Phil , and that she was the lady in white Frankie earlier saw when he was with Donald and Louie . Amanda reveals that she is Melissa 's aunt and has been living in the cottage since the deaths of her sister and niece . She takes the hairclip that Frankie has been carrying with him all this time , and replaces it alongside its twin on Melissa 's dresser . Without warning , Phil attacks and kills Amanda , setting the building ablaze in the process . Pulling Frankie from the burning cottage , Phil attempts to throw him over the cliff . However , Frankie drops safely to the ground when the ghostly lady in white suddenly appears and frightens Phil , causing him to tumble over the cliff 's edge . Melissa emerges from the burning cottage and the two ghosts happily reunite , ascending into the sky in a cascade of light . As Frankie crawls away from the ledge , Phil grabs his ankle . Angelo , Geno , and the police arrive and save Frankie . Angelo also tries to save Phil , but overcome with shame , Phil lets go and falls to his death , despite Angelo 's pleas . Everyone watches the cottage burn to the ground as the snow begins to fall . Cast ( edit ) Lukas Haas as Franklin J. `` Frankie '' Scarlatti Len Cariou as Michael Phillip `` Phil '' Terragrossa Alex Rocco as Angelo J. Scarlatti Katherine Helmond as Amanda Harper Jason Presson as Geno Scarlatti Henry Harris as Harold `` Willy '' Williams Renata Vanni as Mama Assunta Angelo Bertolini as Papa Charlie Joelle Jacobi as Melissa Anne Montgomery Jared Rushton as Donald Gregory Levinson as Louie Karen Powell as Anne Montgomery ( Melissa 's mother / `` Lady in White '' ) Release ( edit ) The film had a budget of 4.7 million and only grossed around 1.7 million . Critical reception ( edit ) The film has had a mostly positive critical response focusing on the stylish small town vibe and suspense without gore . Writing in the Chicago Sun - Times , Roger Ebert stated : `` Lady in White , like most good films , depends more on style and tone than it does on story , and after awhile ( sic ) it 's the whole insidious atmosphere of the film that begins to envelop us . '' New York Times critic Caryn James mostly praised the film , but pointed out that : `` the heavy - handed subplot about 60 's racism loads the film with more social weight than it can carry . And most damaging , we guess who the murderer is very near the film 's beginning . '' Lady in White maintains a 67 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Lukas Haas and Katherine Helmond were both nominated for a Saturn Award in 1990 , Haas was also nominated for and won a Young Artist Award . The film itself received nominations for a Young Artist Award and a Fantasporto . Home media ( edit ) The film was first introduced to the home video market on VHS by Virgin Visi and later by Anchor Bay on October 15 , 1993 . It was also released on laserdisc . Elite Entertainment released a Director 's Cut with an extended 4 minutes on March 25 , 1998 . It was reissued on DVD by MGM on September 20 , 2005 and featured 36 minutes worth of deleted footage and commentary from director Frank LaLoggia . See also ( edit ) List of ghost films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Lady in White '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Beating the System An Interview with Frank LaLoggia '' . dareland.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Lady in White , '' Chicago Sun - Times , April 22 , 1988 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn . `` Lady in White , '' The New York Times , May 13 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Lady in White '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films , USA , 1990 '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tenth Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasporto , 1989 '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lady in White ( 1988 ) '' . amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Lady in White '' . dvdtalk.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Lady in White on IMDb Lady in White at the TCM Movie Database Lady in White at AllMovie Lady in White at Box Office Mojo LA Weekly , May 20 , 1988 : Interview with Frank LaLoggia on the making of Lady in White Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_in_White&oldid=851074939 '' Categories : 1988 films 1988 horror films American horror films American films English - language films Ghost films Films about bullying Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in the 1960s Serial killer films Films shot in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 21 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where was the movie lady in white filmed

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2009 NBA draft

2009 NBA draft - wikipedia 2009 NBA draft 2009 NBA draft General information Date ( s ) June 25 , 2009 Time 7 : 00 pm ( EDT ) Location Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York Network ( s ) ( US ) ESPN First selection Blake Griffin , Los Angeles Clippers ← 2008 NBA draft 2010 → The 2009 NBA draft was held on June 25 , 2009 , at the WaMu Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City . In this draft , the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The Los Angeles Clippers , who won the draft lottery on May 19 , 2009 , used their first overall draft pick to draft Blake Griffin from University of Oklahoma . However , he missed the entire 2009 -- 10 season due to surgery on his broken left kneecap , which he injured during the pre-season . Tanzanian - born Hasheem Thabeet from University of Connecticut was drafted second by the Memphis Grizzlies . Thabeet became the first player born in Tanzania to be drafted by an NBA team . James Harden was drafted 3rd by the Oklahoma City Thunder . This made him the first player to be drafted by the franchise as the Oklahoma City Thunder whose franchise moved from Seattle to OKC in 2008 . The Sacramento Kings drafted Tyreke Evans 4th ; he was named 2009 -- 10 NBA Rookie of the Year , after he became the fourth NBA player in history to average at least 20 points , 5 rebounds and 5 assists in his rookie season , joining the elite club of Oscar Robertson ( 1960 ) , Michael Jordan ( 1984 ) and LeBron James ( 2003 ) . Spanish teenager Ricky Rubio was drafted 5th by the Minnesota Timberwolves . Rubio became the fifth - highest - drafted international player who never played U.S. college basketball to be drafted in the NBA , tied with Nikoloz Tskitishvili ( 5th in 2002 ) , and behind Yao Ming ( 1st in 2002 ) , Andrea Bargnani ( 1st in 2006 ) , Darko Miličić ( 2nd in 2003 ) and Pau Gasol ( 3rd in 2001 ) . Twenty - third pick Omri Casspi became the first Israeli player to be drafted in the first round , and later he became the first Israeli to play in the NBA . The 2009 draft marked the first time three sons of former NBA players were selected in the top 15 picks of the draft . Stephen Curry , son of Dell Curry , was drafted 7th by the Golden State Warriors . Gerald Henderson Jr. , son of Gerald Henderson , was drafted 12th by the Charlotte Bobcats . Austin Daye , son of Darren Daye , was drafted 15th by the Detroit Pistons . The draft also marked the first time a former high school player who skipped college to play professional basketball in Europe was selected in an NBA draft . Brandon Jennings , who skipped college to play professional basketball with Italian team Lottomatica Roma , was drafted 10th overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the draft . Stephen Curry was named NBA MVP for 2 consecutive years ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , and won his first NBA championship in 2015 . Of the 60 players drafted , four were freshmen , nine were sophomores , 12 were juniors , 22 were seniors , and 13 were international players without U.S. college basketball experience . The University of North Carolina 's Tar Heels had the most players selected in the draft ; three players were selected in the first round and one was selected in the second round . This marked the second time ever that four Tar Heels players were selected in the first two rounds of an NBA draft . The Minnesota Timberwolves had the league - high four first - round draft picks and the first time in team history that the team held two top - 10 draft picks . The Timberwolves also had two second - round draft picks and became the team with the most draft picks in the 2009 draft with a total of six . The Houston Rockets and the Orlando Magic were the only NBA teams who did not have a draft pick this year , although Houston acquired three drafted players ' rights after the draft . Contents 1 Draft 2 Notable undrafted players 3 Eligibility 4 Draft lottery 5 Trades involving draft picks 5.1 Pre-draft trades 5.2 Draft - day trades 6 References 7 External links Draft ( edit ) PG Point guard SG Shooting guard SF Small forward PF Power forward Center * Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game and All - NBA Team Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All - Star Game Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs Denotes player who has been selected as Rookie of the Year Blake Griffin was selected first by the Los Angeles Clippers . James Harden was selected third by the Oklahoma City Thunder . Tyreke Evans was selected fourth by the Sacramento Kings . Ricky Rubio was selected fifth by the Minnesota Timberwolves . Stephen Curry was selected seventh by the Golden State Warriors . DeMar DeRozan was selected ninth by the Toronto Raptors . Brandon Jennings was selected tenth by the Milwaukee Bucks . Jrue Holiday was selected seventeenth by the Philadelphia 76ers . Jeff Teague was selected nineteenth by the Atlanta Hawks . Round Pick Player Position Nationality Team School / club team Blake Griffin PF United States Los Angeles Clippers Oklahoma ( So . ) Hasheem Thabeet Tanzania Memphis Grizzlies Connecticut ( Jr . ) James Harden SG United States Oklahoma City Thunder Arizona State ( So . ) Tyreke Evans SG United States Sacramento Kings Memphis ( Fr . ) 5 Ricky Rubio PG Spain Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Washington ) DKV Joventut ( Spain ) 6 Jonny Flynn PG United States Minnesota Timberwolves Syracuse ( So . ) 7 Stephen Curry PG United States Golden State Warriors Davidson ( Jr . ) 8 Jordan Hill PF United States New York Knicks Arizona ( Jr . ) 9 DeMar DeRozan SG United States Toronto Raptors USC ( Fr . ) 10 Brandon Jennings PG United States Milwaukee Bucks Lottomatica Roma ( Italy ) 11 Terrence Williams SG United States New Jersey Nets Louisville ( Sr . ) 12 Gerald Henderson SG United States Charlotte Bobcats Duke ( Jr . ) 13 Tyler Hansbrough PF United States Indiana Pacers North Carolina ( Sr . ) 14 Earl Clark SF United States Phoenix Suns Louisville ( Jr . ) 15 Austin Daye SF United States Detroit Pistons Gonzaga ( So . ) 16 James Johnson SF United States Chicago Bulls Wake Forest ( So . ) 17 Jrue Holiday PG United States Philadelphia 76ers UCLA ( Fr . ) 18 Ty Lawson PG United States Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Miami , traded to Denver ) North Carolina ( Jr . ) 19 Jeff Teague PG United States Atlanta Hawks Wake Forest ( So . ) 20 Eric Maynor PG United States Utah Jazz VCU ( Sr . ) 21 Darren Collison PG United States New Orleans Hornets UCLA ( Sr . ) 22 Víctor Claver SF Spain Portland Trail Blazers ( from Dallas ) Pamesa Valencia ( Spain ) 23 Omri Casspi SF Israel Sacramento Kings ( from Houston ) Maccabi Tel Aviv ( Israel ) 24 Byron Mullens United States United Kingdom Dallas Mavericks ( from Portland , traded to Oklahoma City ) Ohio State ( Fr . ) 25 Rodrigue Beaubois PG France Oklahoma City Thunder ( from San Antonio , traded to Dallas ) Cholet ( France ) 26 Taj Gibson PF United States Chicago Bulls ( from Denver via Oklahoma City ) USC ( Jr . ) 27 DeMarre Carroll SF United States Memphis Grizzlies ( from Orlando ) Missouri ( Sr . ) 28 Wayne Ellington SG United States Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Boston ) North Carolina ( Jr . ) 29 Toney Douglas PG United States Los Angeles Lakers ( traded to New York ) Florida State ( Sr . ) 30 Christian Eyenga SF DR Congo Cleveland Cavaliers CB Prat ( Spain ) 31 Jeff Pendergraph PF United States Sacramento Kings ( traded to Portland ) Arizona State ( Sr . ) 32 Jermaine Taylor SG United States Washington Wizards ( traded to Houston ) Central Florida ( Sr . ) 33 Dante Cunningham PF United States Portland Trail Blazers ( from LA Clippers ) Villanova ( Sr . ) 34 Sergio Llull PG Spain Denver Nuggets ( from Oklahoma City , traded to Houston ) Real Madrid ( Spain ) 35 DaJuan Summers PF United States Detroit Pistons ( from Minnesota ) Georgetown ( Jr . ) 36 Sam Young SF United States Memphis Grizzlies Pittsburgh ( Sr . ) 37 DeJuan Blair PF United States San Antonio Spurs ( from Golden State via Phoenix ) Pittsburgh ( So . ) 38 Jon Brockman PF United States Portland Trail Blazers ( from New York via Chicago , traded to Sacramento ) Washington ( Sr . ) 39 Jonas Jerebko PF Sweden Detroit Pistons ( from Toronto ) Angelico Biella ( Italy ) 40 Derrick Brown SF United States Charlotte Bobcats ( from New Jersey via Oklahoma City ) Xavier ( Jr . ) 41 Jodie Meeks SG United States Milwaukee Bucks Kentucky ( Jr . ) 42 Patrick Beverley PG United States Los Angeles Lakers ( from Charlotte , traded to Miami ) Arkansas ( So . ) 43 Marcus Thornton SG United States Miami Heat ( from Indiana , traded to New Orleans ) LSU ( Sr . ) 44 Chase Budinger SF United States Detroit Pistons ( traded to Houston ) Arizona ( Jr . ) 45 Nick Calathes PG Greece United States Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Philadelphia via Miami , traded to Dallas ) Florida ( So . ) 46 Danny Green SF United States Cleveland Cavaliers ( from Chicago ) North Carolina ( Sr . ) 47 Henk Norel PF Netherlands Minnesota Timberwolves ( from Miami ) DKV Joventut ( Spain ) 48 Taylor Griffin SF United States Phoenix Suns Oklahoma ( Sr . ) 49 Sergiy Gladyr SG Ukraine Atlanta Hawks MBC Mykolaiv ( Ukraine ) 50 Goran Suton Bosnia and Herzegovina United States Utah Jazz Michigan State ( Sr . ) 51 Jack McClinton SG United States San Antonio Spurs ( from New Orleans via Toronto ) Miami ( FL ) ( Sr . ) 52 A.J. Price PG United States Indiana Pacers ( from Dallas ) Connecticut ( Sr . ) 53 Nando de Colo PG France San Antonio Spurs ( from Houston ) Cholet ( France ) 54 Robert Vaden SG United States Charlotte Bobcats ( from San Antonio , traded to Oklahoma City ) UAB ( Sr . ) 55 Patty Mills PG Australia Portland Trail Blazers ( from Denver ) Saint Mary 's ( So . ) 56 Ahmad Nivins PF United States Dallas Mavericks ( from Portland ) Saint Joseph 's ( Sr . ) 57 Emir Preldžič PF Slovenia Turkey Phoenix Suns ( from Orlando via Oklahoma City , traded to Cleveland ) Fenerbahçe Ülker ( Turkey ) 58 Lester Hudson PG United States Boston Celtics Tennessee - Martin ( Sr . ) 59 Chinemelu Elonu PF Nigeria United States Los Angeles Lakers Texas A&M ( Jr . ) 60 Robert Dozier SF United States Miami Heat ( from Cleveland ) Memphis ( Sr . ) Jump up ^ Nationality indicates the player 's national team or representative nationality . If a player has not competed at the international level , then the nationality indicates the national team which the player is eligible to represent according to FIBA rules . ^ a : Nick Calathes was born in the United States , and has dual U.S. and Greek citizenship by birth . He has represented Greece internationally . ^ b : Goran Suton , who was born in Bosnia and Herzegovina , is also a naturalized citizen of the United States since 2006 . ^ c : Emir Preldžič , who was born in Bosnia and Herzegovina , also has Slovenian and Turkish citizenship . He had represented Slovenia internationally in 2008 , before switching to Turkey . ^ d : Chinemelu Elonu was born in Nigeria , is also a naturalized citizen of the United States . Notable undrafted players ( edit ) These players were not selected in the 2009 NBA draft but have played at least one game in the NBA . Player Position Nationality School / club team Jeff Adrien PF United States Connecticut ( Sr . ) Josh Akognon PG United States / Nigeria Cal State Fullerton ( Sr . ) Antonio Anderson SG United States Memphis ( Sr . ) Aron Baynes C / PF Australia Washington State ( Sr . ) Dionte Christmas SG United States Temple ( Sr . ) Marcus Cousin United States Houston ( Sr . ) Luigi Datome SF Italy Virtus Roma ( Italy ) Justin Dentmon PG United States Washington ( Sr . ) Shane Edwards United States Arkansas -- Little Rock ( Sr . ) Vítor Faverani PF / C Brazil CB Axarquía ( Spain ) Alonzo Gee SF / SG United States Alabama ( Sr . ) Terrel Harris United States Oklahoma State ( Sr . ) Joe Ingles SG / SF Australia South Dragons ( Australia ) Aaron Jackson PG / SG United States Duquesne ( Sr . ) Cedric Jackson PG United States Cleveland State ( Sr . ) Chris Johnson C / PF United States LSU ( Sr . ) Viacheslav Kravtsov Ukraine Kyiv ( Ukraine ) Marcus Landry PF United States Wisconsin ( Sr . ) Wesley Matthews SG / SF United States Marquette ( Sr . ) Jerel McNeal PG / SG United States Marquette ( Sr . ) Gal Mekel PG Israel Wichita State ( So . ) Jeremy Pargo PG United States Gonzaga ( Sr . ) Garret Siler United States Augusta State ( Sr . ) Garrett Temple United States LSU ( Sr . ) Miloš Teodosić Serbia Olympiacos Piraeus ( Greece ) Luke Zeller F / C United States Notre Dame ( Sr . ) Eligibility ( edit ) Further information : Eligibility for the NBA draft The basic requirements for draft eligibility are : All drafted players must be born on or before December 31 , 1990 . Any player who is not an `` international player '' , as defined in the collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) between the NBA and its players union , must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class . The CBA defines `` international players '' as players who permanently resided outside the U.S. for three years prior to the draft , did not complete high school in the U.S. , and have never enrolled at a U.S. college or university . The basic requirement for automatic eligibility for a U.S. player is the completion of his college eligibility . Players who meet the CBA definition of `` international players '' are automatically eligible if their 22nd birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft ( i.e. , born on or before December 31 , 1987 ) . U.S. players who were at least one year removed from their high school graduation and have played professional basketball with a team outside the NBA were also automatically eligible . Former high school player Brandon Jennings meets these criteria , having graduated high school in 2008 , skipped college basketball and then played professional basketball in Italy . A player who is not automatically eligible must declare his eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft . For the 2009 draft , this date fell on April 26 . An early entry candidate is allowed to withdraw his eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 10 days before the draft . This year , a total of 74 collegiate players and 29 international players declared as early entry candidates . At the withdrawal deadline , 55 early - entry candidates withdrew from the draft , leaving 39 collegiate players and 10 international players as the early - entry candidates for the draft . A player who has hired an agent will forfeit his remaining college eligibility , regardless of whether he is drafted . Also , while the collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) between the league and its players ' union allows a player to withdraw from the draft twice , the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) mandates that a player who has declared twice loses his college eligibility . This second provision affected Chase Budinger , Wayne Ellington , and Ty Lawson , all of whom declared for and withdrew from the 2008 draft . Draft lottery ( edit ) Further information : NBA draft lottery The lottery selection to determine the order of the top fourteen picks in the 2009 draft occurred on May 19 , 2009 . The Los Angeles Clippers won the first pick , while the Memphis Grizzlies and Oklahoma City Thunder moved up to second and third picks respectively . The Sacramento Kings and Washington Wizards , who had the two best chances to land a top - three pick , fell down to the fourth and fifth spots , the lowest possible picks they could be awarded through the lottery . The remaining first - round picks and all the second - round picks were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win - loss records in the previous season . As is commonplace in the event of identical win - loss records , the NBA performed a random drawing to break the ties on April 17 , 2009 . Below were the chances for each team to get specific picks in the 2009 draft lottery , rounded to three decimal places : ^ Denotes the actual lottery results Team 2008 -- 09 record Lottery chances Pick 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Sacramento Kings 17 -- 65 250 . 250 . 215 . 177 . 358 ^ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Washington Wizards 19 -- 63 178 . 178 . 174 . 164 . 347 . 137 ^ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Clippers 19 -- 63 177 . 177 ^ . 173 . 164 . 195 . 250 . 040 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Oklahoma City Thunder 23 -- 59 119 . 119 . 126 . 132 ^ . 100 . 350 . 161 . 013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves 24 -- 58 76 . 076 . 084 . 095 -- . 263 . 385 ^ . 093 . 004 -- -- -- -- -- -- Memphis Grizzlies 24 -- 58 75 . 075 . 083 ^ . 094 -- -- . 414 . 294 . 039 . 001 -- -- -- -- -- Golden State Warriors 29 -- 53 43 . 043 . 049 . 058 -- -- -- . 600 ^ . 232 . 018 . 000 -- -- -- -- New York Knicks 32 -- 50 28 . 028 . 033 . 039 -- -- -- -- . 725 ^ . 168 . 008 . 000 -- -- -- Toronto Raptors 33 -- 49 17 . 017 . 020 . 024 -- -- -- -- -- . 813 ^ . 122 . 004 . 000 -- -- Milwaukee Bucks 34 -- 48 10 . 010 . 012 . 014 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 870 ^ . 092 . 002 . 000 -- New Jersey Nets 34 -- 48 9 . 009 . 011 . 013 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 904 ^ . 063 . 001 . 000 Charlotte Bobcats 35 -- 47 7 . 007 . 008 . 010 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 935 ^ . 039 . 000 Indiana Pacers 36 -- 46 6 . 006 . 007 . 009 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 960 ^ . 018 Phoenix Suns 46 -- 36 5 . 005 . 006 . 007 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- . 982 ^ ^ 1 : Washington Wizards ' pick was later traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves . Trades involving draft picks ( edit ) Pre-draft trades ( edit ) Prior to the day of the draft , the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams . On June 24 , 2009 , Minnesota acquired the 5th pick , Etan Thomas , Darius Songaila and Oleksiy Pecherov from Washington in exchange for Randy Foye and Mike Miller . Minnesota used the 5th pick to draft Ricky Rubio . On July 31 , 2007 , Minnesota re-acquired their 2009 first - round draft pick along with Al Jefferson , Gerald Green , Ryan Gomes , Sebastian Telfair , Theo Ratliff , a 2009 first - round draft pick and cash considerations from Boston in exchange for Kevin Garnett . Previously , Boston acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Wally Szczerbiak , Michael Olowokandi and Dwayne Jones on January 26 , 2006 from Minnesota in exchange for Ricky Davis , Marcus Banks , Mark Blount , Justin Reed and two second - round draft picks . Minnesota used the 28th pick to draft Wayne Ellington . On October 24 , 2007 , Minnesota acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Antoine Walker , Wayne Simien , Michael Doleac and cash considerations from Miami in exchange for Ricky Davis and Mark Blount . Minnesota used the 18th pick to draft Ty Lawson . On June 24 , 2009 , Portland acquired the 22nd pick from Dallas in exchange for the 24th pick , 56th pick and a 2010 second - round draft pick . Portland used the 22nd pick to draft Víctor Claver and Dallas used the 24th and 56th pick to draft Byron Mullens and Ahmad Nivins , respectively . On August 14 , 2008 , Sacramento acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Bobby Jackson , Donté Greene and cash considerations from Houston in exchange for Ron Artest , Sean Singletary and Patrick Ewing Jr ... Sacramento used the 23rd pick to draft Omri Casspi . On February 20 , 2008 , Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Francisco Elson and Brent Barry from San Antonio in exchange for Kurt Thomas . Oklahoma City used the 25th pick to draft Rodrigue Beaubois . On February 19 , 2009 , Chicago acquired Denver 's 2009 first - round draft pick from Oklahoma City in exchange for Thabo Sefolosha . Previously , Oklahoma City acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Chucky Atkins and cash considerations on January 7 , 2009 from Denver in exchange for a 2009 second - round draft pick and Johan Petro . Chicago used the 26th pick to draft Taj Gibson . On February 19 , 2009 , Memphis acquired a 2009 first - round draft pick , Mike Wilks , Adonal Foyle and cash considerations from Orlando in a three - team trade with Orlando and Houston . Memphis used the 27th pick to draft DeMarre Carroll . On June 26 , 2008 , Portland acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from the L.A. Clippers in exchange for the draft rights to Mike Taylor . Portland used the 33rd pick to draft Dante Cunningham . On January 7 , 2009 , Denver acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick and Johan Petro from Oklahoma City in exchange for a 2009 first - round draft pick , Chucky Atkins and cash considerations . Denver used the 34th pick to draft Sergio Llull . On October 31 , 2005 , Detroit acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from Minnesota in exchange for Ronald Dupree . Detroit used the 35th pick to draft DaJuan Summers . On December 24 , 2008 , Memphis re-acquired their 2009 second - round draft pick along with Steve Francis and cash considerations from Houston in exchange for a 2011 second - round draft pick . Previously , Houston acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick and the draft rights to Donté Greene from Memphis in a three - team trade with Memphis and Portland on June 26 , 2008 . On June 26 , 2008 , San Antonio acquired Golden State 's 2009 second - round draft pick , the draft rights to Malik Hairston and cash considerations from Phoenix in exchange for the draft rights to Goran Dragić . Previously , Phoenix acquired 2007 and 2009 second - round draft picks on January 3 , 2005 from Golden State in exchange for Žarko Čabarkapa . San Antonio used the 37th pick to draft DeJuan Blair . On June 26 , 2008 , Portland acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from Denver in a three - team trade with Denver and Chicago . Portland also acquired New York 's 2009 second - round draft pick and Chicago 's 2010 second - round draft pick from Chicago . Previously , Chicago acquired a 2006 first - round draft pick , 2007 and 2009 second - round draft picks , an option to exchange 2007 first - round draft picks , Tim Thomas , Michael Sweetney and Jermaine Jackson on October 4 , 2005 from New York in exchange for Eddy Curry and Antonio Davis . Portland used the 38th and 55th pick to draft Jon Brockman and Patrick Mills , respectively . On June 15 , 2007 , Detroit acquired 2009 and 2011 second - round draft picks from Toronto in exchange for Carlos Delfino . Detroit used the 39th pick to draft Jonas Jerebko . On August 11 , 2008 , Charlotte acquired New Jersey 's 2009 second - round draft pick from Oklahoma City in exchange for the draft rights to Kyle Weaver . Previously , Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick on July 7 , 2006 from New Jersey in exchange for Mikki Moore . Charlotte used the 40th pick to draft Derrick Brown . On December 6 , 2004 , the L.A. Lakers acquired 2005 and 2009 second - round draft picks from Charlotte in exchange for Kareem Rush . The L.A. Lakers used the 42nd pick to draft Patrick Beverley . On June 28 , 2007 , Miami acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from Indiana in exchange for the draft rights to Stanko Barać . Miami used the 43rd pick to draft Marcus Thornton . On June 26 , 2008 , Minnesota acquired Philadelphia 's and Miami 's 2009 second - round draft picks and cash considerations from Miami in exchange for the draft rights to Mario Chalmers . Previously , Miami acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick , the draft rights to Daequan Cook and cash considerations on June 28 , 2007 from Philadelphia in exchange for the draft rights to Jason Smith . Minnesota used the 45th and 47th pick to draft Nick Calathes and Henk Norel , respectively . On February 21 , 2008 , Cleveland acquired Ben Wallace , Joe Smith and a 2009 second - round draft pick from Chicago in a three - team trade with Chicago and Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) . Cleveland used the 46th pick to draft Danny Green . On June 21 , 2006 , San Antonio acquired New Orleans 's 2009 second - round draft pick , Matt Bonner and Eric Williams from Toronto in exchange for Rasho Nesterović . Previously , Toronto acquired Miami 's 2006 second - round draft pick and New Orleans 's 2009 second - round draft pick on January 31 , 2006 from New Orleans in exchange for Aaron Williams . San Antonio used the 51st pick to draft Jack McClinton . On October 10 , 2008 , Indiana acquired 2009 and 2010 second - round draft picks , Eddie Jones and cash considerations from Dallas in exchange for Shawne Williams . Indiana used the 52nd pick to draft A.J. Price . On July 12 , 2007 , San Antonio acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick , Vassilis Spanoulis and cash considerations from Houston in exchange for Jackie Butler and the draft rights to Luis Scola . San Antonio used the 53rd pick to draft Nando de Colo . On February 13 , 2007 , Charlotte acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick , Eric Williams and cash considerations from San Antonio in exchange for Melvin Ely . Charlotte used the 54th pick to draft Robert Vaden . On July 20 , 2007 , Phoenix acquired Orlando 's 2009 second - round draft pick from Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) in exchange for 2008 and 2010 first - round draft picks and Kurt Thomas . Previously , Oklahoma City ( as Seattle ) acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick on July 11 , 2007 from Orlando in exchange for Rashard Lewis . Phoenix used the 57th pick to draft Emir Preldžič . On June 26 , 2008 , Miami acquired a 2009 second - round draft pick from Cleveland in exchange for the draft rights to Darnell Jackson . Miami used the 60th pick to draft Robert Dozier . Draft - day trades ( edit ) The following trades involving drafted players were made on the day of the draft . Denver acquired the draft rights to 18th pick Ty Lawson from Minnesota in exchange for a future conditional first - round draft pick . Oklahoma City acquired the draft rights to 24th pick Byron Mullens from Dallas in exchange for the draft rights to 25th pick Rodrigue Beaubois and a 2010 second - round draft pick . New York acquired the draft rights to 29th pick Toney Douglas from the L.A. Lakers in exchange for a 2011 second - round draft pick and cash considerations . Portland acquired the draft rights to 31st pick Jeff Pendergraph from Sacramento in exchange for Sergio Rodríguez , the draft rights to 38th pick Jon Brockman and cash considerations . Houston acquired the draft rights to 32nd pick Jermaine Taylor from Washington in exchange for cash considerations . Houston acquired the draft rights to 34th pick Sergio Llull from Denver in exchange for cash considerations . Miami acquired the draft rights to 42nd pick Patrick Beverley from the L.A. Lakers in exchange for a 2011 second - round draft pick and cash considerations . New Orleans acquired the draft rights to 43rd pick Marcus Thornton from Miami in exchange for 2010 and 2012 second - round draft picks . Houston acquired the draft rights to 44th pick Chase Budinger from Detroit in exchange for a future second - round draft pick and cash considerations . Dallas acquired the draft rights to 45th pick Nick Calathes from Minnesota in exchange for a 2010 second - round draft pick and cash considerations . Oklahoma City acquired the draft rights to 54th pick Robert Vaden from Charlotte in exchange for cash considerations . Cleveland acquired the draft rights to 57th pick Emir Preldžič from Phoenix in exchange for cash considerations . References ( edit ) General `` 2009 NBA Draft '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . `` Chad Ford 's 2009 Draft Board , Round 1 '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . `` Chad Ford 's 2009 Draft Board , Round 2 '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Clippers win No. 1 pick in Draft ; Kings slip to fourth '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin top pick in NBA draft '' . ESPN.com . June 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers ' Griffin has successful kneecap surgery '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Thabeet signs with Grizzlies '' . ESPN.com . July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Like fathers , like sons in NBA draft '' . ESPN.com . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( July 18 , 2009 ) . `` From Israel to the N.B.A. , Missing the Hummus '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennings puts new path to NBA on full display '' . ESPN.com . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trio Of Tar Heels Go In First Round Of NBA Draft '' . North Carolina Tar Heels . CBS Interactive . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wolves Acquire the No. 5 Pick in 2009 NBA Draft '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Happy With Draft Night Haul '' . NBA.com/Rockets . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Early - entry candidates withdraw from 2009 NBA draft '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Brandon Jennings '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/3582/sergio-llull Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Sergio Llull '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Jonas Jerebko '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/gamelog/_/id/3964/year/2010/patrick-beverley Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4007/henk-norel Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Henk Norel '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/3987/sergiy-gladyr Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4013/goran-suton Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4002/jack-mcclinton Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Nando de Colo '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4018/robert-vaden Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4006/ahmad-nivins Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/4009/emir-preldzic Jump up ^ `` NBA.com -- Draft 2009 Prospects -- Emir Preldžič '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/3982/chinemelu-elonu Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/nba/player/stats/_/id/3980/robert-dozier Jump up ^ `` Former Gator basketball player Nick Calathes has a lucrative future mapped out '' . Orlando Sentinel . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State Spartans C Goran Suton knew real war as a child '' . TampaBay.com . St. Petersburg Times . March 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia slaughter Canada '' . FIBA . FIBA . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Squad Includes Preldzic , Kanter '' . EuroBasket 2011 . FIBA . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Player Bio : Chinemelu Elonu '' . AggieAthletics.com . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Chinemelu Elonu '' . NBA.com/Lakers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( i ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( c ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( G ) ( 1 ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( F ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . ( non-international players ) Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( G ) ( 3 ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . ( international players ) ^ Jump up to : `` Article X , Section 8 ( c ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Early Entry Candidates for 2009 NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Final Draft Early Entry Candidate List '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com Master Calendar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on 16 March 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ties broken for Draft 2009 order of selection '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Draft Board '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wolves Acquire Five Players and Picks for KG '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Acquire Ricky Davis from Boston , Szczerbiak , Olowokandi & Jones to Celtics '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2010 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Nab First - Round Pick and Three Players From Heat '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Move Up In Draft , Acquire 22nd Pick From Dallas '' . NBA.com/Blazers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Acquire Bobby Jackson and Donté Greene '' . NBA.com/Kings . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Obtain Kurt Thomas '' . NBA.com/Spurs . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Acquire Thomas , James , Roberson and ' 09 First - Round Pick '' . NBA.com/Bulls . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuggets Acquire Petro from Thunder '' . NBA.com/Nuggets . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies Acquire 2009 First Round Pick from Magic '' . NBA.com/Grizzlies . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trail Blazers busy again on draft night '' . NBA.com/Blazers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves Acquire Forward Ronald Dupree from the Detroit Pistons and Waive Forward Ndudi Ebi '' . NBA.com/Timberwolves . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 31 , 2005 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies Reacquire 2nd Round Pick from Houston '' . NBA.com/Grizzlies . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . December 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Houston : Rockets Select Donté Greene , Joey Dorsey , and Maarty Leunen in NBA Draft '' . NBA.com/Rockets . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Select Hill & Gist In NBA Draft '' . NBA.com/Spurs . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Trade Žarko Čabarkapa to Golden State '' . NBA.com/Suns . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Re-Sign Curry , Complete Sign - and - Trade with Knicks '' . NBA.com/Bulls . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Adios , Carlos : Pistons Send Third - Year Swingman to Raptors for 2 Second - Round Picks '' . NBA.com/Pistons . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 15 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Acquire 2009 Second - Round Draft Pick '' . NBA.com/Bobcats . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . 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The Theatre

The Theatre - wikipedia The Theatre Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a specific theatre in London . For the theatre in Leeds , see The Theatre , Leeds . For the theatre in Oxfordshire , see The Theatre Chipping Norton . For information on theatre in general , see Theatre . For other uses , see Theatre ( disambiguation ) . Ground plan of The Theatre . The `` common sewer '' is now marked by Curtain Road , and the `` ditch from the horse - pond '' by New Inn Yard The Theatre is labelled in the top right of this London street map . Enlarge The Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse in Shoreditch ( in Curtain Road , part of the modern London Borough of Hackney ) , just outside the City of London . It was the second permanent theatre ever built in England , after the Red Lion , and the first successful one . Built by actor - manager James Burbage , near the family home in Holywell Street , The Theatre is considered the first theatre built in London for the sole purpose of theatrical productions . The Theatre 's history includes a number of important acting troupes including the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , which employed Shakespeare as actor and playwright . After a dispute with the landlord , the theatre was dismantled and the timbers used in the construction of the Globe Theatre on Bankside . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Archaeological investigation 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Mayor and Corporation of London banned plays in 1572 as a measure against the plague , not wanting to attract crowds of strangers . In 1575 they formally expelled all players from the city . This prompted the construction of playhouses outside the jurisdiction of London , in the liberties of Halliwell / Holywell in Shoreditch and later the Clink , and at Newington Butts near the established entertainment district of St. George 's Fields in rural Surrey . The Theatre was constructed in 1576 by James Burbage in partnership with his brother - in - law , one John Brayne , ( the owner of the Red Lion ) on property that had originally been the grounds of the dissolved Halliwell Priory ( or Holywell ) . Brayne had advanced Burbage the money needed to build The Theatre , and in return , Brayne received a portion of the profits and owned some of the property ( Burbage married Brayne 's daughter Ellen in 1575 ) . The Theatre was in Shoreditch , beyond the northern boundary of the City of London and outside the jurisdiction of civil authorities , who were often opposed to the theatre . This area in the `` suburbs of sin '' was notorious for licentious behaviour , brothels and gaming houses . A year later the Curtain Theatre was built nearby , making the area London 's first theatrical and entertainment district . `` When Burbage and Brayne mortgaged The Theatre , Brayne had just recently resolved another fight with one of his brothers - in - law over a different mortgage '' Brayne and Burbage had never written a contract , which eventually led to many quarrels concerning who spent what on getting The Theatre started . Throughout the building of The Theatre , Burbage and Brayne continually became indebted to each other . To fix this they constructed schemes to keep the building of The Theatre going . John Hind was one of the creditors for the construction of The Theatre , however , almost nothing else is known about him except that there was also a contract between him and Burbage / Brayne which entailed that he arrange players for them . One of their schemes was to put on plays in The Theatre while it was still being built , to raise money for further construction . Although Burbage 's son later claimed the Theatre as the first permanent playhouse in the London conurbation , it may not have been the first permanent theatre to serve Londoners . The Newington Butts playhouse may have been built as early as 1575 , certainly actor Jerome Savage renewed a lease on the site on 25 March 1576 , three weeks before Burbage 's lease in Shoreditch . Newington Butts was clearly established by Lady Day 1577 , and Wickham et al. interpret the available documents as saying that Savage was adapting an existing building constructed by Richard Hicks rather than building from scratch . The design of The Theatre was possibly adapted from the inn - yards that had served as playing spaces for actors and / or bear baiting pits . The building was a polygonal wooden building with three galleries surrounding an open yard . From one side of the polygon extended a thrust stage . The Theatre is said to have cost £ 700 to construct , which is a considerable sum for the age . The open yard in front of the stage was cobbled and provided standing room for those who paid a penny . For another penny , the attendees were allowed into the galleries where they could either stand or , for a third penny , procure a stool . One of the galleries , though sources do not state which , was divided into small compartments that could be used by the wealthy and aristocrats . The playhouse was a timber building with a tile roof ; other materials used to construct the Theatre were brick , sand , lime , lead , and iron . Owing to a lack of paperwork not much is truly known about the Theatre 's appearance , but it has been described as an `` amphitheater '' . The Theatre opened in the autumn of 1576 , possibly as a venue for Leicester 's Men , the acting company of Robert Dudley , 1st Earl of Leicester of which James Burbage was a member . In the 1580s the Admiral 's Men , of which James Burbage 's son , Richard was a member , took up residence . After a disagreement between the company and young Burbage , most of the company left for the Rose Theatre which was under the management of Philip Henslowe . In 1594 , Richard Burbage became the leading actor of the Lord Chamberlain 's Men which performed at The Theatre until 1597 . Poet , playwright and actor William Shakespeare was also in the employ of the Company and some of his early plays had their première at The Theatre . `` At Christmas 1594 ( Richard ) was summoned with two other members of his company , William Kempe and William Shakespeare , to act before the queen at Greenwich Palace ... Numerous performances before Queen Elizabeth followed , and Shakespeare doubtless often accompanied Burbage on many subsequent professional visits to one or other of the royal palaces . '' Richard 's most noted role is -- which holds close to his namesake -- his part as Richard in Shakespeare 's Richard III . After the Burbages stripped The Theatre of its materials to erect The Globe , many of Shakespeare 's plays were performed the famous theatre in the summer , and the Blackfriars house , another of the Burbage 's theatres , was used as a winter playhouse . Towards the end of 1596 , problems arose with the property 's landlord , Giles Allen . Consequently , in 1597 , the Lord Chamberlain 's Men were forced to stop playing at the Theatre and moved to the nearby Curtain . The lease had been granted to Richard Burbage and his brother Cuthbert Burbage upon the death of their father . The lease that the late James Burbage had obtained from Allen in 1576 was to last only twenty years , but when that day did come , in 1596 , Allen `` stipulated that the playhouse should only be applied to theatrical purposes for another five years . This stipulation was contested by Burbage , and he and his sons began a harassing lawsuit with Allen . But before the dispute had gone very far Burbage died ( in the spring of 1597 ) and the suit was continued by his sons Richard and Cuthbert . '' The sight of the deserted Theatre prompted these lines from a minor satirist of the day : ... But see yonder , One like the unfrequented Theatre Walks in dark silence and vast solitude . Brayne 's widow , Margaret , and former business partner , Robert Myles , filed a lawsuit against the Burbages after Brayne 's death in 1586 . When Brayne passed the Burbages halted their payments to Margaret for their debt . When they filed lawsuit , Margaret and Robert showed up at The Theatre demanding half of everything inside of it -- in disagreement , Richard Burbage physically assaulted Robert Myles , and Robert and Margaret left empty handed . However , this was not the end as Myles attempted to bring down the Burbages in another two lawsuits , which both ended in failure . `` The old disputes of the Theatre were overtaken by the new litigation of the Alleyns - the original owners , when the Burbages dismantled the Theatre and rebuilt it as the Globe . '' At the time of Margaret Brayne 's death there were still lawsuits that had not been settled , and in her last will and testament she left all of her prospective winnings to Robert Myles . Though Giles Allen was the landlord John Hyde legally owned the lease to the Theatre and would return the lease to Richard and Cuthbert Burbage and Margaret Brayne for the sum of £ 30 . Cuthbert then went to Walter Cope , a trusted business man , and had Cope ask Hyde if Cuthbert could outright pay for the lease and own it himself . Cuthbert paid and outright owned the lease now , ultimately squeezing Margaret Brayne out of the business . They justified this by stating that now that the lease was in Cuthbert 's name and no longer in James ' name John Brayne had no dealings with the Theatre and therefore neither did Margaret Brayne . This state of affairs forced the Burbage brothers to take drastic action to save their investment . In defiance of the landlord and with the help of their friend and financial backer William Smith , chief carpenter Peter Street and ten or twelve workmen , they dismantled the theatre on the night of 28 December 1598 and moved the structure piecemeal to Street 's yard near to Bridewell . With the onset of more favourable weather in the following spring , the material was ferried over the Thames to reconstruct it as The Globe . Giles Allen then sued Peter Street in January 1599 for trespassing on the property of the Theatre , stating that Street had no right to dismantle the Theatre and move the supplies . He also attempted to sue Cuthbert and Richard Burbage for trespassing . Archaeological investigation ( edit ) In August 2008 archaeologists from the Museum of London excavating in New Inn Broadway , Shoreditch , announced they had found the foundation of a polygonal structure they believed to be the remains of the north - eastern corner of The Theatre . The site is to be used to build a new theatre for the Tower Theatre Company . The Theatre and Shakespeare 's involvement with it are commemorated by two plaques on 86 -- 90 Curtain Road , the building at the corner with New Inn Yard currently occupied by a Foxtons office . A surviving fragment of the original wall will be retained in the new theatre . See also ( edit ) Inn - yard theatre Curtain Theatre -- opened in the following year further down Curtain Road Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fairman Ordish , Thomas ( 1899 ) , Early London Theatres : In the Fields , London : Elliot Stock , p. 30 Jump up ^ Bowsher , Julian ; Miller , Pat ( 2010 ) . The Rose and the Globe -- Playhouses of Shakespeare 's Bankside , Southwark . Museum of London . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 901992 - 85 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Leslie , ed. ( 1886 ) . `` Burbage , James '' . Dictionary of National Biography. 7 . London : Smith , Elder & Co. p. 285 . Jump up ^ Mullaney , 1988 . Jump up ^ Berry , Herbert . `` Brayne and his other brother - in - law '' . Shakespeare Studies . Literature Resource Center . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Berry , Herbert . English Professional Theatre , 1530 -- 1660 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Mateer , David . `` New Light on the Early History of the Theatre in Shoreditch ( With Texts ) . '' English Literary Renaissance 36.3 ( 2006 ) : 335 -- 375 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 11 Mar. 2013 . Jump up ^ Gladstone Wickham , Glynne William ; Berry , Herbert ; Ingram , William ( 2000 ) , English professional theatre , 1530 -- 1660 , Cambridge University Press , p. 320 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23012 - 4 Jump up ^ Ingram , William ( 1992 ) , The business of playing : the beginnings of the adult professional theater in Elizabethan London , Cornell University Press , p. 164 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 2671 - 1 Jump up ^ Ingram ( 1992 ) p170 Jump up ^ Wickham et al ( 2000 ) p321 Jump up ^ Egan , 2005 . Jump up ^ Skialetheia , Edward Guilpin , 1598 Jump up ^ Capp , Bernard . `` The Burbages At Law ( Again ) . '' Notes & Queries 47.4 ( 2000 ) : 433 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 11 Mar. 2013 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , James ( 2005 ) . 1599 -- a year in the life of William Shakespeare . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 21480 - 0 ... Jump up ^ Schoenbaum 1987 : 206 -- 209 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona ( 2008 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Dig reveals The Theatre -- Shakespeare 's first playhouse '' . Times Online . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Bard 's ' first theatre ' found '' . BBC News . 2008 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's first theatre found '' . BBC News Online . 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Theatre and Holywell Priory '' . London Borough of Hackney. 28 Feb 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dunthorne , Joe ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ghost '' . The Guardian . London . p . R5 . References ( edit ) Egan , Gabriel ( 2005 ) , Platonism and bathos in Shakespeare and other early modern drama accessed 13 November 2006 . Gurr , Andrew . The Shakespearean Stage 1574 -- 1642 . Third edition , Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1992 . Hartnoll , Phyllis , ed . The Oxford Companion to the Theatre . 4th edition . London : Oxford UP , 1983 . p. 964 . Moreton , W.H.C. ( 1976 ) `` Shakespeare came to Shoreditch '' LBH Library Services Text accessed 10 November 2006 . Mullaney , S. ( 1988 ) The Place of the Stage : Licence , Play and Power in Renaissance England . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Schoenbaum , S. ( 1987 ) William Shakespeare : A Compact Documentary Life . Oxford University Press . Thomson , Peter . `` The Theatre '' . in Banham , Martin , ed . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre , London : Cambridge UP , 1992 . Wallace , Charles William , ( 1913 ) , The First London Theatre , Materials for a History , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska . Ticket - Taker , ( 1993 ) , `` The Theater '' , TURNS De Young , J. and Miller , J. ( 1998 ) London Theatre Walks , New York : Applause Books . Berry , Herbert . `` John Brayne and his other brother - in - law . '' Shakespeare Studies ( 2002 ) : 93 + . Literature Resource Center . Web . 11 Mar. 2013 . External links ( edit ) Shakespeare 's Theatre ? Archaeology at 4 -- 6 New Inn Broadway Hackney Museum of London Archaeology assessment of archaeological and historical background Shakespearean Playhouses , by Joseph Quincy Adams , Jr. from Project Gutenberg The Theatre Digital Reconstruction , a collaboration between Cloak and Dagger Studios and Museum of London Archaeology William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece The Phoenix and the Turtle A Lover 's Complaint Apocrypha Arden of Faversham * Cardenio * Double Falsehood * Love 's Labour 's Won Sejanus His Fall * Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy * The Passionate Pilgrim * Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost Coordinates : 51 ° 31 ′ 28.5 '' N 0 ° 4 ′ 48 '' W  /  51.524583 ° N 0.08000 ° W  / 51.524583 ; - 0.08000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Theatre&oldid=773597802 '' Categories : Theatres completed in 1576 1598 disestablishments in England Former theatres in London Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hackney 16th century in London 1576 establishments in England Shoreditch Hidden categories : Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Use dmy dates from May 2015 Use British English from May 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2017 , at 10 : 54 . 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the first public playhouse ( the theatre ) is built in london

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Pinarayi Vijayan

Pinarayi Vijayan - wikipedia Pinarayi Vijayan Pinarayi Vijayan 12th Chief Minister of Kerala Incumbent Assumed office 25 May 2016 Governor P. Sathasivam Preceded by Oommen Chandy Constituency Dharmadom Minister of Home Affairs , Kerala state Incumbent Assumed office 25 May 2016 Preceded by Ramesh Chennithala Member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Incumbent Assumed office 24 March 2002 Secretary of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Kerala State Committee In office 25 September 1998 -- 23 February 2015 Preceded by Chadayan Govindan Succeeded by Kodiyeri Balakrishnan Minister of Electricity , Kerala state In office 20 May 1996 -- 19 October 1998 Preceded by G. Karthikeyan Succeeded by S. Sharma Minister of Co-operatives , Kerala state In office 20 May 1996 -- 19 October 1998 Preceded by M.V. Raghavan Succeeded by S. Sharma Personal details ( 1945 - 05 - 24 ) 24 May 1945 ( age 73 ) Pinarayi , Kannur Madras Presidency , British India Political party Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Spouse ( s ) Kamala Children Vivek Kiran Veena Residence Pinarayi , Kerala , India Alma mater Government Brennen College , Thalassery Pinarayi Vijayan ( born 24 May 1945 ) is an Indian politician who is the current Chief Minister of Kerala , in office since 25 May 2016 . A member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) , he was the longest - serving secretary of the Kerala State Committee of the CPI ( M ) from 1998 to 2015 . He also served in the government of Kerala as Minister of Electric Power and Co-operatives from 1996 to 1998 . Vijayan won a seat in the May 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election as the CPI ( M ) candidate for Dharmadom constituency and was selected as the leader of the Left Democratic Front ( LDF ) and became the 12th Chief Minister of Kerala . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Political career 2.1 Chief Minister 2.2 Positions held 3 Personal life 4 Controversies 5 Picture Gallery 6 References 7 External links Early LIFE and education Vijayan was born on 24 May 1945 in a poor family in Pinarayi in Malabar district ( present - day Kannur District ) , as the youngest son of Koran and Kalyani . He had 14 siblings of which only three survived . After graduating school , he worked as a handloom weaver for a year before joining for Pre -- university course in the Government Brennen College , Thalassery . Subsequently , he completed his degree course from the same college . Political career Pinarayi Vijayan entered politics through student union activities at Government Brennen College , Thalassery . He eventually joined the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) in 1964 . Vijayan became Kannur district secretary of the Kerala Students Federation ( KSF ) , which later became the Students Federation of India ( SFI ) . He went on to become the state secretary and subsequently the state president of KSF . He then moved on to Kerala State Youth Federation ( KSYF ) , which later became the Democratic Youth Federation of India ( DYFI ) . He became the president of the state committee . During that period , when communists in Kerala were organising the political activities from different hide - outs , Pinarayi Vijayan was imprisoned for one and a half years . Later he was elected as the president of the Kerala state co-operative bank . During the emergency , he was arrested and tortured by police . He became the Kannur district secretary of the CPI ( M ) when M.V. Raghavan left the party over the ' alternative document ' row . Within three years , he became a member of the State Secretariat . He was elected to the Assembly in 1970 , 1977 and 1991 from Koothuparamba , in 1996 from Payyannur and in 2016 from Dharmadom . He was the Minister for Electric power and Co-operatives in the E.K. Nayanar ministry from 1996 to 1998 . In 1998 , he became the state secretary of the CPI ( M ) , following the death of the incumbent Chadayan Govindan . He was elected to the Politburo of the CPI ( M ) in 2002 . On 26 May 2007 the CPI ( M ) suspended Pinarayi Vijayan and V.S. Achuthanandan from the Politburo for their public remarks on each other . Pinarayi was reinstated into the Politburo later . Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan was selected by the CPI ( M ) as Chief Minister of Kerala in May 2016 , following the 2016 Legislative Assembly election . Vijayan was selected as the leader of Left Democratic Front government . He was sworn in on 25 May 2016 in front of a large number of party workers , along with his 19 - member cabinet . Vijayan also holds the charge of Home Affairs & Vigilance Departments along with the other portfolios normally held by the Chief Ministers , and not mentioned elsewhere . He is elected from Dharmadom constituency . During his reign he introduced various schemes like Haritha Keralam Mission , Project LIFE , Ardram Mission and Comprehensive Education Reforms . For the first time in India , an all - woman police squad called Pink Patrol was introduced in Kerala to ascertain the security of women and children in public places . Positions held State president and secretary of Kerala Student 's Federation and president of Kerala State Youth Federation . President of Kerala State Co-operative Bank Elected to Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1970 , 1977 , 1991 , 1996 and 2016 . Minister in Kerala government between 1996 and 1998 . Secretary of the Kerala state committee of the CPI ( M ) between 1998 and 2015 . Member of the CPI ( M ) politburo from 2002 . Chief Minister of Kerala from 25 May 2016 Election victories Year Constituency Closest rival Majority ( votes ) 1970 Koothuparamba Thayath Raghavan ( PSP ) 743 1977 Koothuparamba Abdulkadar ( RSP ) 4,401 1991 Koothuparamba P. Ramakrishnan ( INC ) 12,960 Payyannur K.N. Kannoth ( INC ) 28,078 2016 Dharmadom Mambaram Divakaran ( INC ) 36,905 Personal LIFE He is married to Kamala Vijayan and has two children , Veena and Vivek . His wife is a retired teacher . Their son works in HSBC bank , in Abu Dhabi and daughter is in Bangalore , India where she manages a web startup . The family resides in the official residence of the Chief Minister at Trivandrum . Controversies The SNC Lavalin controversy in Kerala was a major allegation that rocked Kerala politics . The Comptroller and Auditor General of India report had stated that the deal Vijayan had struck as electricity minister in 1998 with Lavalin , a Canadian firm , for the repair of three generators , had cost the state exchequer a staggering Rs 375 crores . On 16 January 2007 , Kerala High Court ordered a CBI enquiry into the SNC Lavalin case . There are also reports that the CAG did not report any losses to state exchequer , but that the project did not yield commensurate gains . On 21 January 2009 , CBI filed a progress report on the investigation in the Kerala high court . Pinarayi Vijayan had been named as the 9th accused in the case . CPI ( M ) backed Pinarayi saying that the CBI move was `` politically motivated '' . Party viewed the implication of Pinarayi in the case is to settle scores with the CPM after the party withdrew its support to the UPA government . The CPM led Kerala Government decided not to let Vijayan to be prosecuted in the case . Over-ruling the cabinet recommendation , the Governor allowed CBI to prosecute Vijayan based on prima facie evidence . Though CPI ( M ) called Governor 's move un-constitutional , then Kerala Chief Minister V.S. Achuthanandan said there is nothing surprising or wrong in Governor 's decision . On 5 November 2013 , the CBI special court discharged Pinarayi Vijayan and the others accused from the list of accused in the SNC - Lavalin Case . The court has allowed a plea made by Pinarayi Vijayan asking his name to be removed from the list of accused in the case . The court held that there is n't any proof of dishonest and fraudulent intentions , abuse of official position and cheating . On 16 February 2007 the airport security in Chennai Airport recovered five bullets from Vijayan 's baggage . The Chennai airport security let him off after receiving a faxed copy of his license . As CPI ( M ) state secretary , Pinarayi Vijayan demanded that the Catholic Church in Kerala withdraw a controversial pastoral letter . The letter recommended a `` liberation struggle '' on the lines of the one in the 1950s to liberate the education sector in Kerala from state control , so that the management could charge fees and capitation without government intervention . On 16 October 2007 , Pinarayi called Paul Chitilapally , the bishop of Thamarassery in Kerala , a `` wretched creature '' . He was speaking at a memorial remembrance of Mathai Chacko , MLA from Thamarassery and a CPI ( M ) member . He said `` A lie is a lie , and just because it is uttered by a bishop it does not become a holy lie . '' Later , the Roman Catholic Church in Kerala was up in arms against the CPI ( M ) leadership for his comments against the bishop . However , he repeated the same and stuck to his comments . This led to heated discussion among the Catholic community across the state to protest against his speech by closing all educational institutions run by the church . Picture Gallery Close up image of Pinarayi Vijayan Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurating ESAF Small Finance Bank at Thrissur Pinarayi Vijayan with the recipient of Vanita Ratnam Award 2018 Pinarayi Vijayan with police officers References Jump up ^ `` A college that moulded the CM Pinarayi Vijayan , and many more '' . Deccan Chronicle. 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vijayan celebrates birthday with media '' . Press Trust of India . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . As per official records , the senior marxist leader said his birthday was on March 21 , 1944 . But his correct birth date was May 24 , 1945 , he said , adding , he was not going to change the official records . Jump up ^ `` Pinarayi Vijayan to be sworn - in as Kerala chief minister on May 25 '' . Jump up ^ `` Pinarayi Vijayan , 72 , Will Be Kerala Chief Minister , Not Achuthanandan , 92 '' . NDTV.com. 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pinarayi Vijayan , 72 , Will Be Kerala Chief Minister , Not Achuthanandan , 92 ^ Jump up to : Pinarayi Vijayan to be next chief minister of Kerala Jump up ^ `` ' Profile of Pinarayi Vijayan ' '' . Gulf News . 2016 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pinarayi Vijayan '' . www.cpimkerala.org . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A college that moulded the CM Pinarayi Vijayan , and many more '' . Deccan Chronicle. 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Achuthanandan , Pinarayi Vijayan suspended '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kearala to go by HC order in Lavalin case '' . The Hindu Business Line . Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CAG finds lapses in deal with SNC Lavalin '' . The Hindu . 14 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBI finds Pinarayi guilty in Lavalin scam , moralistic CPM yet to act '' . The Economic Times . 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBI seeks nod to prosecute CPM 's Kerala unit chief '' . The Indian Express . 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala govt not to prosecute Vijayan in Lavlain case '' . The Times of India . 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Governor allows CBI to prosecute Vijayan '' . The Times of India . 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CBI gets Governor nod to book Pinarayi '' . The Indian Express . 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala CM says governor not wrong , riles CPM '' . Times of India . 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rift in Kerala unit of CPIM widens '' . Business Standard . 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Time for party to come to aid of Lavalin accused '' . Indian Express . 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vijayan fund '' . Telegraphindia. 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Act against Pinarayi : Chandy '' . The Hindu . 20 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pinarayi wants pastoral letter retracted '' . Gulf News . Jump up ^ `` Unfazed Pinarayi continues to attack bishop '' . The Economic Times . 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Do not vitiate social climate , says Pinarayi '' . The Hindu . 17 October 2007 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinarayi Vijayan . Pinarayi Vijayan discusses the future of the left in India . Tehelka , Volume 12 Issue 17 , Dated 25 April 2015 . Kerala Travel Mart Political offices Preceded by Oommen Chandy Chief Minister of Kerala 25 May 2016 -- Present Succeeded by Incumbent Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Vacant ( Governor 's rule ) Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Chief Ministers of Kerala Travancore P.G.N. Unnithan Pattom A. Thanu Pillai Parur T.K. Narayana Pillai Cochin Panampilly Govinda Menon T.K. Nair E. Ikkanda Warrier Travancore - Cochin Parur T.K. Narayana Pillai C. Kesavan A.J. John , Anaparambil Pattom A. Thanu Pillai Panampilly Govinda Menon Kerala E.M.S. Namboodiripad C. Achutha Menon K. Karunakaran A.K. Antony P.K. Vasudevan Nair C.H. Mohammed Koya E.K. Nayanar Oommen Chandy V.S. Achuthanandan Pinarayi Vijayan Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) General secretaries P. Sundarayya ( 1964 -- 78 ) E.M.S. Namboodiripad ( 1978 -- 92 ) Harkishan Singh Surjeet ( 1992 -- 2005 ) Prakash Karat ( 2005 -- 15 ) Sitaram Yechury ( 2015 -- present ) Current Politburo Sitaram Yechury Prakash Karat S. Ramachandran Pillai Biman Bose Manik Sarkar Brinda Karat Pinarayi Vijayan Hannan Mollah Kodiyeri Balakrishnan M.A. Baby Surja Kanta Mishra Mohammad Salim Subhashini Ali B.V. Raghavulu G. Ramakrishnan Tapan Kumar Sen Nilotpal Basu Chief Ministers E.M.S. Namboodiripad Jyoti Basu Nripen Chakraborty E.K. Nayanar Dasarath Deb Manik Sarkar Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee V.S. Achuthanandan Pinarayi Vijayan Related organisations All India Democratic Women 's Association ( AIDWA ) All India Kisan Sabha ( AIKS ) Centre of Indian Trade Unions ( CITU ) Democratic Youth Federation of India ( DYFI ) Students Federation of India ( SFI ) Newspapers People 's Democracy The Marxist Deshabhimani Daily Desher Katha Ganashakti Lok Lahar Prajasakti Theekkathir WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 4077 4888 LCCN : n2005205744 VIAF : 33877253 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinarayi_Vijayan&oldid=865861150 '' Categories : Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) politicians from Kerala People from Kannur district Malayali politicians 1944 births Living people Members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly Kerala MLAs 1970 -- 77 Kerala MLAs 1977 -- 79 Kerala MLAs 1991 -- 96 Kerala MLAs 2016 -- 21 Chief Ministers of Kerala Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Svenska தமிழ் 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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Burt Kwouk

Burt Kwouk - wikipedia Burt Kwouk Jump to : navigation , search Burt Kwouk OBE Kwouk in Last of the Summer Wine Herbert Tsangtse Kwouk 郭 弼 ( 1930 - 07 - 18 ) 18 July 1930 Warrington , Cheshire , England 24 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) ( aged 85 ) Hampstead , London , England Cause of death Cancer Years active 1957 -- 2012 Spouse ( s ) Caroline Tebbs ( m . 1961 ; his death 2016 ) Children Christopher Kwouk Burt Kwouk Chinese 郭 弼 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guō Bì Wade -- Giles Ko Pi IPA ( kwó pî ) Yue : Cantonese Jyutping Gwok Bat Herbert Tsangtse `` Burt '' Kwouk , OBE ( / kwɒk / KWOK ; Chinese : 郭 弼 ; 18 July 1930 -- 24 May 2016 ) was a British actor , known for his role as Cato in the Pink Panther films . He made appearances in many television programmes , including a portrayal of Imperial Japanese Army Major Yamauchi in the British drama series Tenko and as Entwistle in Last of the Summer Wine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Selected filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Audio theatre 4.4 Video games 4.5 Miscellaneous 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Kwouk was born in Warrington , Cheshire , but was brought up in Shanghai . Between the ages of 12 and 16 he attended the Jesuit Mission School there , which he described as `` the Far East equivalent of Eton '' . He left China in 1947 when his Chinese parents returned to Britain and was then sent to the United States to complete his education . In 1953 he graduated from Bowdoin College in Brunswick , Maine . The Kwouk family fortune had been lost in the 1949 revolution and in 1954 he came back to Britain , where a girlfriend `` nagged ( him ) into acting '' . Career ( edit ) Kwouk made his film debut in the 1957 film Windom 's Way . One of his earliest film roles was in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness ( 1958 ) where he played the leader of a prison revolt who later aids the main character in heroically leading orphans to safety . He subsequently appeared in numerous films and television programmes . He was best known for playing Cato ( originally spelled `` Kato '' ) Fong , Inspector Clouseau 's manservant , in the Pink Panther film series . The character was first introduced in A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) , the second film in the series , and was a role that Kwouk would reprise on another six occasions until the 2006 series reboot . The running gag was that Cato was ordered to attack Clouseau when he least expected it to keep him alert , usually resulting in a ruined romantic encounter or Clouseau 's flat being completely destroyed . Amid the chaos , the phone would ring and Cato would calmly answer it with `` Inspector / Chief Inspector Clouseau 's residence '' , before dutifully handing the phone to his employer and being thumped by Clouseau . He was a stalwart of several 1960s ITC television series , such as Danger Man , The Saint and Man of the World , when an oriental character was required . Kwouk featured as one of the leads in the short - lived series The Sentimental Agent ( 1963 ) and had minor roles in three James Bond films . In Goldfinger ( 1964 ) he played Mr. Ling , a Chinese expert in nuclear fission ; in the non-Eon spoof Casino Royale ( 1967 ) he played a general and in You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Kwouk played the part of a Japanese operative of Blofeld credited as Spectre 3 . In 1968 , he appeared with Laurence Olivier and Anthony Quinn in The Shoes of the Fisherman . A reference to Kwouk 's appearances in several films with Peter Sellers is found in the opening scene of The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu ( 1980 ) where Sellers says to him `` your face is familiar . '' His next major role was as the honourable but misguided Major Yamauchi in the World War II television drama Tenko ( 1981 -- 84 ) . Kwouk featured in many British television productions that called for a man of oriental appearance . As a result , he became a familiar face in the United Kingdom and appeared as himself in the Harry Hill Show as well as several of Hill 's live tours . In 2000 , he appeared in an episode of the syndicated western TV series Queen of Swords as Master Kiyomasa , an aged Japanese warrior - priest . Sung - Hi Lee played his female pupil , Kami . He provided voice - overs on the spoof Japanese betting show Banzai ( 2001 -- 04 ) and subsequently appeared in adverts for the betting company , Bet365 . From 2002 to the series 's end in 2010 , he had a regular role as one of the three main characters in the long - running series Last of the Summer Wine , as ' Electrical ' Entwistle . His later work also included voice acting for radio drama , video games , and television commercials . Personal life ( edit ) Kwouk married Caroline Tebbs in Wandsworth , London , in the summer of 1961 . Their son Christopher was born in 1974 . In the 2011 New Year Honours List , Burt Kwouk was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) for services to drama . In later years he lived in Hampstead , London . He died on 24 May 2016 , aged 85 , at the Marie Curie Hospice in Hampstead , of cancer . He was surrounded by his wife and family . Selected filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Windom 's Way ( 1957 ) as Father Amyam 's aide ( uncredited ) The Inn of the Sixth Happiness ( 1958 ) as Li Yesterday 's Enemy ( 1959 ) as Japanese Soldier Upstairs and Downstairs ( 1959 ) as Chinese Restaurant Proprietor ( uncredited ) Expresso Bongo ( 1959 ) as Soho youth ( uncredited ) Passport to China ( 1960 ) as Jimmy The Terror of the Tongs ( 1961 ) as Mr. Ming The Sinister Man ( 1961 ) as Capt . Feng Satan Never Sleeps ( 1962 ) as Ah Wang The War Lover ( 1962 ) as Chung -- Radio Operator on B - 17 ( uncredited ) The Cool Mikado ( 1963 ) as Art Teacher / Man on Aeroplane ( uncredited ) 55 Days at Peking ( 1963 ) as Old Man ( voice ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) as Kato -- Clouseau 's man - servant Goldfinger ( 1964 ) as Mr Ling Curse of the Fly ( 1965 ) as Tai Our Man in Marrakesh ( 1966 ) as Export manager Lost Command ( 1966 ) as Officer The Sandwich Man ( 1966 ) as Ice Cream Man The Brides of Fu Manchu ( 1966 ) as Feng Casino Royale ( 1967 ) as Chinese general ( uncredited ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) as Spectre 3 Nobody Runs Forever ( 1968 ) as Pham Chimh The Shoes of the Fisherman ( 1968 ) as Chairman Peng The Chairman ( 1969 ) as Chang Shou Deep End ( 1970 ) as Hot Dog salesman Madame Sin ( 1972 ) as Scarred Operator The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) as Cato Fong Rollerball ( 1975 ) as Japanese doctor Girls Come First ( 1975 ) as Sashimi The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) as Cato The Last Remake of Beau Geste ( 1977 ) as Father Shapiro The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) as Chinese Delegate Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) as Cato Fong The London Connection ( 1979 ) as Man at Meeting ( uncredited ) The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu ( 1980 ) as Fu Manchu 's Servant Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) as Cato Fong Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) as Cato Fong Plenty ( 1985 ) as Mr. Aung Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) as Mr Chen Race for Glory ( 1989 ) as Yoshiro Tanaka I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle ( 1990 ) as Fu King owner Air America ( 1990 ) as General Lu Soong Police Story 3 : Super Cop ( 1992 ) as General ( voice , uncredited ) Leon the Pig Farmer ( 1992 ) as Art collector Carry On Columbus ( 1992 ) as Wang Shooting Elizabeth ( 1992 ) as Father Chu Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) as Cato Fong She Good Fighter ( 1995 ) as Liang Peggy Su ! ( 1997 ) as Dad Liebe im Schatten des Drachen ( 1998 ) as Min Ju Kiss of the Dragon ( 2001 ) as Uncle Tai The Wonderland Experience ( 2002 ) as Yo Yo Beyond Borders ( 2003 ) as Colonel Gao Gate to Heaven ( 2003 ) as Muki Stratosphere Girl ( 2004 ) as Papa - San Les fils du vent ( 2004 ) as Wong Fat Slags ( 2004 ) as Dalai Lama Wake of Death ( 2004 ) as Tommy Li Television ( edit ) Hancock 's Half Hour : `` How to Win Money and Influence People '' ( 1957 ) as 1st Japanese ( credited as Burd Kwok ) Danger Man ( 1961 ) as Chen Tung / Tai Man of the World ( 1962 ) as Liu The Sentimental Agent ( 1963 ) as Chin The Avengers ( 1961 - 1965 ) as Tusamo / Mason / King Tenuphon The Saint ( 1965 - 1968 ) as Mr. Ching / Col. Wing / Tawau The Champions : `` The Beginning '' ( 1967 ) as Chinese Major Shirley 's World : `` A Hell of an Engineer '' ( 1972 ) as Shunji Lucky Feller ( 1976 ) as Chinese waiter Warship ( 1977 ) as Foreign Minister Zee Khay Lim The Water Margin : ( 1976 -- 1978 ) as Narrator ( English dub ) It Ai n't Half Hot Mum ( 1977 -- 1978 ) as Me Thant The Tomorrow People : `` The Lost Gods '' ( 1978 ) as Matsu Tan Monkey Magic ( 1978 -- 1979 ) as Narrator ( English dub ) Shoestring ( 1980 ) as Mr Wing Minder ( 1980 ) as Sojo Tenko ( 1981 ) as Major Yamauchi Doctor Who : `` Four to Doomsday '' ( 1982 ) as Lin Futu Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense : `` Mark of the Devil '' ( 1984 ) as Lee Tickle on the Tum ( 1984 ) as Willie Wok Howards ' Way ( 1987 ) as Mr Lee T - Bag Bounces Back ( 1987 ) as Hi Hatt Noble House ( 1988 ) as Phillip Chen The House of Eliott ( 1991 ) as Peter Lo Ching Lovejoy ( 1992 , `` Eric of Arabia '' ) as Banker Lovejoy ( 1993 , `` The Peking Gun '' ) as Mr Ying Space Precinct ( 1994 , `` Protect and Survive '' ) as Slik Ostrasky Bullet to Beijing ( 1996 ) as Kim Soo The Harry Hill Show ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Queen of Swords : `` The Dragon '' ( 2001 ) as Master Kiyomassa Banzai ( 2001 ) as Narrator Last of the Summer Wine ( 2002 -- 2010 ) , Entwistle Judge John Deed ( 2005 , `` Separation of Powers '' ) as Professor Vang Pao Silent Witness ( 2006 , `` Cargo '' ) as Jimmy Han Honest ( 2008 ) as Mr Hong Spirit Warriors ( 2009 ) as Shen Whatever Happened to Harry Hill ( 2012 ) Audio theatre ( edit ) Doctor Who : Loups - Garoux ( 2001 ) as Doctor Hayashi Video games ( edit ) Fire Warrior ( 2003 ) as El'Lusha EyeToy : Play ( 2003 ) as Announcer Miscellaneous ( edit ) Film trailer -- Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 1974 ) as Asian Voiceover Announcer A 17 - minute interview with Burt Kwouk from 2010 about his appearances in ITC shows is featured on the Network DVD The Sentimental Agent . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Burt Kwouk , actor -- obituary '' . The Daily Telegraph . 25 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ England & Wales , Birth Index , 1916 -- 2005 : Registration district : Manchester South ; Inferred County : Cheshire ; Volume Number : 8d ; Page Number : 40 ^ Jump up to : `` Not Now , Cato ! OBE for Pink Panther Star Kwouk '' . Press Association Regional Newswire -- North West . 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Burt Kwouk ' 53 Receives Honor from English Crown '' . Bowdoin College . 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kwouk , Burt '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Burt Kwouk , Cato from Pink Panther , dies age 85 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burt Kwouk , Cato in the Pink Panther films -- a life in pictures '' . The Guardian . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Burt Kwouk at IMDB Jump up ^ Lewis , Roger ( 16 February 1995 ) . The Life and Death of Peter Sellers . Arrow . p. 797 . ISBN 978 - 0099747000 . Jump up ^ `` Burt Kwouk dies aged 85 '' . BBC News . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Terrace , Vincent ( 14 October 2002 ) . Crime Fighting Heroes of Television : Over 10,000 Facts from 151 Shows , 1949 -- 2001 . McFarland & Co. p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0786413959 . Jump up ^ Tang , Irwin ( 24 July 2003 ) . `` Fox 's ' Banzai ' Premieres to Protests '' . New America Media . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit Warriors '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ronald Bergan . `` Burt Kwouk obituary '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ England & Wales Marriage Index , 1916 -- 2005 ; Date of Registration : Jul -- Aug -- Sep 1961 ; Registration district : Wandsworth ; Inferred County : Surrey ; Volume Number : 5d ; Page Number : 1975 Jump up ^ England & Wales , Birth Index , 1916 -- 2005 ; Registration district : St Pancras ; Volume 14 ; Page 2309 Jump up ^ `` No. 59647 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 31 December 2010 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` New Year Honours unveiled '' . BBC News . 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Howard Reid , John . Film Noir , Detective and Mystery Movies on DVD : A Guide to the Best in Suspense . p. 210 . Jump up ^ `` Satan Never Sleeps '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curse of the Fly '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our Man in Marrakesh '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burt Kwouk '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bergan , Ronald ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Burt Kwouk obituary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McKie , Andrew ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Obituary -- Burt Kwouk , actor known as Inspector Clouseau 's violent butler Cato '' . The Herald . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shoestring '' . BBC . 21 December 1980 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minder -- S2 - E7 A Nice Little Wine '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0637190/ Jump up ^ `` Episode 01 : Protect and Survive '' . SpacePrecinct.com . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge John Deed -- S4 - E5 Separation of Powers '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Panther star Burt Kwouk dies aged 85 '' . RTE. 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20 . Loups - Garoux '' . Big Finish Productions . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Matt ( 30 January 2013 ) . The Video Games Guide : 1,000 + Arcade , Console and Computer Games , 1962 -- 2012 . McFarland . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0786472574 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Network ON AIR > Sentimental Agent ( The ) -- The Complete Series '' . Network Distributing . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Burt Kwouk on IMDb Burt Kwouk ( Aveleyman ) VIAF : 163822809 LCCN : no2008115904 ISNI : 0000 0001 1483 2703 GND : 142019658 BNF : cb141952204 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burt_Kwouk&oldid=836966054 '' Categories : 1930 births 2016 deaths Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin British male actors of Chinese descent English male film actors English male television actors English male voice actors English people of Chinese descent Officers of the Order of the British Empire Bowdoin College alumni People from Warrington Actors from Cheshire Male actors from Shanghai British male comedy actors Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Articles containing Chinese - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 22 : 28 . 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who played entwistle in last of the summer wine

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Shin (Korean surname)

Shin ( Korean surname ) - wikipedia Shin ( Korean surname ) Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shin Hangul 신 Hanja 申 , 辛 , 愼 Revised Romanization Sin McCune -- Reischauer Sin Shin is a Korean family name . It is cognate to the Chinese family names Shēn and Xin . According to the 2000 census in South Korea , there were 911,556 people carrying the Shin surname . Contents ( hide ) 1 Clans 2 List of Shins 2.1 Historical 2.2 Contemporary 3 See also Clans ( edit ) There are three Chinese characters for the Shin surname . Between these three characters , there are five different clans . Each Shin clan descends from a different founding ancestor . One of the Shin clans traces its origins to China . Members of the various Shin clans can be found throughout the Korean peninsula . As with other Korean family names , the holders of the `` Shin '' family name are divided into various clans , each known by the name of a town or city , called bon - gwan in Korean . Usually that town or city is the one where the clan 's founder lived . There are three lines of Shin : ( 1 ) Pyeongsan Shin , ( 2 ) Goryeong Shin , and ( 3 ) Yeongsan Shin clan . Although the two clans , Pyeongsan Shin and Goryeong Shin , share the same Chinese character , they are unrelated in heritage . The third line uses the Chinese character 辛 . Shrine of Shin Sung - gyeom in northern Daegu . Pyeongsan Shin makes up about 70 % of all those with the name Shin using the Chinese character 申 . The clan 's founder was General Shin Sung - gyeom , originally named Samneungsan without a family name , before being given a surname by King Taejo of Goryeo . According to the family legend , one day when King Taejo and his generals went out hunting in near Pyeongsan , Taejo saw three geese flying above them , and asked his generals whether any of them can shoot the geese down . Shin Sung - gyeom volunteered and asked Taejo which one he should shoot . Taejo asked Shin to shoot the third goose by the left wing , and to Taejo 's surprise , Shin completed the task . Taejo was highly impressed and gave Shin 300 gyul ( ancient measurement of area ) of local land , which became Shin Sung - gyeom 's hometown . Shin Sung - gyeom also saved the life of King Taejo of Goryeo during a disastrous battle with Hubaekje near present - day Daegu in the early 10th century . Taejo awarded General Shin the clan name Pyeongsang Sin , after his hometown , for his loyalty and bravery he showed in the battle . Other prominent members of this clan in more recent times include the 19th - century pansori writer Shin Jae - hyo . Each year a number of people , who claim to belong to the Pyeongsan Shin clan , gather at the memorial shrine of Shin Sung - gyeom in the South - Korean province of Kangwondo . Prior to the Korean war , the original shrine was situated in the now North - Korean province of Hwanghaedo , where the clan land of Pyeongsan is situated . The other well - known line is the Goryeong Shin , descending from Shin Suk - ju * * , who was the lead scholar to work with King Sejong the Great in the development of Hangul , the Korean written language . Shin Suk - ju was also a high ranking government minister and belonged to the Hall of Worthies . The Goryeong Shin makes up about 17 % of all those who carry the Shin name using the Chinese character 申 . Three of five members of Shin Suk - ju 's 16th generation are known to have immigrated to the United States in the 1970s . One descendant of the Shin 's to travel to the US is a famous and scholarly physician named David Sheen . Another prominent member of the clan is Danjae Shin Chaeho , a 19th - century nationalist historian . ( * * A notoriety surrounding communication with Mal Joo Shin , Suk - ju Shin 's younger brother , who asked about his brother 's whereabouts in China at one time resulted from his admission of Norwegian ancestry instead of English aristocrat ancestry . ) List of shins ( edit ) Historical ( edit ) Shin Tsukinami ( died 1929 ) , killed by nii - san . Shin Sung - gyeom ( died 927 ) , general of the Later Three Kingdoms period . Shin Don ( 辛 , died 1371 ) , Buddhist monk and regent of the reign of King Gongmin of Goryeo . Shin Saimdang ( 1504 -- 1551 ) , painter , calligrapher , Yi Yulgok 's mother Shin Gwang - su ( poet ) ( 1712 -- 1775 ) , poet Shin Yun - bok ( 1758 -- ? ) , painter also known as `` Hyewon '' Shin Chaeho ( 1880 -- 1936 ) , Korean independence activist , historian , nationalist and the founder of the nationalist historiography of Korea Shin Sung - mo ( 1891 -- 1960 ) , politician Shin Hyun - joon ( 1915 -- 2007 ) , military officer and diplomat Shin Ik - hee , politician ( 1st and 2nd National Assembly Chairman of Republic of Korea , opposition party leader , presidential candidate ) Shin Suk - ju , scholar and government minister Shin Ra - men , spicy assistant of young men ( Grand Chancellor of Jigae Affairs Republic of Korea ) Contemporary ( edit ) Shin Youngok ( born 1961 ) South Korean classical soprano singer Shin Kyuk - Ho ( 辛 , born 1922 ) , CEO and founder of Lotte Corporation Paull Shin ( born 1935 ) , member of the Washington State Senate Shin Jae Chul ( born 1936 ) , martial artist Shin Jung - hyeon ( born 1938 ) , rock guitarist and singer - songwriter Nelson Shin ( born 1939 ) , founder and president of Akom Production Co. , Ltd Sin Son Ho ( 辛 , born 1948 ) , North Korean diplomat and Permanent Representative to the United Nations . Shin Joon - Sup ( born 1963 ) , South Korean middleweight amateur boxer and Olympic Gold Medalist Shin Jae Ha ( born 1964 ) , South Korean managing partner of Vogo Capital Investors Shin Daechul ( born 1967 ) , South Korean rock / heavy metal guitarist and leader of Sinawe Shin Hae Chul ( born 1968 ) , singer Shin Hong - Gi ( born 1968 ) , South Korean former football player Shin Hyun - joon ( born 1968 ) , South Korean actor Shin Seung Hun ( born 1968 ) , South Korean ballad singer Shin Ae - ra ( born 1969 ) , actress Shin Tae - Yong ( born 1970 ) , South Korean attacking midfield footballer Shin Dong - yup ( born 1971 ) , South Korean comedian and host Shin Jeong - ah ( born 1972 ) , survivor of the Sampoong Department Store collapse who later lied about her academic credentials Shin Ha - kyun ( born 1974 ) , South Korean actor Shin Jung - hwan ( 辛 , born 1975 ) , Korean singer and entertainer Shin Myung - Chul ( born 1978 ) , second baseman in Korean baseball Shin Hye Sung ( born 1979 ) , lead vocalist of the group Shinhwa Outsider ( born Shin Ok - Cheol , 1983 ) , singer Shin Hwa - Yong ( born 1983 ) , South Korean football player Shindong ( born Shin Donghee , 1985 ) , singer , dancer , member of Super Junior Shin Hyung - Min ( born 1986 ) , South Korea football player Shin Kwang - Hoon ( born 1987 ) , South Korean football defender Shin KwangHo , South Korean artist Shin Young - Rok ( 辛 , born 1987 ) , South Korean football player Jiyai Shin ( born 1988 ) , professional golfer Shin Baek - cheol ( born 1989 ) , South Korean badminton player Sin Joon - sik ( born 1980 ) , South Korean taekwondoist and Olympic silver medalist Shin Min Ah ( born 1984 ) , South Korean actress and model . Shin Min Chul ( born 1980 ) , musician and former member of South Korean boy group T - max Shin Soo Hyun ( born 1989 ) , South Korean singer , leader and member of South Korean boy band U-KISS Shin Se - kyung ( born 1990 ) , South Korean actress Shin Dongho ( born 1994 ) , South Korean singer , ex-member of South Korean boy band U-KISS Shin Kuhn ( 辛 ) , past director general of National Intelligence Service ( South Korea ) Peter Shin , Director of animation films , most notably `` Family Guy '' Shin Hye - jung , singer and actress , member of South Korean girl group AOA Shin Jimin , singer , member of South Korean girl group AOA Shin Dongwoo , South Korean singer , member of South Korean boy group B1A4 ( better known as CNU ) Shin Dong - hyuk ( 申 , born 1982 ) , is a North Korean refugee and human rights activist living in South Korea Shin Suk - ja ( 申 , born 1942 ) , is a South Korean political prisoner held in a North Korean political prison camp Shin Yoonjo ( Born 1992 ) , is a former member of South Korean girl group Hello Venus Shin Hyun - soo ( born 1989 ) , South Korean actor Shin Won - ho ( born 1991 ) , is a South Korean actor and member of South Korean multinational boy band Cross Gene Shin Hoseok ( born 1993 ) , is a South Korean singer member of South Korean boy band Monsta X ( better known as Wonho ) Peniel Shin ( born 1993 ) , South Korean singer , rapper , member of South Korean boy band BtoB ( better known as Peniel ) Shin Yooncheol ( born 1993 ) , member of South Korean boy band Topp Dogg ( better known as Nakta ) Shin Jiho ( born 1994 ) , member of South Korean boy band Topp Dogg ( better known as Xero ) Shin Eun - soo ( born 2002 ) , South Korean actress Jeena Shin ( born 1973 ) , South Korea - New Zealand artist Shin Su - ran , South Korean singer See also ( edit ) Korean name Korean language List of Korean family names List of Korea - related topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shin_(Korean_surname)&oldid=818043495 '' Categories : Korean - language surnames Sin clans Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles containing Korean - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 05 : 05 . 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Legion (TV series)

Legion ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Legion ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Legion Genre Science fiction Psychological thriller Psychological horror Drama Superhero fiction Created by Noah Hawley Based on Legion by Chris Claremont Bill Sienkiewicz Starring Dan Stevens Rachel Keller Aubrey Plaza Bill Irwin Jeremie Harris Amber Midthunder Katie Aselton Jean Smart Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Noah Hawley John Cameron Lauren Shuler Donner Bryan Singer Simon Kinberg Steve Blackman Jeph Loeb Jim Chory Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Karim Zreik Producer ( s ) Brian Leslie Parker Location ( s ) Vancouver Burnaby Cinematography Dana Gonzales Running time 44 -- 68 minutes Production company ( s ) 26 Keys Productions The Donners ' Company Bad Hat Harry Productions Kinberg Genre Marvel Television FX Productions Distributor 20th Television Release Original network FX Original release February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows The Gifted External links Official website www.fxnetworks.com/shows/legion/episodes Legion is an American cable television series created for FX by Noah Hawley , based on the Marvel Comics character David Haller / Legion . It is connected to the X-Men film series , the first television series to be so , and is produced by FX Productions in association with Marvel Television . Hawley serves as showrunner on the series . Dan Stevens stars as Haller , a mutant diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age . Rachel Keller , Aubrey Plaza , Bill Irwin , Jeremie Harris , Amber Midthunder , Katie Aselton , and Jean Smart also star . FX and Marvel Television announced a new collaboration to create a television series based on the X-Men character Legion in October 2015 , with Hawley signed on to write , and direct the pilot . Casting began by January 2016 , and filming took place in Vancouver . Hawley wanted to show Haller as an `` unreliable narrator '' , including mixing 1960s design with modern - day elements , and filming the series through the title character 's distorted view of reality . The eight - episode first season of Legion premiered at the Pacific Design Center on January 26 , 2017 , ahead of its FX debut on February 8 . The series received critical acclaim , particularly for its visuals and departure from superhero genre standards . A ten - episode second season was ordered in March 2017 and is planned for a February 2018 release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Music 4.7 Shared universe connections 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) David Haller was diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age and has been a patient in various psychiatric hospitals since . After Haller has an encounter with a fellow psychiatric patient , he is confronted with the possibility that there may be more to him than mental illness . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Legion characters Dan Stevens as David Haller : The mutant son of Charles Xavier , Haller was diagnosed with schizophrenia at a young age and meets the `` girl of his dreams '' in a psychiatric hospital . The character possesses various psychic abilities , including telepathy and telekinesis . Stevens joined the series because of showrunner Noah Hawley 's involvement , and did extensive research on mental health to prepare for the role , talking to both mentally ill persons and doctors . Hawley and the cast kept secrets from Stevens about the character and plot so that he could identify with Haller 's confusion about himself and reality . Rachel Keller as Sydney `` Syd '' Barrett : A young woman who becomes Haller 's girlfriend . Syd 's mind trades places with that of anyone she touches , with hers entering their body , and vice versa . Because of her abilities , the character is portrayed as `` withdrawn '' , the opposite of Keller 's breakout performance in the second season of Hawley 's Fargo . She is named after Roger `` Syd '' Barrett of the rock band Pink Floyd , whose music was an important influence on the series for Hawley . Aubrey Plaza as Lenny Busker : Haller 's friend , an `` impossible optimist '' despite a history of drug and alcohol abuse . The character dies in the first episode , but returns as one form of the powerful mutant Amahl Farouk / Shadow King , who appears in Haller 's mind using several forms in addition to Busker . Busker was originally written for a middle aged man , until Hawley met Plaza and rethought the character . However , Plaza insisted that the character 's dialogue not be changed for her , instead choosing to play the character as both male and female . This led to Busker `` making crass remarks about women and muttering vintage phrases '' . Bill Irwin as Cary Loudermilk : A mutant scientist , one of the founders of Summerland and one of Bird 's specialists . The character is introduced in the second episode , but Hawley sought to cast Irwin , for his `` playful approach to characters '' , during filming on the pilot , before the character 's role had been written . Hawley `` had to pitch him the weird , crazy character dynamic and that the show is about memory and identity '' , and Irwin agreed to join the project . Jeremie Harris as Ptonomy Wallace : A former child prodigy , one of Bird 's specialists . A `` memory artist '' , Ptonomy `` remembers everything , and has the ability to take people back into their own memories '' . Amber Midthunder as Kerry Loudermilk : A savant who lives inside Cary 's body ; their mutant power allows them to coexist in one body or to become separate physical persons . Kerry only ages when she is outside Cary , leaving her physically much younger than he is . Katie Aselton as Amy Haller : David 's older sister , who tries to remain positive despite his history of mental illness . Hawley said that she defined herself as normal `` against her brother . She finds herself being looked at as if she might be crazy , as well . '' Jean Smart as Melanie Bird : A demanding psychiatric therapist . Smart joined the series immediately when asked by Hawley , despite knowing nothing about the show and its source material , due to her previous Emmy - nominated work with him on the second season of Fargo . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Legion ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter 1 '' Noah Hawley Noah Hawley February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) XLN01001 1.62 `` Chapter 2 '' Michael Uppendahl Noah Hawley February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) XLN01002 1.13 `` Chapter 3 '' Michael Uppendahl Peter Calloway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) XLN01003 1.04 `` Chapter 4 '' Larysa Kondracki Nathaniel Halpern March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) XLN01004 0.75 5 `` Chapter 5 '' Tim Mielants Peter Calloway March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) XLN01005 0.80 6 `` Chapter 6 '' Hiro Murai Nathaniel Halpern March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) XLN01006 0.73 7 `` Chapter 7 '' Dennie Gordon Jennifer Yale March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) XLN01007 0.72 8 `` Chapter 8 '' Michael Uppendahl Noah Hawley March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) XLN01008 0.81 Season 2 ( edit ) FX renewed Legion for a second season on March 15 , 2017 . At the end of that month , Hawley explained that he planned for the season to have ten episodes , and to focus more on the series ' other characters in addition to David Haller . Filming is set to begin in July 2017 , with the season expected to begin airing in February 2018 . Production ( edit ) See also : Production of season 1 Development ( edit ) Creator Noah Hawley set out to create a fresh take on the superhero genre . After completing work on the first season of Fargo at FX in 2014 , Noah Hawley was presented with the opportunity to develop the first live - action television series based on the X-Men comics , of which Hawley was a fan when growing up . Hawley was initially pitched two different ideas for the potential series , including an adaptation of the comics ' Hellfire Club , but the ideas did not interest Hawley . Instead , he worked with X-Men film series writer and producer Simon Kinberg to reverse - engineer an idea for the series . After discussing an `` interesting show in this genre ... that is n't being done '' , the two settled on the character of David Haller / Legion . Hawley found the character interesting because of his mental illness , and for the potential of the series to depict his unique mindset . He pitched the series as `` a deconstruction of a villain ... and a love story '' . In October 2015 , FX ordered a pilot for Legion , with Marvel Television and FX Productions producing ; FX Productions would handle the physical production . Hawley was set to write the pilot , and executive produce the series alongside X-Men film producers Lauren Shuler Donner , Bryan Singer , and Kinberg , Marvel Television executives Jeph Loeb and Jim Chory , and Hawley 's Fargo collaborator John Cameron . Steve Blackman , Alan Fine , Stan Lee , Joe Quesada , and Karim Zreik also executive produce . Hawley 's initial script for the series was described as `` less fractured '' , `` cohesive ( and ) much more regular . '' However , he quickly reconceived the series `` and decided more Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind , Terrence Malick , more whimsy , more impressionistic and went in that direction . '' By January 2016 , FX President John Landgraf was confident that the series would be picked up by the network , saying that `` the vast majority of things that we pilot do go forward to series '' and `` the scripts ( for Legion ) are extraordinary . '' That May , FX ordered an eight - episode first season of Legion . In June , Landgraf said that the series , if successful , could run for as many seasons as Hawley feels it needs to tell the story . Discussing future seasons , Hawley said in January 2017 that he was open to continuing the story past the first season , but did n't want the audience to get to the end of the first run and have `` no resolution of any kind at the end of it . '' Star Dan Stevens said , `` I know for a fact that there are more issues that David has to deal with than the one that we really address in the first season . '' Also at that time , Singer explained the executive producers ' roles in the series , saying that he , Donner , and Kinberg brought their experience from making the X-Men films , but their involvement generally consisted of giving small notes on scripts and early cuts of episodes . In March , FX ordered a second season of the series . With the end of the first season , Hawley said that the second season would consist of ten episodes , and explained that he was unsure at that time how long he would like the series to run : `` I think there were things about the first season that ( I felt ) would unfold faster than they did , and things that I thought would take longer that I dealt with more quickly . I think by the end of the second year I 'll have a better sense of how many more years there are to go '' . Writing ( edit ) Kinberg teased in November 2015 that the series would tell `` X-Men stories in a slightly different way and even with a slightly different tone '' from the films , noting the differences in tone between the `` operatic '' X-Men films and the `` irreverent and hysterical '' Deadpool , and feeling that Legion gives `` us an opportunity to go even further ... in some ways to sort of blow up the paradigm of comic book or superhero stories and almost do our Breaking Bad of superhero stories . '' Loeb noted that `` the core '' of all X-Men comic books has always been that `` the X-Men were different ... We live in a world right now where diversity and uniqueness and whether or not we fit in is something that 's on our minds twenty - four hours a day . The X-Men have never been more relevant than they are right now . '' Hawley added , `` The great thing about exploring this character is before he has an opinion about anyone else , he has to figure out his own shit . That 's what we all have to do . This journey is n't necessarily racing toward a battle with an entity , so much as embracing the battle within . '' In May 2016 , Hawley described his take on the series as being inspired by the works of David Lynch , and said that `` the structure of a story should reflect the content of the story . If the story , as in this case , is about a guy who is either schizophrenic or he has these abilities , i.e. , he does n't know what 's real and what 's not real , then the audience should have the same experience ... my goal with this is to do something whimsical and imaginative and unexpected . Not just because I want to do something different , but because it feels like the right way to tell this story . '' Elaborating on structuring the series to reflect Haller 's point of view , Hawley said , `` I love the idea that even when you 're in it on the journey , there is this Alice in Wonderland quality to it , of a story within a story . '' Discussing the increasing popularity of unreliable narrators in television , Hawley said that he wanted to avoid making the audience think that the series is a puzzle that needs to be solved by solving the mysteries for them upfront -- `` We 're going to take a character out of confusion into clarity and an audience out of mystery into clarity . '' Hawley deliberately chose not to directly adapt any storylines from the comics , feeling that `` you 're bound to offend somebody , no matter what you do '' in that situation . Instead , he wanted to take the character of Legion and basic set - up around him , and `` play '' with that , which he described in relation to Fargo -- `` my job was not to remake the movie , to sort of retell a story that had already been told , but to try to tell a different story with the same effect , the same impact . '' Concerning the mental illness aspects of the character , Hawley said , `` It 's a tragic condition that people have , and so I do n't want to use it for entertainment purposes ... if we can ground that ( aspect ) for the audience , then the idea that he 's fallen in love and that he 's not ill , there 's a hope to that that the audience is gon na grab onto . '' In January 2017 , Hawley explained that he was willing to use different tropes from the superhero genre in the series , such as superhero costumes with capes , if necessary , but did want to avoid `` sending a message that all conflict can only be resolved through battle . There is a sense in a lot of these stories that everything always builds to a big fight ... I wanted to find a story that was just as exciting and interesting but does n't send the message that in the end that ' might makes right ' . '' At the end of the first season , Hawley said , `` I like this idea of having to face our demons '' , with the first season seeing Haller go through an internal struggle with the malevolent Shadow King occupying his mind , and then the second season seeing that character possess someone else `` making it an exterior agent . And there 's going to be something very complicated about going to war with himself . It 's been with him since he was a baby , it 's like a phantom limb now , it 's part of him . '' Hawley said he preferred this idea of a villain `` worthy of creating a whole story around '' , rather than a villain - of - the year . He was unsure at the time how long that storyline would continue throughout the show , but said `` it 's a fascinating setup to follow . '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2016 , Rachel Keller was cast as the female lead of the series , after her breakout role in Fargo . In early February , Stevens , Aubrey Plaza , and Jean Smart were cast as Haller , his friend Lenny Busker , and therapist Melanie Bird , respectively . Keller 's role was revealed to be Syd Barrett . Later that month , Jeremie Harris was cast in the regular role of Ptonomy Wallace , and Amber Midthunder was cast as the savant Kerry Loudermilk . In March , Katie Aselton was cast as Haller 's older sister Amy . With the full series order in May 2016 , Bill Irwin was added to the cast , in the role of Cary Loudermilk . Design ( edit ) An advertisement for the series at San Diego Comic - Con 2017 Though he put little thought into the aesthetics of the series when writing the pilot , as a director Hawley wanted the series to be highly stylized , describing his vision for it as `` a 1964 Terence Stamp movie '' . It was not feasible to literally translate Bill Sienkiewicz 's iconic artwork of the character to the screen , and Hawley wanted the series to have `` its own visual aesthetic to it , and part of that is being a story kind of out of time and out of place '' . He stated that `` the design of a show has to have its own internal logic '' , and compared this sensibility to the series Hannibal , which he said was `` a great example of something that had this almost fetishistic beauty to everything that you saw , whether it was food or violence . '' Hawley elaborated that the design choice of 60s British films came about because `` this whole show is not the world , it 's David 's experience of the world . He 's piecing his world together from nostalgia and memory and the world becomes that . '' Filming ( edit ) Filming for the pilot took place in Vancouver , with Hawley directing and Dana Gonzales serving as cinematographer . With the series order , the rest of the first season were set to also film in Vancouver , with Craig Wrobleski also working as a cinematographer . Both Ganzales and Wrobleski previously worked with Hawley on Fargo . The pilot featured a large amount of in - camera effects , which Hawley admitted would be a challenge for the series ' directors to maintain , given he had 21 days to film the pilot , but the subsequent episodes were only scheduled 8 days of filming each . Some of these shoots ultimately had to be extended to 10 or 11 days filming to meet Hawley 's vision . For the second season , the series relocated its production to California to take advantage of tax incentives provided by the California Film Commission under its `` Program 2.0 '' initiative . Music ( edit ) Jeff Russo was revealed to be composing the series ' score in October 2016 . Hawley stated that when first meeting with Russo about the series , he told the latter that he wanted the series to sound like Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon , explaining `` that album more than anything is really the soundscape of mental illness to some degree '' . Russo felt that `` the important part is allowing the humanity of these characters to really shine through '' , and in addition to an orchestra he used `` a bunch of old synthesizers '' and `` a lot of interesting sound design '' to represent the `` otherworldly '' elements of the series . With the series ' premiere , Russo reiterated that the `` through - line '' of the series is the relationship between Haller and Barrett , and said that a love story `` lends itself to musical moments . It allows it to underscore the character . '' After his early meetings with Hawley , Russo developed some initial ideas for the score , and created three different themes to represent Haller . He adapted these ideas to fit the episodes once they had been edited . A soundtrack album for the first season was released digitally on February 24 , 2017 , on Amazon.com . Shared universe connections ( edit ) Landgraf stated , in January 2016 , that the series would be set in a universe parallel to the X-Men films where `` the US government is in the early days of being aware that something called mutants exist but the public is not '' . He felt it was unlikely that characters would cross over between the show and films , but noted that this could change between then and the premiere of the series . That July , an article on Marvel.com referred to Legion as one of several characters joining the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , suggesting that Legion would be set in that shared universe like Marvel Television 's other series . The next month , Singer said that Legion had actually been designed to fit into the X-Men universe , but also to stand alone , so `` you would n't have to label '' the relationship between the series and the films . He teased plans to have the series `` relate to future X-Men movies '' . At New York Comic - Con 2016 , Donner said that the series is `` far from the X-Men movies , but still lives in that universe . The only way for X-Men to keep moving forward is to be original and to surprise . And this is a surprise . It is very , very different . '' Hawley explained that because the series is depicting the title character 's `` subjective reality '' , it would not have to address any connections to the films straight away , noting that Fargo , which is connected to the 1996 film of the same name , at first `` had to stand on its own feet '' before exploring those connections more ; `` We have to earn the right to be part of this universe . My hope is we create something so strong that the people in the movie studio call and say they would be foolish enough not to connect these things . '' He did state that `` you ca n't tell this story without '' acknowledging that Legion is the son of Charles Xavier , who appears in the films . In regards to the MCU , Loeb stated that his involvement in the series was a sign that `` bridges are being made '' between Marvel and Fox , `` but I do n't want to make any promises ... Marvel heroes at their core are people who are damaged and are trying to figure out who they are in life . It does n't matter whether or not they 're X-Men , Tony Stark , Matt Murdock or Peter Parker ... If you start at a place as strong as David 's character is and you have a storyteller like Noah , then it 's Marvel . In that way , it is all connected . '' Loeb and Donner stated in January 2017 that there were no plans to have Legion be the first in a series of connected shows on FX , like Marvel Television 's group of interconnected Defenders series on Netflix , and that Legion and the X-Men series being developed for Fox are `` not going to get in each other 's way . '' Donner stated that the series was just a chance to bring an X-Men character to the screen who was not going to be used by the films . The producers hoped that audiences would watch the show because of its character - focus and the talents of Hawley and the cast , rather than to `` see a Marvel franchise show . '' Donner also noted that having Hawley focus on Haller 's perspective of reality rather than connections to the X-Men films allowed the series to avoid the convoluted continuity of the films , `` because we play with so many different timelines , and we rebooted and not really rebooted and all that '' throughout the films . Therefore , `` the cinematic universe will not worry about Legion . They will not worry about these TV worlds at all . They will just continue in the way that they have been continuing . '' For the onscreen confirmation that Xavier is Haller 's father in `` Chapter 7 '' , with Xavier 's signature wheelchair shown in a brief flashback , the series ' production was able to choose from any of the variant wheelchairs used throughout the film series . They settled on the version from X-Men : Apocalypse , with the prop used in that film being brought out of storage for the show . Release ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired DVD and Blu - ray release dates First aired Last aired Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 8 February 8 , 2017 March 29 , 2017 TBA October 2 , 2017 TBA 10 February 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA Broadcast ( edit ) Legion airs on FX in the United States , while Fox channels in over 125 countries have picked up their respective airing rights for the series , releasing the show using a `` day - and - date '' delivery system so that viewers around the world get the series on the same day as the U.S. Fox Networks Group 's sales division handle distribution of the series to third parties . Reception ( edit ) Season Nielsen ratings Critical response Premiere total viewers ( in millions ) Finale total viewers ( in millions ) Season average total viewers , inc . DVR ( in millions ) Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 1.62 0.81 2.48 90 % ( 61 reviews ) 82 ( 40 reviews ) Ratings ( edit ) Writing for Screen Rant , J.M. Brandt noted that FX extensively advertised the series , but was debuting the 90 minute ( with commercials ) premiere at 10 : 00 pm on a Wednesday night , later than other genre `` monster hits '' like Game of Thrones and The Walking Dead . Brandt felt that the series ' success would heavily depend on DVR viewing `` to bolster what might be a likely smallish live audience '' . Following the series premiere , Legion 's debut ratings were described as `` OK , not great '' , in line with other cable series debuts , but lower than other high - profile FX debuts such as American Crime Story and Hawley 's own Fargo . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.37 / 10 based on 61 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Bold , intelligent , and visually arresting , Legion is a masterfully surreal and brilliantly daring departure from traditional superhero conceits . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 82 out of 100 based on 40 critics , indicating what the website considers to be `` universal acclaim '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result Ref . 2017 TVLine 's Performer of the Week Performance in `` Chapter 6 '' Aubrey Plaza Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Legion Won Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaptation Television Series Legion Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Supporting Actress Aubrey Plaza Nominated Drama Guest Actor Jemaine Clement Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Legion tells a human story without giving up its superpowers '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Legion managed to terrify viewers with this very quick scenes '' . Polygon . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legion , FX 's new superhero show , is a landmark production in more ways than one '' . Vox . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FX Networks Orders Pilot for ' Legion ' '' . Marvel.com . October 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Stevens , Aubrey Plaza & Jean Smart Cast in FX Networks ' Pilot for ' Legion ' '' . Marvel.com . February 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legion ' Premiere Previewed at NYCC : A Look Inside FX 's Upcoming ' X-Men ' Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Legion a ' dramatic departure ' for Marvel and X-Men '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eley , Julie ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens returns to TV in Marvel 's Legion '' . Stuff.co.nz . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joana ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Cast of Legion Lied to Star Dan Stevens to Make the Show Better '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Legion : X-Men Producer on How Professor X Fits in and Future TV Plans '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Desta , Yohana ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Surprising Connection Between Marvel 's Legion and Pink Floyd '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Legion : Dan Stevens and Amber Midthunder on Pulling off the Ambitious Scenes in `` Chapter 7 '' `` . IGN . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` How David Bowie Inspired Aubrey Plaza 's Gender - Bending Legion Character '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FX Networks Picks Up ' Legion ' to Series '' . Marvel.com . May 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Why FX 's Legion is the Fargo of superhero TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` The highly - anticipated new drama to premiere in February ! '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Creator Noah Hawley Breaks Down That Trippy Premiere '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Tara ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Legion aims to be a Marvel show completely different from the pack '' . SyFyWire . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Leslie ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` FX 's ' X-Men ' Drama ' Legion ' Adds to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legion ' FX Pilot Casts Amber Midthunder '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` The League star Katie Aselton cast in FX 's Legion '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Ian ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why the production designer of new TV series Legion has a dream job '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' premiere brings in strong numbers , ' The Magicians ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Black Ink Crew ' wins the night , ' Legion ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Alaskan Bush People ' ticks up , ' Legion ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' takes a hit , ' Six ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Underground ' scores strong premiere , ' Legion ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Black Ink Crew ' wins the night , ' Legion ' slips a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' ticks back up , ' Greenleaf ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' season finale holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Renewed by FX for Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Allison ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' : Noah Hawley and Dan Stevens Unpack the Finale , Tease Season 2 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw , Gavia ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : How ' Dark Side of the Moon ' shaped the music of ' Legion ' '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwell , Alan ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fargo ' boss on Ewan McGregor in season 3 , ' X-Men ' spin - off ' Legion , ' and his new hit novel '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' Legion ' on FX , Starring Dan Stevens '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` FX 'S Legion Anticipated to Debut in 2016 ; Series Not Set in X-Men Film Universe '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 4 , 2016 ) . `` John Landgraf Talks ' Legion ' On FX & Changing Marketplace ; Slams Silicon Valley -- Produced By '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryan Singer On Directing Fox 's Upcoming ' X-Men ' Pilot & Producing FX 's ' Legion ' . Access Hollywood . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Kinberg Says the ' Legion ' TV Series Will Be the `` ' Breaking Bad ' of Superhero Stories '' `` . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Why Everyone Wants a Piece of Noah Hawley '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Legion : Noah Hawley on His Surreal Approach and Casting Dan Stevens for the Marvel Adaptation '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legion ' : FX Marvel Pilot Casts ' Fargo 's Rachel Keller As Female Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pruner , Aaron ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Noah Hawley & Dan Stevens on the ' Clockwork Orange ' / ' Quadrophenia ' style of ' Legion ' '' . Screener . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legion ' Adds Jemaine Clement To FX Marvel Series -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV pilot shoots in Vancouver grew nearly 70 % since last year '' . Daily Hive . August 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys : Why ' Gotham 's ' Penguin Is a Favorite Among the Series ' Cinematographers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maslow , Nick ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Legion : Noah Hawley reveals why he chose TV over film for Marvel adaptation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nilma , Carina ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` First Impressions : FX 'S Legion Takes the Superhero Genre and Subverts It '' . The AU Review . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion , ' ' The Affair ' Among Four TV Series Relocating Production to California '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tonic 's Jeff Russo on Scoring ' American Gothic , ' ' Fargo ' & Marvel 's ' Legion , ' Plus the 20th Anniversary of ' Lemon Parade ' '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moser , Joey ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Russo Finds a Mutant 's Emotional Truth Via Music '' . Awards Daily . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Details for FX 's ' Legion ' '' . Film Music Reporter . February 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men's Legion Seemingly Confirmed As Part Of Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Singer , Peter Rice Talk FX 's ' Legion , ' Start of ' X-Men ' Movie Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Allison ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Cast and Creators on X-Men Connections and If It Will Start an FX Marvel Franchise '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Legion : The Complete Season One ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morse , Ben ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Legion ' Goes Global '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legion : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legion : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandt , J.M. ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Legion : 15 Things We Learned From The Premiere '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' Off To So - So Ratings Start At FX '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's Performer of the Week : Legion 's Aubrey Plaza '' . TVLine . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Lego Batman ' & Warner Bros Top Winners At Golden Trailer Awards '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby.com . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Legion on IMDb FX original programming Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . White . 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when does the new season of legion come out

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Game of Thrones (season 7)

Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Promotion 3.7 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 5.3 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's Greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Ned Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Promotion ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home media ( edit ) The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . 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Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=804373108 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 15 : 47 . 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Tuileries Palace

Tuileries palace - wikipedia Tuileries palace Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 44 '' N 2 ° 19 ′ 57 '' E  /  48.86222 ° N 2.33250 ° E  / 48.86222 ; 2.33250 Tuileries Palace Palais des Tuileries The Tuileries Palace and the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel circa 1860 . The Arc de Triomphe de l'Etoile can be seen in the background . General information Type Royal residence Architectural style Built in the 16th century : Renaissance , Additions of the 17th and 18th centuries : Louis XIII Style and Baroque , Additions of the 19th century : Neo-Classicism , Neo-Baroque and Napoleon III Style Construction started 1564 Completed 1860 's Demolished 23 May 1871 The Tuileries Palace ( French : Palais des Tuileries , IPA : ( palɛ de tɥilʁi ) ) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine . It was the usual Parisian residence of most French monarchs , from Henry IV to Napoleon III , until it was burned by the Paris Commune in 1871 . Built in 1564 , it was gradually extended until it closed off the western end of the Louvre courtyard and displayed an immense façade of 266 metres . Since the destruction of the Tuileries , the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site is now the location of the eastern end of the Tuileries Garden , forming an elevated terrace between the Place du Carrousel and the gardens proper . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Louis XIV 1.2 Louis XV 1.3 Louis XVI 1.4 Revolutionary France 1.5 Napoleon 1.6 Restoration 1.7 The Second Empire 1.7. 1 Interior 2 Destruction of the Tuileries 2.1 Demolition 3 Tuileries Garden and the Axe historique 3.1 Tuileries Garden 4 Rebuilding the Tuileries Palace 4.1 Cost 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Tuileries Palace in the 1600s The old medieval Louvre ( background ) and the Tuileries ( foreground ) linked by the Grande Galerie along the River Seine , in 1615 The Tuileries Palace and the Louvre on the 1739 Turgot map of Paris , during the reign of Louis XV The Tuileries Palace ( white ) was located at the west end of the modern Louvre , closing off the Louvre courtyard After the accidental death of Henry II of France in 1559 , his widow Catherine de ' Medici ( 1519 -- 1589 ) planned a new palace . She sold the medieval Hôtel des Tournelles , where her husband had died , and began building the palace of Tuileries in 1564 , using architect Philibert de l'Orme . The name derives from the tile kilns or tuileries which had previously occupied the site . The palace was formed by a range of long , narrow buildings . During the reign of Henry IV ( 1589 -- 1610 ) , the building was enlarged to the south , so it joined the long riverside gallery , the Grande Galerie , which ran all the way to the older Louvre Palace in the east . Louis XIV ( edit ) During the reign of Louis XIV major changes were made to the Tuileries Palace . From 1659 to 1661 it was extended to the north by the addition of the Théâtre des Tuileries . From 1664 to 1666 the architect Louis Le Vau and his assistant François d'Orbay made other significant changes . They transformed Philibert de l'Orme's facades and central pavilion , replacing its grand central staircase with a colonnaded vestibule on the ground floor and the Salle des Cents Suisses ( Hall of the Hundred Swiss Guards ) on the floor above and adding a rectangular dome . A new grand staircase was installed in the entrance of the north wing of the palace , and lavishly decorated royal apartments were constructed in the south wing . The king 's rooms were on the ground floor , facing toward the Louvre , and the queen 's on the floor above , overlooking the garden . At the same time , Louis ' gardener , André Le Nôtre , redesigned the Tuileries gardens . The Court moved into the Tuileries Palace in November 1667 , but left in 1672 , and soon thereafter went to the Palace of Versailles . The Tuileries Palace was virtually abandoned and used only as a theatre , but its gardens became a fashionable resort of Parisians . Louis XV ( edit ) The boy - king Louis XV was moved from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace on 1 January 1716 , four months after ascending to the throne . He moved back to Versailles on 15 June 1722 , three months before his coronation . Both moves were made at the behest of the Regent , the duc d'Orléans . The king also resided at the Tuileries for short periods during the 1740s . Louis XVI ( edit ) The storming of the Tuileries Palace on 10 August 1792 and the massacre of the Swiss Guard On 6 October 1789 , during the French Revolution , Louis XVI and his family were forced to leave Versailles and brought to the Tuileries where they were kept under surveillance . For the next two years the palace remained the official residence of the king . On 9 November 1789 , the National Constituent Assembly , formerly the Estates - General of 1789 , had moved its deliberations from the tennis court at Versailles to the Tuileries , following the removal of the court to Paris . The Tuileries ' covered riding ring , the Salle du Manège ( which ran along the north end of the Tuileries Gardens to the west of the palace ) , home to the royal equestrian academy , provided the largest indoor space in the city . The royal family tried to escape after dark , on 20 June 1791 , but were captured at Varennes and brought back to the Tuileries . The following year , on 10 August 1792 , the palace was stormed by an armed mob , which overwhelmed and massacred the Swiss Guard as the royal family fled through the gardens and took refuge with the Legislative Assembly . The Paris National Guard defended the King , but the daughter of King Louis XVI claimed that many of the guard were already in favor of the revolution . In November 1792 , the Armoire de fer incident took place at the Tuileries palace . This was the discovery of a hiding place at the royal apartments , believed to contain the secret correspondence of Louis XVI with various political figures . The incident created a considerable scandal that served to discredit the King . Revolutionary France ( edit ) The Tuileries accommodated the Constituent Assembly , its successor , the National Convention , and , in 1795 , the Council of Five Hundred ( Conseil des Cinq - Cents ) of the Directoire until the body moved to the Palais - Bourbon in 1798 . In 1799 , the Jacobin Club du Manège had its headquarters there . The Committee of Public Safety met in the Pavillon de Flore . A courtier of a later era could summon up nightmarish visions of the palace 's Salle de Spectacle , or theater , where many Convention sessions were held during the Reign of Terror : At night a single lamp illumined this huge deserted hall , peopled with terrible memories . These I would often muse over as I stopped at the spot once occupied by the chair of the president , where Boissy d'Anglas had saluted the bleeding head of Feraud , and where Thuriot had listened impassively to the outburst of Robespierre at bay : `` President of assassins , once more I ask your ear ! '' I saw in imagination the `` Mountain , '' the `` Plain , '' the `` Marsh , '' and the crowded tribunes ; I fancied I could hear the shrieking clamour of the `` tricoteuses '' and the drums of the `` sections '' hastening to the attack or to the rescue of the Assembly ; and I would call up one or other of the acts of the mighty drama of which this sinister hall has been the scene . -- Augustin Filon , Recollections of the Empress Eugénie , Napoleon ( edit ) Military review in front of the Tuileries in 1810 , by Hippolyte Bellangé . The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel , which can be seen on the right of this painting , used to be the entrance gate of the palace of the Tuileries and , with the Pavillon de Flore , is all that remains , above ground , of the palace at the site . When Napoleon Bonaparte came into power in 1799 , he made the Tuileries the official residence of the First Consul and , later , the imperial palace . In 1808 , Napoleon began constructing the northern gallery which also connected to the Louvre , enclosing a vast square ( place ) . As Napoleon I 's chief residence , the Tuileries Palace was redecorated in the Neoclassical Empire style by Percier and Fontaine and some of the best known architects , designers , and furniture makers of the day . In 1809 , Jacob - Desmalter , principal supplier of furniture to the Emperor , began work on a jewel cabinet designed for the Empress Joséphine 's great bedroom in the Tuileries ( and soon to be used by Marie - Louise ) . Designed by the architect Charles Percier , this impressive piece of furniture was embellished with several gilt - bronze ornaments : the central panel depicts the `` Birth of the Queen of the Earth to whom Cupids and Goddesses hasten with their Offerings '' by the bronzier Pierre - Philippe Thomire , after a bas - relief by Chaudet . Jacob - Desmalter completed the `` great jewelry box '' in 1812 , with two smaller items of furniture in the same style but using woods from rainforests in China . After Napoléon 's divorce , Pierre Paul Prud'hon was commissioned to design the apartments of his new wife , Marie - Louise . For the bridal suite of the new Empress he designed all the furniture and interior decorations in a Greek Revival style . Restoration ( edit ) The Tuileries Palace became the royal residence at the time of the Bourbon Restoration from 1814 to 1830 . During the July Revolution of 1830 , the palace was attacked for a third time by an armed mob and occupied . The Swiss Guards stationed at the palace , aware of what had happened in 1792 to their predecessors , abandoned the palace . King Louis Philippe I took up permanent residence there until 1848 , when it was again invaded on 24 February . After the coup d'état by Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte in 1852 , the Tuileries Palace served as the official residence of the executive branch of government , and when President Louis - Napoléon Bonaparte became Emperor Napoléon III , he moved from his office at the Élysée Palace to the Tuileries . The Second Empire ( edit ) Gala soirée of 10 June 1867 , for sovereigns attending the International Exposition of that year , by Pierre Tetar van Elven . The exterior horseshoe staircase , from the garden to the Salle de Maréchaux , was temporarily erected for the occasion . During the Second Empire , the Tuileries was extensively refurbished and redecorated after the looting and damage that occurred during the Revolution of 1848 . Some imposing state rooms were designed and richly decorated , serving as the center stage of the ceremonies and pageantry of the Second Empire , such as on the occasion of Queen Victoria 's state visit to France in 1855 . The Second Empire also completed the northern wing of the Louvre along the rue de Rivoli , linking the Tuileries Palace with the rest of the Louvre , and thus finally achieving the huge complex of the Louvre - Tuileries , whose master plan had been envisioned three centuries earlier . Previously , the Place du Carrousel had been swept clear of the old houses that had encroached on it . The prominent roof - lines of the palace and especially its squared central dome were influential prototypes in the Second Empire style adopted for hotels and commercial buildings as well as residences in the United Kingdom and North America . Interior ( edit ) The private apartment used by Napoleon III , on the ground floor of the southern wing of the palace , consisted of `` overheated gilt boxes furnished in the style of the First Empire '' , being kept at `` an excessively high temperature '' by the emperor . Empress Eugénie had her apartment above , connected to the emperor 's by a winding staircase , with a mezzanine occupied by the treasurer of the privy purse in between , and comprising eight of the eleven rooms on the bel etage of the southern wing 's garden side . This arrangement at the Tuileries was unlike at Versailles , where the apartments of monarch and consort were both on the same floor and the king 's was the grander of the two . The state rooms -- on the Carrousel , or east , side -- of the south wing were used variously depending on the occasion . If it were an informal dinner , the household would gather in the Private Drawing Room , or Salon d'Apollon , which was separated from the Salle de Maréchaux , in the central pavilion , by the First Consul 's Room , or Salon Blanc . The party would proceed through the throne room to dinner in the Salon Louis XIV . However , gala dinners were held in the larger Galerie de Diane , the southernmost of the state apartments . If it were a state ball , then refreshments would be set up in the Galerie ; and the procession of the imperial party would be from there to the Salle de Maréchaux , which occupied the space of two entire floors of the central Pavillon de L'Horloge and served as the ballroom . The little - used northern wing of the palace , which contained the chapel , Galerie de la Paix , and the Salle de Spectacle would be called into service only for performances , such as the Auber cantata performed the evening of Napoleon and Eugénie 's civil wedding ceremony , 29 July 1853 , or for the most important fêtes , such as the party given for sovereigns attending the International Exposition , on 10 June 1867 . The Salle de Spectacle was also used as a hospital during the Franco - Prussian War . The southernmost pavilion , the Pavillon de Flore , served as the backstairs to the palace . Service corridors led to it . One could get from there to the sprawling basement , lit with innumerable gas lamps , where a railway had been set up to bring food from the kitchens under the Rue de Rivoli . Destruction of the Tuileries ( edit ) Tuileries Palace before 1871 , view from the Louvre The same view after the 1871 fire and before the demolition of 1883 The finalization of the long planned Louvre - Tuileries complex was not to happen . On 23 May 1871 , during the suppression of the Paris Commune , 12 men under the orders of Jules Bergeret , the former chief military commander of the Commune , set the Tuileries on fire at 7 p.m. , using petroleum , liquid tar and turpentine . The fire lasted 48 hours and thoroughly gutted the palace , except for the southernmost part , the Pavillon de Flore ( the gate of honor , the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel , also remains , as well as the foundation ) . The dome itself was blown up by explosives placed in the central pavilion and detonated by the converging fires . Observing this , Bergeret sent a note to the Committee of Public Safety : ' The last vestiges of Royalty have just disappeared . I wish that the same may befall all the public buildings of Paris ' It was only on 25 May that the Paris fire brigades and the 26th battalion of the Chasseurs d'Afrique managed to put out the fire . The library and other portions of the Louvre were also set on fire by Communards and entirely destroyed . The museum itself was only miraculously saved . The ruins of the Tuileries stood on the site for 11 years . Although the roofs and the inside of the palace had been utterly destroyed by the fire , the stone shell of the palace remained intact and restoration was possible . Other monuments of Paris also set on fire by Communards , such as the City Hall , were rebuilt in the 1870s . After much hesitation , the Third Republic eventually decided not to restore the ruins of the Tuileries , which had become a symbol of the former royal and imperial regimes . However , the portions of the Louvre that had also been destroyed by fire were rebuilt in their original style . Demolition ( edit ) The Château de la Punta in Corsica which was partially built with stones from the Tuileries In 1882 , the French National Assembly voted for the demolition of the ruins , which were sold to a private entrepreneur for the sum of 33,300 gold francs ( approximately US $130,000 in 2005 ) , despite the protests of Baron Haussmann and other members of French artistic and architectural circles , who opposed what they thought was a crime against French arts and history . The demolition was started in February 1883 and completed on 30 September 1883 . Bits of stone and marble from the palace were sold by a private entrepreneur , Achille Picart , as souvenirs , and even to build a castle in Corsica , near Ajaccio , the Château de la Punta ( fr ) , which is essentially a reconstruction of the Pavillon de Bullant . The courtyard pediment of the central pavilion can be seen in Paris ' Georges Cain square ( fr ) , some courtyard is in the garden of the Trocadero . Other pieces are in the Louvre , the Museum of Decorative Arts , and at schools of architecture , fine arts , and bridges and roads . Tuileries garden and the Axe historique ( edit ) Main article : Tuileries Garden Afternoon at the Tuileries Park by Adolph von Menzel When the large empty space between the northern and southern wings of the Louvre now familiar to modern visitors was revealed in 1883 , for the first time the Louvre courtyard opened into an unbroken Axe historique . The Tuileries Garden ( French : Jardin des Tuileries ) is surrounded by the Louvre ( to the east ) , the Seine ( to the south ) , the Place de la Concorde ( to the west ) and the Rue de Rivoli ( to the north ) . The straight line which runs through the Place de la Concorde and the Arc de Triomphe to La Défense was originally centred on the façade of the Tuileries , a similar line leading across the entrance court of the Louvre . As the two façades were placed at slightly differing angles , this has resulted in a slight ' kink ' on the site of the palace a feature ultimately dictated by the curved course of the River Seine . Tuileries garden ( edit ) The Tuileries Garden covers about 63 acres ( 25 hectares ) and still closely follows a design laid out by the royal landscape architect André Le Nôtre in 1664 . His spacious formal garden plan drew out the perspective from the reflecting pools one to the other in an unbroken vista along a central axis from the west façade , which has been extended as the Axe historique . The Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume is a museum of contemporary art located in the northwest corner of the gardens . Rebuilding the Tuileries palace ( edit ) Le Nôtre 's central axis of the Tuileries ' parterres in a late 17th - century engraving The same view today , past the palace 's site to the Palais du Louvre Since 2003 , the Comité national pour la reconstruction des Tuileries has been proposing to rebuild the Tuileries Palace . This effort is similar to the proposal of reconstruction of the Berliner Stadtschloss ( Berlin City Palace ) . There are several reasons for rebuilding the Palace of the Tuileries . Ever since the destruction of 1883 , the famous perspective of the Champs - Élysées , which ended on the majestic façade of the Tuileries Palace , now ends at the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel , formerly centered on the Tuileries but now occupying a large empty space . The Louvre , with its pyramid on the one hand , and the Axe historique of the Place de la Concorde - Champs - Élysées - Arc de Triomphe on the other , are not aligned on the same axis . The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel fortuitously stands near the intersection of the two axes . The Palace of the Tuileries , which was located at the junction of these two diverging axes , helped to disguise this bending of the axes . Architects argue that the rebuilding of the Tuileries would allow the re-establishment of the harmony of these two different axes . The Tuileries Gardens would also recover their purpose , which was to be a palace garden . Also , it is emphasized that the Musée du Louvre needs to expand its ground plan to properly display all its collections , and if the Tuileries Palace were rebuilt the Louvre could expand into the rebuilt palace . It 's also proposed to rebuild the state apartments of the Second Empire as they stood in 1871 . All the plans of the palace and many photographs are stored at the Archives nationales . Furthermore , all the furniture and paintings from the palace survived the 1871 fire because they had been removed in 1870 at the start of the Franco - Prussian War and stored in secure locations . Today , the furniture and paintings are still deposited in storehouses and are not on public display due to the lack of space in the Louvre . It is argued that recreating the state apartments of the Tuileries would allow the display of these treasures of the Second Empire style which are currently hidden . Cost ( edit ) In 2006 a rebuilding of the Palace of the Tuileries was estimated to cost 300 million euros ( US $380 million ) . The plan was to finance the project by public subscription with the work being undertaken by a private foundation , with the French government spending no money on the project . The French president at that time , Jacques Chirac , called for a debate on the subject . Former president Charles de Gaulle had also supported reconstruction , saying that it would `` make a jewel of the centre of Paris . '' Gallery ( edit ) The vast complex formed by the Tuileries Palace and the Louvre Palace . State rooms of the Tuileries Palace before 1871 - Salon Louis XIV Great staircase Tuileries Palace before 1871 - View from the Tuileries Gardens Princess Marie of Orléans in her studio in the Tuileries Palace ( by Prosper Lafaye ( fr ) , c. 1842 ) Stool from the former Palais des Tuileries by François - Honoré - Georges Jacob - Desmalter , Paris around 1810 See also ( edit ) Paris portal Pavillon de Flore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coeyman 1998 , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Hautecoeur 1927 , pp. 123 -- 142 ; Devêche 1981 , pp. 9 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Bernier , Oliver , Louis The Beloved : The Life of Louis XV , Doubleday , Garden City , 1984 pp. 12 - 39 Jump up ^ O'Leary , Margaret R. `` Tuileries Palace Attacked , August 10 , 1792 . '' Forging Freedom : The Life of Cerf Berr of Médelsheim . N.p. : n.p. , n.d. 344 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Filon , Augustin ( 1920 ) . Recollections of the Empress Eugénie . London : Cassell and Company , Ltd . pp. 126 -- 127 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fête de nuit aux Tuileries le 10 juin 1867 , à l'occasion de la visite de souverains étrangers à l'exposition universelle '' . Paintings . Carnavalet Museum ( in French ) . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Filon , Augustin ( 1920 ) . Recollections of the Empress Eugénie . London : Cassell and Company , Ltd . pp. 61 -- 74 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Harold ( 1964 ) . The Empress Eugénie : 1826 - 1920 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Filon , Augustin ( 1920 ) . Recollections of the Empress Eugénie . London : Cassell and Company , Ltd . pp. 107 -- 108 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paris '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 ( 14th ed . ) . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1956 . p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Samuel , Henry ( 14 August 2006 ) . `` £ 200m plan to restore glory of Tuileries Palace '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Paris under Siege ' by Joanna Richardson publ . Folio Society London 1982 Jump up ^ `` Le Chateau de la Punta '' . Pagesperso-orange.fr . Jump up ^ Van Cappel de Premont , François . `` Du Pavillon Bullant au Château de la Punta '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alain Boumier , président du Comité national pour la reconstruction des Tuileries , en chat sur L'Internaute '' ( in French ) . Linternaute.com. 2006 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Le Palais des Tuileries va - t - il renaître de ses cendres ? '' ( Will the Tuileries Palace Rise From Its Ashes ? ) . La Croix ( in French ) . 14 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Sources Coeyman , Barbara ( 1998 ) . `` Opera and Ballet in Seventeenth - Century French Theatres : Case Studies of the Salle des Machines and the Palais Royal Theater '' in Radice 1998 , pp. 37 -- 71 . Devêche , André ( 1981 ) . The Tuileries Palace and Gardens , translated by Jonathan Eden . Paris : Éditions de la Tourelle - Maloine . OCLC 461768004 , 13623823 . Hautecoeur , Louis ( 1927 ) . L'Histoire des Chateaux du Louvre et des Tuileries . Paris : G. Van Oest . OCLC 1748382 , 250838397 . Radice , Mark A. , editor ( 1998 ) . Opera in Context : Essays on Historical Staging from the Late Renaissance to the Time of Puccini . Portland , Oregon : Amadeus Press . ISBN 9781574670325 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuileries Palace . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article about Tuileries Palace . National Committee for the rebuilding of the Tuileries Palace ( in French ) Rebuilding the Tuileries by Charles T. Downey ( Ionarts , 17 August 2006 ) http://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2008/qSEQ080604809.html : Projet de reconstruction du palais des Tuileries - 13 ème législature , Journal Officiel du Sénat , June & August 2008 , ( French ) . Photos of the gardens of the Tuileries Interior and exterior photos , as well as plan of the state floor , of the Second Empire period The Louvre and Tuileries Musée du Louvre Branch museums The Louvre - Lens The Louvre Abu Dhabi Palais du Louvre Sections in detail Perrault 's Colonnade Lescot Wing Pavillon de Flore Pavillon de l'Horloge Louvre Pyramid La Pyramide Inversée Cour Carrée Louvre castle Architects Raymond du Temple Pierre Lescot Pierre II Chambiges Louis Métezeau Jacques Androuet II Du Cerceau Jacques Lemercier Louis Le Vau François d'Orbay Claude Perrault Ange - Jacques Gabriel Jacques - Germain Soufflot Maximilien Brebion Auguste Cheval de Saint - Hubert Jean - Arnaud Raymond Charles Percier Pierre - François - Léonard Fontaine Félix Louis Jacques Duban Louis - Tullius - Joachim Visconti Hector - Martin Lefuel Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume Gaston Redon Victor - Auguste Blavette Camille Lefèvre Albert Ferran I.M. Pei Palais des Tuileries Sections in detail Pavillon de Flore Architects Philibert de l'Orme Jardin des Tuileries Sections in detail Musée de l'Orangerie Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume Architects André Le Nôtre French royal residences Versailles ( including the Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon ) Paris : Palais de la Cité Palais du Louvre Palais des Tuileries Palais du Luxembourg Palais Royal Château de la Muette Elsewhere : Blois Chambord Choisy Compiègne Fontainebleau Marly Meudon Saint Cloud Saint Germain en Laye VIAF : 316732528 GND : 4670625 - 2 ULAN : 500310657 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuileries_Palace&oldid=796425184 '' Categories : Houses completed in the 19th century Renaissance architecture in France French Renaissance gardens Buildings and structures in the 1st arrondissement of Paris Destroyed landmarks in France Demolished buildings and structures in France Former buildings and structures in Paris Official residences in France Parks and open spaces in Paris Landscape design history of France Palaces and residences of Napoleon Palaces in France Royal residences in France French Revolution Buildings and structures demolished in 1883 Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from February 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing French - language text Pages incorrectly using the quote template All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 19 : 11 . 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Food Network Star (season 11)

Food Network Star ( season 11 ) - wikipedia Food Network Star ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search Food Network Star ( season 11 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network Food Network Original release June 7 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) -- August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) Additional information No. of contestants 12 Winner Eddie Jackson Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 Next → Season 12 The eleventh season of the American reality television series Food Network Star premiered June 7 , 2015 on Food Network . Food Network chefs Bobby Flay and Giada de Laurentiis returned to the series as judges , with Alton Brown not returning for undisclosed reasons . This season also continued the inclusion of Star Salvation , a six - week webseries that featured the most recently eliminated contestant competing against the remaining previously eliminated contestants for a chance to re-enter the main Food Network Star competition . This season also returned to the practice of the winner of the competition being chosen by the Food Network staff , rather than by viewers as in the three previous seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 1.1 Winner 1.2 Runners - up 1.3 Eliminated 2 Contestant progress 3 Star Salvation 4 Episodes 4.1 Week 1 4.2 Week 2 4.3 Week 3 4.4 Week 4 4.5 Week 5 4.6 Week 6 4.7 Week 7 4.8 Week 8 4.9 Week 9 4.10 Week 10 4.11 Week 11 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) Winner ( edit ) Eddie Jackson -- Richardson , Texas Runners - up ( edit ) Jay Ducote -- Baton Rouge , Louisiana Dominick `` Dom '' Tesoriero -- Staten Island , New York Eliminated ( edit ) ( In order of elimination ) Christina Fitzgerald -- St. Louis , Missouri Matthew Grunwald -- Scottsdale , Arizona Sita Lewis -- New York , New York Rosa Graziano -- Los Angeles , California Rue Rusike -- Brooklyn , New York Emilia Cirker -- Reston , Virginia Michelle Karam -- Santa Barbara , California ( withdrew ) Dominick `` Dom '' Tesoriero -- Staten Island , New York ( Returned to competition after winning Star Salvation ) Alex McCoy -- Washington D.C. Arnold Myint -- Nashville , Tennessee Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mentor Challenge Winner N / A N / A Dom N / A Rue Eddie Jay Alex Eddie N / A N / A Eddie HIGH HIGH LOW WIN HIGH HIGH LOW LOW HIGH LOW WINNER Jay HIGH IN IN IN HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH RUNNER - UP Dom LOW IN HIGH LOW LOW LOW LOW OUT IN RUNNER - UP Arnold HIGH HIGH HIGH WIN LOW IN HIGH LOW LOW OUT Alex IN IN IN WIN HIGH LOW LOW HIGH OUT Michelle IN IN WIN LOW LOW IN QUIT Emilia IN LOW IN IN HIGH OUT Rue IN IN IN IN OUT Rosa IN IN LOW OUT Sita IN LOW OUT Matthew LOW OUT Christina OUT ( WINNER ) The contestant won the competition and became the next `` Food Network Star '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant made it to the finale , but did not win . ( WIN ) The contestant won the challenge for that week . ( RETURNED ) The contestant won Star Salvation and returned to the main competition . ( HIGH ) The contestant was one of the selection committee 's favorites for that week . ( IN ) The contestant performed well enough to move on to the next week . ( LOW ) The contestant was one of the selection committee 's three or four least favorites for that week , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant was the selection committee 's least favorite for that week , and was eliminated . ( QUIT ) The contestant voluntarily left the competition . Star Salvation ( edit ) This season of Star Salvation was hosted by Iron Chef Alex Guarnaschelli and season 7 winner Jeff Mauro . Contestant 5 6 Dom IN WIN Rue IN IN IN IN OUT Alex OUT Emilia IN IN OUT Matthew IN IN IN OUT Christina IN IN OUT Rosa IN OUT Sita OUT ^ Note 1 : Having withdrawn from the competition , Michelle did not compete in Star Salvation this week . ( WIN ) The chef won Star Salvation and returned to the main competition . ( IN ) The chef continued in the competition . ( OUT ) The chef lost in that week 's Star Salvation and was eliminated from the competition . Episodes ( edit ) Week 1 ( edit ) Top 3 : Jay , Eddie and Arnold Bottom 3 : Dom , Matthew and Christina Eliminated : Christina Week 2 ( edit ) Top 2 : Eddie and Arnold Bottom 3 : Emilia , Sita and Matthew Eliminated : Matthew Week 3 ( edit ) Top 2 : Dom and Arnold Winner : Michelle Bottom 3 : Eddie , Rosa and Sita Eliminated : Sita Week 4 ( edit ) Winners : Eddie , Arnold and Alex Bottom 3 : Dom , Michelle and Rosa Eliminated : Rosa Week 5 ( edit ) Top 4 : Eddie , Alex , Jay and Emilia Bottom 4 : Arnold , Dom , Michelle and Rue Eliminated : Rue Week 6 ( edit ) Top 2 : Eddie and Jay Bottom 3 : Alex , Dom and Emilia Eliminated : Emilia Week 7 ( edit ) Top 2 : Jay and Arnold Bottom 4 : Dom , Eddie , Michelle and Alex Withdrew : Michelle ^ Note 2 Michelle chose to withdraw from the competition to be with her family . She did not compete in Star Salvation . Week 8 ( edit ) Top 2 : Jay and Alex Bottom 3 : Arnold , Eddie and Dom Eliminated : Dom Week 9 ( edit ) Top 2 : Eddie and Jay Bottom 2 : Arnold and Alex Eliminated : Alex Week 10 ( edit ) Top : Jay Bottom 2 : Eddie and Arnold Eliminated : Arnold ^ Note 3 Dom returned to the competition , having won Star Salvation . Week 11 ( edit ) Winner : Eddie Show on Food Network : BBQ Blitz Runners - up : Dom and Jay References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Maria ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Food Network Star , Season 11 : The Search for Star Power Is On This Summer Star Blog '' . Food Network . Scripps Networks Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Alton Brown out of Food Network Star season 11 '' . Reality Blurred . WordPress.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Salvation '' . Food Network . Scripps Networks Interactive . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Food Network Gossip : Food Network Star Winner Poll '' . Food Network Gossip . Blogger . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network Star on IMDb Food Network Star at TV.com Food Network Star season 11 Finalists Eddie Jackson Jay Ducote Dom Tesoriero Other contestants Arnold Myint Alex McCoy Michelle Karam Emilia Cirker Rue Rusike Rosa Graziano Sita Lewis Matthew Grunwald Christina Fitzgerald Food Network Star Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners ( series ) Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh Party Line with the Hearty Boys Guy Fieri Guy 's Big Bite Diners , Drive - Ins , and Dives Guy Off the Hook Minute to Win It Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off Guy 's Grocery Games Amy Finley The Gourmet Next Door Aaron McCargo , Jr . Big Daddy 's House Melissa d'Arabian Ten Dollar Dinners Aarti Sequeira Aarti Party Jeff Mauro $24 in 24 The Kitchen Kitchen Sink Sandwich King Justin Warner Rebel Eats Damaris Phillips Kids BBQ Championship Southern at Heart Lenny McNab Eddie Jackson BBQ Blitz Clash of the Grandmas Kids BBQ Championship Tregaye Fraser Kitchen Sink Jason Smith Best Baker in America Other contestants ( series ) Damiano Carrara Halloween Baking Championship Nikki Dinki Junk Food Flip Adam Gertler Will Work for Food Kid in a Candy Store Kelsey Nixon Kelsey 's Essentials Kelsey 's Homemade Jeffrey Saad United Tastes of America Selection committee Current Bobby Flay Giada De Laurentiis Former Alton Brown Gordon Elliott Marc Summers Spin - offs Food Network Star Kids Production Food Network CBS EYEtoo Productions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_Network_Star_(season_11)&oldid=795434016 '' Categories : Food Network Star Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 05 : 56 . 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List of Washington Capitals seasons

List of Washington Capitals seasons - wikipedia List of Washington Capitals seasons Banners at the Capital One Arena showing the Capitals ' retired numbers The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Capitals played at the Capital Centre from their inaugural season in 1974 to 1997 , when they moved to the MCI Center , now known as the Capital One Arena . In 42 completed seasons , the Capitals have qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs 27 times , making two Stanley Cup Finals appearances during the 1997 -- 98 and 2017 -- 18 seasons , winning the latter . The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion team in the Prince of Wales Conference . The team had an 8 -- 67 -- 5 record and lost 37 straight road games in their inaugural season . The Capitals made their first playoffs in the 1982 -- 83 season and qualified for the playoffs for the following 13 seasons in a row . The Capitals won the Eastern Conference during their 1997 -- 98 season but were swept by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1998 Stanley Cup Finals . After reaching the Finals , the Capitals were assigned to the Southeast Division , in which they remained in for 15 years , until a NHL division realignment brought them into the newly formed Metropolitan Division in 2013 . Through these times , the Capitals won three Presidents ' Trophies in the 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 seasons , before finally winning their first ever Stanley Cup in the 2017 -- 18 season , after 42 seasons ( not counting the cancelled 2004 -- 05 season ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table key 2 Year by year 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Table key ( edit ) The interior of Capital One Arena , formerly the Verizon Center , the Capitals ' home arena since 1997 Key of colors and symbols Color / symbol Explanation Stanley Cup champions Conference champions Division champions Led league in points Key of terms and abbreviations Term or abbreviation Definition Finish Final position in division standings GA Goals against ( goals scored by the Capitals ' opponents ) GF Goals for ( goals scored by the Capitals ) GP Number of games played Number of losses OT Number of losses in overtime ( since the 1999 -- 2000 season ) Pts Number of points Number of ties Number of wins -- Does not apply Year by year ( edit ) Year by year listing of all seasons played by the Washington Capitals NHL season Capitals season Conference Division Regular season Postseason Finish GP OT Pts GF GA GP GF GA Result 1974 -- 75 1974 -- 75 Wales Norris 5th 80 8 67 5 -- 21 181 446 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1975 -- 76 1975 -- 76 Wales Norris 5th 80 11 59 10 -- 32 224 394 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1976 -- 77 1976 -- 77 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 42 14 -- 62 221 307 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1977 -- 78 1977 -- 78 Wales Norris 5th 80 17 49 14 -- 48 195 321 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1978 -- 79 1978 -- 79 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 41 15 -- 63 273 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1979 -- 80 1979 -- 80 Wales Patrick 5th 80 27 40 13 -- 67 261 293 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1980 -- 81 1980 -- 81 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 36 18 -- 70 286 317 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1981 -- 82 1981 -- 82 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 41 13 -- 65 319 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1982 -- 83 1982 -- 83 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 39 25 16 -- 94 306 283 11 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 3 1983 -- 84 1983 -- 84 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 48 27 5 -- 101 308 226 8 28 25 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 4 1984 -- 85 1984 -- 85 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 46 25 9 -- 101 322 240 5 12 14 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 3 1985 -- 86 1985 -- 86 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 50 23 7 -- 107 315 272 9 5 36 24 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Islanders , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Rangers , 2 -- 4 1986 -- 87 1986 -- 87 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 32 10 -- 86 285 278 7 19 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 3 -- 4 1987 -- 88 1987 -- 88 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 33 9 -- 85 281 249 14 7 7 54 50 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 3 Lost Division Finals to New Jersey Devils , 3 -- 4 1988 -- 89 1988 -- 89 Wales Patrick 1st 80 41 29 10 -- 92 305 259 6 18 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 2 -- 4 1989 -- 90 1989 -- 90 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 36 38 6 -- 78 284 275 15 8 7 49 48 Won Division Semifinals vs. New Jersey Devils , 4 -- 2 Won Division Finals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals to Boston Bruins , 0 -- 4 1990 -- 91 1990 -- 91 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 37 36 7 -- 81 258 258 11 5 6 29 35 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 2 Lost Division Finals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4 1991 -- 92 1991 -- 92 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 45 27 8 -- 98 330 275 7 27 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 1992 -- 93 1992 -- 93 Wales Patrick 2nd 84 43 34 7 -- 93 325 286 6 15 23 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 4 1993 -- 94 1993 -- 94 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 84 39 35 10 -- 88 277 263 11 5 6 32 32 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 1 -- 4 1994 -- 95 1994 -- 95 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 48 22 18 8 -- 52 136 120 7 10 17 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 1995 -- 96 1995 -- 96 Eastern Atlantic 4th 82 39 32 11 -- 89 234 204 6 17 21 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 1996 -- 97 1996 -- 97 Eastern Atlantic 5th 82 33 40 9 -- 75 214 231 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 82 40 30 12 -- 92 219 202 21 12 9 53 44 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Ottawa Senators , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 2 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Detroit Red Wings , 0 -- 4 1998 -- 99 1998 -- 99 Eastern Southeast 3rd 82 31 45 6 -- 68 200 218 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1999 -- 2000 1999 -- 2000 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 44 24 12 102 227 194 5 6 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4 2000 -- 01 2000 -- 01 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 41 27 10 96 233 211 6 10 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 2001 -- 02 2001 -- 02 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 36 33 11 85 228 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2002 -- 03 2002 -- 03 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 39 29 8 6 92 224 220 6 15 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 2 -- 4 2003 -- 04 2003 -- 04 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 23 46 10 59 186 253 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2004 -- 05 2004 -- 05 Eastern Southeast Season cancelled due to 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout 2005 -- 06 2005 -- 06 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 29 41 -- 12 70 237 306 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2006 -- 07 2006 -- 07 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 28 40 -- 14 70 235 286 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2007 -- 08 2007 -- 08 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 43 31 -- 8 94 242 231 7 20 23 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 4 2008 -- 09 2008 -- 09 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 50 24 -- 8 108 272 245 14 7 7 41 38 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 54 15 -- 13 121 318 233 7 22 20 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Montreal Canadiens , 3 -- 4 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 48 23 -- 11 107 224 197 9 5 23 24 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 0 -- 4 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 42 32 -- 8 92 222 230 14 7 7 28 30 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 - 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 Eastern Southeast 1st 48 27 18 -- 57 149 130 7 13 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 Eastern Metropolitan 5th 82 38 30 -- 14 90 235 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 Eastern Metropolitan 2nd 82 45 26 -- 11 101 242 203 14 7 7 28 28 Won First Round vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 3 Lost Second Round to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 56 18 -- 8 120 252 193 12 6 6 29 22 Won First Round vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 55 19 -- 8 118 263 182 13 7 6 36 34 Won First Round vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 49 26 -- 7 105 259 239 24 16 8 86 61 Won First Round vs. Columbus Blue Jackets 4 -- 2 Won Second Round vs. Pittsburgh Penguins 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals vs. Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 3 Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Vegas Golden Knights 4 -- 1 Totals 3426 1575 1406 303 142 3595 10750 10861 275 132 143 793 776 Notes ( edit ) In 1992 , the NHL expanded the season to 84 games , and each team played two games at a neutral site . After the 1995 lockout , the neutral site games were eliminated , and the season was reduced to 82 games . The NHL realigned into Eastern and Western conferences prior to the 1993 -- 94 season . Washington was placed in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference . The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout . Beginning with the 1999 -- 00 season , teams received one point for losing a regular season game in overtime . The season was canceled because of the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Before the 2005 -- 06 season , the NHL instituted a penalty shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five - minute overtime period , which prevented ties . The NHL added 4 expansion teams prior to the 1998 -- 99 season and split the Eastern Conference into three divisions : Northeast , Atlantic , and Southeast . Washington was moved into the new Southeast division . The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout . The NHL realigned prior to the 2013 -- 14 season . Washington was placed in the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Page 2 Staff . `` Worst Pro Teams of All - time '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David ( June 17 , 1998 ) . `` No Shame in Shutout , Fans Say '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals clinch NHL 's best record '' . ESPN . April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals Statistics and History '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Capitals Franchise Index '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Total statistics of Washington Capitals in Regular season 1974 / 75 - 2017 / 18 NHL.com Jump up ^ Total statistics of Washington Capitals in Playoff 1974 / 75 - 2017 / 18 NHL.com Jump up ^ Morrison , Scott ( December 1 , 2007 ) . `` 84 game schedule a lock '' . SLAM ! Sports . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( April 1 , 1993 ) . `` Hockey ; N.H.L. Redraws Map In Realignment Plan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 15 , 1993 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Rangers Must Search For a ' Riley ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( January 23 , 1995 ) . `` Drop Those Pucks ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( September 30 , 1999 ) . `` Hockey : Preview ' 99 -- ' 00 ; Overtime Is Now Five Minutes in Hockey Heaven '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lockout over salary cap shuts down NHL '' . Associated Press . ESPN . February 16 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shootouts are fan - friendly '' . The Washington Times . October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` N.H.L. Names 4 Cities For Its New Franchises '' . The New York Times . June 18 , 1997 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Announces 2012 - 13 Season Schedule '' . Lightning.nhl.com . Tampa Bay Lightning . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHL slate , division names revealed '' . ESPN.com news services . ESPN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Washington Capitals official website Washington Capitals Founded in 1974 Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Monumental Sports & Entertainment ( Ted Leonsis , chairman ) General manager Brian MacLellan Head coach Vacant Team captain Alexander Ovechkin Current roster Arenas Capital Centre Capital One Arena Rivalries New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Affiliates AHL Hershey Bears ECHL South Carolina Stingrays Media TV NBCS Mid-Atlantic Radio WFED WJFK Caps Radio 24 / 7 ( Tunein app ) Culture and lore Easter Epic 2011 NHL Winter Classic 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2018 NHL Stadium Series 2018 Stanley Cup Finals Kettler Capitals Iceplex Washington Capitals seasons 1970s 1970 -- 71 . 1971 -- 72 . 1972 -- 73 . 1973 -- 74 . 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship hide NHL seasons by team Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Anaheim Arizona Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver Vegas Central Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Atlantic Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Metropolitan Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Relocated ( still active ) Atlanta Flames ( Calgary ) Atlanta Thrashers ( Winnipeg ) Hartford Whalers ( Carolina ) Kansas City Scouts / Colorado Rockies ( New Jersey ) Minnesota North Stars ( Dallas ) Quebec Nordiques ( Colorado ) Winnipeg Jets ( Arizona ) Defunct teams California Golden Seals / Cleveland Barons Hamilton Tigers Montreal Maroons New York Americans Ottawa Senators / St. Louis Eagles Pittsburgh Pirates / Philadelphia Quakers Ice hockey portal Sports portal Washington , D.C. portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Washington_Capitals_seasons&oldid=846571455 '' Categories : National Hockey League team seasons Washington Capitals seasons Lists of National Hockey League seasons Washington Capitals lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 15 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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when is the last time the capitals made it to the stanley cup

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John Carroll Lynch

John Carroll Lynch - wikipedia John Carroll Lynch John Carroll Lynch Lynch in 2017 ( 1963 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1963 ( age 55 ) Boulder , Colorado , US Alma mater The Catholic University of America Occupation Actor , film director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Brenda Wehle ( m . 1997 ) John Carroll Lynch ( born August 1 , 1963 ) is an American character actor and film director . He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo . He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey , as well as on American Horror Story : Freak Show and American Horror Story : Cult as Twisty the Clown . His films include Face / Off , Gran Torino , Shutter Island , Ted 2 , The Invitation , and Zodiac . Most recently , he portrayed McDonald 's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder . He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lynch was born in Boulder , Colorado . He attended Regis Jesuit High School in Denver . He studied theater at The Catholic University of America , graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1986 . Career ( edit ) Lynch was a member of the Guthrie Theater company . He starred in several productions , toured with the company and worked there for over eight seasons . Lynch made his feature film debut in Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) . He gained notice starring as Norm Gunderson in the Coen brothers ' film Fargo ( 1996 ) . His other notable films are Face / Off ( 1997 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , Gothika ( 2003 ) , Things We Lost in the Fire ( 2007 ) , Gran Torino ( 2008 ) , Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , Paul ( 2011 ) and Crazy , Stupid , Love . ( 2011 ) . He portrayed Arthur Leigh Allen in Zodiac ( 2007 ) and the first establisher of McDonald 's , Mac McDonald , in The Founder ( 2016 ) . Lynch has also had an extensive career in television . He appeared in ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey . He has also been a regular cast member on series such as Close to Home , Carnivàle , Body of Proof and seasons 4 , 5 , and 7 of American Horror Story . Personal life ( edit ) Lynch has been married to actress Brenda Wehle since 1997 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Grumpy Old Men Moving Man 1995 The Cure Skipper # 1 Credited as John Lynch Beautiful Girls Frank Womack Fargo Norm Gunderson Feeling Minnesota Cop 1997 Volcano Stan Olber Face / Off Prison Guard Walton 1998 Mercury Rising Martin Lynch The Naked Man Sticks ' Driver Restaurant John English 1999 Anywhere but Here Jack Irwin Pushing Tin Doctor Freeze Freak Weather Ed 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Impound Manager Uncredited Cameo 2001 Bubble Boy Mr. Livingston 2002 The Good Girl Jack Field Bug Wallace Gregory Three Days of Rain Dinner Guest 2003 Gothika Sheriff Ryan Confidence Leon Ashby Catch That Kid Mr. Hartmunn 2005 Mozart and the Whale Gregory Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World Stewart 2007 Full of It Mr. Leonard Zodiac Arthur Leigh Allen Things We Lost in the Fire Howard Glassman 2008 Gran Torino Barber Martin 2009 Love Happens Walter Sympathy for Delicious Evangelist Carroll Shutter Island Deputy Warden McPherson Hesher Larry 2011 Paul Moses Buggs Crazy , Stupid , Love . Bernie Riley 2012 Lay the Favorite Dave Greenberg 2013 The Pretty One Frank 2014 Camp X-Ray Col. James Drummond 2015 Hot Pursuit Captain Emmett Ted 2 Tom Jessup The Invitation Pruitt 2016 Miracles from Heaven Pastor Scott Jackie Lyndon B. Johnson The Founder Mac McDonald 2017 Lucky N / A Directorial debut Anything Early Landry 2018 Private Life Charlie White Orchid Sheriff Mann Post-production 2019 The Highwaymen Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Frasier Actor playing Franklin Episode : `` The Show Where Diane Comes Back '' Murder One Officer Carl Bickley Episode : `` Chapter Thirteen '' The Client Frank Episode : `` Damn Yankees '' Voice from the Grave Prosecutor O'Gane Television film A Friend 's Betrayal Mr. Franks Television film 1996 , 1997 Life 's Work District Attorney Agee / Crazy Larry 2 episodes 1997 -- 2004 The Drew Carey Show Steve Carey 72 episodes 1997 The Practice Dr. Robert Larson Episode : `` Search and Seizure '' The Visitor Joe York Episode : `` Going Home '' 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Robert R. Gilruth 2 episodes 1999 Star Trek : Voyager Gerald Moss Episode : `` 11 : 59 '' Late Last Night Sgt. Van Wyck Television film Tuesdays with Morrie Walter Moran Television film 2000 The Fugitive Raynor Episode : `` Pilot '' The West Wing Jack Episode : `` Galileo '' 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Sonny Green Episode : `` The Race '' 2002 Live from Baghdad John Holliman Television film 2003 The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire Mayor Garrett Shaw 7 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Close to Home Steve Sharpe 21 episodes 2005 Carnivàle Varlyn Stroud 12 episodes American Dad ! Mr. Simms ( voice ) Episode : `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' 2007 -- 2008 K - Ville Captain James Embry 11 episodes 2007 Big Love Officer Chuck Tuttle 2 episodes 2009 Lie to Me Mr. Reed Episode : `` Truth or Consequences '' Monk Kurt Pressman Episode : `` Happy Birthday , Mr. Monk '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Buddy Arnold Episode : `` Bloodsport '' 2010 -- 2012 The Glades Mike Ogletree 2 episodes How to Make It in America Larry Episode : `` Keep on Truck'n '' 2011 -- 2013 Body of Proof Bud Morris 26 episodes 2013 Do No Harm Will Hayes 10 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Ned Dooley 2 episodes 2014 House of Lies Gil Selby 2 episodes The Americans Fred 6 episodes Manhattan Daniel Ellis 2 episodes Us & Them Ed Episode : `` Coeds & Carburetors '' 2014 -- 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Twisty the Clown 5 episodes 2015 -- 2016 American Horror Story : Hotel John Wayne Gacy 2 episodes 2015 The Walking Dead Eastman Episode : `` Here 's Not Here '' 2016 -- 2017 Turn : Washington 's Spies James Rivington 6 episodes 2016 Billions Mr. Gilbert Episode : `` The Punch '' 2017 American Horror Story : Cult Twisty the Clown 2 episodes Channel Zero : The No - End House John Sleator 6 episodes 2018 The Handmaid 's Tale Dan Episode : `` Unwomen '' Crawford Owen Upcoming series One Dollar Bud Carl Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2016 42nd Saturn Awards Best Guest Starring Role on Television The Walking Dead Nominated 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Supporting Actor The Invitation Nominated Camerimage Directors ' Debuts Competition Lucky Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Filmmaker Nominated Haifa International Film Festival Carmel Award for Best Film Nominated Fedeora Award - Directors of Tomorrow Won Locarno Festival Golden Leopard Nominated Price of the Ecumenical Jury Won 22nd Satellite Awards Special Achievement Award for Best First Feature Won Los Angeles Film Festival Special Mention for Acting Anything Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Rovi via The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( S ) ome sources cite May 11 , 1961 '' , per `` John Carroll Lynch Biography ( 1963 ? - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Relations : Arts & Entertainment '' . The Catholic University of America . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch lands juicy role in ' Freak Show ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Guthrie Theater . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Wehle Biography ( ( ? ) - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTORS ' DEBUTS COMPETITION '' . Camerimage.pl . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carmel Competition - International Film Competition 2017 '' . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Best Israeli Feature Film Award -- `` The Testament '' `` . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Locarno Festival on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Film Festival Unveils Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) John Carroll Lynch on IMDb WorldCat Identities BNE : XX5644705 GND : 1140027840 ISNI : 0000 0000 4437 4419 LCCN : no2005039010 VIAF : 58811189 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carroll_Lynch&oldid=855982633 '' Categories : 1963 births American male film actors American male television actors Catholic University of America alumni Living people Male actors from Boulder , Colorado Male actors from Denver 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 04 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Steward (office)

Steward ( office ) - wikipedia Steward ( office ) Jump to : navigation , search A steward is an official who is appointed by the legal ruling monarch to represent them in a country , and may have a mandate to govern it in their name ; in the latter case , synonymous with the position of regent , vicegerent , viceroy ( for Romance languages ) , governor , or deputy ( the Roman rector , praefectus or vicarius ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 British Isles 3 Low Countries 4 Northern Europe 4.1 Danish Statholder 4.2 Norwegian Statholder 5 Southern Europe 5.1 Ban of Croatia 5.2 Ban of Bosnia 6 Eastern Europe 7 Freemasonry 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) From Old English stíweard , stiȝweard , from stiȝ `` hall , household '' + weard `` warden , keeper '' ; corresponding to Dutch : stadhouder , German Statthalter `` place holder '' , a Germanic parallel to French lieutenant . The Old English term stíweard is attested from the 11th century . Its first element is most probably stiȝ - `` house , hall '' ( attested only in composition ; its cognate stiȝu is the ancestor of Modern English sty ) . Old French estuard and Old Norse stívarðr are adopted from the Old English . The German and Dutch term ( Middle High German stat - halter ) is a parallel but independent formation ( a calque of lieutenant ) corresponding to obsolete English stead holder ( stede haldare 1456 ; also stedys beryng ( 1460 ) , sted - haldande ( 1375 ) steadward , steadsman ) . In medieval times , the steward was initially a servant who supervised both the lord 's estate and his household . However over the course of the next century , other household posts arose and involved more responsibilities . This meant that in the 13th century , there were commonly two stewards in each house -- one who managed the gang estate and the other , the majordomo , to manage domestic routine . Stewards commonly earned up to 3 to 4 pounds per year . Stewards took care of their lord 's castles when they were away . Also , stewards checked on the taxes of the serfs on his lord 's manor . British isles ( edit ) Main article : Lord Steward The Lord High Steward of England held a position of power in the 12th to 14th centuries , and the Lord Steward is the first dignitary of the court . The Stewart family traces its appellation to the office of the High Steward of Scotland . Lord High Steward of Ireland is a hereditary office held since the 15th century . Low Countries ( edit ) Main article : Stadtholder In the Netherlands , it developed into a rare type of de facto hereditary head of state of the thus crowned Dutch Republic . Stadtholders were appointed by feudal lords to govern parts of their territory . Stadtholders could be appointed for the whole or parts of their territory by the local rulers of the independent provinces in the Low Countries , e.g. the Duke of Gelre appointed a stadtholder to represent him in Groningen . In the Low Countries ( which included present - day Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg ) from the Middle Ages to the 18th century , this was originally an essentially honorary title awarded by the Spanish Habsburg kings to major noblemen in each province . But its nature changed drastically . Northern europe ( edit ) Main article : Drots Danish Statholder ( edit ) In Denmark , a ministerial high office of royal governor in the capital , at Copenhagen Castle Norwegian Statholder ( edit ) In Norway the office of Statholder existed both during the Dano - Norwegian personal union from 1536 to 1814 and during the Swedish - Norwegian personal union from 1814 until it was abolished in 1905 . During the latter , the office was also known as Rigsstatholder , i.e. Lieutenant of the Realm . The Statholder governed Norway on behalf of the King . As Norway was a separate kingdom with its own laws and institutions , it was arguably the most influential office in both Denmark - Norway and in the Swedish - Norwegian realm second to that of the king . The office was sometimes held by the Crown Prince , who was styled as Viceroy . The term Statholder ( from German Statthalter ) means `` place holder '' , i.e. the one governing on behalf of the king . The modern Norwegian spelling is stattholder . Southern europe ( edit ) Ban of Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Ban of Croatia The Croatian office of the Ban was equivalent of a viceroy . Ban was appointed by the monarch ( King of Croats until 1102 , King of Hungary 1102 -- 1526 , Austrian ruler 1527 -- 1918 ) with a mandate to govern a part of country , or whole country , in the name of the King of Dalmatia , Croatia and Slavonia . Ban of Bosnia ( edit ) Main article : List of rulers of Bosnia Bosnia was a banate of the Kingdom of Hungary 1136 -- 1377 . During that period Bosnia was governed by an autonomous hereditary viceroy , called ban . The last of them , Tvrtko , became the first king of the Kingdom of Bosnia . Eastern europe ( edit ) Main article : Posadnik The Russian equivalent of `` stadtholder '' is posadnik ; the term sometimes occurs as `` stadtholder '' in English - language literature . Although there were such legendary posadniks as Gostomysl ( 9th century ) , the term first appeared in the Primary Chronicle under the year of 997 to denote the most senior official of an Eastern Slavic town . The earliest posadniks of the city of Novgorod ( Holmgard ) include a dynasty composed of Dobrynya , his son Konstantin Dobrynich and Ostromir . Freemasonry ( edit ) Freemasonry Stewards Jewel Masonic regalia : the Grand Stewards apron The office of Steward or Grand Steward is an elected office of merit in Freemasonry . The main duty of the Steward is to attend on visitors and to assist other Officers in their duties . The Grand Stewards may provide special assistance at Lodge Installations . The Stewards Jewel consists of a cornucopia with compasses above . See also ( edit ) Bailli Ban of Croatia Butler Castellan Chamberlain ( office ) Mayor of the Palace Seneschal Viceroy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.masons.org.au/index.php Jump up ^ http://www.masonic-lodge-of-education.com/lodge-officer-duties.html External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steward_(office)&oldid=803407843 '' Categories : Gubernatorial titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 10 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who managed the estate when the lord was away

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Terminology of the British Isles

Terminology of the British Isles - wikipedia Terminology of the British Isles Jump to : navigation , search The British Isles An Euler diagram with an overview of the terminology Geographical feature Legal distinction The terminology of the British Isles refers to the various words and phrases that are used to describe the different ( and sometimes overlapping ) geographical and political areas of the islands of Great Britain , Ireland , and the smaller islands which surround them . The terminology is often a source of confusion , partly owing to the similarity between some of the actual words used , but also because they are often used loosely . In addition , many of the words carry both geographical and political connotations which are affected by the history of the islands . The purpose of this article is to explain the meanings of and relationships among the terms in use ; however many of these classifications are contentious and are the subject of disagreement ( See the British Isles naming dispute ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Visual guide 2 Terminology in detail 3 Geographical distinctions 3.1 The British Isles 3.1. 1 Great Britain 3.1. 2 Ireland 3.1. 3 Isle of Man 3.1. 4 Channel Islands 4 Political terms in more detail 4.1 The United Kingdom 4.2 Ireland 4.3 British Islands 5 Historical aspects 5.1 Romans 5.2 Mediaeval period 5.3 Renaissance mapmakers 5.4 18th and 19th centuries 5.5 Evolution of kingdoms and states 6 Adjectives 7 Problems with use of terms 7.1 British Isles 7.2 England 7.3 Europe 7.4 Great Britain 7.5 Ireland 7.6 Ulster 8 Further information 8.1 Isle of Man and Channel Islands 8.2 Celtic names 8.3 Terms for the British Isles in the Irish language 9 Slang 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Summary ( edit ) The use of terminology depends on context ; words and phrases can generally be grouped into four main areas : geographical , political , linguistic and sporting terms . In brief , the main terms and their simple explanations are as follows : Geographical terms : The British Isles is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Continental Europe . It includes Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , Shetland , Orkney , and thousands of smaller islands . Traditionally the Channel Islands are included , though these specific islands are geographically closer to mainland continental Europe , being positioned off the French coast of Normandy . This , in part , has resulted in the term being disputed . Great Britain is the largest island of the archipelago . Ireland is the second largest island of the archipelago and lies directly to the west of Great Britain . The island of Ireland itself has its own list of Irish Isles . The full list of islands of the British Isles includes over 6,000 islands , of which 51 have an area larger than 20 km ( 7.7 sq mi ) . Political terms : The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the constitutional monarchy occupying the island of Great Britain , the small nearby islands ( but not the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands ) , and the north - eastern part of the island of Ireland . Usually , it is shortened to United Kingdom or the UK , though Britain is also an officially recognised short form . `` Great Britain '' is sometimes used as a short form , and is the name used by the UK in some international organisations . The abbreviation GB is frequently used for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in international agreements , e.g. Universal Postal Union and Road Traffic Convention , as well as in the ISO 3166 country codes ( GB and GBR ) . `` England '' was also formerly used synecdochically to refer to the whole United Kingdom , but this usage became rare early in the 20th century . Ireland is the sovereign republic occupying the larger portion of the island of Ireland . However , to distinguish the state from the island , or to distinguish either of these from Northern Ireland , it is also called `` the Republic of Ireland '' or simply `` the Republic '' . Occasionally , its Irish - language name , Éire ( or Eire without the diacritic ) , will be used in an English - language context to distinguish it from `` Northern Ireland '' , even though the word Éire directly translates as `` Ireland '' . England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are the four countries of the United Kingdom , though they are also referred to , especially in sporting contexts , as the home nations of the United Kingdom . England and Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland are legal jurisdictions within the United Kingdom . Great Britain means the countries of England , Wales and Scotland considered as a unit . British Islands consists of the United Kingdom , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man . These are the polities within the British Isles that have the British monarch as head of state . Linguistic terms : The two sovereign states in the region , the United Kingdom and Ireland , are frequently referred to as countries . So too are England , Wales , Scotland and , to a lesser extent , Northern Ireland ( as is the whole island of Ireland ) . British is an adjective pertaining to the United Kingdom ; for example , a citizen of the UK is called a British citizen -- but for citizenship purposes `` British '' includes the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man . Anglo - is often used as an adjectival prefix referring to the United Kingdom ( notwithstanding that its original meaning is `` English '' ) particularly in the field of diplomatic relations . It can also refer to the English language , to anglophone peoples and can have a variety of other shades of meaning . Wales is sometimes called the Principality of Wales , although this has no modern constitutional basis . Northern Ireland is often referred to as a province or called Ulster , after the traditional Irish province of Ulster within which it is located . Sport Forms of national representation vary from sport to sport . England , Scotland and Wales often compete separately as nations . In some sports -- such as rugby and cricket -- the island of Ireland competes as a nation ; in others , most notably association football , Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland field separate teams . In these contexts England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland / Northern Ireland are sometimes described as the home nations . Rugby union players from both Ireland and Great Britain play for British and Irish Lions representing the four `` Home Unions '' of England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales . Great Britain is sometimes used to mean United Kingdom . For example , at the Olympic Games , the team called `` Great Britain '' represents Great Britain and Northern Ireland . However , athletes from Northern Ireland have , by virtue of their entitlement to dual nationality , the choice of participating in either the Great Britain team or the Republic of Ireland team . In the majority of individual sports ( e.g. tennis and athletics ) , at international level competitors are identified as GB if they are from Great Britain or Northern Ireland . A small number of sports ( e.g. golf , darts , snooker ) identify participants as representing their constituent country . In the Commonwealth Games , England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales each compete as separate nations , as do each of the three Crown Dependencies ( Ireland is not part of the Commonwealth and is not eligible to participate ) . Visual Guide ( edit ) Below is a visual reference guide to some of the main concepts and territories described in this article : The British Isles The British Islands The United Kingdom Great Britain ( island ) Ireland ( island ) England Scotland Wales Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland The Isle of Man The Channel Islands ( Jersey , Guernsey ) Terminology in detail ( edit ) Britain is a political and geographic term which can refer to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , or the island of Great Britain . Great Britain is the largest island in Europe and the political union of three nations , these being : England and Wales is a political and administrative term referring to the two home countries of England and Wales , which share the same legal system . Between 1746 and 1967 the term `` England '' did legally include Wales . England ( see also the historical Kingdom of England ) . Wales ( see also the historical Principality of Wales ) . Scotland ( see also the historical Kingdom of Scotland ) The historical Kingdom of Great Britain is Britain for the period 1707 -- 1801 . Britannia is the Roman province of Britain , or a poetic reference to later Britain , or a personification of Britain . The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , usually shortened to the United Kingdom ( abbreviation UK ) , is the sovereign state comprising Great Britain plus Northern Ireland since 1927 . ( The Partition of Ireland took place in 1922 , but the consequent change in the official title of the UK was only made by Act of Parliament five years later . ) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is often shortened to Britain , even on official websites . A proposal to rename the political entity as the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ulster '' was formally recommended by civil servants to the Cabinet in 1949 but ultimately rejected . The historical United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was Great Britain plus Ireland , for the period 1801 to 1922 , although the name change after the secession of the Irish Free State only took place in 1927 . N.B. : While `` United Kingdom '' is normally abbreviated UK , the official ISO 3166 two - letter country code is GB and the three letter code is GBR ( Ukraine has the two letter code UA and the three letter code UKR ) . Due to a pre-existing convention originating in the UK 's JANET academic computer network , the UK 's Internet top - level domain is . uk , a break from the TCP / IP practice of following ISO 3166 ( a . gb domain has also been used to a limited extent in the past but is now defunct ) . GB is also used on car number plates to indicate the United Kingdom . Ireland ( in Irish , Éire ) refers , geographically , to the island of Ireland , or to any of the following : Historically : The Kingdom of Ireland was Ireland for the period 1541 -- 1801 . ( The King of Ireland remained Head of State in the Irish Free State and Ireland / Éire until the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 abolished that status ) . The Irish Republic , established by the Irish Declaration of Independence , was a 32 - county republic encompassing the entire island , during the period 1919 -- 22 -- though its de facto rule did not encompass all of the island . During this period , according to British law , Ireland remained part of the UK though its independence was recognised by Russia . Southern Ireland was a proposed Home Rule 26 - county state under the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . It never came into practical existence , being superseded by : The Irish Free State is Ireland excepting Northern Ireland during the period 1922 -- 37 . Present : Ireland ( in Irish , Éire ) is the political entity consisting of the island of Ireland excepting Northern Ireland , 1937 -- present . This is the name of the state according to the Irish Constitution and the United Nations . The Republic of Ireland is a commonly used description of Ireland excepting Northern Ireland , 1949 -- present . It is also the name used by the international Association Football team . The terms Irish Republic , Southern Ireland , the Irish Free State , the Free State , the 26 Counties and Éire ( in English - language texts ) have been used synonymously with the Republic of Ireland . Of these , Southern Ireland and Irish Free State , in particular , are seen as outdated . `` Eire '' ( spelt without the Irish fada ) was the British legal spelling from the Eire ( Confirmation of Agreements ) Act 1938 until the Ireland Act 1949 , and informally for some years after . Northern Ireland 1922 -- present . That part of the island of Ireland northeast of the line of partition of 1922 , and which is still part of the United Kingdom . Various alternative names have been used or proposed for Northern Ireland . It is sometimes referred to as `` the North of Ireland '' , `` the Six Counties '' or ( in extremist usage ) the `` occupied six counties '' , especially by Irish Nationalists . Ulster . The name of one of Ireland 's four traditional provinces . The area contains nine northern counties , six of which make up Northern Ireland , and three of which are part of the Republic of Ireland . It is also often used by Unionists to refer to the smaller Northern Ireland . Though Ulster has not been a political entity since the ancient Gaelic provincial kingdoms , it remains associated with a geographical area and is used in sporting and cultural contexts . See Ulster ( disambiguation ) . In sport In Gaelic games , no distinction is recognised between the GAA counties of the Republic and those of Northern Ireland . County teams play in their provincial championships ( where the six counties of Ulster within Northern Ireland and three within the Republic all play in the Ulster championship ) and the winners of these play in the All - Ireland championship . Even within Northern Ireland , a tricolour , the flag of the Republic of Ireland , is flown at all games . At bigger games , where an anthem is played , it is always the national anthem of the Republic . In the case of the International Rules series against Australia , an Irish national team is chosen from all 32 counties . In Association Football , the teams correspond to political entities : Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . In accordance with UEFA and FIFA 's rules , each of these countries has its own football league : the Irish League and the League of Ireland respectively . In rugby union , rugby league , field hockey , cricket , boxing , golf , athletics and others the Ireland team is drawn from the whole island ( i.e. both the Republic and Northern Ireland ) . Many sports organisations are subdivided along provincial lines e.g. Gaelic Athletic Association , golf . The British Isles is a term used to mean the island of Great Britain plus the island of Ireland and many smaller surrounding islands , including the Isle of Man and , in some contexts , the Channel Islands ( Guernsey and Jersey ) . See British Isles naming dispute for details of the conflict over use of this term . Great Britain and Ireland , or variants like `` Britain and Ireland '' or `` The UK and Ireland '' are sometimes used as alternatives to the term British Isles . Anglo - Celtic Isles is an alternative term ( in limited use ) for the geographic region comprising Britain & Ireland , more commonly referred to as the ' British Isles ' . ' Anglo - Celtic Islands ' is a derivative of this . It is intended as a geographic term free of any political implication and uses the macro-cultural grouping term Anglo - Celtic , referring to the peoples from which the majority of the island group 's population are descended -- the Anglo - Saxons and the Celts ( it can also be inclusive of the Anglo - Normans ) . Islands of the North Atlantic is another suggested replacement term for ' British Isles ' , without the same political connotations . However , its convolution and impracticality due to implying inclusion of fellow North Atlantic islands such as Iceland have made it unworkable and it has not come into common use . The term was used as part of the Strand 3 level of negotiations for the Belfast agreement . ( Its acronym , IONA , is also the name of the small but historically important island of Iona off the coast of Scotland . ) British Islands ( a legal term not in common usage ) is the UK , the Isle of Man , and the Channel Islands . Brittany , itself a corruption of ' Britain ' , and sometimes formerly known as ' Little Britain ' is a historical Duchy in the West of France , now a French region ; for this modern administrative sense , see Brittany ( administrative region ) . Geographical distinctions ( edit ) The British Isles ( edit ) The British Isles is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Continental Europe . It includes Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , Shetland , Orkney , and thousands of smaller islands . Traditionally the Channel Islands , are included , however these specific islands are geographically part of mainland continental Europe , as they are positioned off the French coast of Normandy . The term is disputed ( see British Isles naming dispute ) . Great Britain ( edit ) Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles . On Great Britain are located three constituent countries of the United Kingdom : Scotland in the north , England in the south and east and Wales in the west . There are also numerous smaller islands off its coast ( not coloured red on the attached map ) that are administered as part of England , Scotland and Wales . The inclusion of these smaller islands means political ' Great Britain ' covers a slightly larger area than the island of Great Britain . Ireland ( edit ) The second largest island in the group is Ireland . Most of the island is in the Republic of Ireland . The north east of the island ( Northern Ireland ) is part of the United Kingdom . There are also numerous smaller islands off the coast of Ireland . Isle of Man ( edit ) The Isle of Man lies between Great Britain and Ireland . It is governed as a British Crown dependency , having its own parliament , but with the United Kingdom responsible for its defence and external relations . Channel islands ( edit ) Although the Channel Islands are associated with the United Kingdom politically as Crown dependencies , they are geographically an outcrop of the nearby French mainland ( specifically , the Armorican massif ) , and historically they are the last remaining parts of the Duchy of Normandy , the Duke of Normandy being a title belonging to the British monarch . Political terms in more detail ( edit ) The United Kingdom ( edit ) A UK passport The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official full title of the state . This name appears on official documentation such as British passports . For convenience , the name is usually shortened to United Kingdom , UK or Britain . The United Kingdom is a sovereign state . Its four constituent countries are sometimes considered to be of different status . This view may be supported by the existence of devolved governments with different levels of power in Scotland , Northern Ireland and Wales ( see Asymmetrical federalism ) . Wales is also often erroneously described as a principality of the United Kingdom . The title of Prince of Wales is usually given to the heir apparent to the British throne but it has no political or other role in respect of Wales . The International Organization for Standardisation ( ISO ) has defined Wales as a `` country '' rather than a `` principality '' since 2011 , following a recommendation by the British Standards Institute and the Welsh Government . Northern Ireland is sometimes described by United Kingdom citizens as a province of the United Kingdom , which derives from the Irish province of Ulster , of which Northern Ireland is a part . Northern Ireland also had , until 1972 , a far greater degree of self - government than the other constituent parts of the UK . Great Britain is both a geographical and a political entity . Geographically , it is one island , but as a political entity it also includes the smaller offshore islands that are administered as part of its constituent nations -- England , Wales and Scotland -- such as England 's Isle of Wight , Wales ' Anglesey and Scotland 's Inner Hebrides , Outer Hebrides , Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands . The abbreviation GB is sometimes officially used for the United Kingdom , for example in the Olympics , or as the vehicle registration plate country identification code for UK - registered cars ( see also British car number plates ) . SCO in Scotland , CYM for Wales ( Cymru ) , NI for Northern Ireland , or ENG for England can also be used . The internet code . gb , although allocated to the UK , is virtually unused and UK web domains use . uk . The four constituent parts of the UK are also known , particularly in sporting contexts , as Home Nations or the `` Four Nations '' . The BBC refers to its UK - wide broadcasting operation as Nations and Regions ( `` regions '' referring to geographic regions of England . Thus the UK naming conventions tend towards describing distinct regions or nations which exist within a single sovereign state . In sport , the UK Nations mostly have their own separate national teams -- England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland , for example in football . Sporting contests between the Four Nations are known as `` Home internationals '' ( an example is the British Home Championship in football ) . The governing body for football in Northern Ireland is called the Irish Football Association ( the IFA ) , having been in existence since some forty years before Partition . Its counterpart in the Republic ( plus Derry City FC ) is the Football Association of Ireland ( the FAI ) . The Northern Ireland national team retained the name `` Ireland '' for some fifty years after partition . Since around 1970 the two teams have been consistently referred to as `` Northern Ireland '' and `` Republic of Ireland '' respectively . The UK competes as Great Britain at the Olympic Games . According to the Olympic Charter the Olympic Council of Ireland represents the entire island of Ireland . Olympic athletes from Northern Ireland may choose whether to represent the UK or the Republic of Ireland . Since the Good Friday Agreement and the subsequent implementation legislation , sporting organisation ( and several other organisations , e.g. tourism , Irish Gaelic and Ulster Scots language boards ) on the island of Ireland has increasingly been cross-border . Citizens of the UK are called British , Brits , Britons or Britisher ( archaic ) . The term Unionists may also be used , sometimes pejoratively , for example by supporters of Scottish independence when referring to supporters of the Union . Some older slang names for Britons are Tommy ( for British soldiers ) and Anglo . Anglo properly refers only to England , but it is sometimes used as a broader reference as an element in compound adjectives : for example , `` Anglo - French relations '' may be used in newspaper articles when referring to relations between the political entities France and the United Kingdom . Anglo - Saxon may be used ( particularly in Continental European languages ) when referring to the whole English - speaking world . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Names of the Irish state An Irish passport Since the adoption of the Constitution of Ireland in 1937 , Ireland has been the English name of the state which covers approximately five - sixths of the island of Ireland . The name Éire is used when writing in Irish . Since the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 , the term `` Republic of Ireland '' is the term used as the additional description of the state . This term is useful in avoiding ambiguity between the name of the island and the name of the state . However , the term `` Ireland '' is always used in formal diplomatic contexts such as the European Union or the United Nations . The passport of the Republic of Ireland bears the name Éire -- Ireland . Before the introduction of the 1937 constitution and the new name , the Irish Free State occupied the same territory as the modern state of Ireland . The Irish Free State became an autonomous dominion of the British Empire in 1922 when it seceded from the United Kingdom through the Anglo - Irish Treaty . The King ceased to be its Head of State in 1936 and the state ceased to be a Dominion and left the Commonwealth in 1948 . Traditionally , the island of Ireland is divided into four provinces -- Leinster , Connacht , Munster and Ulster , with each of the provinces further divided into counties . The Republic of Ireland takes up 83 % of the island , twenty - six of the thirty - two traditional counties of Ireland . Northern Ireland takes up the remaining area , six of the traditional nine counties of Ulster . On the island of Ireland the naming of places often raises political issues . The usage of `` Ireland '' as the official name of the state causes offence to some Unionists in Northern Ireland , who believe it implies that the state still has a territorial claim to the whole island -- the terminology of `` Republic of Ireland '' or `` Éire '' is much preferred by Northern Irish unionists when referring to that political state . Similarly , some Nationalists in Northern Ireland also prefer to reserve the usage of `` Ireland '' to refer to the whole island . In Northern Ireland , Irishness is a highly contested identity , with fundamentally different perceptions of national identity between unionists ( who generally perceive themselves as being British ) and nationalists ( who generally consider both communities to be part of the Irish nation ) . The Republic of Ireland is often referred to by the Nationalist and Republican communities by the term `` the Twenty - six Counties '' , with the connotation that the state constituted as such forms only a portion of the ideal political unit of the Irish Republic , which would consist of all of the thirty - two counties into which the island is divided . The term `` the Six Counties '' ( of Northern Ireland ) is also used . Other Nationalist terms in use include `` the North of Ireland '' and `` the North '' . These latter are terms also used by the Irish national broadcaster RTÉ . More extreme terms for Northern Ireland include `` the occupied six counties '' or `` occupied Ireland '' , which are often used by people who reject the idea of Northern Ireland as a separate entity from the Republic of Ireland . The Irish passport is available to Irish citizens and can also be applied for abroad through Irish Consular services and the local Irish Embassy . As per the Irish nationality law , any person born on the island of Ireland before 2005 , or otherwise a first generation descendant of such a person , is allowed to apply for an Irish passport . As such , people born in Northern Ireland and their children may be Irish citizens and hold an Irish passport if they choose . British islands ( edit ) A Jersey passport Under the Interpretation Act 1978 of the United Kingdom , the legal term British Islands ( as opposed to the geographical term British Isles ) refers to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , together with the Crown dependencies : the Bailiwicks of Jersey and of Guernsey ( which in turn includes the smaller islands of Alderney , Herm and Sark ) in the Channel Islands ; and the Isle of Man . Special British passports are issued to citizens of the Crown dependencies . On the front of passports issued to residents of the Crown dependencies , the words `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' are replaced with `` British Islands '' followed by the name of the issuing state or island . This design applies to Jersey passport , Guernsey passport and Isle of Man passport . Like UK passports , Crown dependency also bear the title `` European Union '' for customs purposes . However , Crown dependency citizens who have no family ties to the United Kingdom are granted a special limited `` Islander Status '' under EU law ( article 6 of Protocol 3 in the Treaty of Accession of the UK to the European Community ) . Historical aspects ( edit ) Further information : Britain ( name ) Some suggest an early known for the term might be from ancient Greek writings . Though some of the original texts have been lost , excerpts were quoted or paraphrased by later authors . Parts of the Massaliote Periplus , a merchants ' handbook describing searoutes of the sixth century BC , were used in translation in the writings of Avienus around AD 400 . Ireland was referred to as Ierne ( Insula sacra , the sacred island , as the Greeks interpreted it ) `` inhabited by the race of Hiberni '' ( gens hiernorum ) , and Britain as insula Albionum , `` island of the Albions '' . Several sources from around 150 BC to AD 70 include fragments of the travel writings of the ancient Greek Pytheas around 320 BC , use the terms Albion and Ierne and have been described as referring to the British Isles , including Ireland , as the Prettanic or Brettanic Islands ( Βρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι ) or as αἱ Βρεττανιαι , literally `` the Britains '' . Greek writers called the peoples of these islands the Πρεττανοί , later Bρεττανοί ( alternative spellings of this and of all relative words have a single tau or a double nu ) , a name that possibly corresponds to the Priteni . These names may have derived from a `` Celtic language '' term which may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls who may have used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands . The Romans called the inhabitants of Gaul ( modern France ) Galli or Celtae , the latter term deriving from the Greek name Κελτοί for a central European people . Antiquarians of the seventeenth century who found language connections developed the idea of a race of Celts inhabiting the islands , but this term was not used by the Greeks or Romans for the inhabitants of Britain or Ireland , nor is there any record of the inhabitants of the British Isles referring to themselves as such . Nevertheless , Roman administration later incorporated the province of Britannia into the praetorian prefecture of Gaul , in common with Hispania , which had Celtiberians . Armorica , where the Bretons would settle , was part of Gallia Celtica , so there were tertiary relations between the Britons and Gallic Celts at least . In addition , the Parisii of Gallia Celtica are thought to have founded Aldborough in Britain . Belgae and Silures also came from Gallic areas , although not strictly `` Celtic '' , but from Gallia Belgica and Aquitainia . Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain , Britain , and has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne . The latter referred to the early Brythonic speaking inhabitants of the Scottish highlands and the north of Scotland , who are known as the Cruithne in Scottish Gaelic , and who the Romans called Picts or Caledonians . Romans ( edit ) Roman Britain in 410 Caesar 's invasions of Britain brought descriptions of the peoples of what he called Britannia pars interior , `` inland Britain '' , in 55 BC . Throughout Book 4 of his Geography , Strabo is consistent in spelling the island Britain ( transliterated ) as Prettanikē ; he uses the terms Prettans or Brettans loosely to refer to the islands as a group -- a common generalisation used by classical geographers . For example , in Geography 2.1. 18 , ... οι νοτιώτατοι των Βρεττανών βορειότεροι τούτων εισίν ( `` ... the most southern of the Brettans are further north than this '' ) . He was writing around AD 10 , although the earliest surviving copy of his work dates from the 6th century . Pliny the Elder writing around AD 70 uses a Latin version of the same terminology in section 4.102 of his Naturalis Historia . He writes of Great Britain : Albion ipsi nomen fuit , cum Britanniae vocarentur omnes de quibus mox paulo dicemus . ( `` Albion was its own name , when all ( the islands ) were called the Britannias ; I will speak of them in a moment '' ) . In the following section , 4.103 , Pliny enumerates the islands he considers to make up the Britannias , listing Great Britain , Ireland , and many smaller islands . In his Geography written in the mid 2nd century and probably describing the position around AD 100 , Ptolemy includes both Great Britain ( Albion ) and Ireland ( Iwernia ) in the so called Bretanic island group . He entitles Book II , Chapter 1 of as Iwernia , Bretanic Island , and Chapter 2 as Alwion ( sic ) , Bretanic Island . The name Albion for Great Britain fell from favour , and the island was described in Greek as Πρεττανία or Βρεττανία , in Latin Britannia , an inhabitant as Βρεττανός , Britannus , with the adjective Βρεττανικός , Britannicus , equating to `` British '' . With the Roman conquest of Britain the name Britannia was used for the province of Roman Britain . The Emperor Claudius was honoured with the agnomen Britannicus as if he were the conqueror , and coins were struck from AD 46 inscribed DE BRITAN , DE BRITANN , DE BRITANNI , or DE BRITANNIS . With the visit of Hadrian in AD 121 coins introduced a female figure with the label BRITANNIA as a personification or goddess of the place . These and later Roman coins introduced the seated figure of Britannia which would be reintroduced in the 17th century . In the later years of Roman rule Britons who left Latin inscriptions , both at home and elsewhere in the Empire , often described themselves as Brittanus or Britto , and where describing their citizenship gave it as cives of a British tribe or of a patria ( homeland ) of Britannia , not Roma . From the 4th century , many Britons migrated from Roman Britain across the English Channel and founded Brittany . Mediaeval period ( edit ) Map of Britain with part of Ireland in 802 Hereford Mappa Mundi with the isles in the lower left hand corner . While Latin remained the language of learning , from the early mediaeval period records begin to appear in native languages . The earliest indigenous source to use a collective term for the archipelago is the Life of Saint Columba , a hagiography recording the missionary activities of the sixth century Irish monk Saint Columba among the peoples of what is now Scotland . It was written in the late seventh century by Adomnán of Iona , an Irish monk living on the Inner Hebridean island . The collective term for the archipelago used within this work is Oceani Insulae meaning `` Islands of the Ocean '' ( Book 2 , 46 in the Sharpe edition = Book 2 , 47 in Reeves edition ) , it is used sparingly and no Priteni - derived collective reference is made . Another early native source to use a collective term is the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum of Bede written in the early eighth century . The collective term for the archipelago used within this work is insularum meaning `` islands '' ( Book 1 , 8 ) and it too is used sparingly . He stated that Britain `` studies and confesses one and the same knowledge of the highest truth in the tongues of five nations , namely the Angles , the Britons , the Scots , the Picts , and the Latins '' , distinguishing between the Brythonic languages of the `` ancient Britons '' or Old Welsh speakers and other language groups . Brythonic , Saxon and Viking kingdoms such as Strathclyde , Wessex , and Jórvík amalgamated , leading to the formation of Scotland , and England . Wales was sometimes united under princes or kings such as Gruffydd ap Llywelyn . Between 854 and 1171 , a kingship of Ireland was established by kings of the regional kingdoms such as Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid , Toirdelbach Ua Briain , Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn , and Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , something not achieved in Britain until 1707 . In subsequent Norman Ireland , local lords gained considerable autonomy from the Lordship of Ireland until it became the Kingdom of Ireland under direct English rule . Renaissance mapmakers ( edit ) The 1654 Blaeu Atlas of Scotland , Insulae Albion Et Hibernia Abraham Ortelius makes clear his understanding that England , Scotland and Ireland were politically separate in 1570 by the full title of his map : Angliae , Scotiae et Hiberniae , sive Britannicar . insularum descriptio ( ' A representation of England , Scotland and Ireland , or the Britannic islands ' ) . George Lily 's 1546 map divides Britain into the two kingdoms of England and Scotland , with Ireland alongside . Some maps from this period also appear to mark Wales , and sometimes Cornwall , as separate areas within Britain , while the history of England created by Polydore Vergil for Henry VIII states , `` The whole country of Britain is divided into four parts , whereof the one is inhabited by Englishmen , the other of Scots , the third Welshmen and the fourth of Cornish people . '' Maps of the Mediaeval , Renaissance and later periods often referred to Albion . This archaic term was originally used by Ptolemy and Pliny to mean the island of Great Britain . In later centuries its meaning changed to refer only to the area we now call Scotland ( Albany , or Alba in Gaelic ) . Albion has survived as a poetic name for Britain but it is not in everyday use . 18th and 19th centuries ( edit ) A 1726 map showing `` The north part of Great Britain called Scotland '' Following the Acts of Union 1707 , a fashion arose , particularly in Scotland , for referring to Scotland and England as North Britain and South Britain respectively . These terms gained in popularity during the 19th century . The most lasting example of this usage was in the name of the North British Railway , which became part of the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 , and in the name of the North British Hotel , built by the railway in Edinburgh in 1902 , which retained the name until it reopened in 1991 as the Balmoral Hotel . Evolution of kingdoms and states ( edit ) A timeline of states in the British Isles . ( Ireland continues to exist , but the description `` Republic of Ireland '' is used as a disambiguator in this case ) . The diagram on the right gives an indication of the further evolution of kingdoms and states . In 1603 the Scottish King James VI inherited the English throne as `` James I of England '' . He styled himself as James I of Great Britain , although both states retained their sovereignty and independent parliaments , the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . ( The term `` Great Britain '' itself reportedly dates from as early as 1474 , and was in common usage from the mid-16th century onwards . ) The 1707 Act of Union united England and Scotland in the Kingdom of Great Britain under the Parliament of Great Britain , then in 1800 Ireland was brought under British government control by the Act of Union creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Irish unrest culminated in the Irish War of Independence and the 1922 separation of the Irish Free State , which later became a republic with the name Ireland . The majority Protestant northeast continued to be part of what became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . British overseas territories such as Bermuda , Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands have various relationships with the UK . The Commonwealth of Nations , initially formalised in 1931 ( the British Commonwealth until 1949 ) , is an association of independent states roughly corresponding to the former British Empire . ( This has no connection with the Commonwealth of England , a short - lived republic replacing the previous kingdoms during the English Interregnum ( 1649 -- 1660 ) . ) Adjectives ( edit ) The adjectives used to describe the contents and attributes of the various constituent parts of the British Isles also cause confusion . In the absence of a single adjective to refer to the United Kingdom , British is generally used to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole . However , in a specifically physical geographical sense , British is used to refer to the island of Great Britain . The adjectival phrase Great British is very rarely used to refer to Great Britain , other than to contrive a pun on the word great , as in `` Great British Food '' . Irish , refers to people or a characteristic `` of Ireland '' . As such , its meaning is contextual on the meaning of `` Ireland '' being used : it can relate both to the Irish state , and to the island of Ireland . Northern Ireland , as a constituent part of the United Kingdom , can thus be both British or Irish , reflected in the ability for residents of Northern Ireland to take either British or Irish citizenship . In order to be more specific , Northern Irish is therefore in common usage . Members of the Nationalist communities would not describe themselves as British and would only use the terms Irish , or specifically Northern Irish where needed . The term Ulster can also be used as an adjective ( e.g. `` Royal Ulster Constabulary '' ) , but this is more likely to be used by Unionists and has political connotations in the same fashion as its use as a proper noun ( because only six of the traditional nine counties of Ulster , namely Antrim , Armagh , Down , Fermanagh , Londonderry and Tyrone , are included in Northern Ireland with the remaining three counties Cavan , Donegal and Monaghan forming part of the Republic ) . The term Ulsterman ( or Ulsterwoman ) is common and holds no such political connotation . Likewise , Nationalists might describe , say , a lake in Northern Ireland as Irish . Note that the geographical term Irish Sea thus far appears to have escaped political connotations , even though territorial control of the waters of the Irish Sea is divided between both the Republic of Ireland and the UK , and also includes a British Crown dependency , the Isle of Man -- as yet there appears to be no controversy with the term 's usage to mirror that of `` British Isles '' . The `` Northern '' in `` Northern Ireland '' is not completely accurate . The most northerly point on the island , Malin Head , is in the Republic of Ireland -- in County Donegal 's Inishowen Peninsula . Problems with use of terms ( edit ) British Isles ( edit ) Main article : British Isles naming dispute The dictionary definition of British Isles is that it is a geographical term that refers to the whole of Ireland and Great Britain as well as the surrounding islands . It is sometimes incorrectly used as if identical to the UK ; or to refer to Great Britain and the surrounding islands , excluding the island of Ireland entirely . The BBC and The Times have style guides that mandate the dictionary definition but occasional misuse can be found on their web sites . The term British Isles can also be considered irritating or offensive by some on the grounds that the modern association of the term British with the United Kingdom makes its application to Ireland inappropriate . The term British Isles can also be considered to imply a proprietary title on the entire archipelago . The policy of the government of Ireland is that no branch of government should use the term , and although it is on occasion used in a geographical sense in Irish parliamentary debates , this is often done in a way that excludes the Republic of Ireland . In October 2006 , The Times quoted a spokesman for the Irish Embassy in London as saying that they would discourage its use . During a stop - over visit to the Republic of Ireland in 1989 , the leader of the Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev , indicated that he assumed Ireland 's head of state was Queen Elizabeth II , given that she was the British Queen and his officials said that Ireland was a part of the British Isles . In Northern Ireland , some nationalists reject the term and instead use these islands , these isles or `` Britain and Ireland '' as an alternative . There have been several suggestions for replacements for the term British Isles . Although there is no single accepted replacement , the terms Great Britain and Ireland , The British Isles and Ireland and Britain and Ireland are all used . England ( edit ) A still from the 1943 US propaganda film series Why We Fight , which suggests that the name `` England '' applies to the whole of Great Britain The word `` England '' is often used synecdochically to refer to Great Britain -- or the United Kingdom as a whole -- which often causes offence , particularly to those from the non-English parts of Britain . In a similar way , references to England as an island , to an `` English passport '' , or to Scottish or Welsh places as being in England are examples of this usage of the term `` England '' . Because of the offence likely to be taken by Scots , Welsh and Irish at this usage , most politicians and official figures have avoided this usage since the early 20th century . However , there are frequent examples of this usage from earlier times . For a long time it was common for fans of the England football team to wave the British Union Flag -- with the use of the specifically English St George 's Cross flag only gaining popularity at the Euro 96 tournament . The colloquial usage of `` England '' as a synonym for `` Britain '' is still widespread outside the UK . In Germany , the term `` England '' is often used to mean Great Britain or even the entire United Kingdom . In many other languages , such as Chinese , Japanese or Korean , the word for `` English '' is synonymous with `` British '' -- see the article on Alternative words for British for more detail . Europe ( edit ) The term `` Europe '' may be used in one of several different contexts by British and Irish people : either to refer to the whole of the European continent , to refer to only to Mainland Europe , sometimes called `` continental Europe '' or simply `` the Continent '' by some people in the archipelago . Europe may also be used in reference to the European Union ( or , historically , to the European Economic Community ) . A comedic treatment of the different uses of this word appears in an episode of the BBC sitcom To the Manor Born . When tradesmen are taking measurements in metric , and Audrey fforbes - Hamilton objects on the grounds that the house was built `` in feet and inches '' , a tradesman says `` We 're in Europe now '' , referring to the European Economic Community . Audrey fforbes - Hamilton retorts `` Well you may be , but I 'm staying here ! '' - implying that to her , the word `` Europe '' referred only to mainland Europe , excluding Britain and Ireland . Great Britain ( edit ) The word `` Great '' means `` larger '' , in comparison with Brittany in modern - day France . One historical term for the peninsula in France that largely corresponds to the modern French province is Lesser or Little Britain . That region was settled by many British immigrants during the period of Anglo - Saxon migration into Britain , and named `` Little Britain '' by them . The French term `` Bretagne '' now refers to the French `` Little Britain '' , not to the British `` Great Britain '' , which in French is called Grande - Bretagne . In classical times , the Graeco - Roman geographer Ptolemy in his Almagest also called the larger island megale Brettania ( great Britain ) . At that time , it was in contrast to the smaller island of Ireland , which he called mikra Brettania ( little Britain ) . In his later work Geography , Ptolemy refers to Great Britain as Albion and to Ireland as Iwernia . These `` new '' names were likely to have been the native names for the islands at the time . The earlier names , in contrast , were likely to have been coined before direct contact with local peoples was made . Ireland ( edit ) The word Ireland has two meanings . It is the official name of the state that occupies five sixths of the island , formally named the Republic of Ireland . It is a geographical term for the whole island , which may be referred to as `` the island of Ireland '' to avoid ambiguity . Ulster ( edit ) The traditional province of Ulster on the island of Ireland , showing the modern - day border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland The terminology and usage of the name Ulster in Irish and British culture varies . Many within the unionist community and much of the UK press refer to Northern Ireland as Ulster -- whereas the nationalist community refer to the traditional Irish province of Ulster , which is a nine - county entity that incorporates the three counties of Donegal , Cavan and Monaghan ( which are in the Republic ) along with the counties of Armagh , Antrim , Down , Fermanagh , Londonderry and Tyrone in Northern Ireland . Thus , the word Ulster has two usages : It is the name of one of the four Provinces of Ireland , consisting of the nine northern counties of the island , that was partitioned between the United Kingdom ( six counties ) and the Republic of Ireland ( three counties ) . It is an alternative name for Northern Ireland , used by many in the Unionist community . It consists of the six north - eastern counties of the island that remain part of the United Kingdom . Further information ( edit ) Isle of Man and Channel islands ( edit ) The Isle of Man and the two bailiwicks of the Channel Islands are Crown dependencies ; that is , non-sovereign nations , self - governing but whose sovereignty is held by the British Crown . They control their own internal affairs , but not their defence or foreign relations . They are not part of the United Kingdom or part of the European Union . The Isle of Man is part of the British Isles , situated in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland . The Channel Islands consist politically of two self - governing bailiwicks : the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey . They are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy , which was once in personal union with the Kingdom of England . They are sometimes , despite their location next to mainland France , considered part of the British Isles . This usage is political rather than geographic . The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are British Islands in United Kingdom law . Celtic names ( edit ) There are five living Celtic languages in the region . Each has names for the islands and countries of the British Isles . They are divided into two branches : Brythonic -- which includes Welsh and Cornish Goidelic -- which includes Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Manx Some of the above are : English Cornwall Wales Ireland Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Scotland Mann England Cornish ( Kernewek ) Kernow Kembra Iwerdhon Iwerdhon Gledh Repoblek Iwerdhon Alban Manow Pow an Sawson Welsh ( Cymraeg ) Cernyw Cymru Iwerddon Gogledd Iwerddon Gweriniaeth Iwerddon Yr Alban Manaw Lloegr Irish ( Gaeilge ) an Chorn an Bhreatain Bheag Éire Tuaisceart Éireann Poblacht na hÉireann Albain Manainn Sasana Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig ) a ' Chòrn a ' Chuimrigh Èirinn Èirinn a Tuath Poblachd na h - Èireann Alba Manainn Sasann Manx ( Gaelg ) y Chorn Bretyn Nerin Nerin Hwoaie Pobblaght Nerin Nalbin Mannin Sostyn The English word Welsh is from a common Germanic root meaning `` Romanised foreigner '' ( cognate with Wallonia and Wallachia , and also cognate with the word used in Mediaeval German to refer to the French and Italians ) . The English names Albion and Albany are related to Alba and used poetically for either England or Scotland , or the whole island of Great Britain . English Erin is a poetic name for Ireland derived from Éire ( or rather , from its dative form Éirinn ) . Terms for the British Isles in the Irish language ( edit ) In Irish , the term Oileáin Bhriotanacha is a translation of the English term British Isles . Another translation is Oileáin Bhreataineacha , which was used in the 1937 translation from English to Irish of a 1931 geography book . Earlier dictionaries give Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa as the translation , literally meaning West European Isles . Today the most common term Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór is used , meaning literally as Ireland and Great Britain , as provided by terminological dictionaries . Slang ( edit ) Blighty is a slang word for Britain derived from the Hindustani word bilāyatī ( `` foreign '' ) . Depending on the user , it is meant either affectionately or archly . It was often used by British soldiers abroad in the First World War to refer to home . See also ( edit ) Administrative geography of the United Kingdom British -- Irish Council British and Irish Lions British Overseas Territories Glossary of names for the British References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alan , Lew ; Colin , Hall ; Dallen , Timothy ( 2008 ) . World Geography of Travel and Tourism : A Regional Approach . Oxford : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 7978 - 7 . The British Isles comprise more than 6,000 islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe , including the countries of the United Kingdom of Great Britain ( England , Scotland and Wales ) and Northern Ireland , and the Republic of Ireland . The group also includes the United Kingdom crown dependencies of the Isle of Man , and by tradition , the Channel Islands ( the Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey ) , even though these islands are strictly speaking an archipelago immediately off the coast of Normandy ( France ) rather than part of the British Isles . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers -- Official Terms '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , Dáil Éireann , Volume 606 , 28 September 2005 . In his response , the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs stated that `` The British Isles is not an officially recognised term in any legal or inter-governmental sense . It is without any official status . The Government , including the Department of Foreign Affairs , does not use this term . Our officials in the Embassy of Ireland , London , continue to monitor the media in Britain for any abuse of the official terms as set out in the Constitution of Ireland and in legislation . These include the name of the State , the President , Taoiseach and others . '' Jump up ^ `` Britain '' , Oxford English Dictionary : `` More fully Great Britain . The term Great Britain includes England , Scotland and Wales ; it does not include Northern Ireland . As a geographical and political term : ( the main island and smaller offshore islands making up ) England , Scotland , and Wales , sometimes with the Isle of Man '' Jump up ^ New Oxford American Dictionary : `` Britain : an island that consists of England , Wales , and Scotland . The name is broadly synonymous with Great Britain , but the longer form is more usual for the political unit . '' Jump up ^ `` Britain '' , Oxford English Dictionary ( Online Edition ) : `` Britain : 1a -- The proper name of the whole island containing England , Wales , and Scotland , with their dependencies ; more fully called Great Britain ; now also used for the British state or empire as a whole . '' Jump up ^ There are no official definitions , but Scotland has over 790 offshore islands -- see Haswell - Smith , Hamish ( 2004 ) . The Scottish Islands . Edinburgh : Canongate . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 454 - 3 . plus numerous freshwater islands so a complete list of the British Isles would probably have between 1,000 and 2,000 entries . Jump up ^ `` About BOA '' . British Olympic Authority . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Though the statute law applicable in Wales has diverged further from that applicable in England since devolution from the UK government to the National Assembly for Wales , `` England and Wales '' remains a single jurisdiction . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Britain '' , New Oxford American Dictionary : `` Great Britain : England , Wales , and Scotland considered as a unit . The name is also often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom . '' Jump up ^ `` Countries within a country '' . Number-10.gov.uk. 2003 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ World and Its Peoples , Terrytown ( NY ) : Marshall Cavendish Corporation , 2010 , p. 111 , In most sports , except soccer , Northern Ireland participates with the Republic of Ireland in a combined All - Ireland team . Jump up ^ British Olympic Association , Team GB retrieved 2 Jan. 2011 ^ Jump up to : ' Irish and GB in Olympic row ' BBC Sport 27 January , 2004 retrieved 1 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` the term ' Britain ' is used informally to mean the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- quote from British Government website Jump up ^ `` UK Government 's `` Guide to Government '' `` . Direct.gov.uk . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Office for National Statistics '' . Statistics.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ British Archives , Catalogue Reference : CAB / 129 / 32 ( Memorandum by PM Attlee to Cabinet appending Working Party Report ) ; Quoted at length on the Alternative names for Northern Ireland page . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Mail address changes '' On the transition form big - endian to little - endian notation ( Dept of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Leeds Jump up ^ `` Wales FAQ Page '' . Wales.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` International body grants Wales country status after principality error '' , WalesOnline , 1 August 2011 , retrieved 4 May 2016 Jump up ^ BBC News ( 2001 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Flag day for patriotic drivers '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ BBC Press Office . `` BBC Nations & Regions '' . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 2004 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Irish and GB in Olympic Row '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ CAIN : Democratic Dialogue : With all due respect -- pluralism and parity of esteem ( Report No. 7 ) by Tom Hennessey and Robin Wilson , Democratic Dialogue ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` What is Islander status ? '' . States of Guernsey. 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jersey , States of . `` Islander status and your right to live and work in Europe '' . www.gov.je . Archived from the original on 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) . The Britons . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22260 - X . Jump up ^ `` Entry for Albion a 1911 Encyclopedia '' . Historymedren.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Greek `` ... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο , Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι , Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη , ... '' , transliteration `` ... en toutoi ge men nesoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo , Brettanikai legomenai , Albion kai Ierne , ... '' , Aristotle or Pseudo-Aristotle . `` On the Cosmos , 393b12 '' . On Sophistical Refutations . On Coming - to - be and Passing Away . On the Cosmos . E.S. Forster ( translator ) , D.J. Furley ( translator ) . William Heinemann , Harvard University Press . ^ Jump up to : Donnchadh O Corrain ( 2001 ) . Chapter 1 : Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland . The Oxford History of Ireland . RF Foster ( editor ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280202 - X . Jump up ^ `` The earliest Celts in Europe '' . WalesPast . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Translation by Roseman , op. cit . Jump up ^ Greek text Ptolemy 's Geography , Books I - IV , pg 59 Jump up ^ `` Britannia on British Coins '' . 24carat.co.uk . Jump up ^ General survey of Lothian Archived 2006 - 09 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Map Collectors ' Series , Issue 9 , Map Collectors ' Circle , 1972 . Jump up ^ Thomas Kingston Derry , Michael G. Blakeway , J. Murray , The making of pre-industrial Britain : life and work between the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution , 1969 . Jump up ^ Philip Payton , The Making of Modern Cornwall : Historical Experience and the Persistence of `` Difference '' , Dyllansow Truran , 1992 . Jump up ^ Royal Styles and Titles in England and Great Britain , heraldica.org Jump up ^ `` British '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Irish '' . Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British - Irish Agreement '' . British - Irish . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) Website on Megalithic Monuments in the British Isles and Ireland . Ireland in this site includes Fermanagh , which is politically in Northern Ireland . '' Jump up ^ `` The website uses the term `` British Isles '' in various ways , including ways that use Ireland as all of Ireland , while simultaneously using the term `` The British Isles and Ireland '' , e.g. `` Anyone using GENUKI should remember that its name is somewhat misleading -- the website actually covers the British Isles and Ireland , rather than just the United Kingdom , and therefore includes information about the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man , as well as England , Scotland , Wales and Ireland . '' Jump up ^ `` ( 2 ) Guide to Narrow Gauge rail in the British Isles and Ireland which includes Belfast lines under the section on Ireland . '' Jump up ^ British Weather ( Part One ) This BBC article referred to `` a small country such as the British Isles '' between at least April 2004 and January 2007 ( checked using the Wayback Machine at https://web.archive.org . Last accessed and checked 01 / 01 / 07 . It was changed in February 2007 and now reads ' a small area such as the British Isles ' Jump up ^ For example , see Google searches of the BBC website . Jump up ^ Marsh , David ( 2010 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Snooker and the geography of the British Isles '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Trevor Montague ( 2009 ) . A to Z of Britain and Ireland ( A to Z series ) . Little , Brown Book Group . p. introduction . ISBN 1 - 84744 - 087 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers -- Official Terms '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , Dáil Éireann -- Volume 606 -- 28 September 2005 . In his response , the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs added that `` Our officials in the Embassy of Ireland , London , continue to monitor the media in Britain for any abuse of the official terms as set out in the Constitution of Ireland and in legislation . These include the name of the State , the President , Taoiseach and others . '' Jump up ^ `` New atlas lets Ireland slip shackles of Britain '' A spokesman for the Irish Embassy in London said : `` The British Isles has a dated ring to it , as if we are still part of the Empire . We are independent , we are not part of Britain , not even in geographical terms . We would discourage its useage . ( sic ) '' Jump up ^ Eamon Delaney , 2001 , An Accidental Diplomat : My Years in the Irish Foreign Service , New Island Books , Dublin , ISBN 1 - 902602 - 39 - 0 Jump up ^ Guelke , Adrian ( 2001 ) . `` Northern Ireland and Island Status '' . In John McGarry ed . Northern Ireland and the Divided World : The Northern Ireland Conflict and the Good Friday Agreement in Comparative Perspective . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 231 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` When people say England , they sometimes mean Great Britain , sometimes the United Kingdom , sometimes the British Isles -- but never England . '' -- George Mikes ( 1946 ) , How To Be An Alien , Penguin ISBN 0 - 582 - 41686 - 8 Jump up ^ `` In practice , many people outside of Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland incorrectly use ' England ' to mean Britain ... '' p. 208 -- Jean Rose Freedman ( 1998 ) , Whistling in the Dark : Memory and Culture in Wartime London , University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2076 - 4 Jump up ^ Charlotte Augusta Sneyd ( 1500 ) . A Relation or rather a True Account of the Island of England . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : BBC News ( 1999 - 01 - 14 ) . `` The English : Europe 's lost tribe '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Learn English in Edinburgh , England '' . ESL Language Studies . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ England expects that every man will do his duty -- Horatio Nelson , message to the British Fleet 1805 Jump up ^ `` The English Prime Minister . Mr. Disraeli 's Elevation To The Peerage '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . 1876 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The more formal use of ' Great - Britain and Ireland ' and colloquial use of ' Old England ' and ' old English spirit ' in this description is evidence of the process of forging a national identity ... '' page 99 -- Margarette Lincoln ( 1946 ) , Representing the Royal Navy : British Sea Power , 1750 -- 1815 , Ashgate Publishing ISBN 0 - 7546 - 0830 - 1 Jump up ^ Claudius Ptolemy ( 1898 ) . `` Ἕκθεσις τῶν κατὰ παράλληλον ἰδιωμάτων : κβ ' , κε ' '' . In Heiberg , J.L. Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia ( PDF ) . vol. 1 Syntaxis Mathematica . Leipzig : in aedibus B.G. Teubneri . pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Philip Freeman , Ireland and the Classical World , University of Texas Press , 2001 Jump up ^ `` A Glossary of Terms Related to the Conflict '' . CAIN Web service . Ulster University . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Davies , John ( 1994 ) . A History of Wales . London : Penguin . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 014581 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tír - Eóluíocht na h - Éireann ( translation by Toirdhealbhach Ó Raithbheartaigh of Macmillan 's General and Regional Geography of Ireland by T.J. Dunne ) , Government Publications Office , Dublin Tá Éire ar cheann de na h - oileáin a dtugar na h - Oileáin Bhreataineacha ortha agus atá ar an taobh Thiar - Thuaidh de'n Eóraip . Tá siad tuairim a 's ar chúig mhíle oileán ar fad ann . ( Oileánradh an t - ainm a bheirtear ar áit ar bith i n-a bhfuil a lán oileán agus iad i n - aice a chéile mar seo . ) Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór ( Sasain , an Bhreatain Bheag , agus Alba ) an dá oileán is mó de na h - Oileáin Bhreataineacha . Ireland is one of the islands which are called the British Isles and which are on the North - Western side of Europe . It is thought that there are five thousand islands in total there . ( Archipelago is the name which is borne by a place in which there are many islands next to each other like these . ) Ireland and Great Britain ( England , Wales , and Scotland ) are the two largest islands of the British Isles . Jump up ^ Patrick S. Dinneen , Foclóir Gaeilge Béarla , Irish - English Dictionary , Dublin , 1927 Jump up ^ `` the British Isles '' . téarma.ie -- Dictionary of Irish Terms . Foras na Gaeilge and Dublin City University . Retrieved 18 Nov 2016 . 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Manchester United F.C. in European football

Manchester United F.C. in European Football - wikipedia Manchester United F.C. in European Football Jump to : navigation , search Manchester United in European football Club Manchester United First entry 1956 -- 57 European Cup Latest entry 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League Titles Champions League 3 ( show ) 1968 1999 2008 Europa League 1 ( show ) 2017 Cup Winners ' Cup 1 ( show ) 1991 Super Cup 1 ( show ) 1991 Intercontinental Cup 1 ( show ) 1999 FIFA Club World Cup 1 ( show ) 2008 Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester . They were the first English club to enter European competition , entering the European Cup in 1956 . Since then , the club has competed in every UEFA - organised competition , with the exception of the now - defunct Intertoto Cup . The competition in which the club has had the most success is the European Cup ( now known as the UEFA Champions League ) ; they have won three European Cups , the first of which came in 1968 ; this win made them the first English club to win the European Cup . The other two victories came in 1999 and 2008 . The club has also won the Cup Winners ' Cup , which they won in 1991 ; the Super Cup , also won in 1991 ; the Intercontinental Cup , which they won in 1999 ; and the Europa League , which they won in 2017 . After their Champions League wins in 1999 and 2008 , Manchester United also competed as UEFA 's representatives at the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup . They were knocked out of the 2000 tournament at the group stage , but went on to win the 2008 competition , becoming the first English side to do so . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Munich 1.3 Return to Europe 1.4 Back in the European Cup 1.5 First European title 1.6 European comeback 1.7 Since 1990 2 Matches 3 Overall record 3.1 By competition 3.2 By country 3.3 By club 4 Honours 4.1 European 4.2 Worldwide 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Following their league title win the previous season , Manchester United first competed in European football competition in 1956 -- 57 . 1954 -- 55 Football League winners Chelsea had been denied the opportunity to take part in the inaugural European Cup by The Football League 's chairman Alan Hardaker , who feared that European football would damage the integrity of the English game . However , Matt Busby , the manager of Manchester United , was a forward - thinking man and was determined to have his team compete on the European stage . With the backing of The Football Association 's chairman , Stanley Rous ( who would later go on to become the president of FIFA ) , Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956 -- 57 European Cup . The club 's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels ; Manchester United won the match 2 -- 0 in front of 35,000 spectators . The return leg was played at Maine Road , the home of Manchester United 's local rivals Manchester City , as United 's stadium , Old Trafford , had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games . The match finished as a 10 -- 0 win for Manchester United , a result that still stands as the club 's record win in all competitions . A long run in the European Cup followed , including wins over Borussia Dortmund and Athletic Bilbao and culminating with a semi-final tie against Real Madrid . The first leg took United to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , where they were defeated 3 -- 1 in front of a record away crowd of 135,000 spectators . However , they were only able to draw 2 -- 2 in the second leg back at Old Trafford , and the club 's first European season came to an end as Real Madrid went on to record the second of their five consecutive European Cup titles . Munich ( edit ) Main article : Munich air disaster United won the league title again that season , and were therefore eligible to compete in the European Cup for the second consecutive year . After dispatching Shamrock Rovers 9 -- 2 on aggregate in the preliminary round , United were paired with Dukla Prague for the first round . After the second leg in Prague , the team was scheduled to fly back to Manchester the following day , but fog over Manchester prevented this and they were forced to make hasty arrangements to travel back via ferry from the Hook of Holland to Harwich and then by train up to Manchester . This long - winded journey took its toll on the players , who were only able to manage a 1 -- 1 away draw against Birmingham City two days later . Eager to avoid such a scenario again , the club 's management chartered a plane for the quarter - final second leg away to Red Star Belgrade . Following a 2 -- 1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford , a 3 -- 3 draw in Belgrade was enough to secure passage to the semi-finals . On the return flight to Manchester , British European Airways Flight 609 stopped over in a snow - covered Munich for refuelling . Once the refuelling was complete , the pilot was given clearance to take off , only to be halted by a fault with the plane 's engine . A second attempt was made a few seconds later , but the same fault kept the plane grounded . Half an hour later , after inspection by the airport 's engineers , the plane was given clearance for another take - off attempt . The suggested solution was to have the plane accelerate more slowly , but this meant that the take - off velocity would not be reached until the plane was even further down the runway . Once the plane reached 117 knots -- the speed at which it was no longer safe to abort the take - off -- the pilot would have expected the plane 's velocity to continue to increase ; however , there was a sudden drop in velocity and the plane was unable to take off before the end of the runway . It skidded off the end of the runway , through a wire fence and across a road before crashing into a house . The impact of the crash and the subsequent explosion of fuel killed 21 of the 44 people on board instantly , and another two died in hospital a few days later . Eight of those who died were Manchester United players , among them Duncan Edwards , Roger Byrne and Tommy Taylor , while club secretary Walter Crickmer , trainer Tom Curry and coach Bert Whalley were also killed . Matt Busby was also severely injured , but he made a full recovery after two months in hospital . With eight of the club 's first team having been killed in the accident , and several more still recuperating , a threadbare side took to the field for the semi-final matches against Milan . A 2 -- 1 win at Old Trafford in the first leg gave the team hope of a place in the final , but a 4 -- 0 defeat back at the San Siro put paid to those dreams . In honour of those who died , UEFA offered United a berth in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup , drawing them against BSC Young Boys in the preliminary round , but the Football League denied United entry to the competition as they had not won the Football League the previous season after their league campaign crumbled in the aftermath of the disaster . Return to Europe ( edit ) Victory in the 1962 -- 63 FA Cup meant that United returned to European competition after a five - year absence for the 1963 -- 64 Cup Winners ' Cup . After sweeping aside Willem II of the Netherlands and the defending champions , England 's Tottenham Hotspur , United were drawn against Sporting CP in the quarter - finals . A 4 -- 1 home win in the first leg meant that United needed to avoid defeat by more than three goals at Estádio José Alvalade to progress to the semi-finals ; however , the team succumbed to their heaviest defeat in European competition to date , losing 5 -- 0 on the night and 6 -- 4 on aggregate . A second - place finish in the league in 1963 -- 64 meant that United qualified for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1964 -- 65 . They reached the semi-finals , knocking out Djurgården , Borussia Dortmund , Everton and Strasbourg before losing 2 -- 1 to Ferencváros in a play - off after a 3 -- 3 aggregate draw over two legs . Back in the European Cup ( edit ) The following season saw United return to the European Cup for the first time since Munich after they had beaten Leeds United to top spot in the Football League on goal average . After seeing off Finland 's HJK Helsinki and Vorwärts Berlin of East Germany in the first two rounds , Manchester United were drawn against four - time finalists , two - time winners and the previous season 's runners - up , Benfica . Benfica 's most famous player , the Portuguese international Eusébio , had just been named the European Footballer of the Year and his team went into the tie as favourites . Despite this tag , United ran out 3 -- 2 winners in the first leg at Old Trafford , before beating the Lisbon side 5 -- 1 back at the Estádio da Luz , in what is considered to be the greatest match of George Best 's career . The result set up a semi-final tie with Partizan , a tie that would take United back to for the first time since the tragedy in Munich . Best had injured his knee in an FA Cup Sixth Round match against Preston North End a couple of weeks before , and although he played in the first leg against Partizan , he was not fully fit and United struggled , losing 2 -- 0 at the JNA Stadium . A goal from Nobby Stiles secured a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg back at Old Trafford , but it was not enough and Matt Busby , believing that his dream of winning the European Cup was over , considered retirement ; however , he resolved to win another league title and have one last shot at Europe 's biggest prize . First European title ( edit ) Manchester United won the 1966 -- 67 Football League title by four points over Nottingham Forest with a game to spare ; this secured their second European Cup appearance in three seasons for 1967 -- 68 . After overcoming the Maltese champions , Hibernians , in the first round , United were handed yet another trip to Yugoslavia , this time to take on FK Sarajevo . The Red Devils faced a long journey to Sarajevo for the first leg , and they were held to a 0 -- 0 draw in a very physical match . The second leg was equally robust , but United took control of the tie with goals from John Aston and George Best . Sarajevo were only able to pull back one goal and United went through to the quarter - finals , where they were drawn against Polish side Górnik Zabrze . United won the first leg at Old Trafford 2 -- 0 ; an own goal from Stefan Florenski put them 1 -- 0 up after an hour , and Brian Kidd doubled their lead in the final minute . The Poles had come to be considered one of the better sides in the last eight , and they were able to come away with a 1 -- 0 win in the second leg , but it was not enough to prevent United from progressing to a semi-final tie with Real Madrid . United 's 1 -- 0 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was all that separated the sides after a 3 -- 3 draw at the Bernabéu , setting up a meeting with Benfica in the final at Wembley Stadium . Best was again on the scoresheet , along with two goals from Charlton and one from Kidd on his 19th birthday , as United beat the Portuguese champions 4 -- 1 after extra time to claim their first European trophy . United reached the semi-finals of the European Cup as holders in the 1968 -- 69 season , but lost to Milan . They would not compete in Europe for another seven years . European comeback ( edit ) Following the retirement of Sir Matt Busby as manager at the end of the 1968 -- 69 season , United entered a barren period that culminated in relegation to the Second Division in 1974 . Promotion was achieved at the first attempt under the management of Tommy Docherty , who had taken over in December 1972 , and in that first season back in the top flight , United finished third in the league to qualify for the UEFA Cup . Although United did qualify for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners in 1977 and for the UEFA Cup in 1980 and 1982 with top - five finishes , they failed to make an impact on European competitions until the 1983 -- 84 season , when they qualified for the European Cup Winners ' Cup as FA Cup winners under Ron Atkinson . The United squad of this era was arguably the finest of the post-Busby era , containing star players including Ray Wilkins , Bryan Robson , Frank Stapleton and teenage forward Norman Whiteside . United achieved a famous victory over Barcelona in the quarter - finals of the 1983 -- 84 European Cup Winners ' Cup , winning the second leg 3 -- 0 at Old Trafford after being beaten 2 -- 0 in Spain in the first leg , made all the more impressive by the fact that Barcelona 's team contained Diego Maradona , rated by many as the best footballer in the world at the time . United reached the quarter - finals of the UEFA Cup in 1984 -- 85 , but this would be their last contribution to European football for half a decade ; the subsequent Heysel Stadium disaster at the European Cup final , in which rioting by Liverpool fans resulted in the death of 39 spectators and led to a ban on all English clubs in European competitions which would not be lifted in 1990 . This resulted in United missing out on qualification for the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1985 , and the UEFA Cup in 1986 and 1988 . During this exile from Europe , United replaced Ron Atkinson with Alex Ferguson as their manager , and he remained in charge more than a quarter of a century later . Since 1990 ( edit ) Manchester United won a treble in 1999 : the Premier League , Champions League and FA Cup ( left to right ) ; the English club also won the 1999 Intercontinental Cup . When the ban on English clubs in European competitions was lifted for the 1990 -- 91 season , United were England 's representatives in the European Cup Winners ' Cup , as FA Cup winners , and they marked their return to Europe by winning the competition , with a 2 -- 1 win over Barcelona ( by now without Maradona ) in the final , in which Mark Hughes scored twice . Their defence of the trophy in the 1991 -- 92 season was short - lived , ending at the hands of Atlético Madrid in the second round , and they lost at the first hurdle in the 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup . League title glory in 1993 saw United enter the European Cup ( now branded the Champions League ) for the first time in 25 years , but in spite of their excellent domestic form during this era , they failed to make much of an impact in European competitions until the 1996 -- 97 season , when they reached the semi-finals of the Champions League and were beaten by Borussia Dortmund . This campaign in Europe also saw them suffer their first defeat home in a European competition , 40 years after first competing on the continent , losing 1 -- 0 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe in the group stage . They finally ended a 31 - year wait for a second European Cup in 1999 when stoppage - time goals from Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær gave them a 2 -- 1 win over Bayern Munich in the final in Barcelona . In 2003 -- 04 , United were beaten by Porto in the last 16 of the Champions League , ending a seven - year run of quarter - final appearances in the competitions , which also included one run to the final and a further two to the semi-finals . After three short - lived Champions League campaigns , United made an impact on the competition in the 2006 -- 07 season . After going down 2 -- 1 in Italy to Roma in the quarter - final first leg , they triumphed 7 -- 1 in the second leg to reach the semi-finals for the first time in five years . They took a 3 -- 2 lead against Milan in the first leg , only for their hopes of an all - English final with Liverpool to be ended by a 3 -- 0 second leg defeat . A year later , however , they won the trophy for the third time , beating fellow English side Chelsea on penalties in Moscow after a 1 -- 1 draw in the first all - English European Cup final . Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011 United reached two European Cup finals in the next three years , but lost to Barcelona on both occasions ; first in the 2009 final in Rome , and then in the 2011 final at the new Wembley Stadium in London . After finishing seventh in the Premier League in 2013 -- 14 under David Moyes , United missed out on European football in 2014 -- 15 for the first time in 25 years , but returned to European action the following season after Moyes ' replacement Louis van Gaal guided the club to fourth in the league and a place in the Champions League play - off round . It was the first time that Manchester United had played in the qualifying phase of the Champions League since beating Hungarian side Debrecen in the 2005 -- 06 competition . Matches ( edit ) As of 31 October 2017 Season Competition Round Opposition Score 1956 -- 57 European Cup Preliminary round Anderlecht 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 10 -- 0 ( H ) First round Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 5 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1957 -- 58 European Cup Preliminary round Shamrock Rovers 6 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) First round Dukla Prague 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Red Star Belgrade 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Semi-final Milan 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 4 ( A ) 1958 -- 59 European Cup Preliminary round Young Boys Withdrew 1963 -- 64 Cup Winners ' Cup Preliminary round Willem II 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) First round Tottenham Hotspur 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Sporting CP 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 5 ( A ) 1964 -- 65 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup First round Djurgården 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Borussia Dortmund 6 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Everton 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Strasbourg 5 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Ferencváros 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1965 -- 66 European Cup Preliminary round HJK Helsinki 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) First round Vorwärts Berlin 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Benfica 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 5 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Partizan Belgrade 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1967 -- 68 European Cup First round Hibernians 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Second round FK Sarajevo 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Górnik Zabrze 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Real Madrid 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Final Benfica 4 -- 1 ( N ) 1968 Intercontinental Cup Final Estudiantes 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1968 -- 69 European Cup First round Waterford 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Anderlecht 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Quarter - final Rapid Vienna 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Milan 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1976 -- 77 UEFA Cup First round Ajax 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Juventus 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) 1977 -- 78 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Saint - Étienne 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Porto 0 -- 4 ( A ) , 5 -- 2 ( H ) 1980 -- 81 UEFA Cup First round Widzew Łódź 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1982 -- 83 UEFA Cup First round Valencia 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1983 -- 84 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Dukla Prague 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Second round Spartak Varna 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Juventus 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1984 -- 85 UEFA Cup First round Rába ETO Győr 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Second round PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Third round Dundee United 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Videoton 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 1985 -- 86 Cup Winners ' Cup Banned 1986 -- 87 UEFA Cup 1988 -- 89 UEFA Cup 1990 -- 91 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Pécsi Munkás 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Wrexham 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Montpellier 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Legia Warsaw 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Barcelona 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1991 Super Cup Final Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1991 -- 92 Cup Winners ' Cup First round Athinaikos 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1992 -- 93 UEFA Cup First round Torpedo Moscow 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1993 -- 94 Champions League First round Kispest Honvéd 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Galatasaray 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1994 -- 95 Champions League Group A IFK Göteborg 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Galatasaray 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Barcelona 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 4 ( A ) 1995 -- 96 UEFA Cup First round Rotor Volgograd 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1996 -- 97 Champions League Group C Juventus 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Rapid Vienna 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Fenerbahçe 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Porto 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Borussia Dortmund 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) 1997 -- 98 Champions League Group B Košice 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Juventus 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Feyenoord 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final AS Monaco 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1998 -- 99 Champions League Second qualifying round ŁKS Łódź 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Group D Barcelona 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Bayern Munich 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Brøndby 6 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Internazionale 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Juventus 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Final Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1999 Super Cup Final Lazio 0 -- 1 ( N ) 1999 Intercontinental Cup Final Palmeiras 1 -- 0 ( N ) 2000 Club World Championship Group B Necaxa 1 -- 1 ( N ) Vasco da Gama 1 -- 3 ( N ) South Melbourne 2 -- 0 ( N ) 1999 -- 2000 Champions League First group round Group D Croatia Zagreb 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Sturm Graz 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Marseille 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Second group round Group B Fiorentina 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Valencia 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Bordeaux 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Real Madrid 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) 2000 -- 01 Champions League First group round Group G Anderlecht 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Dynamo Kyiv 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Second group round Group A Panathinaikos 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Sturm Graz 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Valencia 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2001 -- 02 Champions League First group round Group G Lille 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Deportivo 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) Olympiacos 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Second group round Group A Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Boavista 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Nantes 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Deportivo 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-final Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2002 -- 03 Champions League Third qualifying round Zalaegerszeg 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) First group round Group F Maccabi Haifa 5 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Olympiacos 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Second group round Group D Basel 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Deportivo 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Juventus 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 4 -- 3 ( H ) 2003 -- 04 Champions League Group E Panathinaikos 5 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Stuttgart 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Rangers 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) First knockout round Porto 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2004 -- 05 Champions League Third qualifying round Dinamo București 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Group D Lyon 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Fenerbahçe 6 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Sparta Prague 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Milan 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2005 -- 06 Champions League Third qualifying round Debrecen 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Group D Villarreal 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Benfica 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Lille 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2006 -- 07 Champions League Group F Celtic 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Benfica 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Copenhagen 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Lille 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Roma 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Milan 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) 2007 -- 08 Champions League Group F Sporting CP 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Roma 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Dynamo Kyiv 4 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) First knockout round Lyon 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Roma 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Barcelona 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( N ) 2008 Super Cup Final Zenit Saint Petersburg 1 -- 2 ( N ) 2008 Club World Cup Semi-final Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 ( N ) Final LDU Quito 1 -- 0 ( N ) 2008 -- 09 Champions League Group E Villarreal 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Aalborg 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Celtic 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) First knockout round Internazionale 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Porto 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Arsenal 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Final Barcelona 0 -- 2 ( N ) 2009 -- 10 Champions League Group B Beşiktaş 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Wolfsburg 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) CSKA Moscow 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 3 ( H ) Round of 16 Milan 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) 2010 -- 11 Champions League Group C Rangers 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Valencia 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Bursaspor 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Marseille 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Chelsea 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Schalke 04 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Final Barcelona 1 -- 3 ( N ) 2011 -- 12 Champions League Group C Benfica 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Basel 3 -- 3 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Oțelul Galați 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) 2011 -- 12 Europa League Round of 32 Ajax 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) Round of 16 Athletic Bilbao 2 -- 3 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 2012 -- 13 Champions League Group H Galatasaray 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) CFR Cluj 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Braga 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Real Madrid 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) 2013 -- 14 Champions League Group A Bayer Leverkusen 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 5 -- 0 ( A ) Shakhtar Donetsk 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Real Sociedad 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Olympiacos 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) 2015 -- 16 Champions League Play - off round Club Brugge 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 4 -- 0 ( A ) Group B PSV Eindhoven 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Wolfsburg 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) CSKA Moscow 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2015 -- 16 Europa League Round of 32 Midtjylland 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Liverpool 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 2016 -- 17 Europa League Group A Fenerbahçe 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Feyenoord 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Zorya Luhansk 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 32 Saint - Étienne 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Rostov 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Anderlecht 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Celta Vigo 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Ajax 2 -- 0 ( N ) 2017 Super Cup Final Real Madrid 1 -- 2 ( N ) 2017 -- 18 Champions League Group A Basel 3 -- 0 ( H ) CSKA Moscow 4 -- 1 ( A ) Benfica 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Overall record ( edit ) By competition ( edit ) As of 31 October 2017 Competition Pld GF GA GD Win % Ref Champions League / European Cup 7002265000000000000 ♠ 265 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7002493000000000000 ♠ 493 7002249000000000000 ♠ 249 + 244 07001562300000099999 ♠ 56.23 Cup Winners ' Cup 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 + 20 07001516100000000000 ♠ 51.61 Europa League / UEFA Cup / Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 + 39 07001444400000000000 ♠ 44.44 Super Cup 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 − 2 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.00 Intertoto Cup 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 0 ! -- Intercontinental Cup 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 0 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Club World Cup 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 3 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Total 7002362000000000000 ♠ 362 7002194000000000000 ♠ 194 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7002649000000000000 ♠ 649 7002345000000000000 ♠ 345 + 304 07001535900000000000 ♠ 53.59 By country ( edit ) As of 31 October 2017 Country Pld GF GA GD Win % Ref Argentina 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 − 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Australia 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Austria 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 16 07001875000000000000 ♠ 87.50 Belgium 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 23 07001700000000000000 ♠ 70.00 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Brazil 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 − 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Bulgaria 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 3 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Croatia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 1 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Czech Republic / Czechoslovakia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 5 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Denmark 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 17 07001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 East Germany 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Ecuador 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 1 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 England 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 + 5 07001545500000000000 ♠ 54.55 Finland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 7 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 France 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 + 25 07001535700000000000 ♠ 53.57 Germany / West Germany 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 + 24 07001483900000000000 ♠ 48.39 Greece 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 + 21 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Hungary 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 + 17 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Ireland 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 15 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Israel 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 + 0 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 + 9 07001485700000000000 ♠ 48.57 Japan 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Malta 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 4 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Mexico 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 0 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Netherlands 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 15 07001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 Poland 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 5 07001375000000000000 ♠ 37.50 Portugal 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 + 26 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Romania 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 8 07001833300000000000 ♠ 83.33 Russia 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 5 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Scotland 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 + 9 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Serbia 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 + 1 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.00 Slovakia 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 6 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Spain 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 − 8 07001260000000000000 ♠ 26.00 Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Switzerland 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 + 4 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 Turkey 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 + 12 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Ukraine 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 11 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Wales 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 5 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 By club ( edit ) As of 31 October 2017 Opponent Played Won Drawn Lost For Against Difference Aalborg 0 5 + 3 Ajax 5 0 7 + 4 Anderlecht 8 5 25 8 + 17 Arsenal 0 0 + 3 Athinaikos 0 0 + 2 Athletic Bilbao 0 9 10 − 1 Atlético Madrid 0 − 3 Barcelona 11 15 20 − 5 Basel 5 11 7 + 4 Bayer Leverkusen 6 0 16 6 + 10 Bayern Munich 11 5 13 16 − 3 Benfica 11 8 25 11 + 14 Beşiktaş 0 0 Boavista 0 0 6 0 + 6 Bordeaux 0 0 0 + 3 Borussia Dortmund 6 13 5 + 8 Braga 0 0 6 + 3 Brøndby 0 0 11 + 9 Budapest Honvéd 0 0 5 + 2 Bursaspor 0 0 0 + 4 Celta Vigo 0 + 1 Celtic 7 + 3 CFR Cluj 0 0 Chelsea 0 + 2 Club Brugge 0 0 7 + 6 Copenhagen 0 + 2 CSKA Moscow 5 0 10 5 + 5 Debrecen 0 0 6 0 + 6 Deportivo La Coruña 6 0 10 9 + 1 Dinamo București 0 0 5 + 4 Dinamo Zagreb 0 + 1 Djurgården 0 7 + 6 Dukla Prague 6 + 2 Dundee United 0 5 + 1 Dynamo Kyiv 0 9 + 7 Estudiantes 0 − 1 Everton 0 7 + 6 Fenerbahçe 6 0 13 9 + 4 Ferencváros 0 5 − 1 Feyenoord 0 9 + 6 Fiorentina 0 0 Galatasaray 6 8 + 4 Gamba Osaka 0 0 5 + 2 Górnik Zabrze 0 + 1 Göteborg 0 5 5 0 Győri ETO 0 5 + 3 HJK Helsinki 0 0 9 + 7 Hibernians 0 0 + 4 Internazionale 0 5 + 4 Juventus 12 5 5 15 15 0 Košice 0 0 6 0 + 6 Lazio 0 0 0 − 1 L.D.U. Quito 0 0 0 + 1 Legia Warsaw 0 + 2 Lille 6 + 2 Liverpool 0 − 2 ŁKS Łódź 0 0 + 2 Lyon 0 6 + 2 Maccabi Haifa 0 5 5 0 Marseille + 1 Midtjylland 0 6 + 3 Milan 10 5 0 5 13 16 − 3 AS Monaco 0 0 0 Montpellier 0 + 2 Nantes 0 6 + 4 Necaxa 0 0 0 Olympiacos 6 5 0 15 + 11 Oțelul Galați 0 0 0 + 4 Palmeiras 0 0 0 + 1 Panathinaikos 0 10 + 8 Partizan 0 − 1 Pécsi MFC 0 0 0 + 3 Porto 8 14 11 + 3 PSV Eindhoven 6 6 6 0 Rangers 0 5 0 + 5 Rapid Wien 0 7 0 + 7 Real Madrid 11 5 17 22 − 5 Real Sociedad 0 0 + 1 Red Star Belgrade 0 6 + 2 Roma 6 13 + 9 Rostov 0 + 1 Rotor Volgograd 0 0 0 Saint - Étienne 0 7 + 6 FK Sarajevo 0 + 1 Schalke 04 0 0 6 + 5 Shakhtar Donetsk 0 + 1 Shamrock Rovers 0 0 9 + 7 South Melbourne 0 0 0 + 2 Sparta Prague 0 + 3 Spartak Varna 0 0 + 3 Sporting CP 0 7 7 0 Strasbourg 0 5 0 + 5 Sturm Graz 0 0 10 + 9 Stuttgart 0 + 1 Torpedo Moscow 0 0 0 0 0 Tottenham Hotspur 0 + 1 Valencia 8 5 7 + 3 Vasco da Gama 0 0 − 2 Videoton 0 0 Villarreal 0 0 0 0 0 Vorwärts Berlin 0 0 5 + 4 Waterford 0 0 10 + 8 Widzew Łódź 0 0 0 Willem II 0 7 + 6 Wolfsburg 0 9 6 + 3 Wrexham 0 0 5 0 + 5 Zalaegerszeg 0 5 + 4 Zenit Saint Petersburg 0 0 − 1 Zorya Luhansk 0 0 0 + 3 Honours ( edit ) European ( edit ) European Cup / UEFA Champions League : 3 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Europa League : 1 2016 -- 17 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup : 1 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup : 1 1991 Worldwide ( edit ) Intercontinental Cup : 1 1999 FIFA Club World Cup : 1 2008 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manchester United score comes first Jump up ^ Home game played at Home Park , Plymouth ^ Jump up to : Lost on away goals Jump up ^ Won on away goals Jump up ^ Lost 5 -- 4 on penalties Jump up ^ Lost 4 -- 3 on penalties Jump up ^ Won 6 -- 5 on penalties ^ Jump up to : Win % is rounded to two decimal places References ( edit ) Jump up ^ May , John ( 25 November 2005 ) . `` The best of Best '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Best : The Times obituary '' . Times Online . Times Newspapers. 25 November 2005 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Bostock , A. ; Shaw , M. ( 9 March 2011 ) . `` George Best 's finest hour '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` European triumphs : 1991 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Glenn ( 31 October 1996 ) . `` United 's record ended by Bolic '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Print . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United crowned kings of Europe '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 - 1 Porto '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 9 March 2004 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 April 2007 ) . `` Roma 2 - 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 10 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 7 - 1 Roma ( agg 8 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 - 2 AC Milan '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 2 May 2007 ) . `` AC Milan 3 - 0 Man Utd ( Agg : 5 - 3 ) '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Barcelona 2 - 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 28 May 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 3 - 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes : Manchester United manager sacked by club '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United could face Monaco in Champions League '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Rob ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` Manchester United to face Champions League play - off '' . Manchester Evening News . MEN Media . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Cup / Champions League '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Cup Winners ' Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Fairs Cup / Europa League / UEFA Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United in the European Super Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Inter-Continental Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United in the Club World Cup '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Won , Drawn , Lost '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Argentina '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Australia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Austria '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Belgium '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Brazil '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Bulgaria '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Croatia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Czech Republic '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Denmark '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ecuador '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from England '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Finland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from France '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Monaco '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Germany '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Greece '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Hungary '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ireland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Israel '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Italy '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Japan '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Malta '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Mexico '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from the Netherlands '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Poland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Portugal '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Romania '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Russia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Scotland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Serbia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Slovakia '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Spain '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Sweden '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Switzerland '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Turkey '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Ukraine '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United against teams from Wales '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) StretfordEnd.co.uk Manchester United Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News United We Stand Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. 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Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC English football clubs in international competitions Arsenal Aston Villa Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Burnley Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Everton Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool London XI Manchester City Manchester United Middlesbrough Millwall Newcastle United Norwich City Nottingham Forest Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wigan Athletic Wolverhampton Wanderers English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_United_F.C._in_European_football&oldid=808147767 '' Categories : Manchester United F.C. 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I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)

I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' Single by MercyMe from the album The Worship Project and Almost There A-side `` Word of God Speak '' Released 2001 Format CD digital download Recorded 1999 and 2001 in the United States Ivy Park The Indigo Room Paradise Sound IBC Studios Genre Christian alternative rock pop rock contemporary Christian Length 4 : 08 Label INO Curb Songwriter ( s ) Bart Millard Producer ( s ) Pete Kipley MercyMe singles chronology `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( sometimes shortened to `` Imagine '' ) is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard , the song , based around a main piano track , was inspired by the death of Millard 's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe 's 1999 album The Worship Project , which was released on an independent record label . The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was released in 2001 as the album 's lead single . It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004 ; to aid in promotion to these markets , a double A-side physical single ( combined with `` Word of God Speak '' ) was released in 2003 . It charted on several formats , including the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( where it peaked at No. 5 ) and the Hot 100 ( where it peaked at No. 71 ) . In 2002 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned the Dove Awards for ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' ; Millard earned the Dove Award ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . With 2.5 million copies sold , it is the best - selling Christian single of all time , having been certified 3x platinum by the RIAA . As of 2018 , it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Impact 5 Music video 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Awards and accolades 7 Other versions 8 Track listing 9 Release history 10 Charts and certifications 11 Film adaptation 12 References Background ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe . Bart Millard , the band 's vocalist , lost his father , Arthur Wesley Millard Jr. , in 1991 . Millard was 18 at the time . Millard began writing the words `` I can only imagine '' on items when he was thinking about his father . During the recording of the band 's 1999 independent album The Worship Project , MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album . Millard , alone on a bus in the middle of the night , finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven . Millard attests that `` ( ' I Can Only Imagine ' ) is one of the only songs I have ever written where there was n't any mistakes , it was just written the way it is and left at that '' , and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics . In writing the music for the song , however , the band faced more difficulty ; Millard noted that `` at first it was a fast song ... it was all these random ideas '' . Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that , `` we were literally tearing down the stuff ... ( Millard ) and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version , so we just tried out a piano intro ... it was literally the first thing I played . It was n't anything to do with me , I think it was just a God thing . ( Millard ) said ' here it is , this is what 's going to happen ' , and we laid the song down in about five minutes . '' At that time , the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion , Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar . This line - up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project . In 2006 , it was included in the ' Platinum Edition ' of Almost There . Composition ( edit ) I Can Only Imagine A sample of `` I Can Only Imagine '' . MercyMe 's debut single , `` I Can Only Imagine '' is `` a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Can Only Imagine '' is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds . The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B -- G ♯ . The song opens up with only a piano , and builds up to include guitar and drums . Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song . The song was produced by Pete Kipley , who had worked with MercyMe previously as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James , Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster . The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . Regarding this theme , Millard explained to Fox News that `` I was always told that if he could choose , he would rather be in Heaven than here with me . As a Christian I believed that , but as an 18 - year - old it was a little hard to swallow . So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there . '' Release and promotion ( edit ) MercyMe 's lead singer - songwriter , Bart Millard ( left ) and drummer , Robby Shaffer , performing in February 2008 . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was re-recorded for their major - label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001 . The album was recorded in various locations : Ivy Park , The Indigo Room , Paradise Sound and IBC Studios . The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats ; by November , it peaked at number - one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . In 2003 , a Dallas mainstream radio station , 100.3 Wild - FM , first played the song on its morning show , The Fitz Radio Program . They had responded to a caller 's repeated requests and the urgings of the program 's producer , Todd Sheppard . The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station . After hearing the song played on the station , Millard called - in and spoke with the crew ; MercyMe then came in and played the song live . As other stations around the country caught on , MercyMe 's label , INO Records , partnered with Curb Records . They marketed the single to wider audiences , such as Top 40 radio . In September , INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single , `` I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak '' . The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band 's producer , Kipley . Eventually , the song cracked into secular charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . Impact ( edit ) MercyMe did not expect `` I Can Only Imagine '' to gain mainstream success , in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven . Millard noted that the band joked around about `` the top five songs never to cross over , and they had included `` I Can Only Imagine '' on that list . Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio . The song had a significant effect on the band 's musical image ; in an interview , Millard commented that `` We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago . But we kind of became the ' adult contemporary poster child ' when ' I Can Only Imagine ' took off '' . Music video ( edit ) Millard holding his father 's photograph in the music video . A music video was released for `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Millard recalled the video 's inspiration : `` I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames ( at MercyMe concerts ) that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way . I 've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they 've lost . These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that '' . The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait , Tammy Trent , Bob Herdman , and Jesse Katina , each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one ; as the video progresses , they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father 's photograph . The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair , shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs . The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy , now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames . The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people , each holding an empty picture frame . As the other instruments join in , the camera comes back to the band , focusing on them before returning to shots of the people , whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives . At the end of the video , the camera returns to the boy , now running down a street with an empty frame , climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical reception for `` I Can Only Imagine '' was positive . Steve Losey of AllMusic commented that `` ( the song ) is a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Jesus Freak Hideout 's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt `` The lyrics for the song are amazing . If you have n't listened to the lyrics , because you 're afraid of hearing pop music , get over it and listen to it . '' Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that `` The definite highlight on ( Almost There ) is the worship / ballad ' I Can Only Imagine ' ... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar . But what makes the song are the lyrics , penned by Bart Millard himself . The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus ... It 's a song that ca n't be listened to with eyes open '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76 . The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003 , with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003 ; in all , `` I Can Only Imagine '' spent 30 weeks on the chart . On the Adult Top 40 chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27 , holding that spot for three consecutive weeks ; in all , the song spent 26 weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 33 . On the Country Songs chart , the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 52 , which it held for two weeks . According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website , `` I Can Only Imagine '' also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks , No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks , and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart . In April 2010 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' was certified platinum by the RIAA , signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads . It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum . The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014 . It was certified 3x platinum in 2018 . As of June 2018 , it has sold 3 million copies , making it the best - selling Christian single of all time . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002 ; ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' . Millard also won ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . In November 2009 , the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake - up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS - 129 . Other versions ( edit ) The original version of `` I Can Only Imagine '' was a track on MercyMe 's 1999 independent release The Worship Project . In August 2006 , both an acoustic and live form ( as well as the original 1999 version ) were included in the ' Platinum edition ' of Almost There . MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album . In 2009 , two further variants were included on their compilation album 10 ; a ' symphony version ' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra , and a live version . `` I Can Only Imagine '' has also been covered by several artists . In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song ( titled `` Imagine '' and paired with `` Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus '' ) on her album , Legacy ... Hymns and Faith . In 2003 , Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song ; Carson 's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart . In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song ; while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs . The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann . The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins , a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva , a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man 's syndrome , in which the body 's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone , causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place . Dobbins , who died in 2004 , sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening , accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips , Craig and Dean . Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary `` Suffer the Children . '' There is also a German version `` Ich kann nur davon träumen '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD release `` I Can Only Imagine '' -- 4 : 08 ( Bart Millard ) `` Word of God Speak '' -- 3 : 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard ) Release history ( edit ) Date Territory Label Format 2001 United States INO Airplay 23 September 2003 INO Curb CD 4 January 2005 INO Epic Digital Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak Position Radio and Records Christian AC Radio and Records Christian CHR 15 Chart ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Peak Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak Position France ( SNEP ) 65 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak Position US Christian Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak Position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts Chart ( 2003 ) Position Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales 24 Chart ( 2010 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 9 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 7 Certifications Country Certifications ( sales thresholds ) United States 3x Platinum Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : I Can Only Imagine ( film ) The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brad Schmitt , `` MercyMe 's Bart Millard thought his father was going to kill him '' , Tennessean , February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Ramsay ( 6 July 2003 ) . `` Christian Rock Crosses Over '' . Fox News ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jenison , David . `` A Severe Mercy '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Correa , Karen ( Fall 2003 ) . `` The Quality of MercyMe '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bart Millard , Jim Bryson ( interviewees ) ( 2007 ) . Faith & Fame -- MercyMe . NME . UK : IPC Media ( Time Inc . ) . Event occurs at a-d. 12 : 13 -- 13 : 07 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . Supplied by INO Records / Columbia Records . ^ Jump up to : `` The Worship Project -- MercyMe '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There ( Platinum Edition ) by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc. 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steve . `` '' Almost There '' -- MercyMe ( Review ) `` . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe -- `` I Can Only Imagine '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Note : To access archive , user must click ' bypass ' and then , on the next screen , click ' please click here ' . ^ Jump up to : McNeese , Kevin ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` Almost There by MercyMe ( Review ) '' . NewReleaseTuesday.com ( NRT Media ( Kevin McNeese ) ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Almost There ( CD liner ) . MercyMe . INO Records . 2001 . 39972 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Kipley ( Credits ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak `` , MercyMe , Music CD Single -- Barnes & Noble '' . Barnes & Noble . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Billboard Charted Singles '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Number One Records '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farris , Christa ( September 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Is Still The Little Song That Could '' ( PDF ) . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . 26 ( 3 ) : 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Natalie Nichols ( 2 June 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Impacts Mainstream Radio `` . Crosswalk.com . Salem Web Network ( Salem Communications ) . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ MercyMe ( interviewees ) ( 2004 ) . The Story Behind `` I Can Only Imagine '' . INO Records . Event occurs at 5 : 55 -- 6 : 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cusic , Don ( 2010 ) . `` Curb , Mike '' . In Cusic , Don . Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music : pop , rock , and worship . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34425 - 1 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Deborah Evans ( 25 October 2003 ) . `` A Yearning for More Meaning '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media : 3 , 76 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` Word of God Speak '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John J. ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Well Mercy Me , Children ! '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' -- MercyMe ( VEVO ) `` . Vevo ( Universal Music Group , Sony Music Entertainment , Abu Dhabi Media Company , E1 Entertainment ) . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . ^ Jump up to : Nentwig , Wendy Lee ( 23 September 2003 ) . `` Song Story : `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . Crosswalk.com ( Salem Web Communications ( Salem Communications ) ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Kevin ( 9 September 2002 ) . `` MercyMe , Almost There review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold and Platinum '' . RIAA. 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Note : Requires user to input artist , e.g. MercyMe . Jump up ^ `` Mercyme makes history as `` I Can Only Imagine '' surpasses 1 million downloads `` . Christian Today . Andrew Clark . 21 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dove Awards History Year ( searchable database ) '' . GMA Dove Award . Gospel Music Association ( GMA ) . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Note : Search for either MercyMe or Bart Millard . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steven Douglas ( 26 December 2002 ) . `` Real People , Real Worship '' . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 129 Wakeup Calls '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Curator : Kim Dismukes ; responsible official : Amiko Kauderer . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` MercyMe , iTunes Originals Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Originals by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` MercyMe , `` 10 '' Review `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kim . `` Who Sings `` I Can Only Imagine '' ? `` . About.com . About.com ( The New York Times Company ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ . `` Satisfy , Christian Music Reviews '' . The Fish . Christianity Today International ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September Demi Lovato has also covered the song . 2011 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jeff Carson Album & Song History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson Drive '' . Emerson Drive . 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Charisma . `` ' Hairpiece Revival ' Spreads Worship Awakening Across the Country -- Charisma Magazine '' . www.charismamag.com . Jump up ^ Spiritwatch Ministries On YouTube ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Suffer The Children - a film by Trevor Glass '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com `` I Can Only Imagine '' / `` Word of God Speak '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Spoken For by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Word of God Speak '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- MercyMe -- I Can Only Imagine '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Digital Songs : Top Worship Music Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 80 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart Archives ( AC ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives ( Singles sales ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 34 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2010 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2011 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . MercyMe singles Discography Almost There `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Spoken For `` Spoken For '' `` Word of God Speak '' `` The Change Inside Of Me '' Undone `` Here with Me '' `` Homesick '' `` In the Blink of an Eye '' Coming Up to Breathe `` So Long Self '' `` Hold Fast '' `` Bring the Rain '' All That Is Within Me `` God with Us '' `` You Reign '' `` Finally Home '' The Generous Mr. Lovewell `` All of Creation '' `` Beautiful '' `` Move '' The Hurt & The Healer `` The Hurt & The Healer '' Welcome to the New `` Shake '' Lifer `` Even If '' Other charted songs `` O Holy Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Came Upon a Midnight Clear '' `` Go Tell it on the Mountain '' `` Sleigh Ride '' Jeff Carson Studio albums Jeff Carson Butterfly Kisses Real Life Singles `` Not on Your Love '' `` The Car '' `` Holdin ' Onto Somethin ' '' `` Butterfly Kisses '' `` Real Life ( I Never Was the Same Again ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(MercyMe_song)&oldid=853813419 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1999 songs 2001 singles MercyMe songs Pop ballads Songs written by Bart Millard Curb Records singles Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from November 2012 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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when did i can only imagine get released

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Elizabeth Mitchell

Elizabeth Mitchell - wikipedia Elizabeth Mitchell Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Elizabeth Mitchell , see Elizabeth Mitchell ( disambiguation ) . Elizabeth Mitchell Mitchell at WonderCon in 2014 Elizabeth Joanna Robertson ( 1970 - 03 - 27 ) March 27 , 1970 ( age 48 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Years active 1992 -- present Height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Spouse ( s ) Chris Soldevilla ( m . 2004 ; div. 2013 ) Children Elizabeth Mitchell ( born Elizabeth Joanna Robertson : March 27 , 1970 ) is an American actress known for her role as Dr. Juliet Burke on the ABC series Lost . She also had lead roles on the TV series V and Revolution , as well as the Snow Queen on Once Upon a Time and as Deb Carpenter on Dead of Summer . Mitchell has starred in such films as The Santa Clause 2 and The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause , Gia , and The Purge : Election Year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and honors 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Web 5.4 Theater 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Mitchell was born in Los Angeles , California . Her stepfather , Joseph Day Mitchell , and mother , Josephine Marian Mitchell ( née Jenkins ) , are lawyers based in Dallas . Mitchell and her mother moved to Dallas , Texas in 1970 , where her mother married Joseph Mitchell in 1975 . Mitchell graduated from Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts , a public magnet school . She is the eldest of three sisters , the others being Kristina Helen `` Kristie '' Mitchell ( b . 1978 ) , and Katherine Day `` Kate '' Mitchell ( b . 1981 ) . She attended Stephens College , graduating in 1991 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in acting , and then studied at the British American Drama Academy . Career ( edit ) Mitchell worked for six years in Dallas Theater Center and a year at Encore Theater . Mitchell had a recurring role as psychiatrist Dr. Kim Legaspi , the first lesbian lover of Dr. Kerry Weaver ( Laura Innes ) during the 2000 -- 01 season of TV series ER . She played in the 2000 movie Frequency alongside Dennis Quaid and Jim Caviezel . She also played Angelina Jolie 's hairdresser / lover in the movie Gia and had a one - episode role in House M.D. as a patient . In March 2009 , Mitchell was cast in the ABC series V , a remake of the science - fiction television miniseries . Although ABC and Warner Bros. officials told the magazine she was only cast as a guest star , the announcement led to speculation and concern that Mitchell 's character would be killed off at the end of Lost 's fifth season , which ended on a cliffhanger that left the fate of her character unknown . Mitchell was later named the lead actress on V. Mitchell 's character was killed off in the premiere of the sixth ( and final ) season of Lost , but returned for the two - part series finale . Mitchell at a Revolution panel , at WonderCon in 2014 , with actor Stephen Collins V lasted for one more season , which premiered on January 4 , 2011 . Mitchell had a guest - starring role on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit in 2011 wherein she played June Frye . Mitchell starred in the film , Answers to Nothing in 2011 as Kate . In 2012 , she joined the cast of the series Revolution as Rachel Matheson , replacing actress Andrea Roth , with whom Mitchell had worked for one episode on Lost . The series premiered on September 17 , 2012 , and ended in May 2014 . She then recurred as the Snow Queen on the TV fantasy series Once Upon a Time in late 2014 . In 2016 , Mitchell starred as Senator Charlene ' Charlie ' Roan in the science - fiction horror film The Purge : Election Year . Also that year , it was announced Mitchell would join the cast of the Freeform supernatural horror series Dead of Summer . She portrays Deb Carpenter , a lead role in the series . Awards and honors ( edit ) For her appearance on the series finale of Lost , Mitchell was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2010 . Personal life ( edit ) Mitchell in Seattle 2008 supporting the Boston Red Sox Between 1994 and 1999 , Mitchell dated actor David Lee Smith and the two lived together in New York City . Whilst filming The Linda McCartney Story in 2000 , Mitchell and co-star Gary Bakewell began dating and later became engaged , but the relationship ended in 2002 . Mitchell married improvisation actor Chris Soldevilla in 2004 and the two lived together in Bainbridge Island , Washington , with their son Christopher Joseph ( CJ ) Soldevilla , who was born in 2005 . In 2013 , Mitchell and Soldevilla divorced due to irreconcilable differences . In 2014 , Mitchell purchased a ranch in Bainbridge Island , Washington . She shares the same name as actress Elizabeth Banks ' birth name , who changed her name to join Screen Actors Guild because the name Elizabeth Mitchell was already taken . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Gia Linda Mitchell 1999 Molly Beverly Trehare 2000 Frequency Julia ' Jules ' Sullivan 2000 Nurse Betty Chloe Jensen 2001 Hollywood Palms Blair 2001 Double Bang Dr. Karen Winterman 2002 The Santa Clause 2 Carol Newman / Mrs. Claus 2006 Running Scared Edele Hansel 2006 The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause Mrs. Claus / Carol Newman - Calvin 2011 Answers to Nothing Kate 2016 The Purge : Election Year Charlene ' Charlie ' Roan 2019 The Buried Girl Katherine Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Dangerous Curves Bethanny Haines Guest star Episode : `` Rainbow Serpent '' 1994 -- 1995 Loving Dinah Lee Mayberry Alden McKenzie # 2 Guest star ; unknown episodes L.A. Firefighters Laura Malloy Recurring role ; 6 episodes Sentinel , The The Sentinel Wendy Hawthorne Guest star Episode : `` True Crime '' 1997 JAG Lt. Sandra Gilbert Guest star Episode : `` The Court - Martial of Sandra Gilbert '' 1997 Comfort , Texas Trudy Unsold TV pilot 1998 Significant Others Jane Chasen Recurring role ; 6 episodes 1998 Gia Linda Television movie 1999 -- 2000 Time of Your Life Ashley Holloway Recurring role ; 4 episodes 2000 Linda McCartney Story , The The Linda McCartney Story Linda McCartney Television movie 2000 -- 2001 E.R. Dr. Kim Legaspi Recurring role ; 14 episodes 2001 Beast , The The Beast Alice Allenby Guest star Episode : `` The Price '' 2001 Spin City Nancy Wheeler Guest star Episode : `` Fight Club '' 2002 Man and Boy Cyd Mason Television movie 2003 Lyon 's Den , The The Lyon 's Den Ariel Saxon Recurring role ; 7 episodes 2003 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Andrea Brown Guest star Episode : `` Mercy '' 2003 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Melissa Winters Guest star Episode : `` One Hit Wonder '' Grammercy Park Taylor Elliot Quinn Unsold TV pilot Everwood Sara Beck Guest star Episode : `` Staking Claim '' Boston Legal Christine Pauley Guest star ; 2 episodes House Sister Mary Augustine Guest star Episode : `` Damned If You Do '' 3 : The Dale Earnhardt Story Teresa Earnhardt Television movie 2006 Haskett 's Chance Ann Haskett Unsold TV pilot 2006 -- 2010 Lost Dr. Juliet Burke Series regular Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated -- Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series ( 2007 -- 09 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television ( 2007 , 2009 -- 10 ) 2009 -- 2011 V Erica Evans Lead role Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television 2011 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit June Frye Guest star Episode : `` Totem '' 2012 -- 2014 Revolution Rachel Matheson Lead role Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television 2013 Prosecuting Casey Anthony Linda Drane Burdick Television movie 2013 Kristin 's Christmas Past Barbara Cartwell Television movie 2014 Once Upon a Time Ingrid / Snow Queen / Sarah Fisher Recurring role ; 9 episodes 2015 Crossing Lines Carine Strand Lead role 2016 Dead of Summer Deb Carpenter Lead role 2018 The Expanse Dr. Annushka `` Anna '' Volovodov Recurring role Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 -- 2008 Lost : Missing Pieces Dr. Juliet Burke 4 episodes Theater ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Amateurs Jennifer Red Channels Shelia Harcourt 1995 Three Tall Women 1999 Absolution Gordon 's Wife 2008 A Midsummer Night 's Dream Helena Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2006 Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Lost Nominated 2007 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated 2008 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Won 2009 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2011 Saturn Award Best Actress on Television V Nominated 2014 Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Revolution Nominated A ^ Tied with Summer Glau . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' Lost ' scoop : Juliet mystery ( sort of ) solved Inside TV EW.com Jump up ^ State of California . California Birth Index , 1805 -- 1995 . Sacramento , CA , USA : State of California Department of Health Services , Center for Health Statistics . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Mitchell Biography ( 1970 -- ) Jump up ^ Texas Department of State Health Services . Texas Marriage Index , 1966 -- 2002 . Texas Department of State Health Services , Texas . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Mitchell - Biographical Summaries of Notable People - MyHeritage '' . MyHeritage.com . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Beauty Magazine '' Elizabeth Mitchell `` . www.sobeautymag.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Exclusive : Elizabeth Mitchell trading `` Lost '' for `` V '' ? `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Stephen ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Unveils 2009 -- 2010 Primetime Schedule '' ( PDF ) . ABC Medianet . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Lost scoop : Juliet mystery ( sort of ) solved '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Elizabeth Mitchell Turns Evil on SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Revolution ' : Elizabeth Mitchell on Sticking With Genre Fare and Her Biggest Surprise ( Q&A ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Revolution 's ' ' Lost ' Reunion : Elizabeth Mitchell Joins J.J. Abrams Drama as Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Elizabeth Mitchell spills scoop on the Snow Queen '' . ew.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Alums Elizabeth Mitchell & Elizabeth Lail Cast in Freeform 's ' Dead of Summer ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Elizabeth Mitchell Fan Club . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Intelligence Wire -- Interview with Gary Bakewell '' . Elizabeth Mitchell Fan Club . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Monica Rizzo ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Lost 's Mystery Woman Elizabeth Mitchell '' . People . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Movies -- News -- ' V ' star joins cast of ' Answers ' -- Digital Spy External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth Mitchell . Elizabeth Mitchell on IMDb Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Justina Vail ( 1999 ) Jeri Ryan ( 2000 ) Jolene Blalock ( 2001 ) Alyson Hannigan ( 2002 ) Amy Acker ( 2003 ) Amanda Tapping ( 2004 ) Katee Sackhoff ( 2005 ) Hayden Panettiere ( 2006 ) Summer Glau / Elizabeth Mitchell ( 2007 ) Jennifer Carpenter ( 2008 ) Julie Benz ( 2009 ) Lucy Lawless ( 2010 ) Michelle Forbes ( 2011 ) Laurie Holden ( 2012 ) Melissa McBride ( 2013 ) Melissa McBride ( 2014 ) Danai Gurira ( 2015 ) Candice Patton ( 2016 ) VIAF : 85620604 LCCN : no2001019619 ISNI : 0000 0001 1773 1393 BNF : cb14207502t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Mitchell&oldid=827447617 '' Categories : 1970 births Actresses from Texas American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses American stage actresses Living people People from Dallas Actresses from Los Angeles Stephens College people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Alumni of the British American Drama Academy Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 19 : 57 . 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who played the ice queen in once upon a time

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Dirty Dancing

Dirty Dancing - wikipedia Dirty Dancing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1987 romantic drama film . For other uses , see Dirty Dancing ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dirty Dancing Theatrical release poster Directed by Emile Ardolino Produced by Linda Gottlieb Written by Eleanor Bergstein Starring Patrick Swayze Jennifer Grey Jerry Orbach Cynthia Rhodes Music by John Morris Erich Bulling Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Edited by Peter C. Frank Production company Great American Films Limited Partnership Distributed by Vestron Pictures Release date August 21 , 1987 ( 1987 - 08 - 21 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $214 million Dirty Dancing is a 1987 American romantic drama dance film written by Eleanor Bergstein , directed by Emile Ardolino and starring Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey in the lead roles , and featuring Cynthia Rhodes and Jerry Orbach . Originally a low - budget film by a new studio , Vestron Pictures , Dirty Dancing became a box office hit . As of 2009 , it has earned over $214 million worldwide . It was the first film to sell more than a million copies on home video , and the Dirty Dancing soundtrack created by Jimmy Ienner generated two multi-platinum albums and multiple singles , including `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , which won both the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song , and a Grammy Award for best duet . The film 's popularity led to a 2004 prequel , Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights , and a stage version which has had sellout performances in Australia , Europe , and North America . A made - for - TV remake was released in 2017 . Unlike the original theatrical film , the remake received negative reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Production 4.1 Pre-production 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Music 7 Legacy 8 Alternate versions 8.1 Stage version 8.2 Tours and TV show 8.3 Prequel 8.4 20th anniversary releases 9 Remake 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1963 , 17 - year - old Frances `` Baby '' Houseman is vacationing with her family at Kellerman 's , a resort in the Catskill Mountains . Baby , the younger of two daughters , plans to study economics in underdeveloped countries and enter the Peace Corps . Her father , Jake , is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman , the resort proprietor . Baby develops a crush on the resort 's dance instructor , Johnny Castle , and meets his cousin , Billy . The staff holds secret after - hours parties in their quarters , and Baby is surprised by their `` dirty dancing '' . Intrigued , Baby receives a brief , impromptu dance lesson from Johnny . Baby discovers that Johnny 's dance partner , Penny Johnson , is pregnant by Robbie Gould , a womanizing waiter who is cheating on Baby 's older sister , Lisa . Baby borrows money from her father to pay for Penny 's illegal abortion without explaining why . Penny eventually accepts the money but identifies another issue . Penny will miss her weekly dance performance if she goes for the abortion , forfeiting Penny 's and Johnny 's salary for the season . Billy suggests that Baby fill in for her . Johnny 's scoffing overcomes Baby 's initial resistance . Billy and Penny insist that Johnny can teach anyone to dance . Johnny teaches Baby the mambo , and the two spend several awkward practice sessions together . Baby gradually improves , and they develop a romantic attraction . A scene from the dancing finale Billy takes Penny to an abortionist . Johnny 's and Baby 's performance is mostly successful , although Baby is too nervous to accomplish the dance 's climactic lift . Johnny and Baby return to Kellerman 's and find Penny in agony . Billy explains that the `` doctor '' turned out to be a back - alley hack . Baby brings her father to help Penny . Johnny claims responsibility for her pregnancy out of fear that Penny will be fired if her relationship with Robbie is revealed . Jake treats Penny but forbids Baby from associating with Johnny or his friends . After Baby apologizes to Johnny for her father 's behavior , they dance and have sex . Jake tells his family they will be leaving early for breakfast but relents when they object . Baby continues to see Johnny despite her father 's warning . She pulls Johnny off the footpath when her father is nearby , and Johnny is hurt that she will not stand up for him . After Robbie taunts them , Johnny assaults him . Due to his growing feelings for Baby , Johnny refuses payment for sex with another guest , Vivian Pressman . Vivian has sex with Robbie in his cabin , and Lisa accidentally interrupts them . When Vivian leaves the cabin the next morning , she sees Baby leave Johnny 's cabin . Over breakfast , Max and Neil Kellerman reveal to the Housemans that Moe Pressman 's wallet was stolen . Vivian accuses Johnny of the theft in a fit of jealousy . Johnny is unable to provide a verifiable alibi , to protect his relationship with Baby . To save Johnny from being fired , Baby confesses she was with him . Johnny is cleared of the theft after it is revealed that two elderly guests , Mr. and Mrs. Schumacher , stole several guests ' wallets . Max fires Johnny anyway for having a fraternizing affair with Baby . Baby and Johnny embrace and bid farewell to each other , saying they will never regret their affair . Baby pointedly apologizes to Jake for lying about her relationship with Johnny but not for the relationship itself . Baby and her parents watch the end - of - season talent show . Jake gives Robbie a tip in an envelope . Robbie thanks Jake , willingly reveals that he got Penny pregnant ; Jake yanks the envelope back . Staff and guests ( including Lisa ) are singing the closing song together when Johnny interrupts them to perform the last dance of the season . Johnny leads Baby onstage and makes a brief speech about how `` Frances '' has made him a better man . Baby and Johnny dance a more provocative version of their mambo duet , and the other `` dirty dancers '' join in . Baby runs to Johnny and executes the elusive lift move they practiced . The dirty dancers pull guests from their seats to join in the celebration . Jake apologizes to Johnny for thinking he got Penny pregnant and reconciles with Baby . All dance joyously to `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Grey as Frances `` Baby '' Houseman Patrick Swayze as Johnny Castle Cynthia Rhodes as Penny Johnson Jerry Orbach as Doctor Jake Houseman Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman Jack Weston as Max Kellerman Lonny Price as Neil Kellerman Kelly Bishop as Marjorie Houseman Antone Pagán as The Staff Kid Max Cantor as Robbie Gould Charles Coles as Tito Suarez Neal Jones as Billy Kostecki Miranda Garrison as Vivian Pressman Garry Goodrow as Moe Pressman Wayne Knight as Stan Paula Trueman as Mrs. Schumacher Alvin Myerovich as Mr. Schumacher Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Be My Baby '' -- The Ronettes `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' -- Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons `` Where Are You Tonight ? '' -- Tom Johnston `` Do You Love Me '' -- The Contours `` Love Man '' -- Otis Redding `` Stay '' -- Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs `` Hungry Eyes '' -- Eric Carmen `` Overload '' -- Zappacosta `` Hey ! Baby '' -- Bruce Channel `` De Todo Un Poco '' -- Melon `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' -- The Drifters `` These Arms Of Mine '' -- Otis Redding `` Cry to Me '' -- Solomon Burke `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' -- The Shirelles `` Love Is Strange '' -- Mickey & Sylvia `` You Do n't Own Me '' -- The Blow Monkeys `` Yes '' -- Merry Clayton `` In the Still of the Night '' -- The Five Satins `` She 's Like the Wind '' -- Patrick Swayze `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes Note : Actress Jane Brucker wrote the song `` Hula Hana , '' which she performed in her role of Lisa in the show rehearsal scene . Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein 's own childhood : she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York , spent summers with her family in the Catskills , participated in `` Dirty Dancing '' competitions , and was herself nicknamed `` Baby '' as a girl . In 1980 , Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film , It 's My Turn . However , the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script , much to her dismay . She then conceived a new story , focused almost exclusively on dancing . In 1984 , she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle , who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb . They set the film in 1963 , with the character of Baby based on Bergstein 's own life , and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace , a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story . She finished the script in November 1985 , but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround , or limbo . Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected , until she brought it to Vestron Pictures , the newly formed studio division of Stamford , Connecticut , based Vestron Inc. , the leading independent home video distribution company . While honing their pitch to Vestron , Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film 's director , who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary , He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' . Ardolino had never directed a feature film , but was extremely passionate about the project ; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty , insisting that he was the best choice as director . The team of Gottlieb , Bergstein , and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron 's president , Jon Peisinger , and the company 's vice president for production , Mitchell Cannold . By the end of the meeting , Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron 's first feature film production . The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million , at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million . For choreographer , Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega , who had been trained by Gene Kelly . For a location , they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills ( as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point ) , so they decided on a combination of two locations : Lake Lure , North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Pembroke , Virginia , and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area . Casting ( edit ) Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act , as he did not want to use the `` stand - in '' method that had been used with Flashdance ( 1983 ) . For the female lead of Frances `` Baby '' Houseman , Bergstein chose the 26 - year - old Jennifer Grey , daughter of the Oscar - winning actor and dancer Joel Grey ( e.g. , of the film Cabaret ( 1972 ) ) , who , like her father , was a trained dancer . They then sought a male lead , initially considering 20 - year - old Billy Zane , who had the visual look desired ( originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look ) , but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations . The next choice was 34 - year - old Patrick Swayze , who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) and Red Dawn ( 1984 ) . He was a seasoned dancer , with experience from the Joffrey Ballet . The producers were thrilled with him , but his agent was opposed to the idea . However , Swayze read the script , liked the multi-level character of Johnny , and took the part anyway , and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish . Grey was initially not happy about the choice , as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn , but when they did their dancing screen test , the chemistry between them was obvious . Bergstein described it as `` breathtaking '' . Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman , Baby 's father ; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman , her older sister . Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend , sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer , to play Mrs. Schumacher , and Joel Grey as her husband . However , Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief . The role went instead to 89 - year - old Paula Trueman , and Joel Grey was not cast . Another role went to Bergstein 's friend , New York radio personality `` Cousin Brucie '' . She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician . The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight ( of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame ) . The part of Baby 's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton , who is briefly visible in the beginning , when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman 's ( she is in the front seat for a few seconds ; her blonde hair is the only indication ) , but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop , who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman , the highly sexed resort guest . Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman , and the film 's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian . Filming ( edit ) A typical family resort in the Catskill Mountains Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure , North Carolina , and Mountain Lake , Virginia . Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp , which is now a private , residential community known as Firefly Cove . These scenes included the interior dancing scenes , Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs , Johnny 's cabin , the staff cabins , the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250 . Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included the famous `` water lift '' scene , dining scenes , Kellerman 's Hotel , the beach games , Penny crying in the kitchen , and the Houseman family 's cabins . The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming , as it was already the tail end of summer . The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke , Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure , N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member , even non-dancers such as Jack Weston . The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop and , immersed in the environment , the lead actors , Grey and Swayze , began identifying with their characters . Bergstein built upon this , encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes . She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or `` grinding '' the dance steps , that none of the dancers were to have any other kind of physical contact with each other for the next six months . Filming started on September 5 , 1986 but was plagued by the weather , which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat . The outside temperature rose to 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming , the temperature inside could be as high as 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) . According to choreographer Kenny Ortega , on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting . The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration . Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit ; insisting on doing his own stunts , he repeatedly fell off the log during the `` balancing '' scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling . Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn , which required the set decorators to spray - paint the autumn leaves green . The uncooperative weather then took a different turn , plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) , causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October . The crew wore warm coats , gloves , and boots . Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing , to repeatedly dive into the cold water . Despite her character 's enjoyment , Grey later described the water as `` horrifically '' cold , and she might not have gone into the lake , except that she was `` young and hungry '' . Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production . They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project , Red Dawn ( 1984 ) , and worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screen test , but that initial cooperation soon faded , and they were soon `` facing off '' before every scene . There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes . To address this , producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screen - tests -- the ones with the `` breathtaking '' chemistry . This had the desired effect , and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm . Director Ardolino encouraged the actors to improvise and often kept the cameras rolling , even if actors went `` off script '' . One example of this was the scene where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm ( similar to the pose seen in the movie poster ) . Though it was written as a serious and tender moment , Grey was exhausted , found the move ticklish , and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it , no matter how many takes Ardolino asked for . Swayze was impatient to finish the scene and found Grey 's behavior annoying . However , the producers decided the scene worked as it was and put it into the film , complete with Grey 's giggling and Swayze 's annoyed expression . It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie , turning out , as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it , `` as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film . '' Post-production ( edit ) The shooting wrapped on October 27 , 1986 , both on - time and on - budget . No one on the team , however , liked the rough cut that was put together , and Vestron executives were convinced the film was going to be a flop . Thirty - nine percent of people who viewed the film did not realize abortion was the subplot . In May 1987 , the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo . According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold , Russo 's reaction at the end was to say simply , `` Burn the negative , and collect the insurance . '' Further disputes arose over whether a corporate sponsor could be found to promote the film . Marketers of the Clearasil acne product liked the film , seeing it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience . However , when they learned the film contained an abortion scene , they asked for that part of the plot to be cut . As Bergstein refused , the Clearasil promotion was dropped . Consequently , Vestron promoted the film themselves and set the premiere on August 16 , 1987 . The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend , and then send it to home video , since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production . Considering how many people disliked the film at that point , producer Gottlieb 's recollection of her feelings at the time was , `` I would have only been grateful , if when it was released , people did n't yell at me . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 72 % based on reviews from 61 critics and a rating average of 6.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Like its winsome characters , Dirty Dancing uses impressive choreography and the power of song to surmount a series of formidable obstacles . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . For the film 's opening , The New York Times published a review titled `` Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat '' . The Times reviewer called the film `` a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 -- orderly , prosperous , bursting with good intentions , a sort of Yiddish - inflected Camelot . '' Other reviews were more mixed : Gene Siskel gave the film a `` marginal Thumbs Up '' as he liked Jennifer Grey 's acting and development of her character , while Roger Ebert gave it `` Thumbs Down '' due to its `` idiot plot '' , calling it a `` tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds . '' TIME magazine was lukewarm , saying , `` If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein 's script is too neat and inspirational , the rough energy of the film 's song and dance does carry one along , past the whispered doubts of better judgment . '' In a retrospective review , Jezebel 's Irin Carmon called the film `` the greatest movie of all time '' as `` a great , brave movie for women '' with `` some subtle , retrospectively sharp - eyed critiques of class and gender . '' Abortion rights advocates have called the film the `` gold standard '' for cinematic portrayals of abortion , which author Yannis Tzioumakis described as offering a `` compassionate depiction of abortion in which the woman seeking an abortion was not demonized with the primary concerns being her health and preserving her capacity to bear children at a future time rather than the ethical dilemma that might or might not inform her decision , a portrayal that is not necessarily available in current films . '' The film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens , with viewers rating the film highly . Many filmgoers , after seeing the film once , went right back into the theater to watch it a second time . Word - of - mouth promotion took the film to the number one position in the United States , and in 10 days it had broken the $10 million mark . By November , it was also achieving international fame . Within seven months of release , it had brought in $63 million in the US and boosted attendance in dance classes across America . It was one of the highest - grossing films of 1987 , earning $170 million worldwide . The film 's popularity continued to grow after its initial release . It was the number one video rental of 1988 and became the first film to sell a million copies on video . When the film was re-released in 1997 , ten years after its original release , Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , and videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month . As of 2005 , it was selling a million DVDs per year , with over ten million copies sold as of 2007 . A May 2007 survey by Britain 's Sky Movies listed Dirty Dancing as number one on `` Women 's most - watched films '' , above the Star Wars trilogy , Grease , The Sound of Music , and Pretty Woman . The film 's popularity has also caused it to be called `` the Star Wars for girls . '' An April 2008 article in Britain 's Daily Mail listed Dirty Dancing as number one on a list of `` most romantic movie quotes ever '' , for Baby 's line : `` I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you . '' The film 's music has also had considerable impact . The closing song , `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , has been listed as the `` third most popular song played at funerals '' in the UK . Awards and honors ( edit ) Jennifer Grey at the 1988 Academy Awards Year Award Result Ref 60th Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Original Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Won Best Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Grammy Awards Best Pop Performance by a Duo Won Best Song written for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 93 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' -- # 86 `` Do You Love Me '' -- Nominated 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Johnny Castle : `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' -- # 98 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated Music ( edit ) See also : Dirty Dancing ( soundtrack ) Rehearsals for the dancing , and some filming , used music from Bergstein 's personal collection of gramophone records . When it came time to select actual music for the film , Vestron chose Jimmy Ienner as music supervisor . Ienner , who had previously produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night , opted to stick with much of the music that had already been used during filming and obtained licenses for the songs from Bergstein 's collection . He also enlisted Swayze to sing the new song `` She 's Like the Wind '' . Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz , originally intending for it to be used in the film Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) . John Morris composed the film 's score . The lyrics for the Kellermans ' song that closes the talent show were written specifically for the film and were sung to the tune of `` Annie Lisle '' , a commonly used theme for school alma maters . Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison chose the song for the finale by going through an entire box of tapes , listening to each one . According to Ortega , literally the last tape they listened to had `` The Time of My Life '' , which they saw as the obvious choice . Ienner then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it . The song won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group , an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . The film 's soundtrack started an oldies music revival , and demand for the album caught RCA Records by surprise . According to Franke Previte , before a single had even been released , there were a million albums on back - order . The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times , selling more than 32 million copies worldwide . It spawned a follow - up multi-platinum album in February 1988 , entitled More Dirty Dancing . Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included : `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' , performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes , composed by Franke Previte , John deNicola , and Donald Markowitz -- this song rose to # 1 on the pop charts . `` She 's Like the Wind '' , performed by lead actor Patrick Swayze , composed by Lee and Stacy Widelitz ; this song peaked at # 3 in 1988 . `` Hungry Eyes '' , performed by Eric Carmen , composed by Franke Previte and John deNicola ; this song peaked at # 4 in 1988 . `` Yes '' , performed by Merry Clayton , composed by Neal Cavanaugh , Terry Fryer and Tom Graf ; this song peaked # 45 in 1988 . Additionally , the resurgence in popularity of the oldies contained in the movie led to a re-release of The Contours ' single `` Do You Love Me '' . `` Do You Love Me '' was featured in the movie but was omitted from the original soundtrack ; it was included on More Dirty Dancing . Upon being re-released , `` Do You Love Me '' became a surprise hit all over again , this time peaking at # 11 ( it originally hit # 3 back in 1962 ) . Legacy ( edit ) The iconic scene where Johnny says `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner . '' As for the studio , despite the film 's huge monetary success , Vestron followed it up with a series of flops and ran out of money . Vestron 's parent company , Vestron Inc. , went bankrupt in 1989 , and was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million . The rights to Dirty Dancing now rest with Lionsgate Entertainment , which purchased Artisan Entertainment in 2003 . Orbach , already known as a successful Broadway actor , continued in different genres . He was the voice of the candelabrum `` Lumiere '' in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , before taking on his best known role , detective Lennie Briscoe in the TV crime drama Law & Order , which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004 . Choreographer Ortega went on to choreograph and direct other major pictures such as Newsies ( 1992 ) and starting in 2006 , the High School Musical series . He also became a director of film and television , including several episodes of Gilmore Girls , in which Dirty Dancing 's Kelly Bishop had a starring role . Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers , soul singer Maurice Williams ( whose song `` Stay '' was featured in the film ) , and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets . Today , Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival . Kellerman 's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel , and it now offers `` Dirty Dancing Weekends '' . Various images and lines from the film have worked their way into popular culture . Johnny Castle 's line , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' , has been used in song lyrics , as the title of the `` Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner '' episode of the TV series Veronica Mars , and as the title of a Fall Out Boy song . `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' was also quoted in Supernatural : when Dean says the line concerning his beloved Impala and his brother Sam retorts that the line is from a Swayze movie ; Dean responds : `` Swayze always gets a pass '' . The line was parodied in the webcomic Looking for Group where Richard , one of the primary characters , uttered a variation involving his own name , and in Family Guy , where the scene is parodied by Baby 's parents questioning Johnny due to her youth . In Sweden , feminist art group Sisters of Jam put the text `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner '' ( in English ) in white neon light at Umeå Bus Square ( 2008 ) and at Karlstad University ( 2012 ) . Family Guy also parodies the scene where Baby first sees Johnny dancing with the staff . In the TV series How I Met Your Mother , Barney Stinson attempts to pass off the Dirty Dancing story as the story of his own loss of virginity because he is ashamed of his actual story ; the original `` Love is Strange '' scene is shown with Barney replacing Johnny . The French film Heartbreaker ( 2010 ) pays homage to the film , as a plot detail , with some clips from the film shown and a `` recreation '' by the two main characters of the `` lift '' scene . In the first episode of the TV series New Girl , the female lead Jess watches the film repeatedly after her break up . Since 2009 , there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure , North Carolina . Alternate versions ( edit ) Stage version ( edit ) The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical , Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage . Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million , it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film , plus a few extra scenes . Musical direction was by Chong Lim ( one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney ) , and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company 's Josef Brown as Johnny . Although reviews were mixed , the production was a commercial success , selling over 200,000 tickets during its six - month run . It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London 's West End , where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23 , 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history , earning £ 6 million ( $ US12 million ) . As of March 2011 , over 1 million people have seen the musical in London , selling out 6 months in advance . The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five - year run , prior to a two - year national tour . The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13 , 2013 to February 22 , 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland . A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006 , with the show first starting in other North American cities . It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue , selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The production opened on November 15 , 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre , with an all - Canadian cast , except for Monica West ( Baby Housman ) , Britta Lazenga ( Penny ) , and Al Sapienza ( Jake Housman ) . After Toronto , the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28 , 2008 and officially on October 19 , 2008 , running through January 17 , 2009 , followed by Boston ( February 7 -- March 15 , 2009 ) and Los Angeles . An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington , DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities . Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2 . Tours and TV show ( edit ) Dirty Dancing has appeared in other forms than the stage version . In 1988 , a music tour named Dirty Dancing : Live in Concert , featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen , played 90 cities in three months . Also in 1988 , the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series , however with none of the original cast or staff . The series was canceled after only a few episodes . Prequel ( edit ) In 2004 , a prequel of the film was released , entitled Dirty Dancing : Havana Nights . It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance , when her family relocates to Havana , Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution . Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher -- considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film . 20th anniversary releases ( edit ) For the 20th anniversary in 2007 , the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage , while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes , and included writer commentary . At the same time , Codemasters released Dirty Dancing : The Video Game . In the United Kingdom , the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film ; titled Dirty Dancing : The Time of Your Life , the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort . In the UK , to mark the 20th anniversary of the film , Channel Five broadcast a special documentary called Seriously Dirty Dancing . It was presented by Dawn Porter , an investigative journalist and a self - confessed Dirty Dancing addict . The documentary was very successful , being Channel Five 's highest rated documentary of 2007 . Porter visited the set of the film , met other Dirty Dancing fanatics , and learned the last dance , which she performed at the end of the documentary in front of family and friends . Remake ( edit ) Main article : Dirty Dancing ( 2017 film ) In August 2011 , Lionsgate , who owns the film rights , announced their plan to remake the film . It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film 's choreographer , Kenny Ortega , to direct . `` We believe that the timing could n't be better to modernize this story on the big screen , and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm , '' Joe Drake , president of Lionsgate 's Motion Picture Group , explained about the project . A miniseries version of `` Dirty Dancing '' had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina . As of July 29 , 2015 , the miniseries has been put on hold . In December 2015 , ABC ordered a three - hour musical remake of Dirty Dancing , starring Abigail Breslin , Colt Prattes , Debra Messing , Sarah Hyland , Nicole Scherzinger , Billy Dee Williams & Shane Harper . It aired on May 24 , 2017 . It received negative reviews from a majority of critics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DIRTY DANCING ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 20 , 1987 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( September 16 , 2009 ) . `` Patrick Swayze , the man who inspired a generation of women to dance , has died '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Craughwell , Kathleen ( August 18 , 1997 ) . `` Save the Last Dirty Dance for the Revival ; Movies : ' Dirty Dancing , ' the Catskills love story with forbidden footwork , steps out again for its 10th birthday '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Desk , TV News ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` ABC Announces May Premiere Date for DIRTY DANCING Event Movie '' . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' : Where Kellerman 's Came to Life '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vernon , Polly ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Hey Baby -- we 're all Swayze now '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Winterman , Denise ( October 24 , 2006 ) . `` The Time of Your Life '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Different Moves '' . People . Jump up ^ Bergstein , Eleanor , producer ( 2007 ) . Dirty Dancing : 20th anniversary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lions Gate . Tribute to Emile Ardolino ^ Jump up to : Hartlaub , Peter ( January 16 , 2003 ) . `` Choreographer Kenny Ortega 's ode to disco '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Paul ( April 30 , 2007 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' marks 20 years with return to big screen '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dirty Dancing . The E ! True Hollywood Story . September 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( November 7 , 1992 ) . `` You may know Wayne Knight whether you know you do or not '' . Chicago Tribune ( AP ) . ^ Jump up to : Dirty Dancing : 20th anniversary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Lions Gate . 2007 . Jump up ^ Some scenes shot with Lipton in the role of Mrs. Houseman can be viewed on the 20th anniversary 2007 DVD Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel G. ( August 16 , 1987 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Rocks to an Innocent Beat '' . The New York Times . p . A19 . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ; Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Video review on Siskel & Ebert and The Movies '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 21 , 1987 ) . `` Review of Dirty Dancing '' . Sun Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( September 14 , 1987 ) . `` Cinema : Teenage Turmoil '' . Time . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carmon , Irin ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Dirty Dancing Is the Greatest Movie of All Time '' . Jezebel ( website ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Herold , Steph ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' Led the Way in Depicting Abortion -- If Only Other Media Would Follow '' . Rewire . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tzioumakis , Yannis ( 2013 ) . The Time of Our Lives : Dirty Dancing and Popular Culture . Wayne State University Press . p. 135 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wiams , William ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` Baby in the Underworld : Myth and Tragic Vision in Dirty Dancing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Private Dancers '' . The Age . June 15 , 2005 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sales / Home Video Top Cassettes of 88 from Billboard magazine '' . The Orlando Sentinel . December 30 , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Kolson , Ann ( August 17 , 1997 ) . `` Fairy Tale Without an Ending '' . The New York Times . p. 2.11 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Sandy ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Lions Gate grabs Swayze Rights '' . TheStreet.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : Baby 's Out of the Corner '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ' is top film obsession ' '' . BBC News . May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Alaway , Nick ( January 14 , 2001 ) . `` Dirty Dancing '' . Fast Rewind . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The insider 's guide to ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . CNN . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Tahira ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` From Bogart to McGregor : The top ten most romantic movie quotes ever '' . Daily Mail . I 'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I 'm with you access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1988 '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Mary ( Associated Press ) ( March 21 , 1988 ) . `` On the way to a singing career , he found success as a songwriter '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . ^ Jump up to : Bigelow , Bruce ( January 7 , 1988 ) . `` Three films receive five Golden Globe nominations '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : Hoekstra , Dave ( June 26 , 1988 ) . `` Dirty Dancing : The movie , the music , the money '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gardinier , Bob ( December 26 , 2007 ) . `` School searches for song of itself '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Lott , M. Ray ( 2004 ) . The American Martial Arts Film . McFarland . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1836 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taneja , Nikhil ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Those chart busters '' . The Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas go Dirty Dancing - Havana Nights '' . Havana Journal . February 8 , 2004 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zuma Beach Ent . Appointments President and Completes Acquisition '' . whedon.info . March 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing discography '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnny pulls Baby out of her chair , saying , `` Nobody puts Baby in a corner , '' to Jake . He and Baby take the stage , where Johnny announces , `` Sorry about the disruption , folks , but I always do the last dance of the season . This year somebody told me not to . So I 'm gon na do my kind of dancin ' with a great partner , who 's not only a terrific dancer , but somebody who taught me that there are people willing to stand up for other people no matter what it costs them . Somebody who taught me about the kind of person I want to be : Miss Frances Houseman . '' Jump up ^ `` Master actor exits to ringing applause '' . Newcastle Herald . January 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Newmark , Judith ( January 21 , 2007 ) . `` How a Disney made - for - TV movie suddenly became ... A ' high school ' craze '' . St. Louis Post Dispatch . Jump up ^ Full cast and crew for Gilmore Girls on Internet Movie Database . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . Dirtydancingfestival.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lodge Virginia -- Resorts in Virginia Mountain Lake Lodge '' . Mountainlakehotel.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Puts Baby In a Corner '' . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina town hosts ' Dirty Dancing ' festival '' . USA Today . August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing to make Welsh debut at Wales Millennium Centre in 2012 - Cardiff '' . Visitcardiff.com . March 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Closes 9 Jul , Prior to National Tour '' . Whatsonstage.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing returns to give West End audiences the time of their lives ! '' . BestofTheatre.co.uk . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing : The Classic Story on Stage '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sams , Christine ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` Dirty moves directed at US '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` Dirty Dancing , Musical Based on Hit Film , Opens in Chicago Oct. 19 '' Archived October 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` More Chances to Feel Dirty in Chicago ; Dirty Dancing Gets Six Extra Weeks '' Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , October 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk. DIRTY DANCING National Tour Opens Tonight at the National Theatre `` , broadwayworld.com , September 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( Film ) - TV Tropes '' . tvtropes.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Knight - Ridder Newspapers ( November 5 , 1989 ) . `` Movie Notes '' . Tulsa World . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing Video Game -- official site '' . Codemasters . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Susan ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` Coming soon to your PC : Dirty Dancing , the Video Game '' . Wired magazine blog network . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dirty Dancing to Film TV Miniseries in WNC Archived May 26 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Producers put Asheville ' Dirty Dancing ' miniseries in a corner '' . charlotteobserver . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' remake is coming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey The Next TV Musical Is Actually a Pretty Good Idea Vanity Fair . 10 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` See The Cast For The TV Remake Of ' Dirty Dancing ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dirty Dancing ' Remake Adds ' Awkward ' Alum as Robbie ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dirty Dancing ' ABC Remake Adds Billy Dee Williams As Tito '' . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Dancing ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dirty Dancing . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dirty Dancing Dirty Dancing on IMDb Dirty Dancing at the TCM Movie Database Dirty Dancing at Box Office Mojo Dirty Dancing at Rotten Tomatoes Dirty Dancing at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Emile Ardolino He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' ( 1983 ) Dirty Dancing ( 1987 ) Chances Are ( 1989 ) Three Men and a Little Lady ( 1990 ) Sister Act ( 1992 ) The Nutcracker ( 1993 ) Gypsy ( 1993 ) VIAF : 182889742 GND : 4703220 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirty_Dancing&oldid=834473208 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films American films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s dance films 1980s independent films 1980s musical films 1980s romantic drama films 1980s teen drama films 1980s teen romance films American coming - of - age films American dance films American independent films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films American teen drama films American teen romance films Borscht Belt Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Dirty Dancing films Feminist films Films about abortion Films about families Films about vacationing Films adapted into plays Films adapted into television programs Films directed by Emile Ardolino Films set in 1963 Films set in New York ( state ) Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in Virginia Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Artisan Entertainment films Lions Gate Entertainment films Vestron Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 22 : 25 . 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2003 World Series

2003 World Series - wikipedia 2003 World Series 2003 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Florida Marlins ( 4 ) Jack McKeon 91 -- 71 , . 562 , GB : 10 New York Yankees ( 2 ) Joe Torre 101 -- 61 , . 623 , GA : 6 Dates October 18 -- 25 MVP Josh Beckett ( Florida ) Umpires Randy Marsh ( crew chief ) , Larry Young , Gary Darling , Jeff Kellogg , Ed Rapuano , Tim Welke Hall of Famers Marlins : Iván Rodríguez Yankees : Joe Torre ( manager ) ALCS New York Yankees defeated Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 3 NLCS Florida Marlins defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 3 Broadcast Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Radio ESPN WQAM ( Marlins ) WCBS ( Yankees ) Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan ( ESPN ) Dave Van Horne and Jon Sciambi ( Marlins ) John Sterling and Charley Steiner ( Yankees ) World Series Program ← 2002 World Series 2004 → The 2003 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2003 season . The 99th edition of the World Series , it was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Florida Marlins and the American League ( AL ) champion New York Yankees ; the Marlins defeated the heavily favored Yankees , four games to two . The series was played from October 18 -- 25 , 2003 . This is the most recent Series in which the losing team outscored the winning team ; the Yankees lost , despite outscoring the Marlins 21 -- 17 in the Series . This was the Marlins ' second World Series championship win , having won their first in 1997 . As of 2017 , this is the Marlins ' last appearance not only in the World Series , but in the postseason at all . Contents 1 Background 2 Broadcasting 3 Summary 4 Matchups 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 5 Composite box 6 Notes 7 See also 8 External links Background ( edit ) The 2003 World Series featured the New York Yankees in their sixth Series appearance in eight years . Opposing them were the wild card Florida Marlins , appearing in their second World Series in their eleven - year franchise history . The Marlins became the second straight wild card team to win the World Series ; the Anaheim Angels won in 2002 . The series was , however , somewhat overshadowed by the League Championship Series that year , when the Chicago Cubs and the Boston Red Sox , both widely believed to be cursed , went down in dramatic defeats only five outs away from the pennant , and each in seven games . However , Marlins manager Jack McKeon disagreed , and having lived in South Amboy , New Jersey and attending Yankee games when a child , said that he wanted to play the Yankees in his first World Series . Further information : Curse of the Billy Goat , Steve Bartman incident , and Curse of the Bambino By losing the series , the Yankees became the first team to lose two World Series to post 1960 expansion teams ; losing to the Arizona Diamondbacks , who entered the National League in 1998 , in the 2001 World Series and now the Marlins who entered the National League in 1993 . It was the 100th anniversary of the World Series , and advertised as such . However , it was only the 99th event due to a strike cancelling the 1994 World Series and the boycott of the 1904 World Series by the National League . The Marlins started the season 16 -- 22 when they fired manager Jeff Torborg and hired McKeon , who had been retired from baseball for over two years . They went 75 -- 49 under McKeon to win the wild card . At 72 , McKeon would become the oldest manager to ever win a World Series . They lost the first game of the NLDS to the San Francisco Giants , but came back to win the final three . After going down three games to one to the Cubs in the NLCS , they rallied to win the final three games . In the World Series , the Marlins put up their young roster with a $54 million payroll up against the storied Yankees and their $164 million payroll . By facing the Marlins , the Yankees faced every team in the National League that had won a National League pennant . Since then , the 2005 Houston Astros and the 2007 Colorado Rockies have reached the World Series without facing the Yankees . As of 2017 , the Washington Nationals , who were originally the Montreal Expos , are the only National League team to have never made the World Series , joining the Seattle Mariners , who are the only American League team without any pennants . Broadcasting ( edit ) Fox Sports again provided coverage of the World Series on American television . Joe Buck and Tim McCarver broadcast the series for Fox . National radio coverage was provided by ESPN Radio , with Jon Miller and Joe Morgan calling the action . The Marlins ' local broadcast aired on WQAM in Miami and on the Marlins Radio Network . Jon Sciambi and Dave Van Horne were in the booth . The Yankees ' local broadcast was carried by WCBS - AM and the New York Yankees Radio Network , with John Sterling and Charley Steiner broadcasting . Summary ( edit ) The Yankees had been awarded home - field advantage for this World Series , because the AL won the 2003 All - Star game . MLB had alternated home - field advantage for the World Series between the two leagues prior to this , and the NL would have been due for home - field in 2003 before the change . NL Florida Marlins ( 4 ) vs. AL New York Yankees ( 2 ) Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 18 Florida Marlins -- 3 , New York Yankees -- 2 Yankee Stadium 3 : 43 55,769 October 19 Florida Marlins -- 1 , New York Yankees -- 6 Yankee Stadium 2 : 56 55,750 October 21 New York Yankees -- 6 , Florida Marlins -- 1 Pro Player Stadium 3 : 21 65,731 October 22 New York Yankees -- 3 , Florida Marlins -- 4 ( 12 innings ) Pro Player Stadium 4 : 03 65,934 5 October 23 New York Yankees -- 4 , Florida Marlins -- 6 Pro Player Stadium 3 : 05 65,975 6 October 25 Florida Marlins -- 2 , New York Yankees -- 0 Yankee Stadium 2 : 57 55,773 Matchups ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Saturday , October 18 , 2003 8 : 06 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 WP : Brad Penny ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : David Wells ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ugueth Urbina ( 1 ) Home runs : FLA : None NYY : Bernie Williams ( 1 ) A trio of Marlins pitchers managed to keep the Yankees in check . Brad Penny , Dontrelle Willis , and Ugueth Urbina held New York to two runs . Juan Pierre scored Florida 's first run in the first on Iván Rodríguez 's sacrifice fly and drove in the other two with a two - run single in the fifth . The Yankees scored on a single by Derek Jeter in the third and a home run by Bernie Williams in the sixth , the eighteenth postseason home run of his career , tying a mark shared by Reggie Jackson and Mickey Mantle . Urbina ran into immediate trouble in the ninth , walking Jason Giambi to lead off the inning and , one out later , walking pinch - hitter Rubén Sierra to put pinch - runner David Dellucci in scoring position . However , Alfonso Soriano was called out looking on a 3 -- 2 pitch and Nick Johnson flied out to center to end the game . David Wells pitched seven solid innings for New York in a losing effort . The defeat marked the first Yankees loss of a home World Series contest since Game 2 of the 1996 World Series . Game 2 ( edit ) Sunday , October 19 , 2003 8 : 00 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 10 WP : Andy Pettitte ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Mark Redman ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : FLA : None NYY : Hideki Matsui ( 1 ) , Alfonso Soriano ( 1 ) The Yankees bounced back behind the arm of Andy Pettitte who allowed only six hits and one walk in ​ 8 ⁄ innings . He allowed only one unearned run on a single by Derrek Lee in the ninth . The Yankees ' Hideki Matsui hit a three - run home run in the first inning on a 3 -- 0 pitch , becoming the first Japanese player to hit a home run in a World Series , and also became the second Japanese player to play a World Series game . Nick Johnson hit a bunt single in the second with one out and scored on Juan Rivera 's double with Rivera being tagged out at third . Alfonso Soriano hit a two - run shot off reliever Rick Helling in the fourth . Florida 's starter Mark Redman lasted only ​ 2 ⁄ innings while allowing four runs . It would be the last World Series game won by the Yankees at the old Yankee Stadium . Game 3 ( edit ) Tuesday , October 21 , 2003 8 : 32 pm ( EDT ) at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 WP : Mike Mussina ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Josh Beckett ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mariano Rivera ( 1 ) Home runs : NYY : Aaron Boone ( 1 ) , Bernie Williams ( 2 ) FLA : None Game 3 was a close pitcher 's duel for the first seven innings . Florida starter Josh Beckett held the Yankees to one run through seven innings , the lone run coming on a bases - loaded walk after two consecutive borderline pitches that were called balls . The Marlins struck early off New York starter Mike Mussina with Miguel Cabrera singling in Juan Pierre in the bottom of the first . Mussina settled down and did not allow another run to the Marlins in seven strong innings . Beckett pitched strong into the eighth until he started to tire . He left with one out in the eighth having recorded ten strikeouts for the night . Reliever Dontrelle Willis entered the 1 -- 1 game and got one out , but gave up an opposite - field single to Hideki Matsui to give the Yankees their first lead of the night . Chad Fox relieved Willis and struck out Rubén Sierra to end the inning . The Yankees offense would return in the ninth . Aaron Boone led off the inning with a home run to left , and after walking Alfonso Soriano and hitting Derek Jeter , Bernie Williams hit a three - run shot to center to give the Yankees a 6 -- 1 lead . Williams ' home run was his nineteenth in the postseason , a new Major League record . His 65 RBIs were also the most in postseason history . Yankees closer Mariano Rivera pitched the final two innings for his record 30th career postseason save . Mussina received his fifth postseason win . The game was interrupted in the seventh by a rain delay lasting 39 minutes . It was the first weather - related delay of a World Series game since Game 1 of the 1996 World Series , which also involved the Yankees . Game 4 ( edit ) Wednesday , October 22 , 2003 8 : 24 pm ( EDT ) at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 WP : Braden Looper ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jeff Weaver ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NYY : None FLA : Miguel Cabrera ( 1 ) , Álex González ( 1 ) The Marlins jumped out to an early lead against Yankees starter Roger Clemens . Miguel Cabrera hit a two - run homer in the first and Derrek Lee hit an RBI single . Clemens settled down and held the Marlins scoreless in the next six innings . When Clemens struck out Luis Castillo to end the seventh , it was then thought to have marked the end of his Major League career . With flashbulbs lighting up the stadium , the crowd gave him a standing ovation ; the Marlins even paused to applaud in recognition of Clemens ' what then appeared to be a hall - of - fame career ( as it turned out , Clemens would put off his retirement to sign with the Houston Astros for 2004 ) . Meanwhile , the Yankees scored their first run on a sacrifice fly by Aaron Boone in the second inning . Marlins starter Carl Pavano held the Yankees to that lone run through eight strong innings . Clemens was set to get the loss until the Yankees rallied in the ninth against Ugueth Urbina . Bernie Williams singled with one out , Hideki Matsui walked and Jorge Posada grounded into a force play . Pinch - hitter Rubén Sierra fouled off two full - count pitches before tripling into the right - field corner to tie the ball game . The game headed to extra innings . The Yankees threatened to score in the top of the eleventh when they loaded the bases with one out off Chad Fox . Braden Looper relieved Fox and struck out Boone , and replacement catcher John Flaherty popped out to third . The Marlins won the game in dramatic fashion in the bottom of the twelfth when Álex González led off with a home run off Jeff Weaver that just cleared the fence in left to help the Marlins win 4 -- 3 . Prior to the home run , Gonzalez had been 5 - for - 53 in the 2003 postseason . Game 5 ( edit ) Thursday , October 23 , 2003 8 : 24 pm ( EDT ) at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 9 WP : Brad Penny ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : José Contreras ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ugueth Urbina ( 2 ) Home runs : NYY : Jason Giambi ( 1 ) FLA : None Game 5 featured a rematch of Game 1 's starters , Florida 's Brad Penny versus New York 's David Wells . Before a sellout crowd of 65,975 , the Yankees did not appear very sharp , botching a rundown play in the fifth inning that led to two Marlin runs . Slumping Alfonso Soriano was benched and first baseman Jason Giambi nursed a leg injury . Wells left the game after pitching just one inning due to back spasms . His replacement , José Contreras , pitched three shaky innings , allowing three walks and four runs . The Yankees drew first blood with a sacrifice fly from Bernie Williams in the first . In the second , the Marlins scored on an RBI double by Álex González and Brad Penny helped his own cause by singling in two more runs . They scored again on a Juan Pierre double in the fourth and a two - run single by Mike Lowell in the fifth , to give the Marlins a 6 -- 1 lead . The Yankees began clawing away at that lead with a Derek Jeter RBI - single in the seventh . Dontrelle Willis relieved Penny by pitching a scoreless eighth . In the ninth , Jason Giambi hit a pinch - hit home run to right field off reliever Braden Looper . That made it 6 -- 3 Marlins . After a Jeter single , Enrique Wilson doubled him home to cut the Marlins ' lead to 6 -- 4 . Ugueth Urbina relieved Looper and retired Bernie Williams on a fly ball near the outfield wall which was caught by Juan Encarnación just inches away from a home run and Hideki Matsui on a ground ball to first base to preserve the Marlins win . This would be the seventh and final World Series game at what was then Pro Player Stadium ; the Marlins would continue to play at the stadium until the end of the 2011 Major League Baseball season . This was the first of two consecutive games in this World Series to mark the final World Series game in its respective park . This game also marked the first time in MLB history that 1st inning runs had been scored in the first 5 games played in a World Series . Game 6 ( edit ) Saturday , October 25 , 2003 7 : 55 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 WP : Josh Beckett ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Andy Pettitte ( 1 -- 1 ) Jack McKeon and George W. Bush The series headed back to New York for Game 6 , marking the 100th World Series game ever played at Yankee Stadium . Marlins manager Jack McKeon decided to start 23 - year - old Josh Beckett on three days ' rest . Beckett made the move seem brilliant -- his complete game shutout in the final game of the World Series made him the first to accomplish the feat since Jack Morris of the Minnesota Twins in 1991 . The Marlins scored the game 's only runs on three consecutive two - out singles by Alex Gonzalez , Juan Pierre and Luis Castillo in the fifth and Juan Encarnación 's sacrifice fly next inning . With the victory , the Marlins became the first National League team since the 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers , the last opposing team to win a Series championship at Yankee Stadium , to win the World Series without having home field advantage . They are just the fourth team overall to do it since the 1984 Detroit Tigers , following the 1992 Toronto Blue Jays and the 1999 New York Yankees . The 2006 St. Louis Cardinals later accomplished the same of feat , as did the 2008 Philadelphia Phillies , the 2014 San Francisco Giants , the 2016 Chicago Cubs and most recently the 2017 Houston Astros . They also became the second expansion team in the National League to win two World Series titles , following the New York Mets who achieved this feat in 1986 ; the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League , who pulled this off in 1992 and 1993 , are the third major - league expansion franchise to do so . The Kansas City Royals , also of the American League , became the 4th expansion franchise to win two World Series titles , adding the 2015 title to their 1985 win . The Marlins also became the fastest expansion team to win two World Series titles , as the Mets won their second title in their 25th season , and the Blue Jays did it in their 17th ( the Royals , joining the group 12 years later , got their second title in their 47th season ) . The championship was the Marlins ' second despite never having won a division title . The Atlanta Braves had won the NL East every year since 1995 going into this World Series , a strike ended the 1994 season without division winners , and the Philadelphia Phillies won the Marlins ' division in 1993 ( that streak would end in 2006 , when the New York Mets claimed the NL East title ) . The Marlins also became the first team since the creation of the Division Series to win the World Series without ever having home - field advantage during their entire post-season . As of 2015 , the Marlins have a 6 - 0 record in postseason series play ; until the Tampa Bay Rays lost the 2008 World Series , they had extended their home state 's perfect streak to 8 - 0 . This was the last World Series game held in the original Yankee Stadium before its closure after the 2008 season . The last World Series in which two stadiums hosted their final World Series games until this year was the 1959 World Series . The Marlins have not played in a World Series since 2003 , but the Yankees have , as the new Yankee Stadium opened in 2009 , the year of their 27th World Championship . Composite box ( edit ) 2003 World Series ( 4 -- 2 ) : Florida Marlins ( N.L. ) over New York Yankees ( A.L. ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Florida Marlins 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 17 47 New York Yankees 0 8 0 0 0 21 54 5 Total attendance : 364,932 Average attendance : 60,822 Winning player 's share : $306,150 Losing player 's share : $180,890 This World Series is notable for being one of the few six - game series in which the winning team was outscored . It happened previously in 1918 , 1959 , 1977 , 1992 , and 1996 . Seven - game series winners were outscored in 1957 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1991 , 1997 , and 2002 ; ( equaled in 2016 and 2017 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Many MLB Wild - Card Teams Have Won the World Series ? '' . The Cheat Sheet . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` Reality of title beats McKeon 's wildest dreams '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . McKeon grew up in Perth Amboy , N.J. As a youngster he made repeated trips to Yankee Stadium . ' I wanted to have my first World Series in Yankee Stadium , ' he said . ' Win or lose , I wanted to play it in Yankee Stadium . What finer presence could I have than getting the opportunity to manage my first World Series team in Yankee Stadium . ' Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 1 -- Florida Marlins vs. New York Yankees '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 2 -- Florida Marlins vs. New York Yankees '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 3 -- New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 4 -- New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 5 -- New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 6 -- Florida Marlins vs. New York Yankees '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares '' . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . See also ( edit ) 2003 Japan Series External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2003 World Series . 2003 World Series at WorldSeries.com ( MLB.com ) 2003 World Series at Baseball Almanac 2003 World Series at Baseball-Reference.com The 2003 Post-Season Games ( box scores and play - by - play ) at Retrosheet History of the World Series - 2003 at The SportingNews . 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Tenth Doctor

Tenth Doctor - wikipedia Tenth Doctor Jump to : navigation , search The Doctor The Tenth Doctor Doctor Who character David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor First regular appearance `` The Parting of the Ways '' Last regular appearance The End of Time Portrayed by David Tennant Information Tenure 18 June 2005 -- 1 January 2010 No of series 3 + Specials ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Appearances 36 stories ( 47 episodes ) Companions Rose Tyler Mickey Smith Donna Noble Martha Jones Jack Harkness Astrid Peth Sarah Jane Smith Jackson Lake Rosita Farisi Christina de Souza Adelaide Brooke Wilfred Mott Chronology Series Series 2 ( 2006 ) Series 3 ( 2007 ) Series 4 ( 2008 ) Specials ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Preceded by Christopher Eccleston ( Ninth Doctor ) Succeeded by Matt Smith ( Eleventh Doctor ) The Tenth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who , who is played by David Tennant in three series as well as nine specials . As with previous incarnations of the Doctor , the character has also appeared in other Doctor Who spin - offs . In the programme 's narrative , the Doctor is a centuries - old Time Lord alien from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time in his TARDIS , frequently with companions . When the Doctor is critically injured beyond medical repair , he can regenerate his body ; in doing so , his physical appearance and personality change , and a new actor assumes the role . Tennant 's portrayal of the Doctor is of an outwardly charismatic and charming adventurer whose likable and easygoing attitude can quickly turn to righteous fury when provoked . This incarnation 's companions include working class shop assistant Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) , medical student Martha Jones ( Freema Agyeman ) , and fiery temp worker Donna Noble ( Catherine Tate ) . He eventually parts ways with them all by the end of the 2008 series finale , `` Journey 's End '' , after which he attempts to travel alone for the duration of the 2008 -- 2010 specials before being accompanied by Donna Noble 's grandfather Wilfred Mott on his final adventure in The End of Time . In November 2013 , Tennant 's Doctor was voted `` The UK 's favourite Doctor '' in a survey held by the Radio Times magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Personality 2.1 Appearance 3 Appearances 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Spoofs 3.2 Literature 3.3 Audio drama 4 Reception 5 References 6 Notes 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Executive producer Russell T Davies revived Doctor Who after a 16 - year absence with the premiere of `` Rose '' in 2005 . Following the BBC 's announcement of a second series being commissioned , the story broke that Christopher Eccleston , who played the titular Ninth Doctor , would not be returning for the second series . On 16 April 2005 , the BBC announced that David Tennant had been selected for the role of the Tenth Doctor . His first appearance in the series was for 20 seconds following the Ninth Doctor 's regeneration at the end of `` The Parting of the Ways '' . His first full episode as the Doctor , barring an appearance in a `` mini-episode '' during the 2005 Children in Need show , was the 2005 Christmas Special , `` The Christmas Invasion '' . He then appeared in the 2006 series , the second Christmas Special , `` The Runaway Bride '' , the 2007 series , the third Christmas Special , `` Voyage of the Damned '' , and the 2008 series . Rather than a traditional series run , 2009 features a series of five specials and a series of animated shorts , all starring Tennant as the Tenth Doctor ; he also guest - starred in the two - part The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith of The Sarah Jane Adventures in that year . Tennant also appears in two animated serials ; The Infinite Quest is counted with the third series , and Dreamland is counted amongst the 2008 -- 2010 specials . In 2013 , Tennant reprised his role as the Doctor for the 50th anniversary special `` The Day of the Doctor '' , where it is revealed that due to an uncounted past incarnation , War Doctor , the Tenth Doctor is in fact the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor . The next episode , `` The Time of the Doctor , '' further explains that because the Tenth Doctor underwent an aborted regeneration in `` Journey 's End , '' the Eleventh Doctor ( his twelfth incarnation ) was in fact on his thirteenth and final life . Personality ( edit ) The Tenth Doctor speaks with an Estuary English accent , rather than the Greater Manchester accent ( Christopher Eccleston 's own accent ) that the Ninth Doctor used , the Received Pronunciation of most earlier Doctors , or Tennant 's natural Scottish English . David Tennant told SFX magazine in 2006 that Russell T Davies had asked him to drop his natural Scottish accent , because he felt `` we 'd like to not go for another obvious regional accent , because I suppose they 'd done that '' . In a 23 December interview on BBC Radio 1 , Tennant explained that a line had been scripted for the Christmas special explaining that the newly regenerated Doctor had imprinted on Rose Tyler 's accent , `` like a chick hatching from an egg '' , but the line was cut from the final episode . The depictions of the personalities of the Tenth and Eleventh Doctors shared certain similarities e.g. both being youthful , energetic , friendly , childlike , `` good boyfriend Doctors '' , as Steven Moffat described them and , according to Mark Gatiss `` very human Doctors '' when compared to other incarnations . Appearance ( edit ) The Doctor complains that his tenth incarnation is not `` ginger '' . However , this incarnation was happy to have sideburns and to have more hair than his previous incarnation . He wears his own brown hair in various ways throughout the series : unstyled in `` The Christmas Invasion '' , a 1950s - style quiff in `` The Idiot 's Lantern '' , and flattened forwards in `` The Runaway Bride '' and `` The Day of the Doctor '' , but mainly styled it in a spiked up fashion throughout most of the series , with this style being described by friend and later one - time companion Wilfred Mott as being a , `` Modern style sort of hair . All sticky - uppy '' . He has dark brown eyes and is perceived by most , including companions and other characters such as his future incarnation as `` slim and a little bit foxy '' . His costume was unveiled on July 27 , 2005 . He generally wears either a dark brown ( with blue pinstripes ) or a blue ( with rust red pinstripes ) four - buttoned suit , a shirt and a tie , a light brown faux - suede overcoat ( which he claims was given to him by Janis Joplin ) , and different coloured pairs of Converse All - Star sneakers , depending on his suit . According to an interview on Parkinson , David Tennant and Russell T Davies got the idea for the Tenth Doctor 's costume from an outfit Jamie Oliver had worn on Parkinson just after Tennant had taken the role . David Tennant has commented that he would vary the combination of the buttons he fastened on his jacket in different episodes . Tennant thought the look was very geek chic . The Doctor dons a pair of dark tortoise - shell rectangular frame glasses , an affectation ( along with his signature footwear ) borrowed from the Fifth Doctor . He also occasionally sports a pair of Red - Cyan 3D glasses , both as a joke and for practical reasons . The Tenth Doctor 's costume became so popular that it has spawned numerous recreations ( including a BBC - licensed replica of the Tenth Doctor 's overcoat by AbbyShot Clothiers and a white / red version worn by Tennant when he co-hosted Comic Relief ) , and has been cited by costume designer Louise Page as the costume she is most proud of from her time on Doctor Who . Appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The Ninth Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) regenerates into the Tenth Doctor ( David Tennant ) at the climax of the 2005 series finale , `` The Parting of the Ways '' ; he re-introduces himself to his companion Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) in an untitled Children in Need mini-episode . In the Christmas special , he is in a comatose state for most of the episode , following his regeneration . After eventually waking up , he defeats the alien Sycorax and saves Earth ; in the process , he loses a hand , which regrows owing to his recent regeneration . Amongst other 2006 series adventures , the Doctor and Rose save Queen Victoria ( Pauline Collins ) from a werewolf , resulting in the creation of the anti-alien Torchwood Institute . The Doctor shares an adventure with two former companions , journalist Sarah Jane Smith ( Elisabeth Sladen ) and robot dog K - 9 ( John Leeson ) , before taking on Rose 's boyfriend Mickey ( Noel Clarke ) as a second companion . The TARDIS slips through a crack in the Time Vortex causing them to be stranded on a parallel Earth , where they encounter the Cybermen . After saving parallel Earth , Mickey decides to stay and help stop the Cybermen around the world despite the Doctor telling him he can never return . He and Rose become stranded on a planet orbiting around a black hole where The Beast is waiting , with a Torchwood team . While there The Beast taunts the Doctor and Rose about Rose 's death . During the 2012 Olympic Games , the Doctor picks up the Olympic flame and carries it to the end , starting the Games . The series finale takes place in contemporary London , where modern - day Torchwood is the scene for war between the evil alien Daleks and parallel - universe cyborgs the Cybermen ; saving the Earth costs the Doctor Rose , who is stranded in a parallel universe , along with Mickey and her mother , in `` Doomsday '' . In the closing scene of `` Doomsday '' , a mysterious bride ( Catherine Tate ) inexplicably appears in his TARDIS . The 2006 Christmas special sees the Doctor and bride - to - be Donna Noble save the Earth ; Donna saves the Doctor from going too far in his revenge against the alien Racnoss and declines his offer of companionship . In the 2007 series , the Doctor takes on Martha Jones ( Freema Agyeman ) as his new companion . Together , they witness the mysterious Face of Boe ( Struan Rodger ) prophesy to the Doctor that `` you are not alone . '' They are rejoined by former companion Captain Jack Harkness ( John Barrowman ) in a three - episode adventure where presumed - deceased archenemy and fellow Time Lord the Master ( John Simm ) becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and enslaves the Doctor for one year . Martha 's plan sees the Doctor infused with the world 's psychic energies , and he easily defeats the Master , who seemingly refuses to regenerate and dies in the Doctor 's arms . Following this adventure , in the dénouement of series finale `` Last of the Time Lords '' , Jack and Martha both depart the TARDIS , and the Doctor is shocked to see what appears to be the RMS Titanic crash into it . Set moments prior , another Children in Need mini-episode , `` Time Crash '' , features a brief encounter between Tennant 's Tenth Doctor and the Fifth Doctor ( Peter Davison ) , containing meta - humour surrounding the fact David Tennant had watched and loved Davison 's doctor as a child . In parallel with the third series , Tennant lends his voice to the animated serial The Infinite Quest . The 2007 Christmas special sees the Doctor and a waitress , Astrid ( Kylie Minogue ) , save the Earth from the impending crash of the starship Titanic ; Astrid dies heroically , and the Doctor encounters Wilfred Mott ( Bernard Cribbins ) for the first time . In the 2008 series première episode , the Doctor is reunited with Donna Noble , Mott 's granddaughter , who becomes his regular companion . In `` Planet of the Ood '' , the alien Ood prophesy the Tenth Doctor 's demise . Martha accompanies them for three episodes ; in two , the Doctor battles the alien Sontarans , and last of which sees him become a father of sorts to Jenny ( Georgia Moffett ) , in `` The Doctor 's Daughter '' . He meets archaeologist and future companion River Song ( Alex Kingston ) for the first time from his perspective in the two - parter `` Silence in the Library '' / `` Forest of the Dead '' ; she dies , but he stores her consciousness to a hard drive to live on forever , after accepting that one day she will come to mean a lot to him . After Donna encounters Rose in a parallel world in `` Turn Left '' , the Doctor realises that Rose 's words to Donna -- `` Bad Wolf '' -- must herald the end of the world . In finale episodes `` The Stolen Earth '' and `` Journey 's End '' ( which cross over with spin - offs Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures ) , the Doctor and Donna reunite with former companions Rose , Sarah Jane , Martha , Jack , and Mickey to save the universe from Davros ( Julian Bleach ) , the creator of the Daleks . A half - human Doctor is created from the Doctor 's previously severed hand , and Donna is given the mind of a Time Lord ; the Human Doctor enjoys a happy ending with Rose in the parallel universe , though the Doctor is forced to erase Donna 's memories to save her life , leaving him alone . A Doctor Who Prom mini-episode , `` Music of the Spheres '' , features a lone Doctor composing his musical Ode to the Universe before being interrupted by the small alien Graske ( Jimmy Vee ) . In lieu of a 2009 series , Tennant appears as the Tenth Doctor , without a regular companion , in several special episodes over the course of 2008 and 2009 , the last of which aired on New Year 's Day , 2010 . In the Christmas special `` The Next Doctor '' , the Doctor mistakenly believes he has met a later incarnation of himself in an amnesiac Londoner ( David Morrissey ) , with whom he saves Victorian - era London . `` Planet of the Dead '' ( Easter 2009 ) features jewel thief Lady Christina de Souza ( Michelle Ryan ) as the Doctor 's one - off companion , and the Doctor is presented with a prophecy of his imminent death . Tennant makes a crossover appearance in a The Sarah Jane Adventures two - parter , The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith , in which a powerful being known as the Trickster ( Paul Marc Davis ) also alludes to the Tenth Doctor 's impending demise . In `` The Waters of Mars '' , the Doctor tries to alter history and avert the death of one - off companion Adelaide Brooke ( Lindsay Duncan ) ; when she commits suicide , he begins to feel his mortality weigh down upon him . In the animated serial Dreamland , the Doctor is joined by two one - off companions in 1950s Roswell , New Mexico . In the two - part send - off The End of Time , the Doctor confronts the Ood about their original prophecy and is led to contemporary Earth where , in the second part , the again - resurrected Master ( Simm ) restores Gallifrey and the Time Lords to existence , although he redeems himself by assisting the Doctor to defeat Time Lord President Rassilon ( Timothy Dalton ) before disappearing alongside the other Time Lords . The Doctor sacrifices his life to save Mott , exposing himself to 500,000 rads of deadly radiation and triggering his regeneration . He holds it back and is shown visiting several companions . He gives Donna a winning lottery ticket on her wedding day , buying it with money he borrowed from her late father in the past , saves Martha and Mickey from a Sontaran sniper , saves Sarah Jane 's son Luke ( Tommy Knight ) from a car , introduces Jack to a romantic interest ( Russell Tovey ) , and finally , just before regenerating into the Eleventh Doctor ( Matt Smith ) , he informs Rose in 2005 that she is about to have a `` great year '' . As he begins regenerating once in the TARDIS , his last words are `` I do n't want to go '' . Tennant reprised the role for the show 's 50th anniversary in `` The Day of the Doctor '' ( 2013 ) , appearing alongside the Eleventh Doctor ( Smith ) and a forgotten past incarnation , the War Doctor , played by John Hurt . In the special , in which we view scenes from the Tenth Doctor 's time taking place between `` The Waters of Mars '' and The End of Time , the Doctor unintentionally marries Queen Elizabeth I ( Joanna Page ) while luring out a Zygon . He helps the other Doctors in saving Gallifrey at the Time War 's conclusion , but will not retain memories of the event . His final words are , once again `` I do n't want to go '' after being told that he will die on Trenzalore . Spoofs ( edit ) David Tennant has also made numerous cameo appearances as the Doctor outside of Doctor Who , frequently in spoof appearances . Singer and actress Charlotte Church spoofs Doctor Who alongside an actor playing the Tenth Doctor in her own The Charlotte Church Show ( 2006 ) . In an appearance on The Friday Night Project in 2007 , Tennant plays a female companion to the Tenth Doctor ( Justin Lee Collins ) on the Pink Planet , where they are confronted by the alien Gay Lord ( Alan Carr ) . When the show became The Sunday Night Project , Catherine Tate appeared in a skit playing the Tenth Doctor . Tennant starred opposite Catherine Tate in her own The Catherine Tate Show special ( 2007 ) as Lauren Cooper 's ( Tate ) teacher Mr. Logan , who Cooper teases for his resemblance to the Doctor ; eventually , he reveals himself to be the Tenth Doctor and shrinks Cooper into a 5 '' Rose Tyler action figure . In the final episode of Extras ( December 2007 ) , a brief scene shows the Doctor and an unidentified Wren companion attacked by Schlong , a slug - like alien played by Andy Millman ( Ricky Gervais ) . The Tenth Doctor is also featured in political satire ; in a 2007 episode of Dead Ringers , when faced by the question of Gordon Brown 's succession , Tony Blair ( impressionist Jon Culshaw ) regenerates into David Tennant after promising `` New Labour is all about renewal '' , later vowing 100 more years of power . Tennant modifies his first line in `` The Parting of the Ways '' ( `` New teeth , that 's weird '' ) , to `` New Labour , that 's weird '' and proceeds to address the public in a Tony Blair impression resembling Culshaw 's . Tennant also guest voiced his incarnation of the Doctor in an episode of Family Guy . Literature ( edit ) As the face of the Doctor Who franchise for 2005 -- 10 , the Tenth Doctor appears extensively in Doctor Who spin - off media ; in the majority of these series , the character simply takes after the place of the Ninth Doctor , and in turn is replaced by the Eleventh following the debut of the 2010 series . Novels featuring the Tenth Doctor are all published by BBC Books . The character appears in New Series Adventures novels spanning from The Stone Rose ( April 2006 ) to The Krillitane Storm ( September 2009 ) . A number Decide Your Destiny novels were published between July 2007 and March 2008 , as well as five books published as a part of Quick Reads Initiative , a government - sponsored adult literacy project . BBC Children 's Books released their own 10 - part series , The Darksmith Legacy , supported by an interactive tie - in website . Additionally , short stories are frequently published in Doctor Who Magazine , The Doctor Who Storybook series ( 2007 -- 10 editions ) , the BBC website , and annuals and suchlike ; one example being the story `` The Lodger '' by Gareth Roberts , later adapted into an Eleventh Doctor television episode of the same name . National newspapers The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Times have each published one Christmas - themed Tenth Doctor short story . Additionally , the Tenth Doctor appears in a novelisation of his The Sarah Jane Adventures crossover appearance . The Tenth Doctor also appears extensively in comic books , replacing the Ninth Doctor in those published in Doctor Who Magazine , and the younger - audience Doctor Who Adventures and Doctor Who : Battles in Time . American comic book publisher initially published a 2008 Tenth Doctor and Martha Jones miniseries between January and June 2006 . This was later followed by a truly ongoing Tenth Doctor series in July 2009 , set during the 2008 -- 2010 specials and lasting sixteen issues before relaunching with the Eleventh Doctor . In stories set after `` Journey 's End '' , the Doctor is accompanied by numerous one - off and recurring companions who do not feature in the television series . Outside of Doctor Who literature , penciller Georges Jeanty includes a cameo of the Tenth Doctor and Rose in a panel of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight story arc `` No Future for You '' . The Tenth Doctor was utilised in the American satirical political cartoon strip , This Modern World . Arriving in 2003 , the Doctor hints to Sparky the Wonder Penguin ( the strip 's main character ) that in five years ' time , the next President could be a black man , with the middle name Hussein , whose father was a Muslim , referring to the popularity of Senator Barack Obama in the 2008 Presidential election . The character also appeared in a story arc of the webcomic PvP , in which character Brent Sienna hallucinates materialising in the TARDIS . Audio Drama ( edit ) As is the case with the BBC Books novels , the Tenth Doctor replaced the Ninth as the face of the Doctor Who audiobook series , beginning with Pest Control in May 2008 and ending with Dead Air in March 2010 . The majority are read by David Tennant , save one read by Michelle Ryan and two by Catherine Tate . A number of Tenth Doctor novels were also abridged to become audiobooks , again featuring David Tennant 's voice alongside other cast members such as Freema Agyeman and television series guest stars such as Georgia Moffett , Reggie Yates and Anthony Head ; the last of these scheduled is Judgement of the Judoon , for December 2010 . On 26 October 2015 , it was announced Tennant would reprise his role for full - cast audio stories produced by Big Finish Productions , alongside Tate as Donna Noble . The first volume of stories , consisting of Technophobia , Time Reaver , and Death and the Queen , were released in May 2016 . The second volume of stories saw Billie Piper reprise her role as Rose Tyler alongside Tennant , the stories consisted of Infamy of the Zaross , Sword of the Chevalier , and Cold Vengeance , these stories are due to be released in November 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Tenth Doctor has been extremely popular amongst the Doctor Who fandom . He received critical acclaim for his complexity and humanity and is considered one of the greatest incarnations of the character . The BBC went as far as to consider ending the show in 2010 , thinking it would fail without Tennant . In 2006 , readers of Doctor Who Magazine voted Tennant 's Doctor `` Best Doctor '' over perennial favourite Tom Baker . He also won the National Television Awards award for Most Popular Actor in 2006 and 2007 , and the award for Outstanding Drama Performance in 2008 and 2010 . In a poll conducted by Radio Times in March 2007 , Tennant 's Doctor was named the `` coolest character on television '' . IGN ranked the Tenth Doctor the best Doctor in 2011 . In 2013 , IGN again ranked Tennant as the best Doctor , along with the Daily Mail and Radio Times , with Billie Piper also being voted as best companion . Users of Plusnet also voted David Tennant as the best Doctor in 2013 . Users of DoctorWhoTV also voted Tennant as ' Ultimate Doctor ' in 2013 . Voters on Digital Spy also rated Tennant as the greatest Doctor in 2013 with 50.05 % of the votes , and again in 2015 . A poll in November 2013 revealed that Tennant was considered the greatest Doctor with 33 % of the vote , a clear 10 % lead over 2nd place , Tom Baker . Readers of The Telegraph voted Tennant as the greatest actor to play the Doctor in 2014 . Jenna Coleman , who played Clara Oswald and appeared with Tennant in `` The Day of the Doctor '' , said that he was her favourite Doctor , along with Tom Baker . Writer Terry Pratchett considered Tennant 's portrayal to be the greatest Doctor . In 2016 , Digital Spy readers voted the Tenth Doctor the best TV character of the 21st century . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Companion Piece '' . BBC News . 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Should Be So Lucky ? '' . 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Confidential at Christmas '' . Doctor Who Confidential . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 25 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- Sarah Jane Smith -- Character Guide '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Anton ( 21 July 2009 ) . `` Who 's Your Favorite Doctor Who Companion ? '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Executive Producer Mark Cossey , Executive Producers For Doctor Who Russell T Davies , Julie Gardner , Producer Zoë Rushton , Series Producer Gillane Seaborne ( 25 December 2008 ) . `` ( Untitled ) '' . Doctor Who Confidential . Series 4 . Episode 14 . Cardiff . BBC . BBC Three . Jump up ^ Collins , Robert ( 16 December 2008 ) . `` Doctor Who : Velile Tshabalala '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Cook , Benjamin ( 9 January 2008 ) . `` Sands of time '' . Radio Times ( 11 -- 17 April 2009 ) . pp. 16 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` TV -- Tube Talk -- Ten ' Waters of Mars ' teasers '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Duncan to star in second Doctor Who Special of 2009 '' . BBC . 19 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Davies , Russell T ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` Dr Who 's Easter special '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tennant is tenth Doctor Who '' ( Press release ) . BBC . 16 April 2005 . Retrieved 17 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I agreed to drop Scots accent for Doctor Who -- Tennant '' . The Scotsman. 3 April 2006 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ James T. Cornish ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Doctor Who Series 8 : Everything We Know So Far '' Page 9 of 15 `` . Whatculture.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/aug/16/doctor-who-peter-capaldi Jump up ^ William Martin ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' news summary : Everything we know so far about Peter Capaldi 's Doctor '' . CultBox . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who series 8 : Mark Gatiss on Peter Capaldi 's Doctor '' . Den of Geek . 2014 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Who ' : Steven Moffat Teases ' Doctor Rude ' ; New Season 8 Images '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Writer Russell T Davies , Director James Hawes , Producer Phil Collinson ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` New Earth '' . Doctor Who . Cardiff . BBC . BBC One . ^ Jump up to : Storer , Jackie ; Lane , Megan ( 27 July 2005 ) . `` Doctor Who , fashion icon '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 26.1 '' . Parkinson ( TV series ) . London . 5 May 2007 . ITV . ITV1 . Jump up ^ David Tennant ( 5 May 2007 ) . David Tennant on Parkinson . Interview with Michael Parkinson . Parkinson . ITV . London . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Fashion Line from AbbyShot Clothiers '' , UberSciFiGeek.com , 12 March 2010 Jump up ^ Doctor Who Magazine # 418 , February 2010 Jump up ^ Tomorrow , Tom ( 10 June 2008 ) . `` This Modern World : The Week that Was '' . Salon . Archived from the original on 13 June 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Scott ( 19 January 2009 ) . `` Stowaway '' . PvP . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Tenth Doctor Adventures '' . Big Finish Productions . 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - The Tenth Doctor and Rose Return ! '' . Big Finish. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Dan ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who : Why is David Tennant still the nation 's favourite Doctor ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' at 50 : Is David Tennant the greatest Doctor of all ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 28 December 2014 ) . `` David Tennant 's debut voted best Doctor Who Christmas special '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Could Have Ended With Tennant '' . Doctor Who TV . 27 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant named ' best Dr Who ' '' . BBC News . 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 25 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Matt ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` Tennant 's Doc voted coolest TV character '' . London : Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who is the coolest man on TV ? '' . Metro . London : Associated Newspapers. 28 March 2007 . ISSN 1469 - 6215 . OCLC 225917520 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Ranking the Doctors '' . IGN. 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Vote for your favourite Doctor '' . IGN. 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant is voted your favourite Doctor Who of last 50 years in landslide result '' . Daily Mail . 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who 50th anniversary : David Tennant and Billie Piper named best Doctor and companion '' . Radio Times . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Martyn ( 23 November 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who is named TV show to be most proud of by British public '' . Plusnet . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Your ultimate Doctor revealed '' . DoctorWhoTV. 23 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s7/doctor-who/news/a667587/who-is-the-greatest-doctor-of-all-time-rank-the-stars-of-doctor-who.html#~poh0wqNfjkuUXL Jump up ^ Solomons , Mark ( 3 November 2013 ) . `` Timelord David Tennant tops poll as best Doctor Who '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` Peter Capaldi 's Doctor Who : how does he rate ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Doctor Who 's Jenna Coleman : David Tennant and Tom Baker are my favourite Doctors '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Pratchett on Why David Tennant is the Best Doctor '' . Anglonerd. 14 October 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 27 September 2016 ) . `` David Tennant 's 10th Doctor is voted the best TV character of the 21st century after a tense battle '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Notes ( edit ) A serial of The Sarah Jane Adventures starring the Eleventh Doctor called Death of the Doctor clarifies that the Doctor , in fact , made visits to every former companion . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tenth Doctor . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tenth Doctor Tenth Doctor on Tardis Data Core , an external wiki `` The Tenth Doctor '' , Doctor Who , UK : The BBC . Doctor Who series two ( press launch report and audio interviews ) , Wiltshire : BBC . 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Grant The Other Grandfather Paradox See also List of actors who have played the Doctor List of actors considered for the part of the Doctor Companions of the Tenth Doctor Main Rose Tyler Martha Jones Donna Noble Recurring Mickey Smith Jack Harkness One - off Astrid Peth Sarah Jane Smith Jackson Lake Lady Christina de Souza Adelaide Brooke Wilfred Mott Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Doctor&oldid=795086315 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Doctor Who Doctors The Sarah Jane Adventures characters Hidden categories : EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Commons category template with no category set Commons category without a link on Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Español Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Português Русский Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 22 : 31 . 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Rory McCann

Rory McCann - wikipedia Rory McCann Jump to : navigation , search For the Irish cricketer , see Rory McCann ( cricketer ) . Rory McCann McCann , San Diego Comic Con International ( 2014 ) ( 1969 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1969 ( age 48 ) Glasgow , Lanarkshire , Scotland Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Height 6 ft 6 in ( 198 cm ) Relatives Sally - Gay McCann ( sister ) Rory McCann ( born 24 April 1969 ) is a Scottish actor and musician , best known for portraying Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones and Lurch in Edgar Wright 's crime - comedy Hot Fuzz . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) McCann was born in Glasgow , Scotland . He has a sister , Sally - Gay McCann , born in 1972 . Before becoming an actor , McCann was a painter who studied at the Scottish School of Forestry near Inverness . He also worked as a bridge painter ( on the Forth Road Bridge ) , landscape gardener and carpenter . Rory McCann was first trained as an actor by writer - artist Robert Parsifal Finch in The Actor 's Workshop , Glasgow. 1998 . Career ( edit ) McCann 's first acting job was as an extra on the film Willow ( 1988 ) . He was fired because he laughed during the takes . He appeared in an advertisement for Scott 's Porage Oats , dressed in a vest and kilt . As his first major acting role , McCann played a disabled personal trainer in the 2002 television comedy drama The Book Group , winning the Scottish BAFTA for the best television performance of 2002 . Since then , he has taken television roles as Detective Inspector Stuart Brown in State of Play , Peter the Great in Peter in Paradise , and a priest in the award - winning British comedy drama series Shameless . He made his Hollywood debut in the 2004 film Alexander , which required the actors to go through a boot - camp in the African desert , and included shooting in Thailand , Morocco as well as a London studio . In 2007 , he appeared as Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong in Hot Fuzz . In 2008 , he played Moby in The Crew and Atilla the Hun in the BBC docudrama Heroes and Villains . McCann portrays Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones . Other projects include a BBC TV Series by writer Jimmy McGovern called Banished , set in Australia in the 18th century . McCann plays a blacksmith named Marston . Personal life ( edit ) McCann 's younger sister , Sally - Gay McCann , works on costumes for film and television ; he worked alongside her on Alexander and Game of Thrones . McCann is a supporter of the Scottish Green Party , and appeared in its 2007 Scottish Parliament general election broadcast . In 1990 , McCann broke multiple bones in a near - fatal rock climbing accident in Yorkshire . McCann is the former frontman of a defunct band called Thundersoup . He plays the piano , guitar , banjo and mandolin . McCann is known for living a solitary , transient lifestyle . He often lives on his boat or in places without modern conveniences . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Pasty Faces Goon 2003 The Devil 's Tattoo Eric 2003 Young Adam Sam Alexander Craterus 2005 Beowulf & Grendel Breca 2006 Sixty Six Policeman 2007 Hot Fuzz Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong 2008 The Crew Moby 2009 Solomon Kane McNess Clash of the Titans Belo 2011 Season of the Witch Soldier Commander Credited as Rory MacCann 2015 Slow West John Ross 2017 XXX : Return of Xander Cage Tennyson `` The Torch '' Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Coming Soon Fergus Television film 2000 Randall & Hopkirk Bouncer Episode : `` Mental Apparition Disorder '' 2000 Monarch of the Glen Roger Episode No . 1.6 2002 London 's Burning Keith Episode No . 14.7 2002 -- 2003 The Book Group Kenny McLeod Main role ; 12 episodes 2003 State of Play Stuart Brown Episode No. 1.1 ; uncredited 2003 Rockface Adam Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2003 Peter in Paradise Peter the Great Television film 2006 Shameless Father Critchon 2 episodes 2008 Heroes and Villains Attila the Hun Episode : `` Attila the Hun '' 2011 The Jury Derek Hatch Main role ( season 2 ) ; 5 episodes 2011 -- present Game of Thrones Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Main role ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) ; 33 episodes 2015 Banished Marston Main role ; 4 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins , Sean ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Q&A : Rory McCann on ' The Hound ' and Season Four '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Scott ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rory McCann ( ' Shameless ' , Beowulf & Grendel ' , `` Alexander ' ) '' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rory McCann -- What I know about women '' . The Scotsman. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McIver , Brian ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Games of Thrones star Rory McCann on his meteoric rise from carpenter to fantasy TV star '' . Daily Record . Glasgow : Trinity Mirror . ISSN 0956 - 8069 . OCLC 500344244 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Jen ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Meet the Hound , Scottish actor Rory McCann '' . LA Times . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ MacLaren , Lorna ( 29 January 2003 ) . `` Why he 's always up for it : From dubious tree surgeon and Forth bridge painter to giant of porridge commercials , Book Group star Rory McCann tells Lorna MacLaren of his next move '' . Herald Scotland . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : English , Paul ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Hulk Rory Leaves No Stone Unturned ; Scott 's Porage Oats Star Rory McCann Spills the Beans on how he won a part in Oliver Stone 's movie Alexander by Telling the Great Man to take a Hike . '' . Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail Ltd . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Rory McCann teases road trip of ' death and destruction ' in season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rory McCann Joue Les Petits Rigolos à L'avant - Première de `` Game of Thrones '' à New York , le Mardi 18 ... `` . Pure / Trend . 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Davey , Cathie ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Cast announced for Jimmy McGovern 's epic new series , Banished , for BBC Two '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Scottish Green Party ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` First Vote Green on the 3rd of May 2007 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( 28 March 2002 ) . `` I fell into acting says Oats hunk ; Scots actor and climber Rory McCann on the mountain plunge that changed his life . '' . Daily Record ( Scotland ) . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Flett , Michael ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Rory McCann - Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , Game of Thrones `` . Geek Chocolate . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` Game Of Thrones ' Hound on bumfluff , hugs and the magic of Wilko Johnson '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` Access Countdown To ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 2 : Q&A Rory McCann Talks Sandor Clegane ( The Hound ) '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Rory McCann on IMDb VIAF : 107576464 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rory_McCann&oldid=804272392 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people Scottish male television actors Scottish male film actors 20th - century Scottish male actors 21st - century Scottish male actors Male actors from Glasgow Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is the actor that plays the hound

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Love So Soft

Love So Soft - wikipedia Love So Soft Jump to : navigation , search `` Love So Soft '' Single by Kelly Clarkson from the album Meaning of Life A-side `` Move You '' Released September 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) Format Digital download streaming Recorded 2017 Genre R&B soul trap Length 2 : 52 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Maureen `` Mozella '' McDonald Jesse Shatkin Priscilla Renea Producer ( s ) Jesse Shatkin Kelly Clarkson singles chronology `` Softly and Tenderly '' ( 2016 ) `` Love So Soft '' / `` Move You '' ( 2017 ) `` Christmas Eve '' ( 2017 ) `` Softly and Tenderly '' ( 2016 ) `` Love So Soft '' / `` Move You '' ( 2017 ) `` Christmas Eve '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Love So Soft '' on YouTube `` Love So Soft '' is a song by American singer Kelly Clarkson , from her eighth studio album , Meaning of Life ( 2017 ) . Written by Mozella , Priscilla Renea , and Jesse Shatkin , and produced by Shatkin , it features a session appearance by the American soul band Earth , Wind & Fire . A soul - trap R&B anthem , it was released by Atlantic Records alongside `` Move You '' as a double A-side from the album on September 7 , 2017 . As of September 14 , 2017 , the song sold 36,100 copies in the United States . The song was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Release and reception 2.1 Awards and nominations 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Track listing 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 8 Certifications and sales 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Love So Soft '' is a soul - trap R&B anthem written and produced by Mozella , Priscilla Renea , and Jesse Shatkin . It features session appearances by the American soul band Earth , Wind & Fire led by Verdine White and Gary Bias . Critics noted the song 's soulful sound and its departure from the usual mainstream pop sound of Clarkson 's previous releases . NPR 's Karen Gwee noted that the song makes a familiar emphasis on percussion over melody but was surprised that its chorus was chanted rather than belted -- a surprising move for Clarkson . Hugh McIntyre of Forbes described the trap verses as `` odd '' on its own , but is complimentary harmonized `` when the horns kick in and bring the soul the song needed '' . Idolator 's Mike Wass compared the song as from the ' 90s , but is also quintessentially 2017 , describing it as falling closer to the Back to Basics - era Christina Aguilera in its blend of old and new . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Love So Soft '' was released by Atlantic Records as the lead single from Meaning of Life alongside `` Move You '' on September 7 , 2017 . Both songs marked as Clarkson 's first single release from the label . The track was sent to American radio stations from September 11 -- 12 , 2017 . In her review of the track for NPR , Gwee praised Clarkson 's vocals as it pulls the song from ubiquitous - anonymous , grocery aisle territory , and noted that there are only few others who have her easy confidence and her vocal ability . Reviewing for Forbes , Hugh McIntyre despite the song failing to have the immediate punch that previous album - introducers like `` Since U Been Gone '' or `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' managed , that it appears to be the point -- that `` This is an older , wiser , more experienced Kelly Clarkson , one who has now been in the business for 15 years , refused to accept the idea of what a pop star needs to look like , gotten married and become a mom , all while seemingly letting criticism slip away like water off a duck 's back . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) `` Love So Soft '' was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards but lost to Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . Music video ( edit ) The accompanying music video for `` Love So Soft '' was released the same day as the track . It was directed by Dave Meyers , whom Clarkson had previously collaborated with on `` Breakaway '' ( 2004 ) . The video features Clarkson and her background vocalists performing the track in various scenes -- including flowing yellow gown that transmutes into butterflies , a series of Clarkson clones with their eyes obscured by hat brims as a nod to Beyoncé 's `` Formation '' video , and a bold zoom into Clarkson in the living room of an avant - garde , cliff - side abode . Critics praised the video as a successful showpiece to the song , with some noting its ' 90s influence and its `` psychedelic '' visual effects . Clarkson performing `` Love So Soft '' at the 2017 Invictus Games in Toronto Live performances ( edit ) Clarkson presented `` Love So Soft '' in an intimate live performance at the Rainbow Room in New York City on September 6 , 2017 . She premiered the song live on The Today Show on September 8 , 2017 . She also performed it during the twelfth season finale of America 's Got Talent on September 20 , 2017 . On October 27 , 2017 , she performed it on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , again on The Today Show on October 30 , 2017 . On November 19 , 2017 , she performed it at the American Music Awards along with past hit `` Miss Independent . '' Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Love So Soft '' 2 : 52 2 . `` Move You '' 3 : 22 Cash Cash Remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Love So Soft '' ( Cash Cash Remix ) 4 : 16 Ryan Riback Remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Love So Soft '' ( Ryan Riback Remix ) 3 : 07 Dave Aude Remix No . Title Length 1 . `` Love So Soft '' ( Dave Aude Remix ) 3 : 57 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits lifted from Tidal . Performance credits Kelly Clarkson -- lead vocals Maureen `` Mozella '' McDonald -- background vocals Priscilla Renea -- background vocals Nicole Hurst -- background vocals Bridget Sarai -- background vocals Personnel Gary Bias -- tenor saxophone Raymond Brown -- conductor Bobby Burns -- trumpet Chris Cerullo -- assistant engineering Samuel Dent -- engineering Sean Erick -- trumpet , flugelhorn Earth , Wind & Fire Horn Section -- Horns Chuck Findley -- trumpet Iain Findlay -- assistant engineering Michael Harris -- engineering Sean Kantrowitz -- guitar Maureen `` Mozella '' McDonald -- songwriter , vocal production Gabriel Noel -- bass The Regiment Horns -- Horns Priscilla Renea -- songwriter , vocal production Buddy Ross -- organ Jesse Shatkin -- bass , songwriter , engineering , production , drum programming , drums , guitar , programming Leon Silva -- baritone saxophone , tenor saxophone Todd Tidwell -- assistant engineering JoAnn Tominaga -- coordinator Verdine White -- bass Kevin Williams Jr. -- trombone , tuba Reggie Young -- trombone Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 88 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 73 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 10 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 35 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 10 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 63 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 31 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 49 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 81 UK Download ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 36 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 Venezuela Anglo ( Record Report ) 17 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) List of releases , showing region , date , format , version , record label , and catalog number Region Date Format Version Label Catalog number Ref . Various September 7 , 2017 Digital download streaming N / A Atlantic USAT21703569 South Korea September 8 , 2017 USAT21703597 United States September 11 , 2017 Adult contemporary radio Atlantic RRP N / A September 12 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Various October 6 , 2017 Digital download streaming Cash Cash Remix Atlantic USAT21704061 Ryan Riback Remix USAT21704063 Italy October 27 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio N / A Warner N / A References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Nolan ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Is ( Still ! ) Our Idol In EW 's Fall Music Preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. ( 1481 ) . ISSN 1049 - 0434 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Cook - Wilson , Winston ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Releases Singles `` Love So Soft '' and `` Move You '' , Announces New Album Meaning of Life `` . Spin . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Hugh ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Reappears With A Pair Of New Singles , ' Love So Soft ' And ' Move You ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 60th GRAMMY Awards : Full Nominees List Grammy.com , November 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Love So Soft ( metadata ) . Kelly Clarkson . Atlantic Recording Corporation / WEA International . 2017 . USAT21703569 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love So Soft by Kelly Clarkson '' . Tidal . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitaker , Alexandra ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's 2 New Songs Are a Total Departure from Her Usual Music '' . InStyle . Time Inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gwee , Karen ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Returns With ' Love So Soft ' '' . NPR . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wass , Mike ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Reinvents Herself With `` Love So Soft '' & `` Move You '' `` . Idolator . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Brings the Soul and the Pipes on New Song ' Love So Soft ' '' . Time . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aswad , Jem ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Premieres New Album , ' Meaning of Life , ' at Intimate New York Concert '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.ellentube.com/episode/kristen-bell-mila-kunis-kathryn-hahn-kelly-clarkson.html ^ Jump up to : `` Love So Soft by Kelly Clarkson '' ( in Korean ) . South Korea : Melon . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love So Soft ( Cash Cash Remix ) by Kelly Clarkson '' . Apple Music . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love So Soft ( Ryan Riback Remix ) by Kelly Clarkson '' . Apple Music . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 438 '' . auspOp . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201752 into search . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Venezuela '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Love So Soft '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Love So Soft '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Love So Soft by Kelly Clarkson '' . Spotify . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson - Love So Soft RadioDate '' . All Access Music Group . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Kelly Clarkson songs Discography Thankful `` The Trouble with Love Is '' `` Miss Independent '' `` Low '' `` Beautiful Disaster '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` Before Your Love '' Breakaway `` Breakaway '' `` Since U Been Gone '' `` Behind These Hazel Eyes '' `` Because of You '' `` Gone '' `` Walk Away '' My December `` Never Again '' `` One Minute '' `` Sober '' `` Do n't Waste Your Time '' `` Be Still '' All I Ever Wanted `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' `` I Do Not Hook Up '' `` Cry '' `` All I Ever Wanted '' `` Already Gone '' `` If I Ca n't Have You '' `` Save You '' `` Whyyawannabringmedown '' `` Long Shot '' `` Can We Go Back '' Stronger `` Mr. Know It All '' `` Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) '' `` Dark Side '' `` Einstein '' `` I Forgive You '' `` Hello '' `` The War Is Over '' `` Do n't You Wanna Stay '' `` Why Do n't You Try '' Greatest Hits -- Chapter One `` Catch My Breath '' `` People Like Us '' `` Do n't Rush '' Wrapped in Red `` Wrapped in Red '' `` Underneath the Tree '' `` Winter Dreams ( Brandon 's Song ) '' `` 4 Carats '' `` Just for Now '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' Piece by Piece `` Heartbeat Song '' `` Invincible '' `` Someone '' `` Take You High '' `` Piece by Piece '' `` Run Run Run '' `` Dance with Me '' `` Nostalgic '' `` Good Goes the Bye '' Meaning of Life `` Love So Soft '' `` Move You '' `` I Do n't Think About You '' Collaborations `` Foolish Games '' `` Little Green Apples '' `` PrizeFighter '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Second Hand Heart '' Other songs `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` My Grown Up Christmas List '' `` Up to the Mountain '' `` Get Up ( A Cowboys Anthem ) '' `` Tie It Up '' `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' `` Christmas Eve '' Book Songs Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_So_Soft&oldid=826394233 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Atlantic Records singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Blue - eyed soul songs Kelly Clarkson songs Song recordings produced by Jesse Shatkin Songs written by Jesse Shatkin Songs written by MoZella Songs written by Priscilla Renea Music videos directed by Dave Meyers ( director ) Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdownload Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 21 : 36 . 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Minister of Home Affairs (India)

Minister of Home Affairs ( India ) - Wikipedia Minister of Home Affairs ( India ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Union Minister of Home Affairs Emblem of India Incumbent Rajnath Singh Ministry of Home Affairs Style The Honourable Member of Union Cabinet National Security Council Reports to The Prime Minister Seat North Block , Rashtrapati Bhavan , New Delhi Appointer President on the advice of the Prime Minister Term length No fixed term Aryan Singh , Akash Singh Formation 15 August 1947 India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Minister of Home Affairs ( or simply , the Home Minister ) is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India . One of the senior-most offices in the Union Cabinet , the chief responsibility of the Home Minister is the maintenance of India 's internal security ; the country 's large police force comes under his ambit . Occasionally , he / she is assisted by the Minister of State of Home Affairs and the lower - ranked Deputy Minister of Home Affairs . Ever since the time of independent India 's first Home Minister , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , the office has been seen as second in seniority only to the Prime Minister in the Union Cabinet . Like Patel , several Home Ministers have since held the additional portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister . As of February 2018 , three Home Ministers have gone on to become the Prime Minister who are : Lal Bahadur Shastri , Charan Singh and P.V. Narasimha Rao . Since 26 May 2014 , the Home Minister of India is Rajnath Singh of the Bharatiya Janta Party , taking over the reins from Sushilkumar Shinde . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Home Ministers 2 Ministers of State of Home Affairs 3 References 4 External links List of Home Ministers ( edit ) No Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 15 August 1947 15 December 1950 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru C. Rajagopalachari 26 December 1950 25 October 1951 Kailash Nath Katju 25 October 1951 10 January 1955 Govind Ballabh Pant 10 January 1955 7 March 1961 Lal Bahadur Shastri 4 April 1961 29 August 1963 6 Gulzarilal Nanda 29 August 1963 14 November 1966 Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi 7 Yashwantrao Chavan 14 November 1966 27 June 1970 Indira Gandhi 8 Indira Gandhi 27 June 1970 4 February 1973 9 Uma Shankar Dikshit 4 February 1973 10 October 1974 10 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy 10 October 1974 24 March 1977 11 Charan Singh 24 March 1977 1 July 1978 Janata Party Morarji Desai 12 Morarji Desai 1 July 1978 28 July 1979 ( 7 ) Yashwantrao Chavan 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 Janata Party ( Secular ) Charan Singh 13 Giani Zail Singh 14 January 1980 22 June 1982 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi 14 R. Venkataraman 22 June 1982 2 September 1982 15 Prakash Chandra Sethi 2 September 1982 19 July 1984 16 P.V. Narasimha Rao 19 July 1984 31 December 1984 Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 17 Shankarrao Chavan 31 December 1984 12 March 1986 Rajiv Gandhi ( 16 ) P.V. Narasimha Rao 12 March 1986 12 May 1986 18 Sardar Buta Singh 12 May 1986 2 December 1989 19 Mufti Mohammad Sayeed 10 November 1990 Janata Dal ( National Front ) V.P. Singh 20 Chandra Shekhar 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party ( National Front ) Chandra Shekhar ( 17 ) Shankarrao Chavan 21 June 1991 16 May 1996 Indian National Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao 21 Murli Manohar Joshi 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee 22 H.D. Deve Gowda 1 June 1996 29 June 1996 Janata Dal ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda 23 Indrajit Gupta 29 June 1996 19 March 1998 Communist Party of India ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 24 L.K. Advani 19 March 1998 22 May 2004 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee 25 Shivraj Patil 22 May 2004 30 November 2008 Indian National Congress ( United Progressive Alliance ) Manmohan Singh 26 P. Chidambaram 30 November 2008 31 July 2012 27 Sushilkumar Shinde 31 July 2012 26 May 2014 28 Akash Singh , Aryan Singh 31 July 2015 19 April 2018 Rajnath Singh 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party BJP ( National Democratic Alliance ) Narendra Modi Ministers of State of Home Affairs ( edit ) Name Term of office Political Party Prime Minister Minister of Home Affairs Subodh Kant Sahay April 1990 November 1990 Janata Dal National Front V.P. Singh Mufti Mohammed Sayeed Shriprakash Jaiswal 23 May 2004 2009 Indian National Congress United Progressive Alliance Manmohan Singh Shivraj Patil P. Chidambaram R.P.N. Singh 28 October 2012 26 May 2014 Indian National Congress United Progressive Alliance Manmohan Singh Sushilkumar Shinde Kiren Rijiju 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party National Democratic Alliance Narendra Modi Rajnath Singh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Sahai , Shri Subodh Kant Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Jaiswal , Shri Sriprakash Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Singh , Shri Ratanjit Pratap Narain External links ( edit ) Home Ministry , Govt. of India hide Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Minority Affairs North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)&oldid=846411871 '' Categories : Union ministers of India Ministers of Internal Affairs of India Ministers of Internal Affairs by country Cabinet of India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 16 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is the home minister of india 2013

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Flight (Grey's Anatomy)

Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Flight '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Featherstone '' `` Graveyard '' Original air date May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren James LeGros as Jerry Episode chronology ← Previous `` Migration '' Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged . The episode marked Leigh 's and Raver 's final appearance to the series . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching . Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series . Production ( edit ) `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . '' -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . '' In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined . Reception ( edit ) Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' . The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story . In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Flight '' at ABC.com `` Flight '' on IMDb `` Flight '' at TV.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=804214813 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 14 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who survives the plane crash on grey's anatomy

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Geography of the United States

Geography of the United States - wikipedia Geography of the United States Geography of The United States Continent North America Coordinates 38 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 00 ′ 00 '' W  /  38.000 ° N 97.000 ° W  / 38.000 ; - 97.000 Area Ranked 4th Total 9,826,675 km ( 3,794,100 sq mi ) Land 93.24 % Water 6.76 % Coastline 19,920 km ( 12,380 mi ) Borders Canada : 8,864 km ( 5,508 mi ) Mexico : 3,327 km ( 2,067 mi ) Highest point Denali / Mount McKinley 6,190.5 m ( 20,310 ft ) Lowest point Badwater Basin , − 85 m ( − 279 ft ) Longest river Missouri River , 3,767 km ( 2,341 mi ) Largest lake Lake Superior 58,000 km ( 22,394 sq mi ) Climate Diverse : Ranges from Temperate in the North to Tropical in the far south . West : mostly semi-arid to desert , Mountains : alpine , Northeast : humid continental , Southeast : humid subtropical , Coast of California : Mediterranean , Pacific Northwest : cool temperate oceanic , Alaska : mostly subarctic , Hawaii , South Florida , and the territories : tropical Terrain Vast central plain , Interior Highlands and low mountains in Midwest , mountains and valleys in the mid-south , coastal flatland near the Gulf and Atlantic coasts , complete with mangrove forests and temperate , subtropical , and tropical laurel forest and jungle , canyons , basins , plateus , and mountains in west , hills and low mountains in east ; intermittent hilly and mountainous regions in Great Plains , with occasional badland topography ; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska ; rugged , volcanic topography in Hawaii and the territories Natural Resources coal , copper , lead , molybdenum , phosphates , rare earth elements , uranium , bauxite , gold , iron , mercury , nickel , potash , silver , tungsten , zinc , petroleum , natural gas , timber , arable land Natural Hazards tsunamis ; volcanoes ; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin ; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts ; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast ; mud slides in California ; forest fires in the west ; flooding ; permafrost in northern Alaska Environmental Issues severe water shortages , air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada The term `` United States '' , when used in the geographical sense , is the contiguous United States , the state of Alaska , the island state of Hawaii , the five insular territories of Puerto Rico , Northern Mariana Islands , U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and American Samoa , and minor outlying possessions . The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime borders with Russia , Cuba , and the Bahamas in addition to Canada and Mexico . The United States 's northern border with Canada is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Contents 1 Area 2 General characteristics 3 Physiographic divisions 3.1 Physiographic regions 4 Climate 4.1 Extremes 5 Natural disasters 5.1 Tornadoes and hurricanes 5.2 Flooding 5.3 Geologic 5.4 Other natural disasters 6 Public lands 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Area ( edit ) From 1989 through 1996 , the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 km ( 3,618,780 sq mi ) ( land + inland water only ) . The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 km ( 3,717,813 sq mi ) in 1997 ( Great Lakes area and coastal waters added ) , to 9,631,418 km ( 3,718,711 sq mi ) in 2004 , to 9,631,420 km ( 3,718,710 sq mi ) in 2006 , and to 9,826,630 km ( 3,794,080 sq mi ) in 2007 ( territorial waters added ) . Currently , the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km ( 3,794,100 sq mi ) , the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km ( 3,717,813 sq mi ) , and the Encyclopædia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km ( 3,676,486 sq mi ) ( Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters ) . These sources consider only the 50 states and the Federal District , and exclude overseas territories . By total area ( water as well as land ) , the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People 's Republic of China , making it the world 's third or fourth largest country . China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area , but are larger than Brazil . By land area only ( exclusive of waters ) , the United States is the world 's third largest country , after Russia and China , with Canada in fourth . Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors : ( 1 ) The validity of China 's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans - Karakoram Tract . Both these territories are also claimed by India , so are not counted ; and ( 2 ) How US calculates its own surface area . Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook , the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times . General characteristics ( edit ) A satellite composite image of the contiguous United States . Deciduous vegetation and grasslands prevail in the east , transitioning to prairies , boreal forests , and the Rockies in the west , and deserts in the southwest . In the northeast , the coasts of the Great Lakes and Atlantic seaboard host much of the country 's population . The United States shares land borders with Canada ( to the north ) and Mexico ( to the south ) , and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest , and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba , and Florida and the Bahamas . The contiguous forty - eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west , the Atlantic Ocean on the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest , the Bering Strait to the west , and the Arctic Ocean to the north , while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean . Forty - eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico ; this group is referred to , with varying precision and formality , as the continental or contiguous United States , and as the Lower 48 . Alaska , which is not included in the term contiguous United States , is at the northwestern end of North America , separated from the Lower 48 by Canada . The capital city , Washington , District of Columbia , is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland . ( Virginia had also donated land , but it was returned in 1849 . ) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization : in the Caribbean the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and in the Pacific the inhabited territories of Guam , American Samoa , and the Northern Mariana Islands , along with a number of uninhabited island territories . Physiographic divisions ( edit ) Main article : United States physiographic region Denali , Alaska , the highest point in North America at 20,310 ft ( 6,190.5 m ) . The eastern United States has a varied topography . A broad , flat coastal plain lines the Atlantic and Gulf shores from the Texas - Mexico border to New York City , and includes the Florida peninsula . Areas further inland feature rolling hills , mountains , and a diverse collection of temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests . The Appalachian Mountains form a line of low mountains separating the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Basin . The five Great Lakes are located in the north - central portion of the country , four of them forming part of the border with Canada , only Lake Michigan situated entirely within United States . The southeast United States , generally stretching from the Ohio River on south , includes a variety of warm temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests , as well as warm temperate and subtropical dry forests nearer the Great Plains in the west of the region . West of the Appalachians lies the lush Mississippi River basin and two large eastern tributaries , the Ohio River and the Tennessee River . The Ohio and Tennessee Valleys and the Midwest consist largely of rolling hills , interior highlands and small mountains , jungly marsh and swampland near the Ohio River , and productive farmland , stretching south to the Gulf Coast . The Midwest also has a vast amount of cave systems . The Great Plains lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains . A large portion of the country 's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains . Before their general conversion to farmland , the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands , from tallgrass prairie in the eastern plains to shortgrass steppe in the western High Plains . Elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi River to more than a mile high in the High Plains . The generally low relief of the plains is broken in several places , most notably in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains , which form the U.S. Interior Highlands , the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains . The Great Plains come to an abrupt end at the Rocky Mountains . The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the Western U.S. , entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico . The Rocky Mountain region is the highest region of the United States by average elevation . The Rocky Mountains generally contain fairly mild slopes and wider peaks compared to some of the other great mountain ranges , with a few exceptions ( such as the Teton Mountains in Wyoming and the Sawatch Range in Colorado ) . The highest peaks of the Rockies are found in Colorado , the tallest peak being Mount Elbert at 14,440 ft ( 4,400 m ) . The Rocky Mountains contain some of the most spectacular , and well known scenery in the world . In addition , instead of being one generally continuous and solid mountain range , it is broken up into a number of smaller , intermittent mountain ranges , forming a large series of basins and valleys . West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus ( also known as the Intermountain West ) , a large , arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges . The large southern portion , known as the Great Basin , consists of salt flats , drainage basins , and many small north - south mountain ranges . The Southwest is predominantly a low - lying desert region . A portion known as the Colorado Plateau , centered around the Four Corners region , is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world . It is accentuated in such national parks as Grand Canyon , Arches , Mesa Verde National Park and Bryce Canyon , among others . Other smaller Intermontane areas include the Columbia Plateau covering eastern Washington , western Idaho and northeast Oregon and the Snake River Plain in Southern Idaho . The Grand Canyon from Moran Point . The Grand Canyon is among the most famous locations in the country . The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada . The Cascades consist of largely intermittent , volcanic mountains , many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape . The Sierra Nevada , further south , is a high , rugged , and dense mountain range . It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states , Mount Whitney ( 14,505 ft or 4,421 m ) . It is located at the boundary between California 's Inyo and Tulare counties , just 84.6 mi or 136.2 km west - northwest of the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft or 85 m below sea level . These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well , as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier . West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys , such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon . Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the Pacific Coast Ranges . Much of the Pacific Northwest coast is inhabited by some of the densest vegetation outside of the Tropics , and also the tallest trees in the world ( the Redwoods ) . Alaska contains some of the most dramatic and untapped scenery in the country . Tall , prominent mountain ranges rise up sharply from broad , flat tundra plains . On the islands off the south and southwest coast are many volcanoes . Hawaii , far to the south of Alaska in the Pacific Ocean , is a chain of tropical , volcanic islands , popular as a tourist destination for many from East Asia and the mainland United States . The territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands encompass a number of tropical isles in the northeastern Caribbean Sea . In the Pacific Ocean the territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands occupy the limestone and volcanic isles of the Mariana archipelago , and American Samoa ( the only populated US territory in the southern hemisphere ) encompasses volcanic peaks and coral atolls in the eastern part of the Samoan Islands chain . Physiographic regions ( edit ) A physiographical map of the contiguous 48 states of the U.S. The map indicates the age of the exposed surface as well as the type of terrain . The geography of the United States varies across their immense area . Within the continental U.S. , eight distinct physiographic divisions exist , though each is composed of several smaller physiographic subdivisions . These major divisions are : Laurentian Upland - part of the Canadian Shield that extends into the northern United States Great Lakes area . Atlantic Plain - the coastal regions of the eastern and southern parts includes the continental shelf , the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast . Appalachian Highlands - lying on the eastern side of the United States , it includes the Appalachian Mountains , the Watchung Mountains , the Adirondacks and New England province originally containing the Great Eastern Forest , a stretch of mixed temperature and subtropical montane forests , some of which are rainforests . Interior Plains - part of the interior continental United States , it includes the Great Plains , as well as a number of highland and mountainous regions , like the Black Hills , dense cave systems , painted hills and badland features . Interior Highlands - also part of the interior continental United States , this division includes the Ozark Plateau , the Ouachita Mountains , and other smaller mountain systems . This region is located largely in the warm temperate / subtropical moist and dry forest biomes . Rocky Mountain System - one branch of the Cordilleran system lying far inland in the western states . Intermontane Plateaus - also divided into the Columbia Plateau , the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range Province , it is a system of plateaus , basins , ranges and gorges between the Rocky and Pacific Mountain Systems . It is the setting for the Grand Canyon , the Great Basin and Death Valley . Pacific Mountain System - the coastal mountain ranges and features in the west coast of the United States . Much of the central United States is covered by relatively flat , arable land . This aerial photo was taken over northern Ohio . The Atlantic coast of the United States is low , with minor exceptions . The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast - southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian mountain system . This system had its climax of deformation so long ago ( probably in Permian time ) that it has since then been very generally reduced to moderate or low relief . It owes its present - day altitude either to renewed elevations along the earlier lines or to the survival of the most resistant rocks as residual mountains . The oblique trend of this coast would be even more pronounced but for a comparatively modern crustal movement , causing a depression in the northeast resulting in an encroachment of the sea upon the land . Additionally , the southeastern section has undergone an elevation resulting in the advance of the land upon the sea . While the Atlantic coast is relatively low , the Pacific coast is , with few exceptions , hilly or mountainous . This coast has been defined chiefly by geologically recent crustal deformations , and hence still preserves a greater relief than that of the Atlantic . The low Atlantic coast and the hilly or mountainous Pacific coast foreshadow the leading features in the distribution of mountains within the United States . The east coast Appalachian system , originally forest covered , is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain . The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty , broad and complicated having two branches , the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System . In between these mountain systems lie the Intermontaine Plateaus . Both the Columbia River and Colorado River rise far inland near the easternmost members of the Cordilleran system , and flow through plateaus and intermontaine basins to the ocean . Heavy forests cover the northwest coast , but elsewhere trees are found only on the higher ranges below the Alpine region . The intermontane valleys , plateaus and basins range from treeless to desert with the most arid region being in the southwest . The Laurentian Highlands , the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts , stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward , far beyond the national boundary , to the Arctic Ocean . The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion . It is from the United States side , that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico . The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region , with trees originally only along the watercourses . The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area , while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty , and in the south it is practically barren . Elevation extremes : Lowest point : Death Valley , Inyo County , California − 280 ft ( − 85.3 m ) Highest point : Denali , Denali Borough , Alaska 20,310 ft ( 6,190.5 m ) Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of the United States Köppen climate types of the US A map of average precipitation across the contiguous US . Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features , the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate . The climate is subtropical in the Southern United States , tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida , polar in Alaska , semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian , Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin and the Southwest . Its comparatively favorable agricultural climate contributed ( in part ) to the country 's rise as a world power , with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions , a general lack of widespread flooding , and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation . The main influence on U.S. weather is the polar jet stream which migrates northward into Canada in the summer months , and then southward into the USA in the winter months . The jet stream brings in large low pressure systems from the northern Pacific Ocean that enter the US mainland over the Pacific Northwest . The Cascade Range , Sierra Nevada , and Rocky Mountains pick up most of the moisture from these systems as they move eastward . Greatly diminished by the time they reach the High Plains , much of the moisture has been sapped by the orographic effect as it is forced over several mountain ranges . Once it moves over the Great Plains , uninterrupted flat land allows it to reorganize and can lead to major clashes of air masses . In addition , moisture from the Gulf of Mexico is often drawn northward . When combined with a powerful jet stream , this can lead to violent thunderstorms , especially during spring and summer . Sometimes during winter these storms can combine with another low pressure system as they move up the East Coast and into the Atlantic Ocean , where they intensify rapidly . These storms are known as Nor'easters and often bring widespread , heavy rain , wind , and snowfall to New England . The uninterrupted grasslands of the Great Plains also lead to some of the most extreme climate swings in the world . Temperatures can rise or drop rapidly and winds can be extreme , and the flow of heat waves or Arctic air masses often advance uninterrupted through the plains . The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau ( the Intermontane Plateaus ) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada . Precipitation averages less than 15 inches ( 38 cm ) . The Southwest is a hot desert , with temperatures exceeding 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) for several weeks at a time in summer . The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September , which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region . Much of California consists of a Mediterranean climate , with sometimes excessive rainfall from October -- April and nearly no rain the rest of the year . In the Pacific Northwest rain falls year - round , but is much heavier during winter and spring . The mountains of the west receive abundant precipitation and very heavy snowfall . The Cascades are one of the snowiest places in the world , with some places averaging over 600 inches ( 1,524 cm ) of snow annually , but the lower elevations closer to the coast receive very little snow . Florida has a subtropical climate in the northern part of the state and a tropical climate in the southern part of the state . Summers are wet and winters are dry in Florida . Annually much of Florida , as well as the deep southern states , are frost - free . The mild winters of Florida allow a massive tropical fruit industry to thrive in the central part of the state , making the US second to only Brazil in citrus production in the world . Another significant ( but localized ) weather effect is lake - effect snow that falls south and east of the Great Lakes , especially in the hilly portions of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and on the Tug Hill Plateau in New York . The lake effect dumped well over 5 feet ( 1.52 m ) of snow in the area of Buffalo , New York throughout the 2006 - 2007 winter . The Wasatch Front and Wasatch Range in Utah can also receive significant lake effect accumulations from the Great Salt Lake . Extremes ( edit ) See also : U.S. state temperature extremes In northern Alaska , tundra and arctic conditions predominate , where the temperature has fallen as low as − 80 ° F ( − 62.2 ° C ) . On the other end of the spectrum , Death Valley , California once reached 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) , the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth . On average , the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth . The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington , at 692 inches ( 1,758 cm ) ; the record there was 1,122 inches ( 2,850 cm ) in the winter of 1971 -- 72 . This record was broken by the Mt . Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington which reported 1,140 inches ( 2,896 cm ) of snowfall for the 1998 - 99 snowfall season . Other places with significant snowfall outside the Cascade Range are the Wasatch Mountains , near the Great Salt Lake , the San Juan Mountains in Colorado , and the Sierra Nevada , near Lake Tahoe . In the east , the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most snowfall , although such snowfall levels do not near snowfall levels in the western United States . Along the northwestern Pacific coast , rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U.S. , with Quinault Rainforest in Washington having an average of 137 inches ( 348 cm ) . Hawaii receives even more , with 460 inches ( 1,168 cm ) measured annually on Mount Waialeale , in Kauai . The Mojave Desert , in the southwest , is home to the driest locale in the U.S. Yuma , Arizona , has an average of 2.63 inches ( 6.7 cm ) of precipitation each year . In central portions of the U.S. , tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer . Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico . The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods , though virtually no area in the U.S. is immune to flooding . The Southwest has the worst droughts ; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have hurt Ancestral Pueblo peoples . The West is affected by large wildfires each year . Natural disasters ( edit ) The United States is affected by a variety of natural disasters yearly . Although drought is rare , it has occasionally caused major disruption , such as during the Dust Bowl ( 1931 -- 1942 ) . Farmland failed throughout the Plains , entire regions were virtually depopulated , and dust storms ravaged the land . A powerful tornado near Dimmitt , Texas on June 2 , 1995 . Tornadoes and hurricanes ( edit ) The Great Plains and Midwest , due to the contrasting air masses , see frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during spring and summer with around 1,000 tornadoes occurring each year . The strip of land from north Texas north to Kansas and Nebraska and east into Tennessee is known as Tornado Alley , where many houses have tornado shelters and many towns have tornado sirens due to the very frequent tornado formations in the region . Hurricanes are another natural disaster found in the US , which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coast or the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . Particularly at risk are the central and southern Texas coasts , the area from southeastern Louisiana east to the Florida Panhandle , peninsular Florida , and the Outer Banks of North Carolina , although any portion of the coast could be struck . Hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30 , with a peak from mid-August through early October . Some of the more devastating hurricanes have included the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 , Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . Hurricanes ( known as cyclones in the Pacific Ocean ) fail to landfall on the Pacific Coast of the United States due to water temperatures being too cool to sustain them . However , the remnants of tropical cyclones from the Eastern Pacific occasionally impact the western United States , bringing moderate to heavy rainfall . Total devastation in Gulfport , Mississippi caused by storm surge from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . Flooding ( edit ) Occasional severe flooding is experienced . There was the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Great Flood of 1993 , and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982 -- 83 El Niño event in the western United States . Localized flooding can , however , occur anywhere , and mudslides from heavy rain can cause problems in any mountainous area , particularly the Southwest . Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spread of wildfires . The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the summer lead to sometimes devastating flash floods as well , while nor'easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt throughout the Northeast ( although heavy snowstorms can occur almost anywhere ) . Geologic ( edit ) The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska ( including the Aleutian Islands , the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast ) make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90 % of the world 's earthquakes . The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States , in Washington , Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains . There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii , including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983 , but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands . There has not been a major life - threatening eruption on the Hawaiian islands since the 17th century . Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating , such as in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington . The Ring of Fire makes California and southern Alaska particularly vulnerable to earthquakes . Earthquakes can cause extensive damage , such as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the 1964 Good Friday earthquake near Anchorage , Alaska . California is well known for seismic activity , and requires large structures to be earthquake resistant to minimize loss of life and property . Outside of devastating earthquakes , California experiences minor earthquakes on a regular basis . There have been about 100 significant earthquakes annually from 2010 to 2012 . Past averages were 21 a year . This is believed to be due to the deep disposal of wastewater from fracking . None has exceeded a magnitude of 5.6 , and no one has been killed . Other natural disasters ( edit ) Other natural disasters include : tsunamis around Pacific Basin , mud slides in California , and forest fires in the western half of the contiguous U.S. Although drought is relatively rare , it has occasionally caused major economic and social disruption , such as during the Dust Bowl ( 1931 -- 1942 ) , which resulted in widespread crop failures and duststorms , beginning in the southern Great Plains and reaching to the Atlantic Ocean . Public lands ( edit ) Exclusive economic zones of the United States , including insular areas The United States holds many areas for the use and enjoyment of the public . These include National Parks , National Monuments , National Forests , Wilderness areas , and other areas . 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Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , Item 22 , 27 , 80 ; Homeland Security Public Law 107 - 296 Sec. 2. ( 16 ) ( A ) ; Presidential Proclamation of national jurisdiction ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` United States '' . The World Factbook . CIA . 2009 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Population by Sex , Rate of Population Increase , Surface Area and Density '' ( PDF ) . Demographic Yearbook 2005 . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Countries of the World : 21 Years of World Facts , geographic.org , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Managing Upland Forests of the Midsouth '' . United States Forestry Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Tapestry of Time and Terrain : The Union of Two Maps - Geology and Topography '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` USGS National Elevation Dataset ( NED ) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program ( 3DEP ) - National Geospatial Data Asset ( NGDA ) National Elevation Data Set ( NED ) '' . United States Geological Survey . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Physiographic Regions '' . United States Geological Survey . 2003 - 04 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack Each state 's low temperature record , USA today , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Weather and Climate '' ( PDF ) . Official website for Death Valley National Park . National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior . January 2002 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved October 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Press release No. 956 '' . World Meteorological Organization . September 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Atlas , Average Annual Precipitation , 1961 - 1990 Archived 2006 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , URL accessed 15 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Hereford , Richard , et al. , Precipitation History of the Mojave Desert Region , 1893 -- 2001 , U.S. Geological Survey , Fact Sheet 117 - 03 , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ NOVA , Tornado Heaven , Hunt for the Supertwister , URL accessed 15 June 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Jim E. and John E. Costa , Large Floods in the United States : Where Thley Happen and Why , U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1245 , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ NSSL : Severe Weather 101 . Nssl.noaa.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/publications/saferstructures/ Jump up ^ Vergano , Dan ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Study : Earthquake increase tied to energy boom '' . The Burlington Free Press . Burlington , Vermont . pp. 10A . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Ralph Hall , Historical Geography of the United States , New York : Harcourt , Brace , 1948 Stein , Mark , How the States Got Their Shapes , New York : Smithsonian Books / Collins , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143138 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of the United States . 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97.000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_the_United_States&oldid=854136866 '' Categories : Geography of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 06 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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where is the united states located on earth

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Shakuntala (Raja Ravi Varma)

Shakuntala ( Raja Ravi Varma ) - Wikipedia Shakuntala ( Raja Ravi Varma ) Shakuntala Artist Raja Ravi Varma Year 1870 Medium Oil on canvas Location Kilimanoor Shakuntala or Shakuntala looking for Dushyanta is an epic painting by celebrated Indian painter , Raja Ravi Varma . Ravi Varma , depicts Shakuntala , an important character of Mahabaratha , pretending to remove a thorn from her foot , while actually looking for her husband / lover , Dushyantha , while her friends call her bluff . Tapati Guha Thakurta , an art historian , wrote ; `` ( T ) his very gesture -- the twist and turn of head and body -- draws the viewer into the narrative , inviting one to place this scene within an imagined sequence of images and events . On its own , the painting stands like a frozen tableau ( like a still from a moving film ) , plucked out of an on - running spectacle of episodes . These paintings also reflect the centrality of the `` male gaze '' in defining the feminine image . Though absent from the pictorial frame , the male lover forms a pivotal point of reference , his gaze transfixes Shakuntala , as also Damayanti , into `` desired '' images , casting them as lyrical and sensual ideals . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karline McLain ( 2009 ) . India 's Immortal Comic Books : Gods , Kings , and Other Heroes . Indiana University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 9780253220523 . ( Category : Indian paintings ) This article about a nineteenth - century painting is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakuntala_(Raja_Ravi_Varma)&oldid=797231155 '' Categories : 1870 paintings Religious paintings 19th - century painting stubs Talk About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 18 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who is the famous painter who painted shakunthala

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Rice production in India

Rice production in India - Wikipedia Rice production in India This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2014 ) Major cropping areas in India . Rice shaded in light jade green indicates the most important and extensive growing areas in the east of the country Working in a rice paddy Rice production in India is an important part of the national economy Dry productive Paddy Fields in South India India is one of the world 's largest producers of rice and brown rice , accounting for 20 % of all world rice production . Rice is India 's pre-eminent crop , and is the staple food of the people of the eastern and southern parts of the country . Production increased from 53.6 million tons in FY 1980 to 74.6 million tons in year 1990 , a 39 percent increase over the decade . By year 1992 , rice production had reached 181.9 kg , second in the world only to China with its 182 kg . Since 1950 the increase has been more than 350 percent . Most of this increase was the result of an increase in yields ; the number of hectares increased only 0 percent during this period . Yields increased from 1,336 kilograms per hectare in FY 1980 to 1,751 kilograms per hectare in FY 1990 . The per - hectare yield increased more than 262 percent between 1950 and 1992 . The country 's rice production had declined to 89.14 million tonnes in 2009 - 10 crop year ( July -- June ) from record 99.18 million tonnes in the previous year due to severe drought that affected almost half of the country . India could achieve a record rice production of 100 million tonnes in 2010 - 11 crop year on the back of better monsoon this year . The India 's rice production reached to a record high of 104.32 million tonnes in 2011 - 2012 crop year ( July -- June ) . no rice no life so play freerice Rice is one of the chief grains of India . Moreover , this country has the largest area under rice cultivation , as it is one of the principal food crops . It is in fact the dominant crop of the country . India is one of the leading producers of this crop . Rice is the basic food crop and being a tropical plant , it flourishes comfortably in hot and humid climate . Rice is mainly grown in rain fed areas that receive heavy annual rainfall . That is why it is fundamentally a kharif crop in India . It demands temperature of around 25 degree Celsius and above and rainfall of more than 100 cm . Rice is also grown through irrigation in those areas that receives comparatively less rainfall . Rice is the staple food of eastern and southern parts of India . In 2009 - 10 , total rice production in India amounted to 89.13 million tonnes , which was much less than production of previous year , 99.18 million tonnes . Rice can be cultivated by different methods based on the type of region . But in India , the traditional methods are still in use for harvesting rice . The fields are initially ploughed and then fertiliser is applied which typically consists of cow dung and then the field is smoothed . The seeds are transplanted by hand and then through proper irrigation , the seeds are cultivated . Rice grows on a variety of soils like silts , loams and gravels . It can also tolerate alkaline as well as acid soils . However , clayey loam is well suited to the raising of this crop . Actually the clayey soil can be easily converted into mud in which rice seedlings can be transplanted easily . Proper care has to be taken as this crop thrives if the soil remains wet and is under water during its growing years . Rice fields should be level and should have low mud walls for retaining water . In the plain areas , excess rainwater is allowed to inundate the rice fields and flow slowly . Rice raised in the well watered lowland areas is known as lowland or wet rice . In the hilly areas , slopes are cut into terraces for the cultivation of rice . Thus , the rice grown in the hilly areas is known as dry or upland rice . The yield of upland rice per hectare is comparatively less than that of the wet rice . The regions cultivating this crop in India is distinguished as the western coastal strip , the eastern coastal strip , covering all the primary deltas , Assam plains and surrounding low hills , foothills and Terai region - along the Himalayas and states like West Bengal , Bihar , eastern Uttar Pradesh , eastern Madhya Pradesh , northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . India , being a land of eternal growing season , and the deltas of Kaveri River , Krishna River , Godavari River , Indravati River and Mahanadi River with a thick set - up of canal irrigation like Hirakud Dam and Indravati Dam , permits farmers to raise two , and in some pockets , even three crops a year . Irrigation has made even three crops a year possible . Irrigation has made it feasible even for Punjab and Haryana , known for their baked climate , to grow rice . They even export their excess to other states . Punjab and Haryana grow prized rice for export purposes . The hilly terraced fields from Kashmir to Assam are idyllically suited for rice farming , with age - old hill irrigational conveniences . High yielding kinds , enhanced planting methods , promised irrigation water supply and mounting use of fertilizers have together led to beneficial and quick results . It is the rain fed area that cuts down average yields per hectare . In some of the states like West Bengal , Assam and Orissa two crops of rice are raised in a year . Winter season in the north western India are extremely cold for rice . Rice is considered as the master crop of coastal India and in some regions of the eastern India where during the summer monsoon rainy season both high temperature and heavy rainfall provide ideal conditions for the cultivation of rice . Almost all parts of India are suitable for raising rice during the summer season provided that the water is available . Thus , rice is also raised even in those parts of western Uttar Pradesh , Punjab and Haryana where low level areas are waterlogged during the summer monsoon rainy season . Winter rice crop is a long duration crop and summer rice crop is a short duration crop . At some places in the eastern and southern parts of India , rice crop of short duration is followed by the rice crop of long duration . Winter rice crop is raised preferably in low - lying areas that remain flooded mainly during the rainy season . Autumn rice is raised in Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Punjab and Himachal Pradesh . Summer , autumn and winter rice crops are raised in West Bengal , Andhra Pradesh , Assam and Orissa . Summer rice crop is raised on a small scale and on a small area . However , winter rice crop is actually the leading rice crop accounting for a major portion of the total Hectare under rice in all seasons in the country . Moreover , in the last few years , several steps in order to augment yield per hectare were taken up very seriously at all levels . India ranks fourth in the production of wheat in the world . Favorable Geographical Condition for Wheat Cultivation : In India , wheat is a winter crop . Wheat requires a moderate cool climate with moderate rain . In India , it is grown in winter . It needs temperature 10 degree C to 15 degree C for its cultivation . It thrives well in an average temperature of 16 - degree C. Warm and sunny weather is essential at the time of ripening . Wheat requires a rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm during the growing season . Too much rain is injurious to the plant . On irrigated lands , a rainfall of 40 cm to 50 cm is sufficient . Light rainfall and cloudiness before the grain ripens increase the productivity . Alluvial level plains are ideal for wheat cultivation . Slightly rolling plains are also suitable . Plains should be well drained so that water can not stand there . Wheat requires fertile alluvial soil . Clay loamy soils or even black cotton soils are suitable . Soil should retain moisture . A certain amount of lime in the soil is beneficial . Labor factors are not as important in the wheat cultivation as in the case of rice . However , labor is essential for the cultivation . The other requirements of wheat cultivation include ( i ) irrigation , ( ii ) high yielding varieties of seeds and ( iii ) the same way . Rice production by year ( edit ) Source : http://drdpat.bih.nic.in/HS-B-Table-01.htm . SL Year Area ( Million Hectares ) Production ( Million Tonnes ) Yield ( Kg / Hectare ) 1 . 1950 - 51 30.81 20.58 668 2 . 1951 - 52 29.83 21.30 714 3 . 1952 - 53 29.97 22.90 764 4 . 1953 - 54 31.29 28.21 902 5 . 1954 - 55 30.77 25.22 820 6 . 1955 - 56 31.52 27.56 874 7 . 1956 - 57 32.28 29.04 900 8 . 1957 - 58 32.30 25.53 790 9 . 1958 - 59 33.17 30.85 930 10 . 1959 - 60 33.82 31.68 937 11 . 1960 - 61 34.13 34.58 1,013 12 . 1961 - 62 34.69 35.66 1,028 13 . 1962 - 63 35.69 33.21 931 14 . 1963 - 64 35.81 37.00 1,033 15 . 1964 - 65 36.46 39.31 1,078 16 . 1965 - 66 35.47 30.59 862 17 . 1966 - 67 35.25 30.44 863 18 . 1967 - 68 36.44 37.61 1,032 19 . 1968 - 69 36.97 39.76 1,076 20 . 1969 - 70 37.68 40.43 1,073 21 . 1970 - 71 37.59 42.22 1,123 22 . 1971 - 72 37.76 43.07 1,141 23 . 1972 - 73 36.69 39.24 1,070 24 . 1973 - 74 38.29 44.05 1,151 25 . 1974 - 75 37.89 39.58 1,045 26 . 1975 - 76 39.48 48.74 1,235 27 . 1976 - 77 38.51 41.92 1,088 28 . 1977 - 78 40.28 52.67 1,308 29 . 1978 - 79 40.48 53.77 1,328 30 . 1979 - 80 39.42 42.33 1,074 31 . 1980 - 81 40.15 53.63 1,336 32 . 1981 - 82 40.71 53.25 1,308 33 . 1982 - 83 38.26 47.12 1,231 34 . 1983 - 84 41.24 60.10 1,457 35 . 1984 - 85 41.16 58.34 1,417 36 . 1985 - 86 41.14 63.83 1,552 37 . 1986 - 87 41.17 60.56 1,471 38 . 1987 - 88 38.81 56.86 1,465 39 . 1988 - 89 41.73 70.49 1,689 40 . 1989 - 90 42.17 73.57 1,745 41 . 1990 - 91 42.69 74.29 1,740 42 . 1991 - 92 42.65 74.68 1,751 43 . 1992 - 93 41.78 72.86 1,744 44 . 1993 - 94 42.54 80.30 1,888 45 . 1994 - 95 42.81 81.81 1,911 46 . 1995 - 96 42.84 76.98 1,797 47 . 1996 - 97 43.43 81.74 1,882 48 . 1997 - 98 43.45 82.53 1,900 49 . 1998 - 99 44.80 86.03 1,920 50 . 1999 - 00 44.97 89.48 1,990 Rice Production by State ( edit ) Rice Production by States India Rice Production by States ( Million Tonnes ) States Rank ( 2014 - 15 ) Actual Production ( 2014 - 15 ) % of Country Total ( 2014 - 15 ) Cumulative % of Country Total ( 2014 - 15 ) Average Production ( 2010 - 11 to 2014 - 15 ) Estimate ( 2015 - 16 ) India - 103.73 100.0 % 100 % 105.48 103.61 West Bengal 14.68 13.9 % 14 % 14.54 16.10 Uttar Pradesh 12.17 11.5 % 25 % 13.45 12.51 Punjab 11.11 10.5 % 36 % 11.03 11.64 Odisha 8.30 7.9 % 44 % 7.17 5.80 Andhra Pradesh 7.23 6.9 % 51 % 7.34 6.94 Bihar 6 6.36 6.0 % 57 % 5.93 6.11 Chhattisgarh 7 6.32 6.0 % 63 % 6.37 6.29 Tamil Nadu 8 5.73 5.4 % 68 % 5.68 5.72 Assam 9 5.22 4.9 % 73 % 4.91 5.12 Telangana 10 4.44 4.2 % 77 % 5.31 4.19 Haryana 11 4.01 3.8 % 81 % 3.84 4.18 Madhya Pradesh 12 3.63 3.4 % 85 % 2.65 3.49 Maharashtra 15 2.95 2.8 % 94 % 2.93 2.61 Gujarat 16 1.83 1.7 % 96 % 1.66 1.56 Uttarakhand 17 0.60 0.6 % 96 % 0.58 0.63 Kerala 18 0.56 0.5 % 97 % 0.53 0.70 Jammu & Kashmir 19 0.52 0.5 % 97 % 0.60 0.42 Rajasthan 20 0.37 0.4 % 98 % 0.28 0.35 Himachal Pradesh 21 0.13 0.1 % 98 % 0.13 0.10 Others - 2.44 2.3 % 100 % 2.37 2.31 References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paddy fields in India . This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . ^ Jump up to : `` India : A Country Study : Crop Output '' . Library of Congress , Washington D.C. September 1995 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://data.gov.in/resources/state-wise-production-rice-2010-11-2014-15-ministry-agriculture-and-farmers-welfare World rice production Bangladesh Bhutan Bolivia Brazil Cambodia Chad China Cuba Guyana Haiti India Indonesia Iran Japan Laos Liberia Madagascar Mali Nepal Pakistan Philippines Romania Sierra Leone South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand United States Vietnam Agriculture in India Industries Areca nut Coconut ( in Kerala ) Coffee Fenugreek Rice Law and politics Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana Biological Diversity Act , 2002 History Farming systems Green Revolution History in ancient Tamil countries History of tea Women in agriculture Companies Bayer CropScience Limited Mahyco Pantnagar Seeds Reuters Market Light Suminter India Organics Others Tractors in India Central Institute for Cotton Research Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rice_production_in_India&oldid=850039859 '' Categories : Rice production in India Rice production by country Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 05 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the highest yield of rice per hectare in india is in which state

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Just a Little Talk with Jesus

Just a Little Talk with Jesus - Wikipedia Just a Little Talk with Jesus Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Just a Little Talk with Jesus '' Song by Elvis Presley Songwriter ( s ) Cleavant Derricks `` Just a Little Talk with Jesus '' is a gospel music song written by Cleavant Derricks and recorded by many notable artists including The Fairfield Four , Elvis Presley , The Stanley Brothers , Nina Hagen and others . In 2005 , Keith Lancaster arranged the song as `` It 's All Right . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elMv2BxHDQc Elvis Presley Albums discography Singles discography Filmography Studio albums Elvis Presley Elvis Peace in the Valley ( EP ) Elvis ' Christmas Album For LP Fans Only A Date with Elvis Elvis Is Back ! His Hand in Mine Something for Everybody Pot Luck Elvis for Everyone ! How Great Thou Art From Elvis in Memphis From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis Elvis Country ( I 'm 10,000 Years Old ) Love Letters from Elvis Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas Elvis Now He Touched Me Elvis Raised on Rock / For Ol ' Times Sake Good Times Promised Land Today From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Moody Blue Live albums On Stage As Recorded at Madison Square Garden Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis Having Fun with Elvis on Stage Elvis in Concert An Afternoon in the Garden Soundtrack albums and EPs Love Me Tender ( EP ) Loving You Jailhouse Rock ( EP ) King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star ( EP ) Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream ( EP ) Kid Galahad ( EP ) Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas ( EP ) Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me ( EP ) Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go ( EP ) Double Trouble Clambake Speedway Elvis That 's the Way It Is Viva Elvis Compilation albums Elvis ' Golden Records 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Elvis ' Golden Records Volume 3 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 4 Elvis Sings Flaming Star Let 's Be Friends Almost in Love C'mon Everybody I Got Lucky Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 1 Elvis ' 40 Greatest Pure Gold Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 2 The Sun Sessions Welcome to My World Mahalo from Elvis Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 3 Greatest Hits Volume 1 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 5 Amazing Grace : His Greatest Sacred Performances Command Performances : The Essential 60s Masters II Elvis 56 Tiger Man Memories : The ' 68 Comeback Special Sunrise Suspicious Minds : The Memphis 1969 Anthology ELV1S : 30 No. 1 Hits 2nd to None Elvis at Sun Hitstory Elvis Inspirational Elvis Rock Elvis Christmas The Essential Elvis Presley Christmas Duets If I Can Dream Way Down in the Jungle Room The Wonder of You The 50 Greatest Hits Box sets Worldwide 50 Gold Award Hits Vol. 1 The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50 's Masters From Nashville to Memphis : The Essential ' 60s Masters Walk a Mile in My Shoes : The Essential ' 70s Masters Peace in the Valley : The Complete Gospel Recordings Live in Las Vegas Today , Tomorrow , and Forever Elvis the King The Complete ' 68 Comeback Special The Complete Elvis Presley Masters Bootlegs Elvis ' Greatest Shit Feature films Love Me Tender Loving You Jailhouse Rock King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star Wild in the Country Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream Kid Galahad Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise , Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go Double Trouble Clambake Stay Away , Joe Speedway Live a Little , Love a Little Charro ! The Trouble with Girls Change of Habit Biographical films Elvis ( 1979 film ) Elvis ( 1990 series ) Elvis Meets Nixon Elvis ( 2005 miniseries ) Elvis & Nixon Documentaries The Pied Piper of Cleveland Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Elvis on Tour This Is Elvis The New Gladiators TV specials The Frank Sinatra Timex Show : Welcome Home Elvis Elvis Presley 's ' 68 Comeback Special Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis in Concert Stage shows based on Elvis Cooking with Elvis All Shook Up Elvis . The Musical Elvis : The Concert Viva Elvis Top 10 singles `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Love Me Tender '' `` Love Me '' `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' `` One Night '' `` I Got Stung '' `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' `` Stuck on You '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' `` Surrender '' `` I Feel So Bad '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Good Luck Charm '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' `` ( You 're The ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' `` Crying in the Chapel '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` Burning Love '' Related people Sam Phillips The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials The Sweet Inspirations TCB Band J.D. Sumner Stephen H. Sholes June Juanico Memphis Mafia Colonel Tom Parker George C. Nichopoulos Lisa Marie Presley Priscilla Presley Judy Spreckels Linda Thompson Ginger Alden Larry Geller Related Graceland Audubon Street House Cultural depictions Cultural impact Personal relationships Impersonators Elvis and Gladys Elvis and Me Elvis : What Happened ? Elvis - A-Rama Museum Hit singles Sun recordings Million Dollar Quartet List of Elvis Presley songs Songs about Elvis Elvis Presley Enterprises Elvis Presley Lake `` Elvis has left the building '' Elvis Radio FBI files on Elvis Presley Army career Eight Elvises Triple Elvis Elvis Presley 's Pink Cadillac Elvis Presley 's guitars Elvis Presley Forever stamp Elvis sightings Book Portal This song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_a_Little_Talk_with_Jesus&oldid=766702856 '' Categories : Elvis Presley songs Song stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from June 2012 All articles lacking sources Year of song missing All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 February 2017 , at 17 : 22 . About Wikipedia

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Pawn Stars

Pawn Stars - Wikipedia Pawn Stars Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American television series . For the British version , see Pawn Stars UK . For the Australian version , see Pawn Stars Australia . Pawn Stars From left : Rick Harrison , Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell , Corey Harrison , and Richard Harrison Genre Reality television Starring Rick Harrison Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 522 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Leftfield Pictures Release Original network History Picture format 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital Stereo Original release July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows American Restoration Cajun Pawn Stars Counting Cars Pawn Stars UK Pawnography Pawn Stars Australia External links Website Pawn Stars is an American reality television series , shown on History , and produced by Leftfield Pictures . The series is filmed in Las Vegas , Nevada , where it chronicles the daily activities at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , a 24 - hour family business opened in 1989 and operated by patriarch Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison , his son Rick Harrison , Rick 's son Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison , and Corey 's childhood friend , Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell . The series , which became the network 's highest rated show and the No. 2 reality show behind Jersey Shore , debuted on July 26 , 2009 . The series depicts the staff 's interactions with customers , who bring in a variety of artifacts to sell or pawn , and who are shown haggling over the price and discussing its historical background , with narration provided by either the Harrisons or Chumlee . The series also follows the interpersonal conflicts among the cast . One reviewer referencing these conflicts described the show as a version of Antiques Roadshow `` hijacked by American Chopper 's '' Teutul family . TV Guide has offered a similar description , calling the show `` one part Antiques Roadshow , a pinch of LA Ink and a dash of COPS '' . Numerous local experts in a variety of fields also regularly appear to appraise the items being sold or pawned , two of whom have gone on to their own spinoff programs . Antique restorer / metal artist Rick Dale is the star of the series ' first spin - off , American Restoration , which premiered in October 2010 , and mechanic / auto restoration expert Danny `` The Count '' Koker stars in the second spinoff , Counting Cars , which debuted August 13 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history and format 1.1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main shop staff 2.2 Minor shop staff 2.3 Recurring experts 2.4 Celebrity cameo appearances 3 Reception 3.1 U.S. television ratings 3.2 Critical reception 3.3 Awards and honors 3.4 Legal issues 4 Spinoffs and similar series by Leftfield 5 Merchandise 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Production History and format Pawn Stars began with Brent Montgomery and Colby Gaines of Leftfield Pictures , who were struck by the array of eclectic and somewhat seedy pawn shops in Las Vegas during a 2008 weekend visit to the city . Thinking such shops might contain unique characters , they searched for a family - run shop on which to center a TV series , until they found the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop less than two miles from the Las Vegas Strip . It had been the subject of a 2001 PBS documentary , and the manager and part - owner , Rick Harrison , had been trying unsuccessfully to pitch a show based on his shop for four years . The shop , and Rick , had previously been featured in the Las Vegas episode of Insomniac with Dave Attell in 2003 . The series was originally pitched to HBO , though the network preferred the series to have been a Taxicab Confessions - style series taking place at the Gold & Silver 's night window . The format eventually evolved into the now - familiar family - oriented motif used on the series . History president Nancy Dubuc , who had been charged with creating programming with a more populist appeal to balance out the network 's in - depth military programming , picked up the series , which was initially titled Pawning History , before a staffer at Leftfield suggested that Pawn Stars would fit better with the locale . The network concurred , believing that name to be more pleasing and easily remembered . The staffer adjusted its story - line in order to bring it in line with the network 's brand , which included the on - camera experts appraising the items brought into the Gold & Silver , though she did not discourage the interpersonal conflicts among the show 's stars . World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in 2010 The series is filmed on location at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas , Nevada . Although jewellery is the most commonly pawned item at the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , most of the customers featured in episodes bring in a variety of vintage or antique items to the store , which has 12,000 items in its inventory as of July 2011 ( 5,000 of which are typically held on pawn ) . Each episode consists of segments devoted to approximately five or six of these items , in which one of the staff members , usually Rick Harrison , his son Corey , or Harrison 's father Richard ( known as the `` Old Man '' ) , explains the history behind the object . When the buyer is unable to evaluate an object , they consult with a knowledgeable expert who can evaluate it to determine its authenticity and potential value , and in the case of items needing repair , the cost of restoration or preparing the item for sale . Whoever is evaluating the object goes over the potential value with the customer , including the expert 's opinion , if one is given , often interspersed with an interview in which he explains the basis of his decision to the viewer . A price tag graphic at the bottom corner of the screen provides the ever - changing dollar amount as the two haggle over the item 's price . On occasion , Rick will purchase items in need of restoration before determining its restoration costs , thus taking a risk on such costs . Interpersonal narratives focusing on the relationship and conflicts among Rick , Corey , the Old Man , and Corey 's childhood friend , Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell , who also works at the shop , also comprise episode plots . These usually pertain to arguments over the running of the shop , the elder Harrisons questioning Corey 's judgment , and aspersions cast on Chumlee 's intelligence and competence . Before the second commercial break , a multiple choice trivia question related to the shop and its inventory , the cast members or one of the featured items is shown , with the answer provided after the break ; beginning with the Season 8 episode `` A Very Vegas Christmas '' , a trivia question is asked at every commercial break . In addition to spawning imitators , such as the truTV series Hardcore Pawn , the success of Pawn Stars has been a boon to the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , which has become a Las Vegas tourist site , and has expanded its business accordingly . Originally averaging between 70 and 100 customers per day , the shop 's traffic increased to more than 1,000 by October 2010 . To handle the increased business , the shop hired nearly 30 new employees , and underwent a $400,000 expansion of their showroom by two thirds , to 15,000 square feet , the shop 's tenth expansion since it opened . Rick Harrison also mentioned in the fourth season episode `` Over the Top '' that he was building a gym above the Pawn Shop for the staff 's use . The shop also now sells its own brand merchandise , whose designs originate from fans entering design competitions on Facebook , which saves the Harrisons the cost of hiring professional designers . The staff 's presence on Facebook and Twitter also ensures audiences during local nightclub appearances , for which Corey Harrison and Chumlee Russell are paid $1,000 a night . As a result of filming at the shop , however , the four main cast members no longer work the counter , due to laws that require the identity of customers pawning items to remain confidential , and the tourists and fans taking photos and video in the showroom that would preclude this . When shooting episodes of the series , the shop is temporarily closed , with only a handful of customers allowed into the showroom . In July 2011 , Harrison signed a record - breaking 80 - episode renewal contract for four more seasons of the series . After being broadcast during its first four years on Mondays at 10PM ET , the program moved to Thursday nights at 9PM ET on May 30 , 2013 , replacing Swamp People , which moved an hour later to 10PM ET . The program also received a new opening and theme song , `` Winning is n't Everything '' , performed by Lynyrd Skynyrd . The opening was replaced again with different theme music from an uncredited artist on June 12 , 2014 . Episodes Main article : List of Pawn Stars episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 July 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) December 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 27 ) 33 January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) July 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) 30 August 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) March 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) 38 April 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 04 ) October 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) 5 30 November 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 28 ) March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 6 28 April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 7 34 November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) March 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) 8 46 May 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 30 ) December 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 26 ) 9 52 January 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) June 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) 10 47 July 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 10 ) December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) 11 42 January 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 12 45 October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) 13 29 July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 14 30 April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) August 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) 15 13 October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) TBA Cast Main shop staff Richard ( Rick ) Kevin Harrison -- Co-founder / co-owner of the pawn shop . The son of `` The Old Man '' Richard and father of `` Big Hoss '' Corey , he has earned the nickname of `` The Spotter '' due to his sharp eye for valuable items . He started in the pawn business at age 13 . Rick co-founded the `` Gold & Silver '' pawn shop with his father in 1989 at the age of 23 . Boasting that `` Gold & Silver '' is the only family - owned pawn shop in Las Vegas , Rick says he dropped out of high school in the tenth grade because he was making $2,000 a week selling fake Gucci bags . An avid reader since childhood , his favorite area of historical study is the British Navy , from the late 1700s to the early 1800s . Harrison also appears on United Stuff of America , an H2 series from the producers of Pawn Stars that focuses on notable artifacts that were used in important moments in history , which premiered in June 2014 . Richard Benjamin `` The Old Man '' Harrison -- Born March 4 , 1941 , he is Rick 's father and Corey 's grandfather , and the founder / co-owner of the pawn shop , which he opened in 1989 with his son Rick . He is usually referred to by his nickname , `` The Old Man '' , which he earned at age 38 , according to the episode `` Fired Up '' . Originally from Lexington , North Carolina , he is the first to arrive at the shop in the morning , and has not had a sick day since 1994 . He is a 20 - year veteran of the U.S. Navy . He is particularly passionate about automobiles , showing an interest in all types of cars , from the 1966 Chrysler Imperial his son and grandson had restored for his 50th wedding anniversary to the mid-1960s B&Z Electra - King electric car shown to them in `` Honest Abe '' , which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart . In the episode that aired on July 31 , 2017 it was mentioned that he was retired . Corey Harrison ( left ) and Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell pictured in 2010 . Both are part of the main staff of the pawn shop . Corey Harrison -- Rick 's son and Richard 's grandson , who is nicknamed `` Big Hoss '' . and started at the shop at age nine , polishing jewelry . He is now the manager of the shop 's day - to - day operations , and 30 of its employees , makes the most purchases of anyone in the shop , and is being groomed by Rick to be the boss one day . Corey often comes into conflict with his father and grandfather over his knowledge of the shop 's inventory , his responsibilities as a manager , and his overall judgment in sales , in particular his purchase of expensive items . Following gastric lap band surgery in 2010 and a change to his diet , Harrison 's weight went down from 365 lb ( 166 kg ) to approximately 250 lb ( 113 kg ) by July 2011 . In Season 6 , he tells the elder Harrisons that he will take a job at another business if he is not given a 10 % partnership in the shop . He remains with the shop after he is given a raise and a 5 % partnership , with the possibility of a greater stake in the business in the future . Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell -- Corey 's childhood friend , employed for five years at the time of the first season , having started at the shop when he was 21 . Chumlee was given his nickname at age 12 by the father of a childhood friend , who named him after the walrus sidekick of Tennessee Tuxedo . He does behind - the - counter work at the shop , such as testing the items , loading them , and writing the tickets for items purchased by others . He is often the butt of the others ' jokes for his perceived lack of intelligence and his incompetence , for which he has been referred to as a `` village idiot '' . Chumlee has responded to this by explaining that he is underestimated , and points to his expertise in pinball machines , which he utilizes in the second season episode `` Pinball Wizards '' , much to Corey 's surprise , as an example of one of the areas in which he is knowledgeable . Chumlee later displays the ability to repair a gas - powered toy car in `` Never Surrender '' ( Episode 3.25 ) , and expert knowledge in discerning a fake pair of Air Jordan V sneakers in the following episode , `` Honest Abe '' ( Episode 3.26 ) . As a result of the show , Russell formed his own company , which sells novelty items , including T - shirts of his own design , and arranges for his personal appearances . He sold half of the company in 2010 to Rick Harrison for $5,000 , so that the shop could handle orders of his merchandise more efficiently . Minor shop staff Danielle `` Peaches '' Rainey -- One of the shop staff members . In the episode `` Rope a Dope '' , she is punished for her habitual tardiness by being put on the graveyard shift with Chumlee , who harbors an unrequited affection for her . She reluctantly helps Rick appraise a box of Playboy magazines in `` Peaches & Pinups '' , despite her distaste for the task . The Old Man asks her about Chumlee 's whereabouts in `` Chum Goes AWOL '' . She is also seen socializing with the other shop staff in the closing scene of `` Confederate Conundrum '' . Olivia Black -- A night shift employee hired in Season 5 . She is among the applicants favored by Corey and Chumlee , because of her attractiveness , when they screen the applicants in `` Learning the Ropes '' . She is hired , after being further interviewed by Rick and The Old Man in `` Crosby , Stills and Cash '' , and begins her training in `` Les is More '' . In `` Corey 's Big Burn '' , she is shown working with night - shift customers with Chumlee , though Rick and The Old Man express concern that the double shifts Chumlee is working as a result of volunteering to train her ( which they perceive to be motivated solely by his attraction to her ) might be too much for him . Black was fired from the show on December 19 , 2012 , when her 2008 nude modeling work for the soft porn website SuicideGirls was revealed . Though fired from the series , she was not fired from the shop , where she continued to work , albeit off - camera . She later left the shop . She also returned to SuicideGirls and shot a new pictorial for them four days after her firing . Antwaun Austin works as bouncer in the shop . Antwaun Austin -- The shop 's 6'5 '' security guard . Usually seen in the background , Antwaun sometimes sells store T - shirts to people who come in , helps customers bring in large items , and , when necessary , removes customers who are unruly or disruptive . In `` Flight of the Chum '' , for example , he attempts to intervene when a seller becomes irate after Rick informs him that the Perseus statue he brought into the shop is not an original by Émile Louis Picault , but a copy . He features heavily in an episode storyline for the first time in Season 4 `` Teacher 's Pet '' , in which he is revealed to have worked at the shop for three years , and is tutored by Chumlee on negotiating prices and discerning genuine gold . When he later prepares to take a few days off in `` Security '' , he in turn tutors Chumlee on how to work the door . Fat Back -- An in - house mechanic , who also provides appraisals on the condition of vehicles . Johnny -- An in - house mechanic and expert in racing and other sporting memorabilia . Scott -- One of the shop 's part - time employees , who spends much of his time at flea markets and estate sales , purchasing items that Rick will purchase from him to sell in the shop . Andy -- The shop 's head of security . He first features prominently in a storyline in the Season 6 episode `` Shekel and Hyde '' . Lili -- An intern at the shop . Recurring Experts Professional specialists are sometimes called in by the pawn shop to determine the authenticity and value of the items brought in and , in some cases , to restore them . The following is a list of recurring experts who have appeared in two or more episodes . Name Area of expertise Mark Allen Performer and collector of Western memorabilia , and owner of Wild West Arts Club and Western Stage Props . Brenda Anderson Handwriting expert and owner of Expert Handwriting Analysis . Jesse Amoroso Expert in stringed instruments , and owner of Cowtown Guitars . Joe Ashman Expert in guns and weapons , and owner of Ashman 's Pioneer Market in Fillmore , Utah . Jemison Beshears Expert in weapons and antique arms . Jeremy Brown Expert in sports memorabilia and cards , and owner of Ultimate Sports Cards & Memorabilia . Rick Dale Metal artist and antique restorer , and owner of Rick 's Restorations . Dale also stars in American Restoration , a spin - off set at Rick 's Restorations and starring Dale and his staff , which premiered in October 2010 . Tony Dee Antique firearms expert , who operates The Gun Store . Bob Demel Expert in antique weapons , militaria and other types of antiques , and owner of Antiques , Arms & Armor Historical Investments , Coto de Caza , California . Ferdinand Geitner Master watchmaker and clockmaker , expert in timepieces , and owner of Montecito Clock Gallery . Craig Gottlieb Firearms and military antiques expert , and owner of Craig Gottlieb Military Antiques . Like Rick Harrison , he also appears on the series United Stuff of America . Steve Grad Principal authenticator for PSA / DNA Mark Hall - Patton Expert in 20th century artifacts and history , and administrator of the Clark County Heritage Museum and the Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum at McCarran Airport . Hall - Patton , affectionately nicknamed The Beard of Knowledge , is the expert most often consulted by the Harrisons , and also appears on the spinoff American Restoration . Unlike most of the experts who appear on the show , Hall - Patton never offers a financial estimate of an item 's value , preferring to only establish authenticity and historical significance . Although the Clark County Museum was little - known outside of Las Vegas , and has no advertising budget , annual attendance soared nearly 70 % since 2012 , reaching 42,000 in 2013 . Like Rick Harrison , he also appears on the series United Stuff of America . Johnny Jimenez Expert in vintage toys , and owner of Toy Shack of Las Vegas . Steve Johnston Expert in vintage toys and owner of Rouge Toys Danny `` The Count '' Koker Motorcycle and automobile restoration expert , and owner of Count 's Kustoms . Koker has also guest - starred on Rick Dale 's spinoff , American Restoration , and stars in his own spinoff , Counting Cars , which premiered in August 2012 . Dr. Phineas Kastle Expert in ancient artifacts Wally Korhonen Expert in automobile restoration , and owner of Rusty Nuts Rods and Customs . Dana Linett Expert in artifacts from Early American history , including the Colonial and Revolutionary periods , and President of Early American History Auctions . Mark Logan Expert in classic and performance cars , as well as dragsters , and President of Nevada Classics , Inc. and Shelby Cars Northwest . Brett Maly Fine art appraiser for Art Encounter in Las Vegas . Drew Max Forensic document examiner / handwriting expert , and owner of Authentic Autographs Unlimited . Paul Milbury Owner of Military Historical Arms & Antiques , and an expert in historical military arms and antiques from 1776 -- World War II . Roy Page Expert in vintage vacuum tube appliances , and owner of Roy 's Repair - O-Rama , which specializes in such appliances . Sean Rich Antique arms and armory expert , specializing in the 16th to 18th centuries , and owner of Tortuga Trading Inc . He also appeared as an expert in the National Geographic Channel show Lords of War . Rebecca Romney Expert in rare books , manuscripts and documents from the 15th to the 21st centuries , and manager at the Las Vegas Gallery of Bauman Rare Books . Charles Roof Archery specialist and manager of Pacific Archery Sales . Murray SawChuck Professional magician and magic historian , owner of Murray Productions Inc . Matthew C. Shortal Aviation expert , Marine F - 18 and Navy Blue Angels pilot , and graduate of Top Gun . Jay Tell Expert in coins , paper currency and stamps , and owner of Americana Stamp & Coin Galleries . Bill Ybarzabal Boat restorer , and owner of A1A Marine Tech . Bob Yuhas Restoration and motorcycle expert Celebrity cameo appearances Cameo appearances have been made by Phil Collen , Joe Elliott , Bob Dylan , Jeremy McKinnon , Meredith Vieira , the Oak Ridge Boys , George Stephanopoulos , Matt Kenseth , Steve Carell , Kip Winger , Roger Daltrey , Katie Couric , Vic Flick and Butch Harmon . Reception U.S. television ratings By January 2011 , Pawn Stars was History 's highest - rated series . An original episode broadcast on January 24 , 2011 was watched by seven million viewers , the most - watched telecast ever on History , according to the network and Nielsen Media Research . In 2011 it was the second highest - rated reality series on TV behind Jersey Shore , attracting 7.6 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Pawn Stars was most popular in rural Kentucky . Critical reception Christopher Long , reviewing the first season DVD for DVD Town , praised the series for its cast and the educational value of the items examined , calling it `` addictive '' and `` a big - time winner '' , and opined that it is the best show on History and perhaps cable . In one issue of TV Guide , writer Rob Moynihan included the show in a list of `` guilty pleasures . '' April McIntyre of Monsters and Critics , whose negative view of pawn shops influenced her view of the series ' setting , reviewed one episode of the series , which she labeled a `` cool Antiques Roadshow '' . Though she found aspects of it interesting , she criticized what she perceived as an emphasis on cheap laughs at the expense of family patriarch Richard Harrison over the show 's historical material , as well as Corey Harrison 's weight . She ultimately saw potential for the series if aspects of it that she found to be in poor taste were curbed . USA Today 's Gary Strauss opined that the bickering among the Harrisons , as well as the customers seen in the shop , is `` alternately amusing and grating '' . People magazine wrote of the show , `` Think Antiques Roadshow , but with neon and far more tattoos . '' Some of History 's viewers were reportedly displeased with how reality series like Pawn Stars and Swamp People have replaced some of the network 's previous history - oriented programming . The series has also attracted some criticism from other pawnbrokers , who while conceding its entertainment value , claim that the series ' focus on the extravagant vintage items brought into the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop are not typical of the average pawn shop , whose business is predicated on individuals on fixed income who bring in conventional objects in order to pay their bills , such as electronics , tools and jewelry . Corey Grigson and Charles Brown , who own a shop called Pawn Stars , estimate that their average loan to a customer is between $50 and $100 . They also point out appraisals are handled by the staff , who rely on experience , reference works and research , and not the outside experts who are frequently seen on the show aiding the Harrisons . The success of the series has also lent itself to parody . At the June 2011 NHL Awards in Las Vegas , the Hanson Brothers from the movie Slap Shot appeared in a spoof sketch in which they try to sell the Stanley Cup to Harrison at the Gold & Silver . The show has received 7.7 / 10 ratings on TV.com and has received 7.4 / 10 ratings on IMDb . Awards and honors In 2010 , Rick Harrison and the staff of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop were awarded the Pawnbroker of the Year Award by the National Pawnbrokers Association for bringing the industry greater recognition and a better image with the TV show . On July 17 , 2012 , the Clark County Commission declared that day to be `` Pawn Stars / Gold & Silver Pawn Day '' . At the Commission meeting , Richard `` The Old Man '' Harrison donated $1,000 to the Clark County Heritage Museum , and lent the U.S. Senate floor chair used by Senator Patrick McCarran ( sold to the Gold and Silver in the Pawn Stars episode `` Take a Seat '' ) to the museum as part of a display on Senator McCarran . Legal issues In October 2012 , A + E Networks and History , as well as cast members from the show , were sued in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas for interference with business practices by Wayne Jefferies , a Las Vegas promoter and the Harrisons ' manager , who represented them and Austin Lee `` Chumlee '' Russell in their television business dealings . Jefferies , who was instrumental in helping to launch the series , states that after the show premiered , his influence in the show was increasingly reduced , and he was ultimately fired and left without his promised share of fees and merchandising royalties from the series . Jefferies states that this occurred after a January 2012 leaked story on TMZ that indicated that the Pawn Stars cast was taken aback by History 's launch of the spinoff Cajun Pawn Stars , of which the cast had been unaware . In March 2016 , `` Chumlee '' Russell pleaded guilty to charges stemming from the discovery of an arsenal of weapons , marijuana , and other drugs by police at his home in Las Vegas . Spinoffs and similar series by Leftfield Following the success of Pawn Stars , Leftfield Pictures created the following spinoffs of Pawn Stars : American Restoration was Pawn Stars ' first spinoff . It stars Rick Dale and his crew at Rick 's Restorations , and premiered in October 2010 . Cajun Pawn Stars is set at the Silver Dollar Pawn & Jewelry Center , a pawn shop in Alexandria , Louisiana that is owned and operated by Jimmie DeRamus and his family . The show , which follows the same format as the original Pawn Stars , debuted on History on January 8 , 2012 . Counting Cars stars Danny `` The Count '' Koker , proprietor of Count 's Kustoms , and follows a format similar to American Restoration , in which Koker and his staff restore and modify classic automobiles . Counting Cars debuted on August 13 , 2012 , after Pawn Stars . Pawn Stars UK is a local version of Pawn Stars set in the United Kingdom ; that series premiered in the UK on the History channel on August 26 , 2013 . This series is slated for a first season of eight episodes , and , like Cajun Pawn Stars , will show the trade of collectibles from the local perspective . Pawnography is a game show that first aired on July 10 , 2014 on History . Hosted by comedian Christopher Titus and featuring Rick , Corey and Chumlee as panelists , Pawnography features contestants answering questions related to selected items sold at the Gold and Silver , for a chance to win the item . Pawn Stars SA is a local version of Pawn Stars set in South Africa ; that is due to premiere on 14 October 2014 on the DSTV channel . Pawn Stars Australia is a local version of Pawn Stars set in Australia , that premiered in 2015 on Foxtel . In addition , Leftfield created five similar series that follow the same format as Pawn Stars : Oddities , a Discovery Channel series which premiered in November 2010 , focusing on the operations of a New York -- based antique shop . Oddities : San Francisco , a spinoff of Oddities taking place at a San Francisco - based antiques shop , which debuted in June 2012 on the Science channel . What the Sell ? ! , a TLC series that debuted in March 2011 , about three generations of women running an antique shop in Wheaton , Illinois . Ball Boys , an ABC series that debuted March 2012 , about an owner of a sports collectibles shop and his son in Baltimore , Maryland . United Stuff of America , an H2 series that focuses on artifacts that played a key role in history , such as the cane with which Andrew Jackson fended off a presidential assassin , the axe Abraham Lincoln used as a young rail splitter , and the pencils Ulysses S. Grant used to write his memoirs . Merchandise In 2011 , History launched Pawn Stars : The Game for play on Facebook . In June 2011 , Rick Harrison 's autobiography , License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver , was published by Hyperion Books . Harrison 's autobiography details his childhood , some of the troubles he faced before he got into the pawning business , as well as anecdotes from his time at the Gold & Silver . Also , The Old Man , Corey , and Chumlee have their own chapters in the book , reflecting on their life and experiences at the pawn shop . In October 2011 , the Redwood Hills Financial Group issued the Modern Cash Prepaid MasterCard Limited Edition : Gold & Silver Pawn Shop prepaid debit card , in a special tie - in with the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop . On September 5 , 2012 , it was announced that Bally Technologies would unveil a new slot machine featuring the cast of Pawn Stars the following month at the 2012 Global Gaming Expo. which took place October 2 to 4 , 2012 in Las Vegas . See also Television portal American Pickers , itinerant buyers of antiques and collectibles Auction Hunters , a series on Spike Auction Kings , a similar series on Discovery Channel Comic Book Men , set at filmmaker Kevin Smith 's comic book store , the show has been described as `` Pawn Stars for geeks '' . Comic Store Heroes , set at Midtown Comics in Manhattan . Hardcore Pawn , a similar series on truTV Pawn Queens , a similar series with female pawn shop operators , airing on TLC Storage Hunters , a series on truTV Storage Wars , a series on A&E References Jump up ^ Rick Harrison and Tim Keown . License to Pawn. 2011 . Hyperion . pp 1 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Pawn shop boys '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Childers , Linda ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Rick Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' spills success secrets '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` Corey Harrison : Partner and general manager , Gold and Silver Pawn '' , Las Vegas Sun , February 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ Pawn Stars , Locate TV , accessed December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rick Harrison and Tim Keown. 2011 . page 204 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Christopher . `` Las Vegas pawnshop center of new reality series '' Las Vegas Review - Journal ; July 19 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Moynihan , Rob . `` Summer 's Guilty Pleasures '' . TV Guide . June 21 , 2010 . Page 23 ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` History spinning off `` Pawn Stars '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` First'Pawn Stars ' spinoff in production in Vegas , and it has restorative properties '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Rick Dale 's ' Pawn Stars ' spinoff , ' Rusty Nuts , ' set for Oct. 18 debut '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danny ' The Count ' Koker is in the Driver 's Seat When New Car - Loving Series Premieres on History ( R ) -- ' Counting Cars ' '' . The Futon Critic . July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Lacey ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` History Orders Car Flipping Series Starring ' Pawn Stars ' Personality ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Fixmer , Andy ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Pawn Stars : Our Most Revealing Reality Show '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . ^ Jump up to : Bourdeau , Annette ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' : 13 Things You Did n't Know About Chumlee , Rick And Corey `` . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Pawn Stars ' Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Celebrates 70th Birthday `` . VegasNews.com . March 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' : '' Rick Harrison talks about cable 's most unlikely hit ! `` . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars circa 2003 '' on YouTube , accessed Sep 19 , 2009 , July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown , 2011 . page 249 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Gary ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` From ' Pawn Stars ' to ' Pickers , ' America 's trash is TV 's treasure '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown , 2011 . page 252 . Jump up ^ `` Pezzed Off '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 15 . January 25 , 2010 . History . Jump up ^ `` Face the Music '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 39 . July 25 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` The Wright Stuff '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 44 . August 15 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ Examples include the chronometer in `` Sharks and Cobra '' and the barber 's chair in `` A Shot and a Shave '' . ^ Jump up to : Examples include Rick 's reaction to the purchase of a stolen item in `` John Hancock 's Hancock '' , and his perception of Corey 's laziness in motivating staff people like Chumlee to keep the back storage area organized , as well as putting rare items on display at the shop instead of in the backroom in `` Backroom Brawl '' . ^ Jump up to : Examples include his purchase of a boat in `` Sink or Sell '' , despite his father 's policy against buying boats , and his $38,000 purchase of a hot air balloon in `` Hot Air Buffoon '' , despite his father 's rule requiring him to consult him first when paying more than $10,000 for an item . ^ Jump up to : Other examples include the Old Man 's remarks in `` Plane Crazy '' that Chumlee probably ca n't spell the word `` art '' , and can barely tie his own shoelaces . Jump up ^ Corey Harrison indicates he manages 30 employees in the second season episode `` Backroom Brawl '' , and later states the shop has 48 employees in the third season episode `` Like a Rolling Chum '' . The June 2010 Entertainment Weekly source also indicates a staff of over 40 employees . According to Richard Harrison on Page 88 of his son 's 2011 autobiography , License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver , the shop had 12 employees at the time the show began production . Jump up ^ `` Peacemaker '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 27 . May 9 , 2011 . History . ^ Jump up to : `` Over the Top '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 33 . June 13 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ Harrison , 2011 . pp. 70 , 89 ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' gets new theme song from Lynyrd Skynyrd -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Per Swamp People 's official Facebook page Jump up ^ `` Who 's Your Dali ? '' . Pawn Stars . June 12 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ His middle name is established in `` Chopper Gamble '' ( Episode 2.19 ) . ^ Jump up to : Meet the Pawn Stars : Rick `` The Spotter '' Harrison Archived July 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... History.com , accessed August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ His nickname is also established by the interstitial quiz that connects the second and third acts of the episode `` Luck of the Draw '' . ^ Jump up to : Rick claims in `` Steaks at Stake to own 50 % of the store , but Richard insists that Rick owns only 49 % . Jump up ^ `` Ask the Pawn Stars '' . Pawn Stars on History . Facebook . August 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Post , Paul ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Grant Cottage to be part of new TV series '' . Saratogian News . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dalseide , Lars ( June 21 , 2014 ) . `` Catch NRA Museum 's Gun Gurus tonight on History Channel 's United Stuff '' . NRAblog.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shemeligian , Bob ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Road to ' Pawn ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meet the Pawn Stars : The Old Man `` The Appraiser '' Archived July 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , History.com , accessed February 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Christopher ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` PAWN STARS ( TV SERIES ) -- DVD review '' . Movie Metropolis . Jump up ^ `` Chummobile '' , Pawn Stars , Season 4 , Episode 16 , March 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Phoning it In '' ( Episode 3.11 ) ; July 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Big Guns '' ( Episode 2.24 ) ; March 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ His passion for cars is mentioned in the first season episode `` Rope a Dope '' and the third season episode `` Honest Abe '' . He mentions in the second season episode `` Sharks and Cobras '' that he has owned 40 cars in his life . Jump up ^ `` Old Man 's Booty '' , Episode 2.3 , History , December 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Honest Abe '' Pawn Stars , Episode 3.26 , History , November 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Pawn Illustrated '' , Episode 4.9 , February 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Meet the Pawn Stars : Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Archived October 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , History.com , accessed February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guns and Rangers '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 17 . February 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backroom Brawl '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 23 . March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A previous version of History. com 's cast page for the series stated that Rick closed most of the deals on the show . That statement is no longer on that page as of March 2 , 2010 , and the interstitial trivia quiz seen at the end of the last commercial break of the episode `` Off the Wagon '' states that Corey makes the most purchases . Corey 's purchase rate has not been explicitly indicated , but the interstitial that precedes the last Act of `` Flight of the Chum '' states that Rick purchases approximately 50 items a week . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ His father quizzes him on this in `` Rick 's Big Bet '' . Jump up ^ Examples include Corey and the Old Man 's bet in `` Confederate Conundrum '' that Corey could not sell a restored Rolex GMT watch for more than $4,800 . Jump up ^ `` ' I can run now ' : Pawn Star Corey Harrison 's staggering 115lb weight loss '' . Mail Online . July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Offer '' . Pawn Stars . Season 6 . Episode 10 . November 26 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ `` Silent but Chumlee '' . Pawn Stars . Season 6 . Episode 13 . December 10 , 2012 . History . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Pawn Stars : Austin ( Chumlee ) Russell '' Archived June 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... History.com , Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boom or Bust '' ( Episode 1.1 ) Jump up ^ `` Plane Crazy '' ( Episode 1.12 ) Jump up ^ `` Moon Walking '' ( Episode 3.12 ) ; July 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown ; Russel , Austin . 2011 . pp. 3 , 151 and 204 . ^ Jump up to : Profile for Austin `` Chumlee '' Russel Archived June 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . at Gold and Silver Pawn Shop ; Accessed August 25 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Ready , Set , Pawn '' ( Episode 3.18 ) ; September 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Some Like It Not '' . Pawn Stars . Season 5 . Episode 55 . August 27 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown ; Russell , Wallace. 2011 . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Corey also references Chumlee 's knowledge of pinball machines in `` Honest Able '' as well . Jump up ^ Harrison ; Keown ; Russell . 2011 . pp 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Olivia Black '' Archived November 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . History . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pawn Stars ' shop girl Olivia Black fired after her porn site past is revealed '' . Fox News . December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Black : ' Pawn Stars ' Reality Starlet Fired For Nude Photos From Her Past As A Porn Star '' . International Business Times . December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnowitz , Leora ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Olivia Black Leaves Gold & Silver '' . Fox News Network . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnowitz , Leora ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' former cast member Olivia Black talks firing , return to porn site work '' . Fox News . ^ Jump up to : `` Teacher 's Pet '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 50 . September 19 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ Katsilometes , John ( April 10 , 2010 ) . `` An inside look at Las Vegas ' television ' Pawn Stars ' '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : `` Pawn Stars : Security Detail '' , History Channel 's official YouTube channel . December 18 , 2009 . Accessed June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Security '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 52 . September 26 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` License to Pawn '' ( Episode 2.32 ) , History , May 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) ; `` Case Closed '' ( Episode 4.6 ) ; `` Take a Seat '' ( Episode 4.21 ) ; `` Silence of the Lambo '' ( Episode 5.6 ) Jump up ^ `` Peeping Pawn '' ( Episode 3.13 ) Jump up ^ `` Shekel and Hyde '' . Pawn Stars . Season 6 . Episode 30 . February 25 , 2013 . History . Jump up ^ `` April Fooled '' . Pawn Stars . Season 8 . Episode 49 . April 3 , 2014 . History . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Experts '' Archived February 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... History.com . Accessed January 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Mark Allen '' . History.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Archived June 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rope a Dope '' ( Episode 1.9 ) ; `` John Hancock 's Hancock '' ( Episode 1.11 ) ; `` Steaks at Stake '' ( Episode 2.6 ) ; `` Ace in the Hole '' ( Episode 3.14 ) ; `` Monkey Business '' ( Episode 3.27 ) Jump up ^ Wild West Arts Club 's official site Archived April 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Western Stage Props ' official site . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Damn Yankees '' ( Episode 1.6 ) ; `` A Shot and a Shave '' ( Episode 2.4 ) Jump up ^ `` Expert Handwriting Analysis ' official site '' . Experthandwritinganalysis.com . December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Air Buffoon '' ( Episode 2.5 ) ; `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) ; `` Strike a Chord '' ( Episode 4.10 ) ; `` Honor They Father '' ( Episode 4.34 ) `` ; Face the Music '' ( Episode 4.38 ) ; `` Buyer Beware '' ( Episode 5.5 ) ; `` Les is More '' ( Episode 5.18 ) ; `` Kick the Can '' ( Episode 5.51 ) ; `` On Guard '' ( Episode 6.7 ) ; `` Little Pawn Shop of Horrors '' ( Episode 6.17 ) ; `` Book ' Em Rick '' ( Episode 6.31 ) ; `` Tee 'd Off '' ( Episode 8.50 ) ; `` Ponies and Phonies '' ( Episode 8.55 ) Jump up ^ `` Cowtown Guitars '' . Cowtown Guitars . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cowtown Guitars Under New Ownership '' . Vintage Guitar Magazine . July 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Rick Harrison traveled to Utah to investigate items for sale at Ashman 's market in `` Sharpe Shooters '' ( Episode 4.30 ) and `` Weird Science '' ( Episode 4.43 ) , but Ashman later appeared at the Gold & Silver as an expert in `` Rick or Treat '' ( Episode 4.54 ) , `` Cash Cash Bang Bang '' ( Episode 5.16 ) and `` Hole in One '' ( Episode 5.19 ) Jump up ^ `` Guilty as Charged '' ( Episode 5.31 ) ; `` Trigger Happy '' ( Episode 5.36 ) ; Like a Rock ( Episode 5.42 ) ; `` Pin it to Win It '' ( Episode 5.45 ) ; `` Jet Setters '' ( Episode 5.50 ) Jump up ^ Heritage Auctions . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pipe Dreams '' ( Episode 4.47 ) ; `` Poker Night '' ( Episode 4.53 ) ; `` Mile High Club '' ( Episode 5.1 ) ; `` Patriot Games '' ( Episode 5.2 ) ; `` Blaze of Glory '' ( Episode 5.3 ) ; `` Yankee Panky '' ( Episode 5.20 ) ; `` Air Mail '' ( Episode 5.21 ) ; `` Huddle Up '' ( Episode 5.24 ) ; `` Pawnocchio '' ( Episode 5.25 ) ; `` Corey 's Big Burn '' ( Episode 5.32 ) ; `` To the Moon '' ( Episode 5.34 ) ; `` Pin it to Win It '' ( Episode 5.45 ) ; `` Stalled Deals '' ( Episode 5.47 ) ; `` Hot and Colt '' ( Episode 5.48 ) ; `` Kick the Can '' ( Episode 5.51 ) ; `` Free Willie '' ( Episode 5.54 ) ; `` Thirty Something '' ( Episode 5.58 ) ; `` Three Pawn Night '' ( Episode 6.3 ) ; `` Would n't It Be Ice ? '' ( Episode 6.12 ) ; `` Silent but Chumlee '' ( Episode 6.13 ) ; `` Little Pawn Shop of Horrors '' ( Episode 6.17 ) ; `` Spare the Rodman '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Off the Hook '' ( Episode 6.24 ) ; `` Beam Me Up '' ( Episode 6.29 ) Jump up ^ `` Sports Memorabilia Authentication Station Taking Place Saturday , February 16th at Ultimate Sports Cards & Memorabilia '' . Globe Newswire . February 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Rick Dale '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Time Machines '' ( Episode 1.8 ) ; `` Rick 's Big Bet '' ( Episode 1.10 ) ; `` A Shot and a Shave '' ( Episode 2.4 ) ; `` Wheels '' ( Episode 2.12 ) ; `` Off the Wagon '' ( Episode 2.21 ) ; `` Bumpy Ride '' ( Episode 2.26 ) ; `` Hell Week '' ( Episode 2.29 ) ; `` The British Are Coming '' ( Episode 2.31 ) ; `` Trail Breaker '' ( Episode 3.1 ) ; `` Deals from Hell '' ( Episode 3.6 ) ; `` The Pick , The Pawn and the Polish '' ( Episode 4.35 ) ; `` Making Cents '' ( Episode 4.36 ) ; `` Putt , Putt , Pawn '' ( Episode 6.11 ) ; `` Spare the Rodman '' ( Episode 6.20 ) Jump up ^ Rick 's Restorations Archived September 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Shot and a Shave '' ( Episode 2.4 ) ; `` Guns and Rangers '' ( Episode 2.16 ) ; `` The Pick , The Pawn and the Polish '' ( Episode 4.35 ) Jump up ^ `` Corey 's Big Play '' ( Episode 5.11 ) ; `` Help Wanted '' ( Episode 5.12 ) Jump up ^ `` Sharks and Cobras '' ( Episode 2.2 ) ; `` Rick 's Bad Day '' ( Episode 2.11 ) ; `` Ready , Set , Pawn '' ( Episode 3.18 ) Jump up ^ `` Montecito Clock Gallery '' . Montecito Clock Gallery . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Family Feud '' ( Episode 5.40 ) ; `` Stuff It '' ( Episode 5.49 ) ; `` Bullitt Proof '' ( Episode 5.52 ) ; `` Cool as Ike '' ( Episode 5.53 ) ; Fork it Over ( Episode 5.57 ) ; What You Talkin ' ' Bout Sturgis ? ( Episode 6.1 ) ; `` Would n't It Be Ice ? '' ( Episode 6.12 ) ; `` Take the Money and Run '' ( Episode 6.14 ) ; `` Santa Chum '' ( Episode 6.16 ) ; `` I Herd That '' ( Episode 6.18 ) ; `` Lunch Larceny '' ( Episode 6.27 ) ; `` Corey , I Am Your Father '' ( Episode 6.32 ) ; `` Close , But No Cigar '' ( Episode 6.33 ) Jump up ^ `` History Hunter : Craig Gottlieb Militaria '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Firepower '' . United Stuff of America . Season 1 . Episode 1 . June 14 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ `` Fired Up '' ( Episode 2.1 ) ; `` Pezzed Off '' ( Episode 2.15 ) ; `` Top Secret '' ( Episode 3.2 ) ; `` Strike , Spare , BOOM '' ( Episode 3.8 ) ; `` Message in a Bottle '' ( Episode 3.9 ) ; `` Rough Riders '' ( Episode 3.10 ) ; `` Moon Walking '' ( Episode 3.12 ) ; `` Getting a Head '' ( Episode 3.16 ) ; `` The Eagle Has Landed '' ( Episode 3.19 ) ; `` Luck of the Draw '' ( Episode 4.3 ) ; `` Case Closed '' ( Episode 4.6 ) ; `` Darth Pawn '' ( Episode 4.7 ) ; `` Put Up Your Dukes '' ( Episode 4.8 ) , `` Going Postal '' ( Episode 4.15 ) ; `` Take a Seat '' ( Episode 4.21 ) ; `` Spidey Cents '' ( Episode 4.25 ) ; `` Necessary Roughness '' ( Episode 4.26 ) ; `` Peacemaker '' ( Episode 4.27 ) ; `` Broadsiding Lincoln '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Buy the Book '' ( Episode 4.32 ) ; `` Late Night Chum '' ( Episode 4.31 ) ; `` Face the Music '' ( Episode 4.38 ) ; `` Silent and Deadly '' ( Episode 4.42 ) ; `` Pirate 's Booty '' ( Episode 4.49 ) ; `` Teacher 's Pet '' ( Episode 4.50 ) ; `` Security '' ( Episode 4.52 ) ; `` Patriot Games '' ( Episode 5.2 ) ; `` $ = MC2 '' ( Episode 5.7 ) ; `` Pony Up '' ( Episode 5.8 ) ; `` High Tops '' ( Episode 5.9 ) ; `` Corey 's Big Play '' ( Episode 5.11 ) ; `` Over the Moon '' ( Episode 5.17 ) ; `` Yankee Panky '' ( Episode 5.20 ) ; `` Huddle Up '' ( Episode 5.24 ) ; `` Guns Blazing '' ( Episode 5.26 ) ; `` James Gang Rides Again '' ( Episode 5.27 ) ; `` Corey 's Big Burn '' ( Episode 5.32 ) ; `` Bossy Pants '' ( Episode 5.37 ) ; `` Family Feud '' ( Episode 5.40 ) ; `` That Sinking Feeling '' ( Episode 5.44 ) ; `` Jet Setters '' ( Episode 5.50 ) ; `` Some Like It Not '' ( Episode 5.55 ) ; Fork it Over ( Episode 5.57 ) ; `` Three Pawn Night '' ( Episode 6.3 ) ; `` On Guard '' ( Episode 6.7 ) ; `` Sweet Pawn of Mine '' ( Episode 6.9 ) ; `` Silent but Chumlee '' ( Episode 6.13 ) ; `` It 's a Wonderful Pawn '' ( Episode 6.15 ) ; `` I Herd That '' ( Episode 6.18 ) ; `` Spare the Rodman '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Hair Force One '' ( Episode 6.22 ) ; `` Comic Con '' ( Episode 6.23 ) ; `` Room and Hoard '' ( Episode 6.25 ) ; `` Hello , Goodbye '' ( Episode 6.34 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Mark Hall - Patton '' . History.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ed Vogel ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Chapel to be museum fixture '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ As revealed by the interstitial trivia quiz shown at the beginning of Act 3 of `` Spidey Cents '' ( Episode 4.25 ) Jump up ^ `` Break In '' . American Restoration . Season 4 . Episode 70 . December 12 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ Glionna , John M. ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Hall - Patton , expert on TV 's ' Pawn Stars , ' is the real deal '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Badass Presidents '' . United Stuff of America . Season 1 . Episode 1 . June 14 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ `` Like a Rolling Chum '' ( Episode 3.20 ) ; `` Hello Nurse '' ( Episode 3.21 ) ; `` Houdini 's Handcuffs '' ( Episode 4.4 ) ; `` Necessary Roughness '' ( Episode 4.26 ) ; `` Buffalo Bull '' ( Episode 4.40 ) ; `` Cannons and Klingons '' ( Episode 4.41 ) ; `` Silent and Deadly '' ( Episode 4.42 ) ; `` The King 's Bling '' ( Episode 4.46 ) ; `` Smells Like Pawn Spirit '' ( Episode 5.14 ) ; `` Cash Cash Bang Bang '' ( Episode 5.16 ) ; `` Cash is King '' ( Episode 5.22 ) ; `` Bear - ly There '' ( Episode 5.23 ) ; `` Pawnocchio '' ( Episode 5.25 ) ; `` Zoodoo '' ( Episode 5.30 ) ; `` What the Truck '' ( Episode 5.38 ) ; `` Three Hour Tour '' ( Episode 5.39 ) ; `` Stuff It '' ( Episode 5.49 ) ; `` Comic Con '' ( Episode 6.23 ) ; `` Room and Hoard '' ( Episode 6.25 ) ; `` Grand Theft Corey '' ( Episode 6.28 ) ; `` Beam Me Up '' ( Episode 6.29 ) ; `` Corey , I Am Your Father '' ( Episode 6.32 ) Jump up ^ Toy Shack . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Getting a Head '' ( Episode 3.16 ) ; `` The Eagle Has Landed '' ( Episode 3.19 ) ; `` Bare Bones '' ( Episode 3.24 ) ; `` Packing Heat '' ( Episode 4.2 ) ; `` Pedal to the Medal '' ( Episode 4.5 ) ; `` Ah , Shoot ! '' ( Episode 4.14 ) ; `` Chummobile '' ( Episode 4.16 ) ; `` Pablo Pawncasso '' ( Episode 4.18 ) ; `` Missile Attack '' ( Episode 4.20 ) ; `` Spidey Cents '' ( Episode 4.25 ) ; `` Sharps Shooters '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` The Pick , The Pawn and the Polish '' ( Episode 4.35 ) ; `` Out of Gas '' ( Episode 4.45 ) ; `` Bugs Money '' ( Episode 4.51 ) ; `` Security '' ( Episode 4.52 ) ; `` Blaze of Glory '' ( Episode 5.3 ) ; `` Silence of the Lambo '' ( Episode 5.6 ) ; `` Pony Up '' ( Episode 5.8 ) ; `` High Tops '' ( Episode 5.9 ) ; `` Apocalypse Wow '' ( Episode 5.10 ) ; `` Help Wanted '' ( Episode 5.12 ) ; `` Air Mail '' ( Episode 5.21 ) ; `` Cash is King '' ( Episode 5.22 ) ; `` To the Moon '' ( Episode 5.34 ) ; `` Trigger Happy '' ( Episode 5.36 ) ; `` What the Truck '' ( Episode 5.38 ) ; `` Like a Rock '' ( Episode 5.42 ) ; `` Stalled Deals '' ( Episode 5.47 ) ; `` Hot and Colt '' ( Episode 5.48 ) ; `` Bullitt Proof '' ( Episode 5.52 ) ; `` Free Willie '' ( Episode 5.54 ) ; `` Thirty Something '' ( Episode 5.58 ) ; `` The Offer '' ( Episode 6.9 ) ; `` It 's a Wonderful Pawn '' ( Episode 6.15 ) ; `` Grand Theft Corey '' ( Episode 6.28 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Danny Koker '' . History.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Vince Neil Celebrates Grand Opening of Vince Neil Ink at The Rio '' . VegasNews.com . September 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Pick , The Pawn & The Polish '' . American Restoration . Season 2 . Episode 14 . July 11 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` Gangsters & Guitars '' ( Episode 1.5 ) ; `` Helmet Head '' ( Episode 2.27 ) Jump up ^ `` Rusty Nuts Rod - n - Custom '' . Rusty Nuts Rod - n - Custom . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Hancock 's Hancock '' ( Episode 1.11 ) ; `` PlaneCrazy '' ( Episode 1.12 ) ; `` Steaks at Stake '' ( Episode 2.6 ) ; `` Secret Santa '' ( Episode 2.8 ) ; `` Chopper Gamble '' ( Episode 2.19 ) ; `` Spooning Paul Revere '' ( Episode 2.20 ) ; `` Zzzzzz '' ( Episode 2.30 ) ; `` The British Are Coming '' ( Episode 2.31 ) `` Aw Shucks ! '' ( Episode 3.5 ) ; `` Cornering the Colonel '' ( Episode 3.17 ) ; `` Never Surrender '' ( Episode 3.25 ) ; `` Honest Abe '' ( Episode 3.26 ) ; `` Packing Heat '' ( Episode 4.2 ) ; `` Harrison for President '' ( Episode 4.11 ) ; `` Chummobile '' ( Episode 4.16 ) ; `` Patton Pending '' ( Episode 4.24 ) ; `` Broadsiding Lincoln '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Honor Thy Father '' ( Episode 4.34 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Dana Linett '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early American.com Home Page '' . Earlyamerican.com . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sharks and Cobras '' ( Episode 2.2 ) ; `` Ready , Set , Pawn '' ( Episode 3.18 ) Jump up ^ `` Nevada Classics '' . Nevada Classics . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monkey Business '' ( Episode 4.1 ) ; `` Ah , Shoot ! '' ( Episode 4.14 ) ; `` Pablo Pawncasso '' ( Episode 4.18 ) ; `` Looney Dunes '' ( Episode 5.4 ) ; `` $ = MC2 '' ( Episode 5.7 ) ; `` Apocalypse Wow '' ( Episode 5.10 ) ; `` Dirty Sox '' ( Episode 5.43 ) ; `` Pin it to Win It '' ( Episode 5.45 ) ; `` Some Like It Not '' ( Episode 5.55 ) ; `` Take the Money and Run '' ( Episode 6.14 ) ; `` Funny Money '' ( Episode 6.19 ) ; `` Million Dali Baby '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Shekel and Hyde '' ( Episode 6.29 ) ; `` Hello , Goodbye '' ( Episode 6.34 ) ; `` April Fooled '' ( Episode 8.49 ) Jump up ^ `` Phoning It In '' ( Episode 3.11 ) ; `` Moon Walking '' ( Episode 3.12 ) ; `` Like a Rolling Chum '' ( Episode 3.20 ) ; `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) ; `` Pedal to the Medal '' ( Episode 4.5 ) ; `` Put Up Your Dukes '' ( Episode 4.8 ) ; `` Striking a Chord '' ( Episode 4.10 ) ; `` Wise Guys '' ( Episode 4.12 ) ; `` Evel Genius '' ( Episode 4.17 ) ; `` Not on My Watch '' ( Episode 4.21 ) ; `` Take a Seat '' ( Episode 4.22 ) ; `` Pom Pom Pawn '' ( Episode 4.23 ) ; `` Patton Pending '' ( Episode 4.24 ) ; `` The Great Escape '' ( Episode 4.28 ) ; `` Buy the Book '' ( Episode 4.32 ) ; `` Buffalo Bull '' ( Episode 4.40 ) ; `` The Wright Stuff '' ( Episode 4.44 ) ; `` High Stakes '' ( Episode 4.48 ) ; `` Bugs Money '' ( Episode 4.51 ) ; `` Patriot Games '' ( Episode 5.2 ) ; `` Crosby , Stills and Cash '' ( Episode 5.15 ) ; `` Over the Moon '' ( Episode 5.17 ) ; `` Les is More '' ( Episode 5.18 ) ; `` Yankee Panky '' ( Episode 5.20 ) ; `` Bear - ly There '' ( Episode 5.23 ) ; `` Guns Blazing '' ( Episode 5.26 ) ; `` Ring Around a Rockne '' ( Episode 5.28 ) ; `` Pawn with the Wind '' ( Episode 5.29 ) ; `` Zoodoo '' ( Episode 5.30 ) ; `` To the Moon '' ( Episode 5.34 ) ; `` Dirty Sox '' ( Episode 5.43 ) ; `` Love Me Spender '' ( Episode 5.46 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Drew Max '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Authentic Autographs Unlimited '' . Aaunlimited.net . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Illustrated '' ( Episode 4.9 ) ; `` Over the Top '' ( Episode 4.33 ) ; `` The King 's Bling '' ( Episode 4.46 ) Jump up ^ `` James Gang Rides Again '' ( Episode 5.27 ) ; `` The Last Samurai '' ( Episode 6.7 ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Experts : Sean Rich '' . History.com . Accessed November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Shop Pinot '' ( Episode 2.9 ) ; `` Rick 's Bad Day '' ( Episode 2.11 ) ; `` Pezzed Off '' ( Episode 2.15 ) ; `` Guns and Rangers '' ( Episode 2.17 ) ; `` Off the Wagon '' ( Episode 2.21 ) ; `` Bumpy Ride '' ( Episode 2.26 ) ; `` Bow Legged '' ( Episode 2.28 ) ; `` Whale of a Time '' ( Episode 3.3 ) ; `` Deals from Hell '' ( Episode 3.6 ) ; `` Message in a Bottle '' ( Episode 3.9 ) ; `` Rough Riders '' ( Episode 3.10 ) ; `` Double Trouble '' ( Episode 3.15 ) ; `` Hello Nurse '' ( Episode 3.21 ) ; `` Gone With the Schwinn '' ( Episode 3.23 ) ; `` Luck of the Draw '' ( Episode 4.3 ) ; `` Pawn Illustrated '' ( Episode 4.9 ) ; `` Chummobile '' ( Episode 4.16 ) ; `` Peacemaker '' ( Episode 4.27 ) ; `` Sharps Shooters '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Off the Wall '' ( Episode 4.39 ) ; `` Cannons and Klingons '' ( Episode 4.41 ) ; `` Silent and Deadly '' ( Episode 4.42 ) ; `` Weird Science '' ( Episode 4.43 ) ; `` The Wright Stuff '' ( Episode 4.44 ) ; `` Buyer Beware '' ( Episode 5.5 ) Jump up ^ Tortuga Trading Inc. accessed July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lords of War official website , Meet the Cast ( Sean Rich ) section '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Out of Gas '' ( Episode 4.45 ) ; `` Pipe Dreams '' ( Episode 4.47 ) ; `` Teacher 's Pet ( Episode 4.50 ) ' `` Learning the Ropes '' ( Episode 5.13 ) ; `` Cash is King '' ( Episode 5.22 ) ; `` Zoodoo '' ( Episode 5.30 ) ; `` Silver Linings '' ( Episode 5.41 ) ; `` That Sinking Feeling '' ( Episode 5.44 ) ; `` Cool as Ike '' ( Episode 5.53 ) ; `` Say It Ai n't So '' ( Episode 5.56 ) ; `` Putt , Putt , Pawn '' ( Episode 6.11 ) ; `` Santa Chum '' ( Episode 6.16 ) ; `` Funny Money '' ( Episode 6.19 ) ; `` Million Dali Baby '' ( Episode 6.20 ) ; `` Lunch Larceny '' ( Episode 6.27 ) ; `` Book ' Em Rick '' ( Episode 6.31 ) Jump up ^ Burke , Anne . `` Las Vegas : The Strip 's only bookstore is n't quite what you 'd expect '' Archived October 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Road Journals . June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Viva Los Vaqueros ! February Newsletter '' . Los Vaqueros Las Vegas , Ltd . February 2010 . accessed September 5 , 2011 . Archived January 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Peaches & Pinups '' ( Episode 1.13 ) ; `` Spooning Paul Revere '' ( Episode 2.20 ) ; `` Bow Legged '' ( Episode 2.28 ) ; `` Chumdog Millionaire '' ( Episode 3.22 ) Jump up ^ `` Houdini 's Handcuffs '' ( Episode 4.4 ) ; `` The Great Escape '' ( Episode 4.28 ) ; `` The Offer '' ( Episode 6.9 ) ; `` Just Shoe It '' ( Episode 6.26 ) Jump up ^ `` Missile Attack '' ( Episode 4.20 ) ; `` Broadsiding Lincoln '' ( Episode 4.29 ) ; `` Mile High Club '' ( Episode 5.1 ) ; `` Crosy , Stills and Cash '' ( Episode 5.15 ) ; `` Wild Thing '' ( Episode 5.33 ) ; `` Bossy Pants '' ( Episode 5.37 ) Jump up ^ `` Guilty as Charged '' ( Episode 5.31 ) ; `` Chum - p Change '' ( Episode 5.35 ) ; `` Three Hour Tour '' ( Episode 5.39 ) Jump up ^ `` Bio of Jay Tell '' . Americana Stamp & Coin Galleries , Inc . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sink or Sell '' ( Episode 1.3 ) ; `` Chum Goes AWOL '' ( Episode 2.13 ) Jump up ^ `` Killer , Ed . `` ' Pawn Star ' sets up shop in Stuart '' TCpalm.com ; February 11 , 2010 , Accessed February 12 , 2010 `` . Tcpalm.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phil Collen and Joe Elliott appear in the episode `` Legends of Rock '' in season 12 . Jeremy McKinnon appears in the episode `` Double Trouble '' , Bob Dylan in `` Like a Rolling Chum '' , and Meredith Vieira in `` Chumdog Millionaire '' , all of which aired during the third season . The Oak Ridge Boys appear in `` Packing Heat '' , and George Stephanopoulos in `` Buy The Book '' , both of which aired during the fourth season . Matt Kenseth appears at the end of the fifth season episode `` What the Truck '' . Steve Carell appears in the sixth season episode `` Hello , Goodbye '' . Kip Winger and Roger Daltrey both appear in the seventh season premiere `` Rick ' n ' Roll '' . Katie Couric appears at the end of the seventh season episode `` Chum - parazzi '' . Vic Flick appeared in `` No Shirt , No Shoes , No Service ''. Butch Harmon appears in the eighth season episode `` Tee 'd Off '' . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` ' Pawn Stars ' Delivers 7 Million Viewers , An All - Time High for History '' . TV by the Numbers . January 25 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Michael . `` Summer TV Winners and Losers '' . TV Guide . September 19 , 2011 . Page 19 Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` April MacIntyre `` History 's Pawn Star $ , some thoughts '' Monsters and Critics ; July 20 , 2009 `` . Monstersandcritics.com . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gliatto , Tom ; Rizzo , Monica ; Durkee , Cutler ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : 3 Reasons I Love ... '' People . 75 ( 10 ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Emily ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Local pawn shops see more DVDs than diamonds '' . The News - Star . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stars return to Vegas for the 2011 NHL Awards '' . National Hockey League . March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bruins Highlights From the NHL Awards '' . Boston Bruins . June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Surveillance '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Accessed August 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Toplikar , Dave ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Richard Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' lends McCarran chair to museum '' . Vegas Deluxe . ^ Jump up to : Ken Ritter ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' sued by former manager in Las Vegas '' . Associated Press . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Goodman set for role as TV judge '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 6 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Garrett to exit Trop for MGM Grand '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 6 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Goodman stays in spotlight '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 1 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Brown ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Pawn Stars Cast Facing Lawsuit From Ex-Manager , Wayne Jefferies '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ken Ritter ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' star Chumlee taking plea deal to avoid jail '' . Associated Press . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History ( R ) Puts a Southern Spin on Its Mega Hit Series With `` Cajun Pawn Stars '' -- New Series Premiering on Sunday , January 8 at 10pm EST `` . The Futon Critic . December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars UK '' . History Channel . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Pawn Stars UK Spin - off Will Air Internationally On History Channels '' . Television Blend . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' game show coming to History -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars SA to follow pawn shop owner Roy Peretz '' . Jump up ^ `` The Pawn Stars of Bondi Beach : Hit American hock show hits Australia starring brothers ' Baz and Shaz ' `` Leftfield Pictures ( An ITV America Company ) '' . www.leftfieldpictures.com . Jump up ^ `` Press release : `` Science Takes Weird West This Summer With the World Premiere of Series ' Oddities : San Francisco ' '' , June 7 , 2012 `` . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oddities : San Francisco ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Science Channel : `` Oddities : San Francisco '' `` . Science.discovery.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ABC.com ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Ball Boys official site '' . Beta.abc.go.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pawn Stars : The Game '' . AppData . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Harrison : From Pawn Shop to Reality TV Star '' . Good Morning America . June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Rick ; Keown , Tim . License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver 2011 . Hyperion Books . New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2430 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pawn , Gold & Silver . `` Gold & Silver Pawn Shop Launches Modern Cash TM Prepaid MasterCard ® '' . www.prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Delen ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' ink deal to show up on plastic '' . Vegas Inc . Jump up ^ Green , Steven ( September 5 , 2012 ) . Vegas , Inc. : `` Coming soon to a casino near you : NASCAR and ' Pawn Stars ' slots '' . Vegas Inc . Jump up ^ Venutolo , Anthony ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin Smith reality show may land at AMC '' . NJ.com Further reading Harrison , Rick ; Tim Keown ( 2011 ) . License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver . New York City : Hyperion Books . p. 272 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 2430 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pawn Stars . Pawn Stars on IMDb Official website of the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop Official website of Pawn Stars Pawn Stars at TV.com Pawn Stars franchise Main Pawn Stars episodes Cast Rick Harrison Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell Spinoffs American Restoration episodes Cajun Pawn Stars episodes Counting Cars episodes Pawn Stars UK Pawnography Pawn Stars Australia History original programming Current Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers Knife or Death Knightfall Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Six Swamp People Vikings Former 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors America Unearthed American Eats Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Easy Motors Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Billion Dollar Wreck Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Civil War Combat Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Great Lake Warriors Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost in Transmission Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment , Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels ( episodes ) MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Shootout Shockwave Sliced The States Stan Lee 's Superhumans Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Upcoming Blue Book The Commanders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pawn_Stars&oldid=839301517 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2009 American television series debuts Antiques television series History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Pawn shops Pawn Stars Television shows set in Las Vegas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Shqip Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 15 : 28 . 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Coming Home (Diddy – Dirty Money song)

Coming Home ( Diddy -- Dirty Money song ) - wikipedia Coming Home ( Diddy -- Dirty Money song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Coming Home '' Single by Diddy -- Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey from the album Last Train to Paris B - side `` Hello Good Morning '' ( CD single ) Released November 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) Format Digital download CD Recorded Los Angeles , California Chalice Recording Studios , End of Era Studios . Genre Hip hop pop Length 3 : 59 Label Bad Boy Records Interscope Records Songwriter ( s ) Sean Combs Shawn Carter Jermaine Cole Alexander Grant Holly Hafermann Producer ( s ) Alex da Kid Jay - Z ( co-producer ) Diddy - Dirty Money singles chronology `` Loving You No More '' ( 2010 ) `` Coming Home '' ( 2010 ) `` Your Love '' ( 2011 ) `` Loving You No More '' ( 2010 ) `` Coming Home '' ( 2010 ) `` Your Love '' ( 2011 ) Skylar Grey singles chronology `` Where 'd You Go '' ( 2006 ) Where 'd You Go 2006 `` Coming Home '' ( 2010 ) Coming Home2010 `` I Need a Doctor '' ( 2011 ) I Need a Doctor 2011 `` Coming Home '' is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his group Dirty Money , from their debut album Last Train to Paris ( 2010 ) . It was released on November 21 , 2010 , as the album 's fourth single . The contemporary hip - hop pop song was written by Jermaine Cole , Diddy , Jay - Z , Alex da Kid , and Skylar Grey . Kid and Jay - Z produced the song while Grey featured vocals on the song 's chorus . Jay - Z and Kid gifted the song to Diddy for Last Train to Paris . Autobiographically written , `` Coming Home '' is inspired by moments in Diddy 's life , the loss of his close friend , The Notorious B.I.G and references to classic songs by Dionne Warwick , McFadden & Whitehead , and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles . Critics praised the redemptive ballad for the personal themes and lyrics which were a snapshot of Diddy 's life . Praise was also given for Grey 's soft vocals which complemented the warmth of the song . An accompanying music video , directed by Rich Lee , follows the trio wandering through the desert in search of home only to find burned belongings and the shell of a home . Singled out as one of the album 's highlights , `` Coming Home '' was promoted with live TV performances including at the American Music Awards on November 21 , 2010 , the WWE Tribute to the Troops concert , and the March 10 , 2011 episode of American Idol which marked the first live performance of the song featuring Skylar Grey . The song is also one of the theme songs for WWE WrestleMania 29 . To date , `` Coming Home '' is Diddy - Dirty Money 's most successful single and the highest charting single from Last Train to Paris . Aside from amassing one million digital sales , it peaked at number eleven on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number nine in Canada . Internationally , the single topped both Belgium Ultratip charts and the Swiss Singles Chart , as well as reaching top five in the UK . This comes in addition to breaking onto the A-playlists on British urban music radio and mainstream radio , and topping the UK R&B Singles chart for three consecutive weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 4.1 Background 4.2 Synopsis 4.3 Reception 5 Live performances and usage in media 6 Track listing 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Radio and release history 10 References 11 External links Inspiration and composition ( edit ) `` Coming Home '' is a downtempo hip - hop and pop song , that opens with a `` simple piano intro '' and a `` delicate vocal verse from Skylar Grey '' . It was written by Diddy , Skylar Grey , Jay - Z , J. Cole , and Alex `` da Kid '' Grant , and produced by Jay - Z and Grant . When speaking to Kid about what he wanted , Diddy said , `` I want a beat that makes me feel like a white man in a basement in Atlanta '' . Diddy later called `` Coming Home '' a gift from Jay - Z and Kid . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , by EMI Music Publishing , the song was written in the key of D major with a time signature of common time and a tempo of 69 beats per minute . It follows the basic chord progression of G -- D -- Bm -- F ♯ m . Jayson Rodriguez of MTV noted that the concept and theme of the song were similar to events in Diddy 's life , `` referencing mistakes he has made in the past and that he wants to put behind him . '' Rodriguez also noted the song 's tribute to The Notorious B.I.G , in the line `` I miss you , B.I.G. '' The chorus features vocals from the group 's female members , Kalenna Harper and Dawn Richard , as well as background vocals from fellow Bad Boy Records recording artist Cassie . The trio use a vocal range of A -- A. Grey also sings some of the vocals , predominately during the song 's opening chorus . Diddy - Dirty Money - `` Coming Home '' Diddy 's second verse where he references the death of Notorious B.I.G and other moments in his life . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Rap - Up magazine reflected on the lyrics of the song , calling them a personal reflection of Diddy 's life and career thanks to lines like `` What am I ' posed to do when the club lights come on / It 's easy to be Puff , but it 's harder to be Sean / What if my twins ask why I ai n't married their mom ? '' Scott Schetler from AOL Radio Blog noted how Diddy referenced a different popular song in each verse . Lamb particularly noted the strong autobiographical lyrics , and the references to the 1979 hit song `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' by McFadden & Whitehead . Other songs referenced include Dionne Warwick 's `` A House Is Not a Home '' ( 1964 ) and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles ' `` The Tears of a Clown '' ( 1970 ) . Rodriguez said `` Diddy do ( es ) some soul - searching in his rhymes as the chorus echoes his need for salvation . '' Lamb compared the song to Diddy 's early releases , saying that `` ' Coming Home ' ( welcomes ) Diddy back to the upper ranks of pop - oriented hip hop artists '' . Additionally , Diddy told MTV that although the track had autobiographical elements , it was part of the album 's `` conceptual love story narrated by his character '' . When asked by Live Lounge 's Trevor Nelson what `` Coming Home '' was based on , Diddy said : `` Coming Home '' goes to everybody out there who 's going through a struggle or obstacle . I 've been lost in life , I 'm still lost in life in these sense of trying to find your way back to that person who your grandmother or father wanted you to be . Sometimes you get lost through drug addiction or you break up with up your partner or remission from cancer etc. you struggle to find your way back to yourself . That 's what `` Coming Home '' is about . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon release , `` Coming Home '' was generally met with a positive reception from music critics , who praised the autobiographical lyrics and composition of Skylar Grey 's vocals with the Alex da Kid and Jay - Z production . Becky Bain of Idolator wrote , `` We have to give some credit to Diddy ( or Jay - Z , if he did indeed write ( the lyrics ) ) for dropping some truly introspective lyrics instead of the usual not - so - subtle Cîroc vodka promotions . Simon Vozick - Levinson from Entertainment Weekly agreed , and noted `` Coming Home '' as one of Last Train to Paris ' highlights , saying it was a `` must download '' as the album 's only `` redemptive ballad '' . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News also noted the song 's redemptive themes . He said ' Coming Home ' is the `` only song which breaks the flow '' of Last Train to Paris , `` Diddy confesses to everything from bad parenting to fear of commitment . It 's an interesting moment but an unnecessary one . '' Meanwhile , About.com 's Bill Lamb awarded the song four out of five stars , calling it the first `` pop hit single '' in a long time `` ( which ) matches the size of his public persona '' . He praised the `` beautifully sung chorus by Skylar Grey '' and Diddy 's deep `` autobiographical lyrics '' . Lamb noted that the song `` did n't have the same intensity of emotional impact '' other Alex da Kid productions ( Eminem 's `` Love the Way You Lie '' ) but it did `` deliver a warmth and sense of hope that is a good match with the current holiday season . '' A reviewer from Sound Savvy said `` The latest single ' Coming Home ' is another example of some of the great work found on the album ... it 's a heartfelt anthem of triumph and survival -- somber but not depressing . '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` Coming Home '' premiered on October 31 , 2010 , just prior to the fourth game of the Baseball World Series . It made its U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart debut at number sixty - one on December 11 , 2010 , three weeks after its release . In its third week on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , the single experienced a 92 % increase in sales , which amounted to 65,000 copies . As a result , the song vaulted from number forty - four to number seventeen on the Digital Songs chart causing the single to move from number fifty - one to twenty - four on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart , number nine on the U.S. Pop Songs , number seven on the Canadian Hot 100 chart , and number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also peaked at number fifteen on the Radio Songs . Consequently , `` Coming Home '' outperformed all of the group 's previous singles on the Hot 100 and Digital Songs charts . Additionally , `` Coming Home '' also peaked higher than two of the three songs mentioned in the lyrics . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' by McFadden & Whitehead reached number thirteen , while Dionne Warwick 's `` A House Is Not a Home '' only reached number seventy - nine . The song experience some crossover success , including on the Rap Songs chart where it reached number twenty - one . By the end of January 2011 , `` Coming Home '' had sold one million digital copies in the United States . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on April 19 and 2 × platinum on May 17 , 2011 . Internationally , the single got off to a strong start in Belgium , debuting on both the Flanders Tip and Wallonia Tip charts at number twenty - six . `` Coming Home '' would later top both Tip charts , before impacting on the main Ultratop charts . On the Flanders Ultratop Singles chart , the song peaked at number seventeen , while on the Wallonia chart it peaked at number twenty - seven . `` Coming Home '' debuted in Switzerland at number forty - eight , and dropped seven places to number fifty - five in its second week . In its third week , the single rose fifteen places to number forty , and then continued to rise , eventually reaching number one on the Swiss Singles Chart . As a result of reaching number one , `` Coming Home '' is Diddy 's highest charting single in Switzerland in fourteen years ; his last number one in Switzerland was `` I 'll Be Missing You '' with Faith Evans and 112 in 1997 . `` Coming Home '' made its Australian Singles Chart debut at number forty - nine and is thus the first single from Diddy - Dirty Money to chart within the top - fifty . It is since peaked at number four , and number two on the Australian Urban Singles Chart . The single had equal success in Germany , peaking at number four for two weeks . `` Coming Home '' was also successful in other territories too , also peaking in the top - ten in Austria , France , Ireland , New Zealand and Poland . On December 15 , 2010 the single was added to the playlists on British mainstream radio and a week later to the playlists on British urban music radio . Following its release , `` Coming Home '' debuted at number four on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Diddy 's most successful single in that country since 2006 's `` Come to Me '' with Nicole Scherzinger . Additionally the single topped the UK R&B Chart and as a consequence , `` Coming Home '' is Diddy - Dirty Money 's most successful single in the United Kingdom . In its second week , the single held on to its position of number four on the singles chart , which came in addition to maintaining its position at the top of the UK R&B Singles chart for three consecutive weeks . According to a press release by Interscope Records , as of March 25 , 2011 , `` Coming Home '' has sold 1.8 million digital downloads worldwide . Music video ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The accompanying music video made its worldwide premiere through E ! Online on November 29 , 2010 . It was filmed entirely in the Mojave Desert , just outside Palm Springs , CA . The video was the first of three released in the three weeks counting down to the album 's release . Album cuts `` Somebody to Love Me '' and `` Ass on the Floor '' ( featuring Swizz Beatz ) received video releases on December 10 and December 13 , respectively . `` Coming Home '' was directed by Rich Lee and according to Steven Gottlieb , of Video Static , the theme drew comparisons to some of Diddy 's earliest work . `` ' Coming Home ' has Diddy choppering onto a dry lake bed which is dotted by the charred remains of a luxurious lifestyle . '' A scene from the middle of the video , where Diddy enters the burnt remains of a home , while singing about moments of his life . The two female members of the group , ( Dawn and Kalenna ) walk the landscape outside . Synopsis ( edit ) `` Coming Home '' starts with scenes of a black helicopter flying over the desert . In some of the shots , Diddy can be seen looking out on to the horizon . As the song progresses into its main verses , the camera follows Diddy walking through the desert . In the background and foreground , the fire - damaged remnants of a home such as a TV set , fur coats and a stereo system are scattered across the landscape . During the chorus Dawn Richard and Kalenna Harper take place in front of the camera , walking behind Diddy miming Grey 's words . Later in the clip , during the second verse , Diddy sits in a burned out building singing to himself . Outside , a burned out vehicle is parked . Then during the song 's bridge , red smoke surrounds Diddy as the helicopter , from the opening scene , comes to land . However , this time Richard and Harper are seated inside waiting for Diddy . As the song fades , the helicopter flies over the desert toward the horizon . Reception ( edit ) Staff from E ! Online seemed impressed with the video 's concept and choice of background scenery . They said `` what better place for some introspection than the desert , right ? No sexy bikini - clad ladies or blue - haired Nicki Minajs to distract you , and when you 're done , just call up the helicopter to pick you up ( Pro tip : Hang your leg outside of the chopper for extra cool points . ) '' . Stephen Gottlieb from Video Static said `` It 's a nice bookend with Diddy 's -- then Puff Daddy -- first solo video , `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down , '' which featured him and Mase introducing an era of big budget hip - hop while driving a Rolls convertible across the desert . '' While Ed Easton Jr. from 92.3 Now FM drew comparisons to Diddy 's earlier video for his 1997 hit single `` Been Around the World '' , thus awarding the video six out of ten . However Easton was annoyed with the number of videos being released and said that fans were waiting for the actual album to be released . Live performances and usage in Media ( edit ) Diddy - Dirty Money performed the song live for the first time at the 2010 American Music Awards on November 21 , 2010 . For the performance the group were joined on stage by a full orchestra , with Diddy dressed in all - black but the other half of the group dressed in white gowns . The group reprised this performance on the December 4 , 2010 airing of Saturday Night Live along with the debut performance of the next scheduled single `` Ass On the Floor '' . On December 14 , 2010 the group performed `` Coming Home '' on two separate occasions . First Diddy appeared on daytime chatshow , The View , for an interview and was then joined by Richard and Harper to perform `` Coming Home '' then later the trio performed on the Late Show with David Letterman . Four days later , the group performed the ballad at the WWE Tribute to the Troops concert . On January 20 , 2011 , the group performed the song live in the United Kingdom , on the Radio 1 Live Lounge . Diddy - Dirty Money then returned to the United States , where they performed `` Coming Home '' for the first time with Skylar Grey , on season ten of American Idol , on March 10 , 2011 . The song was used as entrance music by UFC Light Heavyweight champion Jon Bones Jones before his successful title defense against Quinton Rampage Jackson . Also , during the pre-game introductions for the New York Knicks ' 2010 - 11 NBA game against the Milwaukee Bucks on February 23 , 2011 ( and home debut of newly acquired Syracuse Orange alumnus Carmelo Anthony ) , the song was used in a pre-game video , welcoming Melo `` home '' ( he started his NBA career with the Denver Nuggets after leaving the Orange ) to New York . There is also a friendly version of the song recorded by the cast of Nickelodeon 's popular TV show iCarly , which can be heard on the show 's second soundtrack , entitled iSoundtrack II . It was the official theme song to WWE 's WrestleMania 29 , and at the event , Sean Combs and Skylar Grey performed it live in front of a sold out venue of 80,676 in MetLife Stadium . Though not used as the official theme song , `` Coming Home '' has been used in almost every advertisement for the ABC drama series Resurrection . On December 4 , 2013 , The Fast and the Furious team released a tribute video to Paul Walker after the actor 's untimely death , which contained excerpts from Coming Home . On December 30 , 2014 newly hired Michigan Wolverines head football coach Jim Harbaugh was introduced to the public during a brief halftime ceremony with the song playing as he walked onto center court . On October 28 , 2014 , an instrumental was a part of the Cleveland Cavaliers pre-game introductions as it was the first game back in Cleveland for LeBron James since 2010 . The song was used in a video by the Los Angeles Rams announcing their return to Los Angeles after more than two decades in St. Louis . As Dwyane Wade returned to his hometown of Chicago in 2016 , a video using the song was created to mark the occasion . Track listing ( edit ) ; Digital single `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey - 3 : 59 `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 59 ; UK CD single `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey ( Album Version ) - 3 : 59 `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey ( Clean Version ) - 3 : 59 ; Digital download `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey - 3 : 59 ; Germany CD Single `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey - 4 : 00 `` Hello Good Morning '' featuring T.I. - 4 : 29 Credits and personnel ( edit ) `` Coming Home '' was recorded at Chalice Recording Studios and End of Era Studios in Los Angeles , California . J Browz -- additional piano , guitar and bass Jay - Z -- songwriter , producer ( co . ) J. Cole -- songwriter Diddy -- songwriter , lead vocals Steve Dickey ( Rock Star ) -- engineer Dirty Money ( Kalenna Harper , Dawn Richard ) -- lead vocals Alex `` da Kid '' Grant -- songwriter , producer Zack Gurka -- engineer Skylar Grey -- songwriter , featured vocals Eric Hudson -- Additional keyboards Sly Jordan -- vocal production Chris Kasych -- assistant engineer Erik Madrid -- assistant mix engineer Manny Marroquin -- mix engineer Jarrod Newcomb -- assistant engineer Matthew Testa -- engineer Cassie Ventura -- additional background vocals Jeffrey Walker ( J - Dub ) -- additional keyboards Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 -- 11 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia ( ARIA Urban Singles ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 26 France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Poland ( ZPAV ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 17 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 83 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 37 Austrian Singles Chart 62 German Singles Chart 56 Swiss Singles Chart 23 UK Singles Chart 55 US Billboard Hot 100 38 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Radio and release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United States November 16 , 2010 CHR / Mainstream United Kingdom December 15 , 2010 Mainstream December 23 , 2010 Urban United States November 21 , 2010 Digital download Bad Boy , Interscope Records Belgium December 13 , 2010 Universal Music Finland France Norway Netherlands December 17 , 2010 Ireland January 13 , 2011 Digital single United Kingdom January 16 , 2011 Polydor Records January 17 , 2011 CD Single Germany January 21 , 2011 Universal Music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Rhythmic - Crossover > Future Releases '' . All Access ( All Access Media Group ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Schetler , Scott ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Diddy - Dirty Money , ' Coming Home ' Feat . Skylar Grey - New Song '' . AOL Radio Blog . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb , Bill . `` Diddy - Dirty Money - `` Coming Home '' featuring Skylar Grey `` . about.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Last Train to Paris ( Booklet ) . Diddy - Dirty Money . Los Angeles , CA : Bad Boy , Interscope Records ( Cat no . 0602527403076 ) . 2010 . Jump up ^ Soderberg , Brandon ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Diddy Goes Back to the Basement - Page 1 - Music - New York '' . Village Voice . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn and Kalenna Call Diddy - Dirty Money 's ' Coming Home ' a ' Gift ' '' . Rap-Up.com . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diddy - Dirty Money -- Coming Home sheet music '' . Musicnotes.com ( Alfred Publishing ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Jayson ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Diddy - Dirty Money Get Introspective On ' Coming Home ' - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Diddy - Dirty Money -- ' Coming Home ' '' . Rap-Up.com . October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending Jan. 30 , 2011 : Songs : Think P ! nk '' . ( Chart Watch ) Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live Lounge Sessions - Diddy '' . Live Lounge ( BBC Radio 1 ) . January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money Are `` Coming Home '' In Their New Single Music News , Reviews , and Gossip on `` . Idolator.com . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . 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Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rap Songs ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recording Industry Association of America '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be - Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . ULTRATOP & Hung Medien / hitparade.ch . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be/fr - Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . ULTRATOP & Hung Medien / hitparade.ch . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be - Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . ULTRATOP & Hung Medien / hitparade.ch . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be - Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . ULTRATOP & Hung Medien / hitparade.ch . December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SWISS CHARTS - SINGLES TOP 75 '' . Swisscharts / Hungmedien . January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SWISS CHARTS - SINGLES TOP 75 '' . Swisscharts / Hungmedien . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 Urban Albums & Top 40 Urban Singles '' . ARIA Charts . ( Australian Recording Industry Association ) . 2011 - 02 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Musicline.de -- Diddy - Dirty Money Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Track : Week 03 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- DiddyDirtyMoney feat . Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : ZPAV Top5 Poland Airplay 23.04. - 29.04. 2011 Archived 2011 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Radio 1 Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . British Broadcasting Corporation . December 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Radio 1Xtra Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1Xtra . British Broadcasting Corporation . December 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Search = Puff Daddy '' . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 -- R&B Archive '' . The Official Charts Company . 2011 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . 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Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Combs ' Diddy - Dirty Money , Cedric the Entertainer , and Ariel Winter to Perform on NBC 's `` WWE ( R ) Tribute to the Troops ( R ) '' Holiday Special December 18 at 9 : 00 pm `` . MarketWatch . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Diddy - Dirty Money and Skylar Grey Perform on ' American Idol ' '' . Rap-Up.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ HOGG , DAVE . `` Harbaugh welcomed at Crisler as Wolverines rally to beat Illinois '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey - Coming Home - Digital Single '' . Ie.7digital.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coming Home : Diddy - Dirty Money , Skylar Grey : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diddy - Dirty Money / Skylar Grey downloads music and videos at - 7digital '' . Us.7digital.com . 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Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2008 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey ; ' Coming Home ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey -- Coming Home '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Coming Home in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Arbitron Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' . Nl-be.7digital.com . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' . Fi.7digital.com . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home : Diddy - Dirty Money : Amazon.fr : Téléchargements MP3 '' . Amazon.fr . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' . No.7digital.com . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money feat . Skylar Grey - Coming Home '' . Nl.7digital.com . December 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy - Dirty Money featuring Skylar Grey - Coming Home - Digital Single '' . 7digital.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home ( 2 - Track ) : Diddy - Dirty Money : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved December 24 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sean Combs Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money Skylar Grey Discography Studio albums Like Blood Like Honey ( 2006 ) Do n't Look Down ( 2013 ) Natural Causes ( 2016 ) Singles `` Invisible '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Final Warning '' `` I Know You '' `` Words '' `` Cannonball '' Featured singles `` Where 'd You Go '' `` Coming Home '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Words I Never Said '' `` Shot Me Down '' `` New National Anthem '' `` Bed of Lies '' `` Beneath with Me '' `` Glorious '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coming_Home_(Diddy_ -- _Dirty_Money_song ) &oldid = 827579884 '' Categories : 2010 singles Sean Combs songs Songs written by Jay - Z Songs written by J. Cole Song recordings produced by Alex da Kid American hip hop songs American pop songs Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Songs written by Sean Combs Interscope Records singles Number - one singles in Switzerland Songs written by Alex da Kid Songs written by Skylar Grey WrestleMania themes Skylar Grey songs 2010 songs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Русский Slovenčina ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 15 : 19 . 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who wrote the song i'm coming home

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2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles

2018 Australian Open -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2018 Australian Open -- men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's Singles 2018 Australian Open Champion Roger Federer Runner - up Marin Čilić Final score 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Details Draw 128 ( 16 Q / 8 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women mixed WC Singles men women quad WC Doubles men women quad ← 2017 Australian Open 2019 → Main article : 2018 Australian Open Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title , defeating Marin Čilić in the final , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 . It was Federer 's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record - equalling sixth Australian Open men 's singles title ( tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic ) . With the win , Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments ( six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon ) . Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in 1972 . The time span between Federer 's first Grand slam glory at Wimbledon and this latest , almost 15 years , is an Open era record in the men 's singles field . This was also the 10th time that Federer has defended a Grand Slam title , with the previous time being at the 2008 US Open . Čilić became the first Croatian player to reach a singles final at the Australian Open . Federer and Rafael Nadal were in contention for the ATP no . 1 singles ranking at the start of the tournament . Nadal retained the top ranking by reaching the quarterfinals . This was the first time since the 2008 Wimbledon Championships that two unseeded players ( Chung Hyeon and Kyle Edmund ) reached the semifinals of the men 's singles event at a Grand Slam tournament , and the first time at the Australian Open since 1999 . Chung became the first South Korean player to reach the quarterfinals and semifinals of a Grand Slam event . Djokovic 's fourth - round loss to Chung was his first straight - sets loss at the Australian Open since 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Wildcards 4 Draw 4.1 Key 4.2 Finals 4.3 Top half 4.3. 1 Section 1 4.3. 2 Section 2 4.3. 3 Section 3 4.3. 4 Section 4 4.4 Bottom half 4.4. 1 Section 5 4.4. 2 Section 6 4.4. 3 Section 7 4.4. 4 Section 8 5 References Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Rafael Nadal ( Quarterfinals , retired ) 02 . Roger Federer ( Champion ) 03 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Quarterfinals ) 04 . Alexander Zverev ( Third round ) 05 . Dominic Thiem ( Fourth round ) 06 . Marin Čilić ( Final ) 07 . David Goffin ( Second round ) 08 . Jack Sock ( First round ) 09 . Stan Wawrinka ( Second round ) 10 . Pablo Carreño Busta ( Fourth round ) 11 . Kevin Anderson ( First round ) 12 . Juan Martín del Potro ( Third round ) 13 . Sam Querrey ( Second round ) 14 . Novak Djokovic ( Fourth round ) 15 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Third round ) 16 . John Isner ( First round ) 17 . Nick Kyrgios ( Fourth round ) 18 . Lucas Pouille ( First round ) 19 . Tomáš Berdych ( Quarterfinals ) 20 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( First round ) 21 . Albert Ramos - Viñolas ( Third round ) 22 . Milos Raonic ( First round ) 23 . Gilles Müller ( Third round ) 24 . Diego Schwartzman ( Fourth round ) 25 . Fabio Fognini ( Fourth round ) 26 . Adrian Mannarino ( Third round ) 27 . Philipp Kohlschreiber ( First round ) 28 . Damir Džumhur ( Third round ) 29 . Richard Gasquet ( Third round ) 30 . Andrey Rublev ( Third round ) 31 . Pablo Cuevas ( Second round ) 32 . Mischa Zverev ( First round , retired ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Wildcards ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Main Draw Wildcard Entries Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Rafael Nadal 6 7 0 6 Marin Čilić 6 6 6 6 Marin Čilić 6 7 6 Kyle Edmund 6 Grigor Dimitrov 6 Kyle Edmund 6 6 6 6 Marin Čilić 7 6 Roger Federer 6 6 6 6 Tennys Sandgren 6 Chung Hyeon 6 7 6 Chung Hyeon Roger Federer 6 5 19 Tomáš Berdych 6 Roger Federer 7 6 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round R Nadal 6 6 6 V Estrella Burgos R Nadal 6 6 7 N Jarry 6 L Mayer 6 L Mayer 6 7 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 PR J Millman 7 6 6 28 D Džumhur B Ćorić 5 PR J Millman 5 6 P Lorenzi 6 6 6 28 D Džumhur 7 6 6 28 D Džumhur 7 6 6 R Nadal 6 6 6 6 24 D Schwartzman 6 5 6 11 24 D Schwartzman 7 D Lajović 6 7 9 24 D Schwartzman 6 6 6 Q C Ruud 6 6 7 11 Q C Ruud Q Q Halys 6 7 5 9 24 D Schwartzman 6 6 6 6 A Dolgopolov 7 6 6 A Dolgopolov 7 PR A Haider - Maurer 6 A Dolgopolov 7 6 6 M Ebden 6 6 6 M Ebden 6 16 J Isner 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 10 P Carreño Busta 7 7 6 WC J Kubler 5 6 5 10 P Carreño Busta 6 G Simon 7 6 6 G Simon 0 M Copil 5 10 P Carreño Busta 7 7 7 Q S Caruso 7 6 5 23 G Müller 6 6 5 5 M Jaziri 6 6 7 6 M Jaziri 5 7 6 F Delbonis 5 23 G Müller 7 6 6 6 23 G Müller 7 6 6 10 P Carreño Busta 7 6 6 31 P Cuevas 7 6 7 6 M Čilić 6 6 7 7 M Youzhny 6 5 31 P Cuevas 6 D Sela 7 6 5 R Harrison 6 7 6 R Harrison 6 5 7 6 R Harrison 6 6 Q D Brown 6 7 6 M Čilić 7 6 7 J Sousa 6 6 6 6 J Sousa 5 Q V Pospisil 6 6 6 M Čilić 6 7 6 6 M Čilić 6 6 7 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round G Dimitrov 6 6 6 Q D Novak G Dimitrov 6 6 0 8 Q M McDonald 6 6 6 Q M McDonald 6 6 6 Q E Ymer 6 G Dimitrov 6 6 6 M Baghdatis 7 6 6 30 A Rublev 6 Q Y Bhambri 6 M Baghdatis 7 D Ferrer 5 7 7 30 A Rublev 6 6 6 6 30 A Rublev 7 6 6 6 6 G Dimitrov 7 7 7 17 N Kyrgios 6 6 6 17 N Kyrgios 6 6 6 6 R Dutra Silva 17 N Kyrgios 7 6 7 V Troicki 6 6 6 6 V Troicki 5 6 WC A Bolt 7 6 17 N Kyrgios 7 7 7 S Tsitsipas 6 15 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 6 D Shapovalov 6 6 7 D Shapovalov 6 6 6 5 Q K King 15 J-W Tsonga 6 7 7 15 J-W Tsonga 6 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 K Anderson 7 6 K Edmund 6 6 6 6 K Edmund 6 6 6 P-H Herbert 7 6 D Istomin D Istomin 6 6 5 7 K Edmund 7 6 7 G Melzer 6 N Basilashvili 6 6 6 0 5 N Basilashvili 6 6 6 N Basilashvili 7 6 6 Q R Bemelmans 6 6 6 7 Q R Bemelmans 5 18 L Pouille 7 6 K Edmund 6 7 6 6 27 P Kohlschreiber 6 0 6 A Seppi 7 5 PR Y Nishioka 6 6 6 PR Y Nishioka A Seppi 6 6 6 A Seppi 6 6 6 WC C Moutet 6 A Seppi 6 7 6 6 9 I Karlović 7 6 7 I Karlović 6 7 7 7 L Đere 6 6 I Karlović 7 6 7 12 Y Sugita 6 7 5 6 Y Sugita 6 7 5 6 10 8 J Sock 6 7 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 D Thiem 6 6 6 G Pella 5 D Thiem 6 6 6 6 S Johnson 7 6 Q D Kudla 7 6 Q D Kudla 6 6 7 6 5 D Thiem 6 6 7 Q V Šafránek 26 A Mannarino 5 J Veselý 6 6 6 J Veselý 6 7 LL M Berrettini 26 A Mannarino 6 7 5 6 26 A Mannarino 6 6 6 5 D Thiem 6 6 7 20 R Bautista Agut 5 5 T Sandgren 6 7 6 6 F Verdasco 6 7 7 F Verdasco 6 6 6 C-M Stebe 0 M Marterer 6 7 6 M Marterer 6 6 6 M Marterer 7 5 6 J Chardy 6 T Sandgren 5 6 7 7 T Sandgren 6 7 6 T Sandgren 6 6 6 PR R Berankis 6 6 9 S Wawrinka 9 S Wawrinka 6 6 7 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 N Djokovic 6 6 6 D Young 14 N Djokovic 6 6 6 G Monfils 6 7 6 G Monfils 6 Q J Munar 6 14 N Djokovic 6 6 6 WC T Smyczek 6 6 6 6 21 A Ramos Viñolas WC A Popyrin 7 WC T Smyczek 6 J Donaldson 21 A Ramos Viñolas 6 6 7 21 A Ramos Viñolas 6 6 6 14 N Djokovic 6 5 6 32 M Zverev H Chung 7 7 7 H Chung 6 H Chung 7 6 6 WC T Kokkinakis 7 6 D Medvedev 6 D Medvedev 6 6 7 6 H Chung 5 7 6 6 M Kukushkin A Zverev 7 6 6 0 P Gojowczyk 6 6 6 P Gojowczyk 6 T Fabbiano 6 5 A Zverev 6 6 6 A Zverev 6 7 7 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 7 D Goffin 6 6 6 6 Q M Bachinger 7 7 D Goffin 6 6 6 J Benneteau 6 7 6 6 J Benneteau 7 6 7 T Daniel 7 6 J Benneteau 6 6 E Donskoy 6 6 6 25 F Fognini 6 6 6 F Mayer E Donskoy 6 H Zeballos 5 25 F Fognini 6 6 6 25 F Fognini 6 6 7 25 F Fognini 19 T Berdych 6 6 6 19 T Berdych 6 6 6 WC A de Minaur 6 0 19 T Berdych 6 6 6 G García López 6 6 6 6 G García López 6 B Paire 0 7 19 T Berdych 6 6 6 K Khachanov 7 7 6 12 JM del Potro LL P Polansky 6 6 K Khachanov 6 7 F Tiafoe 12 JM del Potro 6 7 6 6 12 JM del Potro 6 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 S Querrey 6 6 6 F López 13 S Querrey 6 6 R Albot 6 5 M Fucsovics 6 7 6 M Fucsovics 6 6 7 M Fucsovics 6 6 6 N Kicker 6 6 6 N Kicker J Thompson 6 6 N Kicker 6 7 7 L Lacko 6 7 6 7 L Lacko 5 6 5 22 M Raonic 7 5 6 M Fucsovics 6 29 R Gasquet 6 6 7 R Federer 6 7 6 B Kavčič 5 29 R Gasquet 6 6 6 Q L Sonego 6 7 6 7 Q L Sonego R Haase 5 7 5 29 R Gasquet 5 WC S-w Kwon R Federer 6 7 6 J-L Struff 6 6 6 J-L Struff 6 A Bedene R Federer 6 6 7 R Federer 6 6 6 References ( edit ) General Draw Specific Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer wins sixth Australian Open and 20th Grand Slam title '' . BBC Sport. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Federer wins record 20th Grand Slam title with five - set win over Cilic '' . tennis.com. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer wins Australian Open and 20th major after beating Marin Cilic '' . CNN.com. 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer beats Marin Cilic to win Australian Open 2018 men 's singles final -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` From Milan To Melbourne , Chung Keeps Surging '' . atpworldtour.com. 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Peter ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Hyeon Chung takes South Korean tennis to the world '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Five takeaways from Hyeon Chung 's Aussie Open win over Novak Djokovic '' . Tennis.com. 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Australian Open ( Open Era ) singles drawsheets Men 's singles 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 Jan Dec 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Women 's singles 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 Jan Dec 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open men 's singles drawsheets Pre-Open era 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Open era 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open men 's singles champions ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1971 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1972 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) John Newcombe ( 1976 ) Mark Edmondson ( 1977 ( Jan ) ) Roscoe Tanner ( 1977 ( Dec ) ) Vitas Gerulaitis ( 1978 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1979 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1980 ) Brian Teacher ( 1981 ) Johan Kriek ( 1982 ) Johan Kriek ( 1983 ) Mats Wilander ( 1984 ) Mats Wilander ( 1985 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1986 ) Not Held ( 1987 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1990 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1991 ) Boris Becker ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Jim Courier ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Andre Agassi ( 1996 ) Boris Becker ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Petr Korda ( 1999 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 2000 ) Andre Agassi ( 2001 ) Andre Agassi ( 2002 ) Thomas Johansson ( 2003 ) Andre Agassi ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Marat Safin ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2009 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2010 ) Roger Federer ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2014 ) Stanislas Wawrinka ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Roger Federer ( 2018 ) Roger Federer 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Pune ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Uniondale ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Australian_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 841129570 '' Categories : 2018 Australian Open Australian Open ( tennis ) by year -- Men 's Singles 2018 ATP World Tour Hidden categories : Pages using infobox tennis tournament year footer with an unknown event Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 05 : 56 . 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List of Game of Thrones episodes

List of Game of Thrones episodes - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones episodes Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R.R. Martin . The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . The series starts when House Stark , led by Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn ( Robert 's chief advisor ) dies mysteriously . The series premiered on April 17 , 2011 , on HBO . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss , Frank Doelger , Bernadette Caulfield and George R.R. Martin . Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations , including Croatia , Northern Ireland , Iceland and Spain . Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9 : 00 pm Eastern Time , and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length . The first six seasons are available on DVD and Blu - ray . The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016 , which premiered on July 16 , 2017 and consisted of seven episodes . The series will conclude with its eighth season , which will consist of six episodes . As of August 27 , 2017 , 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired , concluding the seventh season . The show 's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2016 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 ) 3 Home media releases 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 10 April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.52 10 April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 3.80 10 March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 4.97 10 April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 6.84 5 10 April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 6.88 6 10 April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 7.69 7 7 July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 10.26 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Winter Is Coming '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 2.22 `` The Kingsroad '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 2.20 `` Lord Snow '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 2.44 `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 2.45 5 5 `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 2.58 6 6 `` A Golden Crown '' Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 2.44 7 7 `` You Win or You Die '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) 2.40 8 8 `` The Pointy End '' Daniel Minahan George R.R. Martin June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) 2.72 9 9 `` Baelor '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 10 10 `` Fire and Blood '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 3.04 Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The North Remembers '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 3.86 12 `` The Night Lands '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 3.76 13 `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 3.77 14 `` Garden of Bones '' David Petrarca Vanessa Taylor April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 3.65 15 5 `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' David Petrarca David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 3.90 16 6 `` The Old Gods and the New '' David Nutter Vanessa Taylor May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 3.88 17 7 `` A Man Without Honor '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 3.69 18 8 `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 3.86 19 9 `` Blackwater '' Neil Marshall George R.R. Martin May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 3.38 20 10 `` Valar Morghulis '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 4.20 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Valar Dohaeris '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 4.37 22 `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' Daniel Minahan Vanessa Taylor April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 4.27 23 `` Walk of Punishment '' David Benioff David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 4.72 24 `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 4.87 25 5 `` Kissed by Fire '' Alex Graves Bryan Cogman April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 5.35 26 6 `` The Climb '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 5.50 27 7 `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' Michelle MacLaren George R.R. Martin May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 4.84 28 8 `` Second Sons '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 5.13 29 9 `` The Rains of Castamere '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 5.22 30 10 `` Mhysa '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 5.39 Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Two Swords '' D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 6.64 32 `` The Lion and the Rose '' Alex Graves George R.R. Martin April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 6.31 33 `` Breaker of Chains '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 6.59 34 `` Oathkeeper '' Michelle MacLaren Bryan Cogman April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 6.95 35 5 `` First of His Name '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 7.16 36 6 `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 6.40 37 7 `` Mockingbird '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 7.20 38 8 `` The Mountain and the Viper '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 7.17 39 9 `` The Watchers on the Wall '' Neil Marshall David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 6.95 40 10 `` The Children '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 7.09 Season 5 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` The Wars to Come '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 8.00 42 `` The House of Black and White '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 6.81 43 `` High Sparrow '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 6.71 44 `` Sons of the Harpy '' Mark Mylod Dave Hill May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 6.82 45 5 `` Kill the Boy '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 6.56 46 6 `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 6.24 47 7 `` The Gift '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 5.40 48 8 `` Hardhome '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 7.01 49 9 `` The Dance of Dragons '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 7.14 50 10 `` Mother 's Mercy '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 8.11 Season 6 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Season 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 Home media releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD and Blu - ray release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 10 March 6 , 2012 March 5 , 2012 August 10 , 2012 10 February 19 , 2013 March 4 , 2013 March 6 , 2013 10 February 18 , 2014 February 17 , 2014 February 19 , 2014 10 February 17 , 2015 February 16 , 2015 February 18 , 2015 5 10 March 15 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 March 16 , 2016 6 10 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 7 7 December 12 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 Ratings ( edit ) Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Josh ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Where HBO 's hit ' Game of Thrones ' was filmed '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts a bear and shoots in Los Angeles for major Season 3 scene '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Stephen ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones fifth series : more than 10,000 Spaniards apply to be extras '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` How Much Gold Is Game of Thrones Worth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Episode 9 : What Time & Channel Does It Air Tonight ? '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . HBO . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Picked Up For Season 7 , ' Veep ' & ' Silicon Valley ' Also Renewed By HBO '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : 10 Behind - the - Scenes Secrets We Learned From the SXSW Panel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 finale smashes more records for HBO '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Kourtney & Kim Take Miami ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' NBA Playoffs ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Ax Men ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' River Monsters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' North America ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & Moreh '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta , ' ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- HBO 's Official Press Release with Full Details of The Complete 1st Season on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 1 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- Winter is Coming , with The Complete 2nd Season : Date , Extras , Boxes ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 2 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- 2014 Release Date , Package Art for The Complete 3rd Season , on DVD , Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 3 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- ' The Complete 4th Season ' Press Release : Date , Art , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 4 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 5 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 5 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 ( Blu - ray + Amazon Exclusive Bonus Disc ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Official website Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Season 4 `` Two Swords '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' `` Breaker of Chains '' `` Oathkeeper '' `` First of His Name '' `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' `` Mockingbird '' `` The Mountain and the Viper '' `` The Watchers on the Wall '' `` The Children '' Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes&oldid=802553687 '' Categories : Game of Thrones episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Best of My Love (Eagles song)

Best of My Love ( Eagles song ) - wikipedia Best of My Love ( Eagles song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other songs with the same title , see Best of My Love . `` Best of My Love '' Single by Eagles from the album On the Border B - side `` Ol ' ' 55 '' Released November 5 , 1974 Format 7 '' Recorded Olympic Sound Studios , London Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 25 ( single edit ) 4 : 34 ( album version ) Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Don Henley , Glenn Frey , J.D. Souther Producer ( s ) Glyn Johns Eagles singles chronology `` James Dean '' ( 1974 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 1974 ) `` One of These Nights '' ( 1975 ) `` James Dean '' ( 1974 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 1974 ) `` One of These Nights '' ( 1975 ) `` Best of My Love '' is a song written by Don Henley , Glenn Frey , and J.D. Souther . It was originally recorded by the Eagles ( with Henley singing lead vocals ) , and included on their 1974 album On the Border . The song was released as the third single from the album , and it became the band 's first Billboard Hot 100 number 1 single in March 1975 . The song also topped the easy listening ( adult contemporary ) chart for one week a month earlier . Billboard ranked it as the number 12 song for 1975 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recording 1.3 Single release 2 Personnel 3 Chart history 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) In 2009 , J.D. Souther said of the writing of `` Best of My Love '' : `` Glenn found the tune ; the tune I think came from a Fred Neil record ... We were working on that album ( On the Border ) and came to London . The three of us were writing it and were on deadline to get it finished . I do n't know where we got the inspiration . '' Glenn Frey recalled : `` I was playing acoustic guitar one afternoon in Laurel Canyon , and I was trying to figure out a tuning that Joni Mitchell had shown me a couple of days earlier . I got lost and ended up with the guitar tuning for what would later turn out to be ' The Best of My Love . ' '' According to Henley , much of the lyrics was written while in a booth in Dan Tana 's Restaurant close to the Troubadour . The maître d ' of Dan Tana , Guido , was thanked in the liner notes of the album . Recording ( edit ) `` Best of My Love '' was recorded at Olympic Studios in London . The Eagles had begun working on On the Border with producer Glyn Johns who had helmed their Eagles debut album and the follow - up Desperado album . Despite the success of their debut album the Eagles ( Frey specifically ) were unhappy over Johns ' preference for country rock and toning down their own rock aspirations , and their dissatisfaction with Johns was reinforced by the similarly honed Desperado album which was a comparative failure and Johns ' no - drug policy during the recording . After six weeks in London -- which yielded `` Best of My Love '' and one other usable track , `` You Never Cry Like a Lover '' -- the Eagles discontinued working with Johns , then spending eight weeks touring in Europe and the USA and completing the recording of On the Border at the Record Plant in their hometown of Los Angeles with Bill Szymczyk producing . `` Best of My Love '' was remixed by Szymczyk . Single release ( edit ) Frey was reluctant to release `` Best of My Love '' as a single and held off its release for some time . The release of the Eagles ' `` Best of My Love '' as a single has been attributed to the track 's airplay at WKMI - AM in Kalamazoo MI , where radio dj Jim Higgs - also station music & program director - began playing the track off its parent album On the Border soon after that album 's release in the spring of 1974 , favoring `` Best of My Love '' over the official single releases `` Already Gone '' and `` James Dean '' . Advised by Higgs of the strong positive response of WKMI 's listeners to `` Best of My Love '' , Asylum Records gave the track a limited single release of 1000 copies available only in the Kalamazoo area , with reaction to this test - release securing the full release of `` Best of My Love '' as a single on November 5 , 1974 . However , when the single was finally released , Asylum Records had truncated the song so that it would be more radio - friendly , but had done so without the band 's knowledge or approval . It caused considerable anger in the band , and Henley demanded that the single be pulled from stores . The song however would become the most successful of their singles released so far , giving the band their first number 1 single . When the song was judged to have sold a million copies , the Eagles ' manager , Irving Azoff , sent to Asylum Records a gold record with a piece cut out , mounted on a plaque with a caption that said `` The Golden Hacksaw Award '' . Personnel ( edit ) Don Henley -- lead vocals , brushed drums Glenn Frey -- double - tracked 12 - string acoustic guitar , background vocals Bernie Leadon -- pedal steel guitar , background vocals Randy Meisner -- bass , background vocals Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Australia KMR 14 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 30 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 Cover versions ( edit ) `` Best of My Love '' Song by Brooks & Dunn from the album Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles Released October 12 , 1993 Genre Country Length 4 : 38 Label Giant Songwriter ( s ) Don Henley Glenn Frey J.D. Souther Producer ( s ) Don Cook Scott Hendricks Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles track listing `` Already Gone '' ( Tanya Tucker ) ( 11 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 12 ) `` The Sad Café '' ( Lorrie Morgan ) ( 13 ) Prior to the release of the Eagles version as a single , John Lees released his version of `` Best of My Love '' as a single in 1974 . The song was also recorded by Brooks & Dunn in the Eagles ' tribute album Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles . It was also included in their compilation album Playlist : The Very Best of Brooks & Dunn . South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela covered the song in his 1976 album Melody Maker . The song was covered by Yvonne Elliman on her 1975 album , Rising Sun . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1975 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1975 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1975 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jasen , David A. ( 2002 ) . A Century of American Popular Music : 2000 Best - Loved and Remembered Songs ( 1899 - 1999 ) . Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93700 - 0 . The Eagles had a number 1 hit with this soft -- rock ballad in 1975 , which charted for fourteen weeks Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 1975 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . bobburst.com . Jump up ^ `` Acoustic Storm Interviews - J.D. Souther '' . AcousticStorm.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liner Notes '' . Glenn Frey Online . Jump up ^ Cameron Crowe ( August 2003 ) . `` Conversations With Don Henley and Glenn Frey '' . The Uncool . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Eagles ' Complete Discography : Don Henley Looks Back '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 38 : 00 -- 39 : 20 . Jump up ^ Felder , Don ( 2008 ) . Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) . Hoboken NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0470450420 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To The Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . p. 112 . ISBN 9780306813986 . Jump up ^ `` Kalamazoo DJ to meet the Eagles almost 4 decades after helping band get # 1 hit '' . MLive.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3944a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6139 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of 1975 '' . RPM magazine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . Jump up ^ `` John Lees -- Best Of My Love / You Ca n't Get It '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Masekela : Melody Maker '' . Discogs . discogs.com . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DISCOGRAPHY : 1970 - 1979 '' . dougpayne.com . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Preceded by `` Morning Side of the Mountain '' by Donny and Marie Osmond Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single February 1 , 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Sweet Surrender '' by John Denver Preceded by `` Pick Up the Pieces '' by The Average White Band Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 1 , 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' by Olivia Newton - John Preceded by `` Mandy '' by Barry Manilow Canadian RPM number - one single March 1 , 1975 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Have You Never Been Mellow '' by Olivia Newton - John External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eagles Don Henley Timothy B. Schmit Joe Walsh Glenn Frey Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_of_My_Love_(Eagles_song)&oldid=831781765 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1993 songs Eagles ( band ) songs Brooks & Dunn songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Glenn Frey Songs written by Don Henley Songs written by J.D. Souther Song recordings produced by Glyn Johns Asylum Records singles 1974 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 04 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sang best of my love by the eagles

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2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game - wikipedia 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Date July 11 , 2017 Venue Marlins Park City Miami , Florida Managers Brad Mills ( CLE ) Joe Maddon ( CHC ) MVP Robinson Canó ( SEA ) Attendance 37,188 First pitch Roberto Alomar , Rod Carew , Orlando Cepeda , Pedro Martínez , Tony Pérez , Iván Rodríguez Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci Radio ESPN Radio announcers Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton ← 2016 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2018 → The 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was the 88th edition of the Major League Baseball All Star Game . The game was hosted by the Miami Marlins and was played at Marlins Park on July 11 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by Fox . The game was the first since 2002 whose outcome did not determine home - field advantage for the World Series ; instead , the team with the better regular - season record will have home - field advantage . The Marlins were announced as the hosts on February 10 , 2015 , by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred ; the game was the Marlins ' first time hosting , leaving the Tampa Bay Rays as the only MLB franchise not to have hosted an All - Star game . The American League won , 2 -- 1 , in 10 innings . Robinson Canó , second baseman for the Seattle Mariners , hit the game winning home run for the American League and was named the 2017 All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fan balloting 1.1 Starters 1.2 Final roster spot 2 Rosters 2.1 American League 2.2 National League 2.2. 1 Roster notes 3 Game summary 3.1 Starting lineup 3.2 Line score 4 Ratings 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Fan balloting ( edit ) Starters ( edit ) Balloting for the 2017 All - Star Game starters began online May 1 and ended on June 29 . The top vote - getters at each position ( including the designated hitter for the American League ) and the top three among outfielders , would be starters for their respective leagues . The results were announced on July 2 . Bryce Harper was the leading vote - getter with 4,630,306 votes . Final roster spot ( edit ) After the rosters were finalized , a second ballot of five players per league was created for the All - Star Final Vote to determine the 33rd and final player of each roster . The online balloting was conducted from July 2 through July 6 . The winners of the All - Star Final Vote were Mike Moustakas of the American League 's Kansas City Royals and Justin Turner of the National League 's Los Angeles Dodgers . American League Player Team Pos . Elvis Andrus Rangers Shortstop Xander Bogaerts Red Sox Shortstop Didi Gregorius Yankees Shortstop Logan Morrison Rays First baseman Mike Moustakas Royals Third baseman National League Player Team Pos . Justin Bour Marlins First baseman Kris Bryant Cubs Third baseman Anthony Rendon Nationals Third baseman Mark Reynolds Rockies First baseman Justin Turner Dodgers Third baseman Rosters ( edit ) American League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Pérez , Salvador Salvador Pérez Royals 5 1B Smoak , Justin Justin Smoak Blue Jays 2B Altuve , José José Altuve Astros 5 3B Ramírez , José José Ramírez Indians SS Correa , Carlos Carlos Correa Astros OF Trout , Mike Mike Trout Angels 6 OF Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge Yankees OF Springer , George George Springer Astros DH Dickerson , Corey Corey Dickerson Rays Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Sánchez , Gary Gary Sánchez Yankees 1B Alonso , Yonder Yonder Alonso Athletics 2B Canó , Robinson Robinson Canó Mariners 8 2B Castro , Starlin Starlin Castro Yankees 2B Schoop , Jonathan Jonathan Schoop Orioles 3B Moustakas , Mike Mike Moustakas Royals 3B Sanó , Miguel Miguel Sanó Twins SS Lindor , Francisco Francisco Lindor Indians OF Betts , Mookie Mookie Betts Red Sox OF Brantley , Michael Michael Brantley Indians OF García , Avisail Avisail García White Sox OF Upton , Justin Justin Upton Tigers DH Cruz , Nelson Nelson Cruz Mariners 5 Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Archer , Chris Chris Archer Rays Betances , Dellin Dellin Betances Yankees Darvish , Yu Yu Darvish Rangers Devenski , Chris Chris Devenski Astros Fulmer , Michael Michael Fulmer Tigers Keuchel , Dallas Dallas Keuchel Astros Kimbrel , Craig Craig Kimbrel Red Sox 6 Kintzler , Brandon Brandon Kintzler Twins Kluber , Corey Corey Kluber Indians McCullers Jr. , Lance Lance McCullers Jr . Astros Miller , Andrew Andrew Miller Indians Osuna , Roberto Roberto Osuna Blue Jays Sale , Chris Chris Sale Red Sox 6 Santana , Ervin Ervin Santana Twins Severino , Luis Luis Severino Yankees Vargas , Jason Jason Vargas Royals National League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Posey , Buster Buster Posey Giants 5 1B Zimmerman , Ryan Ryan Zimmerman Nationals 2B Murphy , Daniel Daniel Murphy Nationals 3B Arenado , Nolan Nolan Arenado Rockies SS Cozart , Zack Zack Cozart Reds OF Blackmon , Charlie Charlie Blackmon Rockies OF Harper , Bryce Bryce Harper Nationals 5 OF Ozuna , Marcell Marcell Ozuna Marlins Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Molina , Yadier Yadier Molina Cardinals 8 1B Goldschmidt , Paul Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks 5 1B Votto , Joey Joey Votto Reds 5 2B Harrison , Josh Josh Harrison Pirates 2B LeMahieu , DJ DJ LeMahieu Rockies 3B Lamb , Jake Jake Lamb Diamondbacks 3B Turner , Justin Justin Turner Dodgers SS Seager , Corey Corey Seager Dodgers OF Bellinger , Cody Cody Bellinger Dodgers OF Conforto , Michael Michael Conforto Mets OF Inciarte , Ender Ender Inciarte Braves OF Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Marlins Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Davis , Wade Wade Davis Cubs Greinke , Zack Zack Greinke Diamondbacks Hand , Brad Brad Hand Padres Holland , Greg Greg Holland Rockies Jansen , Kenley Kenley Jansen Dodgers Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Dodgers 7 Knebel , Corey Corey Knebel Brewers Martínez , Carlos Carlos Martínez Cardinals Neshek , Pat Pat Neshek Phillies Ray , Robbie Robbie Ray Diamondbacks Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer Nationals 5 Strasburg , Stephen Stephen Strasburg Nationals Wood , Alex Alex Wood Dodgers Roster notes ( edit ) Mookie Betts was named starter in place of Mike Trout due to injury . Justin Upton was named as the roster replacement for Mike Trout due to injury . Chris Devenski was named as the roster replacement for Dallas Keuchel due to injury . Alex Wood was named as the roster replacement for Clayton Kershaw due to Kershaw starting on Sunday . Robinson Canó was named as the roster replacement for Starlin Castro due to injury . Roberto Osuna was named as the roster replacement for Yu Darvish due to Darvish starting on Sunday . Chris Archer was named as the roster replacement for Michael Fulmer due to Fulmer starting on Sunday . Brandon Kintzler was named as the roster replacement for Corey Kluber due to Kluber starting on Sunday . # : Indicates player would not play ( replaced as per reference notes above ) . Game summary ( edit ) The game was mostly pitching - dominated through the first four innings . After a two - out double by Jonathan Schoop , Miguel Sanó finally got the AL on the board with his fifth inning RBI bloop single . In the bottom of the sixth , Yadier Molina became the oldest catcher to hit a home run in an All - Star game , when he hit one off Ervin Santana in the sixth inning , tying the game at one . Reggie Smith was the last Cardinal to hit an All - Star Game home run in the 1974 game . Robinson Canó hit the game - winning home run in the tenth inning off Wade Davis , and was named the All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . He is the first second baseman since 1998 who was named All - Star Game MVP . Andrew Miller struck out Cody Bellinger swinging to end the night and earned his first career All - Star save . Starting lineup ( edit ) American Order Player Team Position Altuve , José José Altuve Astros 2B Ramírez , José José Ramírez Indians 3B Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge Yankees RF Springer , George George Springer Astros LF 5 Correa , Carlos Carlos Correa Astros SS 6 Smoak , Justin Justin Smoak Blue Jays 1B 7 Dickerson , Corey Corey Dickerson Rays DH 8 Pérez , Salvador Salvador Pérez Royals 9 Betts , Mookie Mookie Betts Red Sox CF Sale , Chris Chris Sale Red Sox National Order Player Team Position Blackmon , Charlie Charlie Blackmon Rockies CF Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Marlins DH Harper , Bryce Bryce Harper Nationals RF Posey , Buster Buster Posey Giants 5 Murphy , Daniel Daniel Murphy Nationals 2B 6 Arenado , Nolan Nolan Arenado Rockies 3B 7 Zimmerman , Ryan Ryan Zimmerman Nationals 1B 8 Ozuna , Marcell Marcell Ozuna Marlins LF 9 Cozart , Zack Zack Cozart Reds SS Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer Nationals Line score ( edit ) Tuesday , July 11 , 2017 8 : 22 pm ( EDT ) Marlins Park in Miami , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Starting pitchers : AL : Chris Sale NL : Max Scherzer WP : Craig Kimbrel ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Wade Davis ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Andrew Miller ( 1 ) Home runs : AL : Robinson Canó ( 1 ) NL : Yadier Molina ( 1 ) Umpires : Home Plate -- Joe West ( crew chief ) ; First Base -- Angel Hernandez ; Second Base -- Mark Carlson ; Third Base -- Chris Conroy ; Left Field -- Manny Gonzalez ; Right Field -- Mike Estabrook ; Replay Official -- Doug Eddings Weather : 73 ° F ( 23 ° C ) , roof closed . First pitch : 8 : 22pm EDT Time of Game : 3 : 16 Attendance : 37,188 Ratings ( edit ) The viewership ratings for the game on FOX were up slightly following the previous year 's all - time low , with a 5.5 national rating , an 11 share , and an estimated 9.28 million viewers . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball All - Star Games Major League Baseball All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award All - Star Futures Game Home Run Derby Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mills , the Indians ' bench coach , replaced Terry Francona as the American League 's manager after Francona underwent a catheter ablation to correct an irregular heartbeat . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Indians ' Francona has heart procedure , out of All - Star Game '' . Associated Press . Cleveland : AP News . Associated Press . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game Ballot - With rules / instructions '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Doug ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Miami , here we come : ASG rosters unveiled '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Moose , Turner capture All - Star Final Vote '' . MLB.com . Miami : MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Latimer , Jolene ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Turner , Moustakas used teamwork to win All - Star final vote '' . Associated Press . Los Angeles : AP News . Associated Press . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer . `` Molina homers in memorable All - Star night '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frisaro , Joe . `` Do n't ya know ! Cano powers AL in extras '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeNicola , Christina . `` Cano hits decisive home run , named MVP '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cano 10th - inning homer gives AL 2 - 1 All - Star win '' . ESPN . 11 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Umpire Angel Hernandez , who 's suing MLB for alleged discrimination , to work All - Star Game '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 All - Star Game '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . 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Dustin Pedroia

Dustin Pedroia - wikipedia Dustin Pedroia Jump to : navigation , search Dustin Pedroia Boston Red Sox -- No. 15 Second baseman Born : ( 1983 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 1983 ( age 34 ) Woodland , California Bats : Right Throws : Right MLB debut August 22 , 2006 , for the Boston Red Sox MLB statistics ( through 2017 season ) Batting average . 301 Hits 1,787 Home runs 139 Runs batted in 716 Stolen bases 138 Teams Boston Red Sox ( 2006 -- present ) Career highlights and awards 4 × All - Star ( 2008 -- 2010 , 2013 ) 2 × World Series champion ( 2007 , 2013 ) Silver Slugger Award ( 2008 ) 4 × Gold Glove Award ( 2008 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 ) AL MVP ( 2008 ) AL Rookie of the Year ( 2007 ) Heart And Hustle Award ( 2012 ) Dustin Pedroia Medal record Men 's baseball Representing United States Pan American Games 2003 Santo Domingo Team Dustin Luis Pedroia ( born August 17 , 1983 ) is an American baseball second baseman for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He is a four - time All - Star and an American League ( AL ) Most Valuable Player award winner , who has also received four Gold Glove Awards and a single Silver Slugger award . Pedroia was drafted by the Red Sox in 2004 , and made his major league debut in 2006 before becoming a full - time player in the 2007 season , and winning the AL Rookie of the Year award . He contributed to two Red Sox World Series championships in 2007 and 2013 , and he is the only player from the 2007 World Series team still with the club . Pedroia remains under contract with the Red Sox through the 2021 season . Pedroia is an above - average contact hitter with a very low strikeout rate and `` a surprising amount of power '' , whose defense at second base has been rated significantly above - average . Pedroia has achieved Major League success . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and high school 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Minor leagues 3.2 Boston Red Sox 3.2. 1 2006 - 2007 3.2. 2 2008 3.2. 3 2009 3.2. 4 2010 3.2. 5 2011 3.2. 6 2012 3.2. 7 2013 3.2. 8 2014 3.2. 9 2015 3.2. 10 2016 3.2. 11 2017 4 Honors and awards 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early Life and High School ( edit ) Pedroia was born in Woodland , California , on August 17 , 1983 . His parents operated a tire shop in the city where they would work fourteen hours per day . Debbie Pedroia played tennis at Sacramento City College . Pedroia 's older brother , Brett , played baseball as a catcher at Shasta College . Pedroia attended Woodland High School in Woodland , California where he played baseball and football . His football career ended when , as a freshman quarterback , a hit from future NFL linebacker Lance Briggs shattered his ankle . As a senior baseball player , Pedroia did not strike out all season , compiled a . 445 batting average and was chosen as his league 's most valuable player . College career ( edit ) Pedroia attended Arizona State University ( ASU ) , where he played college baseball for the Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team . He was teammates with Ian Kinsler and Andre Ethier . Kinsler and Pedroia competed for the shortstop position at ASU . Ultimately , Pedroia stayed at shortstop , while Kinsler ended up at second base before transferring to the University of Missouri . In three years at ASU , Pedroia never hit below . 347 and had a career average of . 384 , starting all 185 games . To help ASU recruit better pitchers , Pedroia also relinquished the last two years of his athletic scholarship . He was named ASU On Deck Circle Most Valuable Player ; other winners have included Ike Davis , Willie Bloomquist , Paul Lo Duca , and Barry Bonds . Professional career ( edit ) Minor leagues ( edit ) Pedroia was drafted by the Red Sox in the second round of the 2004 Major League Baseball draft , with the 65th pick overall . Pedroia , the eighth shortstop drafted , received a $575,000 signing bonus . In two years in the minors ( 2004 -- 06 ) , Pedroia batted . 308 while playing second base and shortstop . Boston Red Sox ( edit ) 2006 - 2007 ( edit ) After a brief call - up in 2006 , when he hit just . 191 in 89 at - bats , Pedroia became the regular second baseman for the Red Sox in 2007 replacing Mark Loretta . Pedroia suffered through an early - season hitting slump , but recovered , later putting up a 13 - game hitting streak and a five - hit game against the Giants . He notably made a diving stop to preserve fellow rookie Clay Buchholz 's no - hitter on September 1 . Pedroia won the AL Rookie of the Year award and was selected to the 2007 Topps Major League Rookie All - Star Team . The Red Sox played the Indians in the 2007 ALCS . In Game 7 of the series , Pedroia homered and doubled , collecting five RBI to secure the Red Sox ' spot in the World Series , to face the Rockies . Pedroia homered in the first at bat of the series , making him only the second player , and the first rookie , to lead off the Series with a home run . The Red Sox went on to win their second World Series title in four seasons -- and the first World Series championship for Pedroia . 2008 ( edit ) Pedroia performed very well during the 2008 regular season , and received AL MVP , Gold Glove and Silver Slugger awards . He was the first - ever Red Sox second baseman to win a Silver Slugger Award , the first Red Sox second baseman to win a Gold Glove since Doug Griffin in 1972 , and the first second baseman to win an MVP Award since Nellie Fox in 1959 . He hit . 326 with 17 homers over 726 PAs , for a 127 wRC+ . Pedroia was defensively great , making only six errors through 157 games , saving + 9.7 runs over the season , according to UZR. 2008 was also Pedroia 's most productive season on the basepaths ; he stole 20 bases in 21 attempts , for baserunning worth 4.9 runs above average . Dustin Pedroia in Houston , June 2008 Pedroia 's contribution in the regular season was rated 6.5 WAR by Fangraphs , a `` superstar '' level of performance . He became only the third player in MLB history to win Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in consecutive seasons joining Cal Ripken Jr. and Ryan Howard , and later was followed by Kris Bryant . Pedroia was hitless through the first three games of the 2008 ALDS , recording only an RBI double in Game 4 . The Red Sox defeated the Angels in four games . In the ALCS against the Tampa Bay Rays , Pedroia collected 9 hits in 26 plate appearances , including three home runs and a double . The rest of the team struggled to a . 234 batting average against the Tampa pitching staff , and the Red Sox lost the series . 2009 ( edit ) Dustin Pedroia bats against the Baltimore Orioles , August 2 , 2009 . On December 3 , 2008 , Pedroia signed a six - year contract extension worth $40.5 million , with an additional team option for 2015 worth $11 million . Pedroia announced on December 15 , 2008 that he would play for the United States team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic . He recorded the first Major League hit in Citi Field history during an April 3 exhibition game against the Mets . He hit a home run in his first at bat of the 2009 season . Pedroia was selected to start for the 2009 AL All Star Team . However , Pedroia had to withdraw from the team to stay with his wife Kelli , who was experiencing pregnancy complications with the couple 's first child . The same issue had caused him to miss a regular season game prior to the All Star break . Pedroia achieved his first multi-home run game on September 9 , 2009 , against the Orioles . In 2010 , MLB umpire Joe West made controversial statements regarding the speed of play between the Red Sox and Yankees , Pedroia responded by saying , `` What he does n't understand is that when we do n't do well in these games against the Yankees , we get killed . If he does n't want to do Red Sox and Yankee games , he should tell the umpires ' union . Then when we 're in the World Series , he 'll be out of that assignment , too . '' On June 24 , 2010 , Pedroia went 5 for 5 , with 5 RBI , and hit three home runs in a game against the Rockies that the Red Sox won , 13 -- 11 , in the tenth inning . The next day , Pedroia fouled a ball off his foot in an at - bat versus the Giants . MRI results the next day confirmed that he had a broken bone in his foot , and he was placed on the 15 - day disabled list . Pedroia was under doctor 's orders not to put weight on his injured foot for two weeks , but continued to practice fielding grounders while on his knees . Pedroia was named to be a reserve player on the 2010 AL All Star team , but did not participate due to this injury , and had former Arizona State teammate Ian Kinsler replace him on the roster . Pedroia returned to the lineup on August 17 against the Angels , only to be put back on the DL after playing 2 games . Pedroia would end the 2010 season having played only 75 games . 2011 ( edit ) In 2011 , Pedroia bounced back , batting . 307 and slugging 21 home runs over 159 games . He won a Fielding Bible Award in 2011 as the best fielding second baseman in MLB , and had his best defensive season by ultimate zone rating , with 18.1 runs saved . In June and July , Pedroia had a 25 - game hitting streak , the longest for a Red Sox second baseman . On August 16 , Pedroia was involved in throwing a triple play , started by Jed Lowrie . Pedroia 's 2011 season was rated at 7.6 Wins Above Replacement by Fangraphs , an `` MVP - caliber '' performance . 2012 ( edit ) On September 30 , 2012 , Pedroia broke his left ring finger but , after being reassured the injury would not degrade with use , he made the decision to play through the pain in the following season - ending series at Yankee Stadium . 2013 ( edit ) Play media Dustin Pedroia batting for the Red Sox against the Toronto Blue Jays On July 23 , 2013 , Pedroia and the Red Sox agreed to an 8 - year extension worth $110 million . Pedroia was represented in negotiations by Sam Levinson and Seth Levinson of ACES Inc . Pedroia bounced back from his injury - affected 2012 season to become the only player on the Red Sox to play more than 150 games during the team 's 2013 regular season , playing in 160 games . Pedroia posted a strong regular season performance , and was awarded his third Gold Glove , second Fielding Bible Award , and the Wilson Overall Defensive Player of the Year Award for the American League . The Red Sox won their division and went on to win the World Series . In November 2013 , Pedroia underwent thumb surgery to repair a torn UCL , an injury he suffered when sliding to first base on opening day . 2014 ( edit ) In May 2014 , Pedroia hit his 100th career home run and his 300th career double . Pedroia hit only four home runs before the 2014 All Star break , and his hitting productivity dropped to league average . However , his fielding numbers remained strong . For his defensive performance , Pedroia was honored with the American League Gold Glove award at second base -- his fourth in his nine - year career -- along with his third Fielding Bible Award . This made him the first Red Sox infielder to win four Gold Gloves . 2015 ( edit ) Pedroia began the 2015 MLB season with two home runs in the Red Sox opening game , on the road at Citizens Bank Park , Philadelphia . On June 25 , 2015 the Red Sox placed him on the 15 - day disabled list due to a right hamstring strain . 2016 ( edit ) Pedroia had a strong month as a hitter in August , culminating in a streak of three games , from August 25 through 27 , over which he hit safely in 11 consecutive at bats , falling one hit shy of tying the major league record of 12 consecutive at bats with a base hit ( shared by three players since 1902 ) . During the streak , Pedroia had 10 singles , one double , scored two runs and drove in three . He also walked once during the streak , thus reaching base safely over 12 consecutive plate appearances . Pedroia finished the 2016 season with a batting average of . 318 . In 154 games of 2016 , Pedroia finished the year with a . 318 batting average , 201 hits , 36 doubles , 105 runs scored , 15 home runs , and 74 RBI . The Red Sox finished the 2016 season with a 93 - 69 record , clinching the AL East division , but were swept in three games by the Indians in the 2016 ALDS . On October 13 , 2016 , Pedroia underwent left knee surgery , a partial medial meniscectomy and chondroplasty . Despite the surgery , he and teammate Mookie Betts won two of the ten 2016 Fielding Bible awards . He also won the 2016 Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award for second base , in all of MLB . 2017 ( edit ) On May 30 , Pedroia was placed on the 10 - day disabled list due to a left wrist sprain . On August 1 , he was again placed on the 10 - day disabled list due to left knee soreness . On August 12 , Pedroia was placed on the disabled list for the third time of the season due to soreness in the same knee . Limited to 105 games , Pedroia finished with a . 293 batting average , 7 home runs , and 62 RBI . On October 25 , it was revealed that Pedroia underwent surgery on his knee for a complete cartilage restoration , meaning that he would miss the start of the 2018 season . Honors and awards ( edit ) Pedroia in 2008 2004 Golden Spikes Award Finalist 2004 First - Team Baseball America and USA Today All - American 2003 Pac - 10 Co-Player of the Year 2003 NCAA Defensive Player of the Year Red Sox ML Base Runner of the Month ( April 2005 ) Red Sox Minor League `` Quality Plate Appearances '' Award ( June 2005 ) 2005 Post-Season Eastern League All - Star 2005 Minor League Player of the Year . 2005 Red Sox Minor League Offensive Player of the Year 2005 Minor League News MLN FAB50 Baseball 2005 -- No. 45 2006 Minor League News MLN FAB50 Baseball 2006 -- No. 23 2007 American League Rookie of the Month - May 2007 American League Player of the Week ( May 28 -- June 3 ) 2007 Players Choice American League Outstanding Rookie 2007 World Series Champion ( Boston Red Sox ) 2007 American League Rookie of the Year 2008 American League All - Star Starter 2008 American League Gold Glove Winner 2008 American League Silver Slugger Award 2008 American League Most Valuable Player Award 2009 American League All - Star Starter 2010 American League All - Star Reserve 2010 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2011 Fielding Bible Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) 2011 American League Gold Glove Winner 2011 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2012 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2013 American League All - Star Reserve 2013 Wilson Overall Defensive Player of the Year Award ( in entire American League ) 2013 Fielding Bible Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) 2013 American League Gold Glove Winner 2013 Heart & Hustle Award Winner 2013 World Series Champion ( Boston Red Sox ) 2014 Fielding Bible Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) 2014 American League Gold Glove Winner 2014 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2015 Heart & Hustle Award Nominee 2016 Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) 2016 Fielding Bible Award ( at 2B , in all of MLB ) Personal Life ( edit ) Pedroia has garnered multiple nicknames during his time in Boston , these include : Pedey , Laser Show , and the Muddy Chicken . Pedroia is of Swiss Italian ( Brione s / Minusio , Canton Ticino ) , Portuguese and Spanish heritage . He is the nephew of Temple University defensive coordinator Phil Snow . On January 9 , 2009 , Pedroia was named as the cover athlete of the baseball video game MLB 09 : The Show , and appeared in several commercials for the game . On August 18 , 2009 , Dustin 's wife , Kelli , gave birth to the couple 's first child , a boy named Dylan . On September 13 , 2012 , Dustin and Kelli welcomed their second son , Cole . On June 13 , 2014 , the couple had their third son , Brooks . Dustin Pedroia is a fan of the NBA 's Sacramento Kings , and the NFL 's San Francisco 49ers . In a 2009 interview given to Boston , Pedroia criticized his home town of Woodland , California , calling it a `` dump '' and a city that never embraced him . This generated backlash from his hometown and his family received death threats . Pedroia later clarified his comments saying he was only joking and his comments were taken out of context . The original article 's author , however , insisted that his use of the comment was not misleading . His transcript of the interview with Pedroia quoted Pedroia as saying `` It 's a dump . You can quote me on that . I do n't give a shit . '' Pedroia has expressed an interest in bigfoot , including tweeting about the show Finding Bigfoot from his Twitter account . Pedroia enjoys playing the game cribbage ; he and former manager , Terry Francona , used to play together . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ashbourne , Nick ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Should Dustin Pedroia 's bat be feared ? '' . Beyond the Box Score . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dustin Pedroia ; Advanced Fielding '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Human url = https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/baseball/2003-02-27-size_x.htm title = The tall and short of college baseball stars accessdate = July 26 , 2008 work = USA Today publisher = date = February 27 , 2003 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia ASU '' . ASU Baseball . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dustin Pedroia Jump up ^ Schulman , Henry ( November 23 , 2008 ) . `` Small town shows MVP pride '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pedroia , Dustin ( 2009 ) . Born to Play : My Life in the Game . Simon & Schuster . p. 11 . ISBN 9781439164877 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fielding more than his share of bad hops '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hohler , Bob ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Most valuable half - pint '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dustin Pedroia Comes Out Swinging '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` # 1 in College Sports '' . CSTV.com . May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baseball Reference Jump up ^ Speier , Alex ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` We 've seen this before from Dustin Pedroia '' . WEEI.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2B Pedroia makes the play that made the no - hitter possible . '' . boston.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dustin Pedroia wins 2007 American League Rookie of the Year Award from Baseball Writers ' Association of America Jump up ^ `` Topps announces the 49th annual Topps Major League Rookie All - Star Team '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Klingaman , Mike ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Catching Up With ... Don Buford '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 AL MVP '' . BBWAA.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rawlings Gold Glove award winners '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Pedroia wins Silver Slugger Award '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dustin Pedroia '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UZR '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia ; Fielding '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia ; Standard '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is WAR ? '' . Fangraphs . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox sign Pedroia to $40.5 M extension '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West : Rivals ' slow play ' embarrassing ' '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Francona calls comments ' troubling ' ESPN Jump up ^ Benjamin , Amalie ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Pedroia Rescues Red Sox '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Amalie ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Injury brings him to his knees '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 Awards '' . The Fielding Bible . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Longest Red Sox hitting streaks by position . Boston.com Jump up ^ Broken finger , broken team , but Red Sox ' Dustin Pedroia is playing masslive.com Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Pedroia agrees to extension through 2021 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox : 2013 American League East Champions '' . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom . `` Wilson honors Parra , Pedroia for unrivaled D '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia has thumb surgery '' . ESPN Boston . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia Career Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pini , Jeff ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Dustin Pedroia Makes Team History With Fourth Gold Glove Award '' . Boston.com . Boston.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox 's revamped lineup backs Buchholz 's gem vs. Phillies '' . MLB.com. April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy Player News & Updates '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media , LP . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian . `` Pedroia 's AB hit streak ends 1 shy of MLB record '' . redsox.mlb.com . MLB Advanced Media , LP . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver . `` Dustin Pedroia headed to DL with left wrist sprain '' . MLB . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian . `` Inflamed left knee puts Dustin Pedroia on DL '' . MLB . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian . `` Dustin Pedroia returns to DL with ailing left knee '' . MLB . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Pedroia out seven months following knee surgery '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dustin Pedroia Statistics and History Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ Kilgore , Adam ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` Welcome , Dylan Pedroia '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Laurie ( September 15 , 2012 ) . `` Dustin Pedroia Wife Baby Boy Red Sox News '' . SB Nation . Jump up ^ `` The Woodland People vs. Dustin Pedroia '' . Dead Spin . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pedroia : Woodland Comments Taken Out Of Context '' . The Sacramento Bee. April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craggs , Tommy ( April 19 , 2009 ) . `` So About That Dustin Pedroia Story ... '' . Deadspin . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Michael ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Dustin Pedroia continues his search for Bigfoot '' . The Boston Herald . Jump up ^ Pedroia , Dustin ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Post on Twitter account 15Lasershow '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vega , Michael . `` Playing his cards right '' . Boston.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edes , Gordon . `` ito 's return : No cribbage , but a curtain call '' . ESPN. Go . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Verducci , Tom ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Muddy Chicken Hits It Big : Loud swing , louder mouth , even louder results : That 's the story of Dustin Pedroia writ small . In a lineup of stars , nobody has played a larger role in the success of the Red Sox -- or inspired better nicknames -- than their 5 ' 8 '' second baseman `` . Sports Illustrated . p. 29 . Born to Play : My Life in the Game by Dustin Pedroia with Edward J. Pelaney External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dustin Pedroia . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Justin Verlander Sporting News AL Rookie of the Year 2007 Succeeded by Evan Longoria Preceded by Justin Verlander Players Choice AL Most Outstanding Rookie 2007 Succeeded by Evan Longoria Preceded by Ichiro Suzuki Major League Hits Champion 2008 ( with Ichiro Suzuki ) Succeeded by Ichiro Suzuki Preceded by Alex Rodriguez American League Runs Scored Champion 2008 & 2009 Succeeded by Mark Teixeira Preceded by Magglio Ordóñez Major League Doubles Champion 2008 Succeeded by Brian Roberts Pac - 12 Conference Baseball Player of the Year 1978 : Elder ( North ) & Tolman ( South ) 1979 : Dodd ( North ) & Auten ( South ) 1980 : Walker ( North ) & Francona ( South ) 1981 : Hunsinger ( North ) & Sodders ( South ) 1982 : Wilson ( North ) & Davis ( South ) 1983 : Reece ( North ) & Hardgrave ( South ) 1984 : Skurla ( North ) , McDowell ( South ) & McGwire ( South ) 1985 : Lovell ( North ) & Lundblade ( South ) 1986 : Brundage ( North ) , Lovullo ( South ) & Sanchez ( South ) 1987 : Bowen ( North ) , Lovullo ( South ) & Hale ( South ) 1988 : Olerud ( North ) & Ingram ( South ) 1989 : Kuykendall ( North ) , Erickson ( South ) & Zinter ( South ) 1990 : Walker ( North ) & Ellis ( South ) 1991 : Hatteberg ( North ) & McCarty ( South ) 1992 : Loomis ( North ) , Penix ( South ) & Zuber ( South ) 1993 : Christman ( North ) , LoDuca ( South ) & McGuire ( South ) 1994 : Smith ( North ) & Cruz ( South ) 1995 : Blood ( North ) , Hinch ( South ) & Jenkins ( South ) 1996 : Miller ( North ) & Hinch ( South ) 1997 : Miller ( North ) & Glaus ( South ) 1998 : Checketts ( North ) & Valent ( South ) 1999 : Bloomquist 2000 : Myers 2001 : Myers 2002 : Concepcion 2003 : Garko & Pedroia 2004 : Lowrie 2005 : Crowe & Ellsbury 2006 : Gillespie 2007 : Wallace 2008 : Wallace 2009 : Kipnis 2010 : MacPhee 2011 : Renda 2012 : Mejia 2013 : Conforto 2014 : Conforto 2015 : Kingery 2016 : Cumberland 2017 : Madrigal 2003 College Baseball All - America Team consensus selections P David Marchbanks P Jeff Niemann P Tim Stauffer P Jered Weaver RP Ryan Wagner C Ryan Garko 1B None 2B Rickie Weeks Jr . 3B Jamie D'Antona SS Dustin Pedroia O Dustin Majewski O David Murphy DH None U None American League Rookie of the Year Award 1949 : Sievers 1950 : Dropo 1951 : McDougald 1952 : Byrd 1953 : Kuenn 1954 : Grim 1955 : Score 1956 : Aparicio 1957 : Kubek 1958 : Pearson 1959 : Allison 1960 : Hansen 1961 : Schwall 1962 : Tresh 1963 : Peters 1964 : Oliva 1965 : Blefary 1966 : Agee 1967 : Carew 1968 : Bahnsen 1969 : Piniella 1970 : Munson 1971 : Chambliss 1972 : Fisk 1973 : Bumbry 1974 : Hargrove 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Fidrych 1977 : Murray 1978 : Whitaker 1979 : Castino & Griffin 1980 : Charboneau 1981 : Righetti 1982 : Ripken Jr . 1983 : Kittle 1984 : Davis 1985 : Guillén 1986 : Canseco 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Weiss 1989 : Olson 1990 : Alomar Jr . 1991 : Knoblauch 1992 : Listach 1993 : Salmon 1994 : Hamelin 1995 : Cordova 1996 : Jeter 1997 : Garciaparra 1998 : Grieve 1999 : Beltrán 2000 : Sasaki 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Hinske 2003 : Berroa 2004 : Crosby 2005 : Street 2006 : Verlander 2007 : Pedroia 2008 : Longoria 2009 : Bailey 2010 : Feliz 2011 : Hellickson 2012 : Trout 2013 : Myers 2014 : Abreu 2015 : Correa 2016 : Fulmer American League Second Baseman Silver Slugger Award 1980 : Randolph 1981 : Grich 1982 : García 1983 : Whitaker 1984 : Whitaker 1985 : Whitaker 1986 : White 1987 : Whitaker 1988 : Franco 1989 : Franco 1990 : Franco 1991 : Franco 1992 : Alomar 1993 : Baerga 1994 : Baerga 1995 : Knoblauch 1996 : Alomar 1997 : Knoblauch 1998 : Easley 1999 : Alomar 2000 : Alomar 2001 : Boone 2002 : Soriano 2003 : Boone 2004 : Soriano 2005 : Soriano 2006 : Canó 2007 : Polanco 2008 : Pedroia 2009 Hill 2010 : Canó 2011 : Canó 2012 : Canó 2013 : Canó 2014 : Altuve 2015 : Altuve 2016 : Altuve American League Second Baseman Gold Glove Award 1958 : Bolling 1959 : Fox 1960 : Fox 1961 : Richardson 1962 : Richardson 1963 : Richardson 1964 : Richardson 1965 : Richardson 1966 : Knoop 1967 : Knoop 1968 : Knoop 1969 : Johnson 1970 : Johnson 1971 : Johnson 1972 : Griffin 1973 : Grich 1974 : Grich 1975 : Grich 1976 : Grich 1977 : White 1978 : White 1979 : White 1980 : White 1981 : White 1982 : White 1983 : Whitaker 1984 : Whitaker 1985 : Whitaker 1986 : White 1987 : White 1988 : Reynolds 1989 : Reynolds 1990 : Reynolds 1991 : Alomar 1992 : Alomar 1993 : Alomar 1994 : Alomar 1995 : Alomar 1996 : Alomar 1997 : Knoblauch 1998 : Alomar 1999 : Alomar 2000 : Alomar 2001 : Alomar 2002 : Boone 2003 : Boone 2004 : Boone 2005 : Hudson 2006 : Grudzielanek 2007 : Polanco 2008 : Pedroia 2009 : Polanco 2010 : Canó 2011 : Pedroia 2012 : Canó 2013 : Pedroia 2014 : Pedroia 2015 : Altuve 2016 : Kinsler American League MVP Award 1931 : Grove 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Cochrane 1935 : Greenberg 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : Gehringer 1938 : Foxx 1939 : DiMaggio 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : DiMaggio 1942 : Gordon 1943 : Chandler 1944 : Newhouser 1945 : Newhouser 1946 : Williams 1947 : DiMaggio 1948 : Boudreau 1949 : Williams 1950 : Rizzuto 1951 : Berra 1952 : Shantz 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Berra 1955 : Berra 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Mantle 1958 : Jensen 1959 : Fox 1960 : Maris 1961 : Maris 1962 : Mantle 1963 : Howard 1964 : B. Robinson 1965 : Versalles 1966 : F. Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : McLain 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Powell 1971 : Blue 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Burroughs 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Munson 1977 : Carew 1978 : Rice 1979 : Baylor 1980 : Brett 1981 : Fingers 1982 : Yount 1983 : Ripken Jr . 1984 : Hernández 1985 : Mattingly 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Bell 1988 : Canseco 1989 : Yount 1990 : Henderson 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : Eckersley 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Thomas 1995 : Vaughn 1996 : González 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : González 1999 : I. Rodríguez 2000 : Giambi 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Tejada 2003 : A. Rodriguez 2004 : Guerrero 2005 : A. Rodriguez 2006 : Morneau 2007 : A. Rodriguez 2008 : Pedroia 2009 : Mauer 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Trout 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Trout Second Baseman Fielding Bible Award 2006 : Hudson 2007 : Hill 2008 : Phillips 2009 : Hill 2010 : Utley 2011 : Pedroia 2012 : Barney 2013 : Pedroia 2014 : Pedroia 2015 : Kinsler 2016 : Pedroia Wilson Overall Defensive Player of the Year Award 2012 : Trout & Bourn 2013 : Pedroia & Parra 2014 : Heyward 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Betts Heart & Hustle Award 2005 : Eckstein 2006 : Biggio 2007 : Biggio 2008 : Sizemore 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Halladay 2011 : Hunter 2012 : Trout 2013 : Pedroia 2014 : Harrison 2015 : Rizzo 2016 : Frazier Boston Red Sox 2007 World Series champions 7 J.D. Drew 10 Coco Crisp 12 Eric Hinske 13 Alex Cora 15 Dustin Pedroia 17 Manny Delcarmen 18 Daisuke Matsuzaka 19 Josh Beckett ( ALCS MVP ) 20 Kevin Youkilis 23 Julio Lugo 24 Manny Ramirez 25 Mike Lowell ( World Series MVP ) 28 Doug Mirabelli 31 Jon Lester 32 Bobby Kielty 33 Jason Varitek 34 David Ortiz 36 Kevin Cash 37 Hideki Okajima 38 Curt Schilling 39 Kyle Snyder 46 Jacoby Ellsbury 48 Javier López 49 Tim Wakefield 50 Mike Timlin 51 Julián Tavárez 58 Jonathan Papelbon 83 Éric Gagné Manager 47 Terry Francona Coaches Bench Coach 2 Brad Mills First Base Coach 16 Luis Alicea Hitting Coach 29 Dave Magadan Third Base Coach 35 DeMarlo Hale Pitching Coach 52 John Farrell Bullpen Coach 57 Gary Tuck Bullpen Catcher 65 Ino Guerrero Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Boston Red Sox 2013 World Series champions 2 Jacoby Ellsbury 3 David Ross 5 Jonny Gomes 7 Stephen Drew 11 Clay Buchholz 12 Mike Napoli 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Will Middlebrooks 18 Shane Victorino 19 Koji Uehara ( ALCS MVP ) 22 Félix Doubront 29 Daniel Nava 31 Jon Lester 32 Craig Breslow 34 David Ortiz ( World Series MVP ) 36 Junichi Tazawa 37 Mike Carp 39 Jarrod Saltalamacchia 41 John Lackey 44 Jake Peavy 46 Ryan Dempster 50 Quintin Berry 56 Franklin Morales 67 Brandon Workman 72 Xander Bogaerts Manager 53 John Farrell Third base coach 13 Brian Butterfield Bench coach 17 Torey Lovullo Hitting coach 28 Greg Colbrunn First Base coach 43 Arnie Beyeler Pitching coach 47 Juan Nieves Assistant hitting coach 57 Vic Rodriguez Bullpen coach 58 Dana LeVangie Bullpen catcher 83 Brian Abraham Bullpen catcher 88 Alex Martinez Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series United States roster -- 2009 World Baseball Classic -- 4th place 1 Jimmy Rollins 2 Derek Jeter 4 David Wright 6 Brian Roberts 7 Mark DeRosa 10 Chipper Jones 13 Evan Longoria 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Brian McCann 17 Adam Dunn 18 Ryan Braun 21 Kevin Youkilis 22 Jake Peavy 23 J.J. Putz 26 Chris Iannetta 28 Curtis Granderson 29 Matt Lindstrom 31 Brad Ziegler 33 Ted Lilly 34 John Grabow 37 Matt Thornton 38 Joel Hanrahan 39 J.P. Howell 42 LaTroy Hawkins 44 Roy Oswalt 46 Jeremy Guthrie 50 Shane Victorino 51 Jonathan Broxton 62 Scot Shields 99 Heath Bell Manager 5 Davey Johnson Batting Coach 8 Reggie Smith Pitching Coach 27 Marcel Lachemann Coach 11 Barry Larkin Coach 3 Billy Ripken Coach 20 Mike Schmidt Bullpen Coach 30 Mel Stottlemyre Boston Red Sox current roster Active roster 2 Xander Bogaerts 3 Sandy León 5 Tzu - Wei Lin 7 Christian Vázquez 11 Rafael Devers 12 Brock Holt 13 Hanley Ramírez 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Andrew Benintendi 17 Deven Marrero 18 Mitch Moreland 19 Jackie Bradley Jr . 22 Rick Porcello 23 Blake Swihart 24 David Price 25 Rajai Davis 29 Roenis Elías 30 Chris Young 31 Drew Pomeranz 36 Eduardo Núñez 37 Heath Hembree 38 Doug Fister 39 Carson Smith 41 Chris Sale 43 Addison Reed 46 Craig Kimbrel 50 Mookie Betts 51 Blaine Boyer 52 Eduardo Rodríguez 56 Joe Kelly 58 Fernando Abad 59 Sam Travis 60 Henry Owens 61 Brian Johnson 63 Robby Scott 64 Ben Taylor 67 Brandon Workman 68 Matt Barnes 71 Austin Maddox 76 Héctor Velázquez Disabled list 28 Robbie Ross Jr . 32 Josh Rutledge 35 Steven Wright 40 Marco Hernández 47 Tyler Thornburg Coaching staff Manager Vacant Bench 10 Gary DiSarcina First base 20 Rubén Amaro Jr . Hitting 44 Chili Davis Pitching 54 Carl Willis Third base 55 Brian Butterfield Asst . hitting 57 Vic Rodriguez Bullpen 60 Dana LeVangie Asst . pitching 86 Brian Bannister VIAF : 83501198 LCCN : n2009018713 ISNI : 0000 0000 5862 2452 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dustin_Pedroia&oldid=807115929 '' Categories : 1983 births Living people Boston Red Sox players 2009 World Baseball Classic players American League All - Stars American people of Portuguese descent American people of Italian descent Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players Baseball players from California Gold Glove Award winners Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners People from Woodland , California Scottsdale Scorpions players Sarasota Red Sox players Augusta GreenJackets players Portland Sea Dogs players Pawtucket Red Sox players Baseball second basemen American League Most Valuable Player Award winners Silver Slugger Award winners Baseball players at the 2003 Pan American Games Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States Pan American Games medalists in baseball Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Монгол 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 00 : 35 . 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First Transcontinental Railroad

First Transcontinental railroad - wikipedia First Transcontinental railroad Jump to : navigation , search First Transcontinental Railroad The ceremony for the driving of the `` Last Spike '' at Promontory Summit , Utah , May 10 , 1869 Overview Locale United States Termini Omaha , Nebraska ( Council Bluffs , Iowa ) Oakland Long Wharf ( San Francisco Bay ) Operation Opened May 10 , 1869 ; 149 years ago ( 1869 - 05 - 10 ) Owner U.S. Government Operator ( s ) Central Pacific Union Pacific Technical Line length 3,007 km ( 1,868 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Map of the line Transcontinental Railroad 75th Anniversary Issue stamp of 1944 The First Transcontinental Railroad ( also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad , known originally as the `` Pacific Railroad '' and later as the `` Overland Route '' ) was a 1,912 - mile ( 3,077 km ) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay . The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants . Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds . The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi ( 212 km ) of track from Oakland / Alameda to Sacramento , California . The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California ( CPRR ) constructed 690 mi ( 1,110 km ) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit , Utah Territory ( U.T. ) . The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi ( 1,746 km ) from the road 's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha , Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit . The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10 , 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold `` Last Spike '' ( later often referred to as the `` Golden Spike '' ) with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit . The coast - to - coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West . It brought the western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast - to - coast considerably quicker and less expensive . Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869 , when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade ( which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867 -- 68 ) to Alameda and Oakland . The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad 's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6 , 1869 where they transferred to the steamer Alameda for transport across the Bay to San Francisco . The road 's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north . Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry . The CPRR eventually purchased 53 miles of UPRR - built grade from Promontory Summit ( MP 828 ) to Ogden , U.T. ( MP 881 ) , which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads . The transcontinental line was popularly known as the Overland Route after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Preliminary exploration 1.2 Possible routes 2 Key individuals 2.1 Asa Whitney 2.2 Theodore Judah 2.3 The Big Four 2.4 Thomas Durant 3 Authorization and funding 3.1 Federal financing 3.2 Union Pacific financing 3.3 Central Pacific financing 3.4 Land grants 3.5 Railroad self - dealing 3.6 Labor and wages 4 Transcontinental route 4.1 Construction begun 4.2 Rail standards 4.3 Time zones and telegraph usage 4.4 Union Pacific route 4.5 Central Pacific route 5 Construction 5.1 Labor 5.2 Central Pacific construction 5.3 Union Pacific construction 5.4 The `` Last Spike '' ceremony 6 Aftermath 6.1 Railroad developments 6.2 Crédit Mobilier 6.3 Visible remains 6.4 Current passenger service 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Title page of Dr. Hartwell Carver 's 1847 Pacific Railroad proposal to Congress Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast - to - coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon . In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' , seeking a congressional charter to support his idea . Preliminary exploration ( edit ) The official poster announcing the Pacific Railroad 's grand opening . Congress agreed to support the idea . Under the direction of the Department of War , the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855 . These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes . A report on the explorations described alternative routes and included an immense amount of information about the American West , covering at least 400,000 sq mi ( 1,000,000 km ) . It included the region 's natural history and illustrations of reptiles , amphibians , birds , and mammals . The report failed however to include detailed topographic maps of potential routes needed to estimate the feasibility , cost and select the best route . The survey was detailed enough to determine that the best southern route lay south of the Gila River boundary with Mexico in mostly vacant desert , through the future territories of Arizona and New Mexico . This in part motivated the United States to complete the Gadsden Purchase . In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill : The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument ; it is conceded by every one . In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific , we must have some more speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power . Possible routes ( edit ) The U.S. Congress was strongly divided on where the eastern terminus of the railroad should be -- in a southern or northern city . Three routes were considered : A northern route roughly along the Missouri River through present - day northern Montana to Oregon Territory . This was considered impractical due to the rough terrain and extensive winter snows . A central route following the Platte River in Nebraska through to the South Pass in Wyoming , following most of the Oregon Trail. Snow on this route remained a concern . A southern route across Texas , New Mexico Territory , the Sonora desert , connecting to Los Angeles , California . Surveyors found during a 1848 survey that the best route lay south of the border between the United States and Mexico . This was resolved by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . Once the central route was chosen , it was immediately obvious that the western terminus should be Sacramento . But there was considerable difference of opinion about the eastern terminus . Three locations along 250 miles ( 400 km ) of Missouri River were considered : St. Joseph , Missouri , accessed via the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad . Kansas City , Kansas / Leavenworth , Kansas accessed via the Leavenworth , Pawnee and Western Railroad , controlled by Thomas Ewing Jr. and later by John C. Fremont . Council Bluffs , Iowa / Omaha , Nebraska , accessed via an extension of Union Pacific financier Thomas C. Durant 's proposed Mississippi and Missouri Railroad and the new Union Pacific Railroad , also controlled by Durant . Council Bluffs had several advantages : It was well north of the Civil War fighting in Missouri ; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming ; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement . Durant had hired Lincoln in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri . Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus , and he relied on Durant 's counsel . Durant advocated for Omaha , and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in Nebraska . Key individuals ( edit ) Leland Stanford and the officers of the CPRR in 1870 Asa Whitney ( edit ) One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney . He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California , paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route . Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians , printed maps and pamphlets , and submitted several proposals to Congress , all at his own expense . In June 1845 , he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility . Legislation to begin construction of the Pacific Railroad ( called the Memorial of Asa Whitney ) was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt . Congress did not immediately act on Whitney 's proposal . Theodore Judah ( edit ) Main article : Theodore Judah Theodore Judah , architect of the Transcontinental Railroad and first chief engineer of the Central Pacific . Lewis M. Clement , Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track Theodore Judah was a fervent supporter of the central route railroad . He lobbied vigorously in favor of the project and undertook the survey of the route through the rugged Sierra Nevada , one of the chief obstacles of the project . In 1852 , Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad , the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River . Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville , California were depleted , Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevada mountains to reach the Great Basin and hook up with rail lines coming from the East . In 1856 , Judah wrote a 13,000 - word proposal in support of a Pacific railroad and distributed it to Cabinet secretaries , congressmen and other influential people . In September 1859 , Judah was chosen to be the accredited lobbyist for the Pacific Railroad Convention , which indeed approved his plan to survey , finance and engineer the road . Judah returned to Washington in December 1859 . He had a lobbying office in the United States Capitol , received an audience with President James Buchanan , and represented the Convention before Congress . Judah returned to California in 1860 . He continued to search for a more practical route through the Sierra suitable for a railroad . In mid-1860 , local miner Daniel Strong had surveyed a route over the Sierra for a wagon toll road , which he realized would also suit a railroad . He described his discovery in a letter to Judah . Together , they formed an association to solicit subscriptions from local merchants and businessmen to support their proposed railroad . From January or February 1861 until July , Judah and Strong led a 10 - person expedition to survey the route for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada through Clipper Gap and Emigrant Gap , over Donner Pass , and south to Truckee . They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad , although it still needed a lot of work . The Big four ( edit ) Main articles : The Big Four and Central Pacific Railroad Leland Stanford 's official gubernatorial portrait Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad : Leland Stanford , ( 1824 -- 1893 ) , President ; Collis Potter Huntington , ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , Vice President ; Mark Hopkins , ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Treasurer ; Charles Crocker , ( 1822 -- 1888 ) , Construction Supervisor . All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad . Thomas Durant ( edit ) Main articles : Thomas C. Durant and Union Pacific Railroad Dr. Thomas C. Durant Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark `` Doc '' Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific , so he installed a series of respected men like John Adams Dix as president of the railroad . Durant and its financing arrangements were , unlike those of the CPRR , mired in controversy and scandals . Authorization and funding ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Railroad Act In February 1860 , Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad . It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel . Curtis tried and failed again in 1861 . After the southern states seceded from the Union , the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6 , 1862 , and the Senate on June 20 . Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1 . It authorized creation of two companies , the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west , to build the railroad . The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs , Iowa , west to Sacramento , California , and on to San Francisco Bay . A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864 . Federal financing ( edit ) To finance the project , the act authorized the federal government to issue 30 - year U.S. government bonds ( at 6 % interest ) . The railroad companies were paid $16,000 / mile ( approximately $436,000 today ) for track laid on a level grade , $32,000 / mile ( about $872,000 today ) for track laid in foothills , and $48,000 / mile ( or about $1,307,000 today ) for track laid in mountains . The two railroad companies sold similar amounts of company - backed bonds and stock . Union Pacific financing ( edit ) While the federal legislation for the Union Pacific required that no partner was to own more than 10 percent of the stock , the UP had problems selling its stock . One of the few subscribers was Mormon leader Brigham Young , who also supplied crews for building much of the railroad through Utah . Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names . This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock . The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant . Durant 's railroad was paid by the mile , and to further inflate its profits , the UP built oxbows of unneeded track , and by July 4 , 1865 , it had only reached 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Omaha after 21⁄2 years of construction . Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific . First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works , while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad . Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific , at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices . It 's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for him and his cohorts . Central Pacific financing ( edit ) Collis Huntington , a Sacramento hardware merchant , heard Judah 's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860 . He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail . Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others : Mark Hopkins , his business partner ; James Bailey , a jeweler ; Leland Stanford , a grocer ; and Charles Crocker , a dry - goods merchant . They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors . These investors became known as The Big Four , and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad . Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad . Before major construction could begin , Judah traveled back to New York City to raise funds to buy out The Big Four . However , shortly after arriving in New York , Judah died on November 2 , 1863 , of yellow fever that he had contracted while traveling over the Panama Railroad 's transit of the Isthmus of Panama . The CPRR Engineering Department was taken over by his successor Samuel S. Montegue , as well as Canadian trained Chief Assistant Engineer ( later Acting Chief Engineer ) Lewis Metzler Clement who also became Superintendent of Track . Land grants ( edit ) To allow the companies to raise additional capital , Congress granted the railroads a 400 - foot ( 120 m ) right - of - way corridor , lands for additional facilities like sidings and maintenance yards . They were also granted alternate sections of government - owned lands -- 6,400 acres ( 2,600 ha ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- for 10 miles ( 16 km ) on both sides of the track , forming a checkerboard pattern , leaving federal land between those of the railroad . The exception was in cities , at rivers , or on non-government property . The railroads sold bonds based on the value of the lands , and in areas with good land like the Sacramento Valley and Nebraska sold the land to settlers , contributing to a rapid settlement of the West . The total area of the land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific was larger than the area of the state of Texas : federal government land grants totaled about 203,128,500 square miles , and state government land grants totaled about 76,565,000 square miles . It was far from a given that the railroads operating in the thinly - settled west would make enough money to repay their construction and operation . If the railroad companies failed to sell the land granted them within three years , they were required to sell it at prevailing government price for homesteads : $1.25 per 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) . If they failed to repay the bonds , all remaining railroad property , including trains and tracks , would revert to the U.S. government . To encourage settlement in the west , Congress ( 1861 -- 1863 ) passed the Homestead Acts which granted an applicant 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land with the requirement that the applicant improve the land . This incentive encouraged thousands of settlers to move west . Railroad self - dealing ( edit ) The federal legislation lacked adequate oversight and accountability . The two companies took advantage of these weaknesses in the legislation to manipulate the project and produce extra profit for themselves . Despite the generous subsidies offered by the federal government , the railroad capitalists knew they would not turn a profit on the railroad business for many months , possibly years . They determined to make a profit on the construction itself . Both groups of financiers formed independent companies to complete the project , and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures . This self - dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies . In the west , the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company , the `` Contract and Finance Company . '' In the east , the Union Pacific selected a foreign name , calling their construction firm `` Crédit Mobilier of America . '' The latter company was later implicated in a far - reaching scandal , described later . Labor and wages ( edit ) Most of the engineers and surveyors who were hired by the Union Pacific had been employed during the U.S. Civil War to repair and operate the over 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) of railroad line the U.S. Military Railroad controlled by the end of the war . The UP also utilized their experience repairing and building truss bridges during the war . Most of the semi-skilled workers on the Union Pacific were recruited from the many soldiers discharged from the Union and Confederate armies along with emigrant Irishmen . Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , 1865 After 1864 , the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad , along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco . The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads , but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor . Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture . The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers , many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China . When they proved themselves as workers , the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese , and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton . Despite their small stature and lack of experience , the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor , since only a very limited amount of that work could be done by animals , simple machines , or black powder . The railroad also hired some black people escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War . Most of the black and white workers were paid $30 per month and given food and lodging . Most Chinese were initially paid $31 per month and provided lodging , but they preferred to cook their own meals . In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $35 ( equivalent to $610 in 2017 ) per month after a strike . Transcontinental route ( edit ) Profile of the Pacific Railroad from Council Bluffs / Omaha to San Francisco . Harper 's Weekly December 7 , 1867 Construction begun ( edit ) The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8 , 1863 . Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast , virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails , railroad switches , railroad turntables , freight and passenger cars , and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports . They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America 's Cape Horn , or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama , where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad . The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft ( 1524 mm ) , which was incompatible with the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1435mm ) gauge used by the CPRR equipment . The latter route was about twice as expensive per pound . Once the machinery and tools reached the San Francisco Bay area , they were put aboard river paddle steamers which transported them up the final 130 miles ( 210 km ) of the Sacramento River to the new state capital in Sacramento . Many of these steam engines , railroad cars , and other machinery were shipped dismantled and had to be reassembled . Wooden timbers for railroad ties , trestles , bridges , firewood , and telegraph poles were harvested in California and transported to the project site . The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865 . They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War . Their start point in the new city of Omaha , Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River . The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased . After the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22 , 1865 , the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south , and prices rose . Rail standards ( edit ) First Day Cover for the 75th Anniversary of the Driving of the Last Spike ( May 10 , 1944 ) At that time in the United States , there were two primary standards for track gauge , as defined by the distance between the two rails . In England , the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1.435 m ) , and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways . But much of the south had adopted a 5 - foot gauge . Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out the wheel trucks . Alternatively , cargo was offloaded and reloaded , a time - consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments . For the transcontinental railroad , the builders adopted the English standard , what is now called standard gauge . The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel - making were in use by 1865 , but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated . The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat - bottomed modified I - beam profile weighing 56 pounds ( 25 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) or 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly as possible at a minimum cost . Within a few years , nearly all railroads converted to steel rails . Time zones and telegraph usage ( edit ) Time was not standardized across the United States until about 1883 . In 1865 , each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors . To communicate easily up and down the line , the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad . These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada . The telegraph lines along the railroad were easier to protect and maintain . Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines . Union Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento , California , to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Other railroads connected at Council Bluffs to cities throughout the East and Midwest . The Union Pacific 's 1,087 miles ( 1,749 km ) of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs , Iowa , on the eastern side of the Missouri River . Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west . Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha , Nebraska Territory . The river froze in the winter , and the ferries were replaced by sleighs . A bridge was not built until 1872 , when the 2,750 - foot - long ( 840 m ) Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed . After the rail line 's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley , the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails . By December 1865 , the Union Pacific had only completed 40 miles ( 64 km ) of track , reaching Fremont , Nebraska , and a further 10 miles ( 16 km ) of roadbed . At the end of 1865 , Peter A. Dey , Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific , resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant , one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific . With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing , Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad , and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west . Former Union General John `` Jack '' Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific . He equipped several railroad cars to serve as portable bunkhouses for the workers and gathered men and supplies to push the railroad rapidly west . Among the bunkhouses Casement added a galley car to prepare meals , and he even provided for a herd of cows to be moved with the railhead and bunk cars to provide fresh meat . Hunters were hired to provide buffalo meat from the large herds of American bison . The small survey parties who scouted ahead to locate the roadbed were sometimes attacked and killed by raiding Native Americans . In response , the U.S. Army instituted active cavalry patrols that grew larger as the Native Americans grew more aggressive . Temporary , `` Hell on wheels '' towns , made mostly of canvas tents , accompanied the railroad as construction headed west . The Platte River was too shallow and meandering to provide river transport , but the Platte river valley headed west and sloped up gradually at about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) per 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , often allowing to lay a mile ( 1.6 km ) of track a day or more in 1866 as the Union Pacific finally started moving rapidly west . Building bridges to cross creeks and rivers was the main source of delays . Near where the Platte River splits into the North Platte River and South Platte River , the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a 2,600 - foot - long ( 790 m ) bridge ( nicknamed 1⁄2 mile bridge ) . It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers . Here they built the `` railroad '' town of North Platte , Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about 240 miles ( 390 km ) of track that year . In late 1866 , former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific , but hard working General `` Jack '' Casement continued to work as chief construction `` boss '' and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer . The original emigrant route across Wyoming of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails , after progressing up the Platte River valley , went up the North Platte River valley through Casper , Wyoming , along the Sweetwater River and over the Continental Divide at 7,412 feet ( 2,259 m ) South Pass . The original westward travellers in their ox and mule pulled wagons tried to stick to river valleys to avoid as much road building as possible -- gradients and sharp corners were usually of little or no concern to them . The ox and mule pulled wagons were the original off - road vehicles in their day , since nearly all of the Emigrant Trails went cross country over rough , un-improved trails . The route over South Pass 's main advantage for wagons pulled by oxen or mules was a shorter elevation over an `` easy '' pass to cross and its `` easy '' connection to nearby river valleys on both sides of the continental divide for water and grass . The emigrant trails were closed in winter . The North Platte / South Pass route was far less beneficial for a railroad , as it was about 150 miles ( 240 km ) longer and much more expensive to construct up the narrow , steep and rocky canyons of the North Platte . The route along the North Platte was also further from Denver , Colorado , and went across difficult terrain , while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed . Efforts to survey a new , shorter , `` better '' route had been under way since 1864 . By 1867 , a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming , ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to 8,200 feet ( 2,500 m ) Evans pass ( also called Sherman 's Pass ) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer , James Evans , in about 1864 . This pass now is marked by the Ames Monument ( 41.131281 , - 105.398045 lat. , long . ) marking its significance and commemorating two of the main backers of the Union Pacific Railroad . From North Platte , Nebraska ( elevation 2,834 feet ( 864 m ) ) , the railroad proceeded westward and upward along a new path across the Nebraska Territory and Wyoming Territory ( then part of the Dakota Territory ) along the north bank of the South Platte River and into what would become the state of Wyoming at Lone Pine , Wyoming . Evans Pass was located between what would become the new `` railroad '' towns of Cheyenne and Laramie . Connecting to this pass , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Cheyenne , was the one place across the Laramie Mountains that had a narrow `` guitar neck '' of land that crossed the mountains without serious erosion at the so - called `` gangplank '' ( 41.099746 , - 105.153205 lat. , long . ) discovered by Major General Grenville Dodge in 1865 when he was in the U.S. Army . The new route surveyed across Wyoming was over 150 miles ( 240 km ) shorter , had a flatter profile , allowed for cheaper and easier railroad construction , and also went closer by Denver and the known coalfields in the Wasatch and Laramie Ranges . The railroad gained about 3,200 feet ( 980 m ) in the 220 miles ( 350 km ) climb to Cheyenne from North Platte , Nebraska -- about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- a very gentle slope of less than one degree average . This `` new '' route had never become an emigrant route because it lacked the water and grass to feed the emigrants ' oxen and mules . Steam locomotives did not need grass , and the railroad companies could drill wells for water if necessary . Coal had been discovered in Wyoming and reported on by John C. Frémont in his 1843 expedition across Wyoming , and was already being exploited by Utah residents from towns like Coalville , Utah and later Kemmerer , Wyoming by the time the Transcontinental railroad was built . Union Pacific needed coal to fuel its steam locomotives on the almost treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming . Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income -- this potential is still being realized . Dale Creek Bridge The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867 , having laid about 270 miles ( 430 km ) that year . They paused over the winter , preparing to push the track over Evans ( Sherman 's ) pass . At 8,247 feet ( 2,514 m ) , Evans / Sherman 's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad . About 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) beyond Evans / Sherman 's pass , the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon ( 41.103803 , − 105.454797 , lat. , long . ) . The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their more difficult railroad engineering challenges . Dale Creek Bridge was 650 - foot ( 200 m ) long and 125 feet ( 38 m ) above Dale Creek . The bridge components were pre-built of timber in Chicago , Illinois and then shipped on rail cars to Dale Creek for assembly . The eastern and western approaches to the bridge site , near the highest elevation on the transcontinental railroad , required cutting through granite for nearly a mile on each side . The initial Dale Creek bridge had a train speed limit of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) per hour across the bridge . Beyond Dale Creek , railroad construction paused at what became the town of Laramie , Wyoming to build a bridge across the Laramie River . Located 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Evans pass , Union Pacific connected the new `` railroad '' town of Cheyenne to Denver and its Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company railroad line in 1870 . Elevated 6,070 feet ( 1,850 m ) above sea level , and sitting on the new Union Pacific route with a connection to Denver , Cheyenne was chosen to become a major railroad center and was equipped with extensive railroad yards , maintenance facilities and a Union Pacific presence . Its location made it a good base for helper locomotives to couple to trains with snowplows to help clear the tracks of snow or help haul heavy freight over Evans pass . The Union Pacific 's junction with the Denver Railroad with its connection to Kansas City , Kansas , Kansas City , Missouri and the railroads east of the Missouri River again increased Cheyenne 's importance as the junction of two major railroads . Cheyenne later became Wyoming 's largest city and the capital of the new state of Wyoming . The railroad established many townships along the way : Fremont , Elkhorn , Grand Island , North Platte , Ogallala and Sidney as the railroad followed the Platte River across Nebraska territory . The railroad even dipped into what would become the new state of Colorado after crossing the North Platte River as it followed the South Platte River west into what would become Julesburg before turning northwest along Lodgepole Creek into Wyoming . In the Dakota Territory ( Wyoming ) the new towns of Cheyenne , Laramie , Rawlins ( named for Union General John Aaron Rawlins , who camped in the locality in 1867 . ) , Green River and Evanston ( named after James Evans ) were established , as well as many more fuel and water stops . The Green River was crossed with a new bridge , and the new `` railroad '' town of Green River constructed there after the tracks reached the Green River on October 1 , 1868 -- the last big river to cross . On December 4 , 1868 , the Union Pacific reached Evanston , having laid almost 360 miles ( 580 km ) of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year . By 1871 , Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives . In the Utah Territory , the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon ( Summit County , Utah ) and Weber River canyon . To speed up construction as much as possible , Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut , fill , trestle , bridge , blast and tunnel its way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden , Utah , ahead of the railroad construction . The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present - day border between Utah and Wyoming . The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was 757 - foot - long ( 231 m ) Tunnel 2 . Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later . Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 ( 508 feet ( 155 m ) ) , 4 ( 297 feet ( 91 m ) ) and 5 ( 579 feet ( 176 m ) ) to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels . The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive , which expedited work but caused some fatal accidents . While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon , Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from Omaha . A historic marker has been placed there . The tracks reached Ogden , Utah , on March 27 , 1869 , although finishing work would continue on the tracks , tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year . From Ogden , the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers , before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May 10 , 1869 . Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon , and beyond , claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal . Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific . The portion of the original railroad around the north shore of the Great Salt Lake is no longer used . In 1904 , the Lucin Cutoff , a causeway across the center of the Great Salt Lake to Promontory Point , bypassed Promontory Summit . The cutoff shortened the rail route by approximately 43 miles ( 69 km ) . Central Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Pacific Rail road at Cape Horn circa 1880 The Central Pacific laid 690 miles ( 1,110 km ) of track , starting in Sacramento , California , in 1863 and continuing over the rugged 7,000 - foot ( 2,100 m ) Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada . The elevation change from Sacramento ( elev. 40 ft or 12 m ) to Donner Summit ( elev . 7,000 ft or 2,100 m ) had to be accomplished in about 90 miles ( 140 km ) with an average elevation change of 76 feet per mile ( 14 meters per km ) , and there were only a few places in the Sierra where this type of `` ramp '' existed . The discovery and detailed map survey with profiles and elevations of this route over the Sierra Nevada is credited to Theodore Judah , chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1863 . This route is up a ridge between the North fork of the American River on the south and Bear River ( Feather River ) and South Yuba River on the north . As the railroad climbed out of Sacramento up to Donner Summit , there was only one 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) section near `` Cape Horn CPRR '' where the railroad grade slightly exceeded two percent . 1864 advertisement for the opening of the Dutch Flat Wagon Road . In June 1864 , the Central Pacific railroad entrepreneurs opened Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( DFDLWR ) . Costing about $300,000 and a years worth of work , this toll road wagon route was opened over much of the route the Central Pacific railroad ( CPRR ) would use over Donner Summit to carry freight and passengers needed by the CPRR and to carry other cargo over their toll road to and from the ever advancing railhead and over the Sierra to the gold and silver mining towns of Nevada . As the railroad advanced , their freight rates with the combined rail and wagon shipments would become much more competitive . The volume of the toll road freight traffic to Nevada was estimated to be about $13,000,000 a year as the Comstock Lode boomed , and getting even part of this freight traffic would help pay for the railroad construction . When the railroad reached Reno , it had the majority of all Nevada freight shipments , and the price of goods in Nevada dropped significantly as the freight charges to Nevada dropped significantly . The rail route over the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail , going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley . The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863 . Judah 's deputy , Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific 's new Chief Engineer , with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant . To build the new railroad , detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts , fills , trestles , bridges and tunnels would have to be built . Work that was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews , supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead . Tunnels , trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way . The spread - out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions , with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border . Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge , tunnel or trestle which was done by the workers under experienced supervisors . The CPRR grade at Donner Summit as it appeared in 1869 and 2003 In total , the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects ( Nos. 3 through 13 ) under construction in the Sierra from 1865 -- 68 , with seven tunnels located in a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) stretch on the east side of Donner Summit . The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face , filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free . The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz , California . These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black powder from the East to the mining and railroad industry of California and Nevada . The Central Pacific was a prolific user of black powder , often using up to 500 kegs of 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) each per day . The summit tunnel ( Number 6 ) , 1,660 feet ( 510 m ) , was started in late 1865 , well ahead of the railhead . Through solid granite , the summit tunnel progressed at a rate of only about 0.98 feet ( 0.30 m ) per day per face as it was being worked by three eight - hour shifts of workers , hand drilling holes with a rock drill and hammer , filling them with black powder and trying to blast the granite loose . One crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion . The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865 -- 66 as there was no way to supply them , nor quarters they could have lived in . The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon . The vertical central shaft of the CPRR `` Summit Tunnel '' ( Tunnel # 6 ) at Donner Summit which allowed drilling and excavation to be carried out on four faces at once In 1866 they put in a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces , giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress . A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces . By the winter of 1866 -- 67 , work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue . The cross section of a tunnel face was a 16 - foot - wide ( 4.9 m ) , 16 - foot - high ( 4.9 m ) oval with an 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) vertical wall . Progress on the tunnel sped up to over 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) per day per face when they started using the newly invented nitroglycerin -- manufactured near the tunnel . They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) height after the four tunnel faces met , and made even faster progress . Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle . Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated , they were left unlined or lined with brick , rock walls or timber and post . Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature . Despite this potential complication , nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or so . The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required were nearly all done by the Canadian born and trained Lewis Clement , the CPRR 's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track , and his assistants . Hills or ridges in front of the railroad road bed would have to have a flat - bottomed , V shaped `` cut '' made to get the railroad through the ridge or hill . The type of material determined the slope of the V and how much material would have to be removed . Ideally , these cuts would be matched with valley fills that could use the dug out material to bring the road bed up to grade -- cut and fill construction . In the 1860s there was no heavy equipment that could be used to make these cuts or haul it away to make the fills . The options were to dig it out by pick and shovel , haul the hillside material by wheelbarrow and / or horse or mule cart or blast it loose . To blast a V shaped cut out , they had to drill several holes up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) deep in the material , fill them with black powder , and blast the material away . Since the Central Pacific was in a hurry , they were profligate users of black powder to blast their way though the hills . The only disadvantage came when a nearby valley needed fill to get across it . The explosive technique often blew most of the potential fill material down the hillside , making it unavailable for fill . Initially , many valleys were bridged by `` temporary '' trestles that could be rapidly built and were later replaced by much lower maintenance and permanent solid fill . The existing railroad made transporting and putting material in valleys much easier -- load it on railway dump cars , haul where needed and dump it over the side of the trestle . The Summit Tunnel at Donner Summit , West Portal ( Composite image with the tracks removed in 1993 digitally restored ) The route down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain . The Truckee River , which drains Lake Tahoe , had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras . The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon , including required bridges , was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion . To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon , the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives , railcars , rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now Truckee , California and worked the winter of 1867 -- 68 on their way down Truckee canyon ahead of the tracks being completed to Truckee . In Truckee canyon , five Howe truss bridges had to be built . This gave them a head start on getting to the `` easy '' miles across Nevada . In order to keep the higher portions of the Sierra grade open in the winter , 37 miles ( 60 km ) of timber snow sheds were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee in addition to utilizing snowplows pushed by locomotives , as well as manual shovelling . With the advent of more efficient oil fired steam and later diesel electric power to drive plows , flangers , spreaders , and rotary snow plows , most of the wooden snowsheds have long since been removed as obsolete . Tunnels 1 -- 5 and 13 of the original 1860s tunnels on Track 1 of the Sierra grade remain in use today , while additional new tunnels were later driven when the grade was double tracked over the first quarter of the twentieth century . In 1993 , the Southern Pacific Railroad ( which operated the CPRR - built Oakland -- Ogden line until its 1996 merger with the UP ) closed and pulled up the 6.7 - mile ( 10.8 km ) section of Track # 1 over the summit running between the Norden complex ( Shed 26 , MP 192.1 ) and the covered crossovers in Shed # 47 ( MP 198.8 ) about a mile east of the old flyover at Eder , bypassing and abandoning the tunnel 6 -- 8 complex , the concrete snowsheds just beyond them , and tunnels 9 -- 12 ending at MP 195.7 , all of which had been located on Track 1 within two miles of the summit . Since then all east - and westbound traffic has been run over the Track # 2 grade crossing the summit about one mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Donner Pass through the 10,322 - foot - long ( 3,146 m ) Tunnel # 41 ( aka `` The Big Hole '' ) running under Mt . Judah between Soda Springs and Eder , which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked . This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters . On June 18 , 1868 , the Central Pacific reached Reno , Nevada , after completing 132 miles ( 212 km ) of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento , California . By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth , Nevada , where they bridged the Truckee for the last time . From there , they struggled across a forty mile desert to the end of the Humboldt river at the Humboldt Sink . From the end of the Humboldt , they continued east over the Great Basin Desert bordering the Humboldt River to Wells , Nevada . One of the most troublesome problems found on this route along the Humboldt was at Palisade Canyon ( near Carlin , Nevada ) , where for 12 miles ( 19 km ) the line had to be built between the river and basalt cliffs . From Wells , Nevada to Promontory Summit , the Railroad left the Humboldt and proceeded across the Nevada and Utah desert . Water for the steam locomotives was provided by wells , springs , or pipelines to nearby water sources . Water was often pumped into the water tanks with windmills . Train fuel and water spots on the early trains with steam locomotives may have been as often as every 10 miles ( 16 km ) . On one memorable occasion , not far from Promontory , the Central Pacific crews organized an army of workers and five train loads of construction material , and laid 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track on a prepared rail bed in one day -- - a record that still stands today . The Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to get as much track laid as possible , and the Central Pacific laid about 560 miles ( 900 km ) of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10 , 1869 . Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869 , with more under construction in their Sacramento yard . Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard . Near the end of 1869 , Central Pacific had 162 locomotives , of which 2 had two drivers ( drive wheels ) , 110 had four drivers , and 50 had six drivers . The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea . Thirty - six additional locomotives were built and coming west , and twenty - eight more were under construction . There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered . The first Central Pacific sleeper , the `` Silver Palace Sleeping Car '' , arrived at Sacramento on June 8 , 1868 . The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California , Reno , Wadsworth , Winnemucca , Battle Mountain , Elko and Wells in Nevada ( with many more fuel and water stops ) , before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory . When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870 , it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory , extended the Central Pacific tracks about 60 miles ( 97 km ) and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad , as passengers and freight switched railroads there . CPRR issued ticket for passage from Reno to Virginia City , NV on the V&TRR , 1878 Subsequent to the railhead 's meeting at Promontory Summit , U.T. , the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing ( near present - day Lathrop , California ) was completed on September 8 , 1869 . As a result , the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda , California , and shortly thereafter , to the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point in Oakland , California , and on to San Jose , California . Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco . Before the CPRR was completed , developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City , Nevada , and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there . Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps , cooking stoves , heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the `` hot '' Comstock Lode ore body . In the mines , temperatures could get above 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at the work face and a miner often used over 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of ice per shift . This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno , and went through Carson City , the new capital of Nevada . After the transcontinental railroads were completed , many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah , Wyoming , Kansas , Colorado , Oregon , Washington territories , etc . In 1869 , the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge , a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river . After completion , this became another major east - west railroad . To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver , construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city . The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing , Kansas Territory , on August 15 , 1870 . Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital of Colorado . The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870 . The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so - called Great American Desert -- Denver , Colorado , and Salt Lake City , Utah . Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route . Modern - day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California , Nevada , Wyoming and Nebraska , with a few exceptions . Most significantly , the two routes are different between Wells , Nevada and Echo , Utah . In this area the freeway passes along the south shore of the Great Salt Lake and passes through Salt Lake City , cresting the Wasatch Mountains at Parley 's Summit . The railroad was originally routed along the north shore , and later with the Lucin Cutoff directly across the center of the Great Salt Lake , passing through the city of Ogden instead of Salt Lake City . The railroad crosses the Wasatch Mountains via a much gentler grade through Weber Canyon . Most of the other deviations are in mountainous areas where interstate highways allow for grades up to six - percent grades , which allows them to go many places the railroads had to go around , since their goal was to hold their grades to less than two percent . Construction ( edit ) The Jupiter , which carried Leland Stanford ( one of the `` Big Four '' owners of the Central Pacific ) and other railway officials to the Last Spike Ceremony . Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government - guaranteed bonds ( granted per mile of completed track ) to interested investors . The Federal donation of right - of - way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others . The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad . The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government - granted land , as well as prospective passenger and freight income . Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained . Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were Union Army veterans ( including two generals ) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War . After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team , the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors . Nearly all key workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on - the - job training , knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done . After the key personnel were hired , the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor . The engineering team 's main job was to tell the workers where to go , what to do , how to do it , and provide the construction material they would need to get it done . Survey teams were put out to produce detailed contour maps of the options on the different routes . The engineering team looked at the available surveys and chose what was the `` best '' route . Survey teams under the direction of the engineers closely led the work crews and marked where and by how much hills would have to be cut and depressions filled or bridged . Coordinators made sure that construction and other supplies were provided when and where needed , and additional supplies were ordered as the railroad construction consumed the supplies . Specialized bridging , explosive and tunneling teams were assigned to their specialized jobs . Some jobs like explosive work , tunneling , bridging , heavy cuts or fills were known to take longer than others , so the specialized teams were sent out ahead by wagon trains with the supplies and men to get these jobs done by the time the regular track - laying crews arrived . Finance officers made sure the supplies were paid for and men paid for their work . An army of men had to be coordinated and a seemingly never - ending chain of supplies had to be provided . The Central Pacific road crew set a track - laying record by laying 10 mi ( 16 km ) of track in a single day , commemorating the event with a signpost beside the track for passing trains to see . In addition to the track - laying crews , other crews were busy setting up stations with provisions for loading fuel , water and often also mail , passengers and freight . Personnel had to be hired to run these stations . Maintenance depots had to be built to keep all of the equipment repaired and operational . Telegraph operators had to be hired to man each station to keep track of where the trains were so that trains could run in each direction on the available single track without interference or accidents . Sidings had to be built to allow trains to pass . Provision had to be made to store and continually pay for coal or wood needed to run the steam locomotives . Water towers had to be built for refilling the water tanks on the engines , and provision made to keep them full . Labor ( edit ) The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies , as well as many recent immigrants . Brigham Young , President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah . Church members built most of the road through Utah . Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon . The Union Pacific train carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont , Wyoming until he paid them for their work . Representatives of Brigham Young had less success , and failed in court to force him to honor the contract . Chinese railroad workers greet a train on a snowy day . The manual labor to build the Central Pacific 's roadbed , bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors . The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as `` Celestials '' and China as the `` Celestial Kingdom . '' Labor - saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows , horse or mule pulled carts , and a few railroad pulled gondolas . The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor . Initially , Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line , as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere . Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker , one of the `` big four '' and a general contractor , that the Chinese were too small in stature and lacking previous experience with railroad work , they decided to try them anyway . After the first few days of trial with a few workers , with noticeably positive results , Crocker decided to hire as many as he could , looking primarily at the California labor force , where the majority of Chinese worked as independent gold miners or in the service industries ( e.g. : laundries and kitchens ) . Most of these Chinese workers were represented by a Chinese `` boss '' who translated , collected salaries for his crew , kept discipline and relayed orders from an American general supervisor . Most Chinese workers spoke only rudimentary or no English , and the supervisors typically only learned rudimentary Chinese . Many more workers were imported from the Guangdong Province of China , which at the time , beside great poverty , suffered from the violence of the Taiping Rebellion . Most Chinese workers were planning on returning with their new found `` wealth '' when the work was completed . Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day , the same as unskilled white workers ; but the workers imported directly from China sometimes received less . A diligent worker could save over $20 per month after paying for food and lodging -- a `` fortune '' by Chinese standards . A snapshot of workers in late 1865 showed about 3,000 Chinese and 1,700 white workers employed on the railroad . Nearly all of the white workers were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese . Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed , cutting and / or blasting through or around hills , filling in washes , building bridges or trestles , digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) mountains . Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range , progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground . In those days , the Central Pacific once did a section of 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in one day as a `` demonstration '' of what they could do on flat ground like most of the Union Pacific had in Wyoming and Nebraska . The track laying was divided up into various parts . In advance of the track layers , surveyors consulting with engineers determined where the track would go . Workers then built and prepared the roadbed , dug or blasted through hills , filled in washes , built trestles , bridges or culverts across streams or valleys , made tunnels if needed , and laid the ties . The actual track - laying gang would then lay rails on the previously laid ties positioned on the roadbed , drive the spikes , and bolt the fishplate bars to each rail . At the same time , another gang would distribute telegraph poles and wire along the grade , while the cooks prepared dinner and the clerks busied themselves with accounts , records , using the telegraph line to relay requests for more materials and supplies or communicate with supervisors . Usually the workers lived in camps built near their work site . Supplies were ordered by the engineers and hauled by rail , possibly then to be loaded on wagons if they were needed ahead of the railhead . Camps were moved when the railhead moved a significant distance . Later , as the railroad started moving long distances every few days , some railroad cars had bunkhouses built in them that moved with the workers -- the Union Pacific had used this technique since 1866 . Almost all of the roadbed work had to be done manually , using shovels , picks , axes , two - wheeled dump carts , wheelbarrows , ropes , scrapers , etc. , with initially only black powder available for blasting . Carts pulled by mules , and horses were about the only labor saving devices available then . Lumber and ties were usually provided by independent contractors who cut , hauled and sawed the timber as required . CPRR Tunnel # 3 near Cisco , California ( MP 180.1 ) opened in 1866 and remains in daily use today . Tunnels were blasted through hard rock by drilling holes in the rock face by hand and filling them with black powder . Sometimes cracks were found which could be filled with powder and blasted loose . The loosened rock would be collected and hauled out of the tunnel for use in a fill area or as roadbed , or else dumped over the side as waste . A foot or so advance on a tunnel face was a typical day 's work . Some tunnels took almost a year to finish and the Summit Tunnel , the longest , took almost two years . In the final days of working in the Sierras , the recently invented nitroglycerin explosive was introduced and used on the last tunnels including Summit Tunnel . Supply trains carried all the necessary material for the construction up to the railhead , with mule or horse - drawn wagons carrying it the rest of the ways if required . Ties were typically unloaded from horse - drawn or mule - drawn wagons and then placed on the track ballast and levelled to get ready for the rails . Rails , which weighed the most , were often kicked off the flatcars and carried by gangs of men on each side of the rail to where needed . The rails just in front of the rail car would be placed first , measured for the correct gauge with gauge sticks and then nailed down on the ties with spike mauls . The fishplates connecting the ends of the rails would be bolted on and then the car pushed by hand to the end of the rail and rail installation repeated . Track ballast was put between the ties as they progressed . Where a proper railbed had already been prepared , the work progressed rapidly . Constantly needed supplies included `` food , water , ties , rails , spikes , fishplates , nuts and bolts , track ballast , telegraph poles , wire , fire wood ( or coal on the UP ) and water for the steam train locomotives , etc . '' After a flatcar was unloaded , it would usually be hooked to a small locomotive and pulled back to a siding , so another flatcar with rails etc. could be advanced to the railhead . Since juggling railroad cars took time on flat ground , where wagon transport was easier , the rail cars would be brought to the end of the line by steam locomotive , unloaded , and the flat car returned immediately to a siding for another loaded car of either ballast or rails . Temporary sidings were often installed where it could be easily done to expedite getting needed supplies to the railhead . The railroad tracks , spikes , telegraph wire , locomotives , railroad cars , supplies etc. were imported from the east on sailing ships that sailed the about 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) and about 200 day trip around Cape Horn . Some freight was put on Clipper ships which could do the trip in about 120 days . Some passengers and high priority freight were shipped over the newly ( 1855 ) completed Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama . Using paddle steamers to and from Panama , this short cut could be done in as little as 40 days . Supplies were normally offloaded at the Sacramento , California docks where the railroad started . Central Pacific construction ( edit ) On January 8 , 1863 , Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento , California , to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad . After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley , construction was slowed , first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves . As they progressed higher in the mountains , winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems . Consequently , after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully , the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers -- mostly Chinese . Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China , many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion , seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction , and progress on the railroad continued . The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again . Example of hand drilled granite from within Tunnel # 6 , the `` Summit Tunnel '' . The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations , tunnels and bridges would be needed . Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations . Supplies and workers were brought up to the work locations by wagon teams and work on several different sections proceeded simultaneously . One advantage of working on tunnels in winter was that tunnel work could often proceed since the work was nearly all `` inside '' . Unfortunately , living quarters would have to be built outside and getting new supplies was difficult . Working and living in winter in the presence of snow slides and avalanches caused some deaths . To carve a tunnel , one worker held a rock drill on the granite face while one to two other workers swung eighteen - pound sledgehammers to sequentially hit the drill which slowly advanced into the rock . Once the hole was about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) deep , it would be filled with black powder , a fuse set and then ignited from a safe distance . Nitroglycerin , which had been invented less than two decades before the construction of the first transcontinental railroad , was used in relatively large quantities during its construction . This was especially true on the Central Pacific Railroad , which owned its own nitroglycerin plant to ensure it had a steady supply of the volatile explosive . This plant was operated by Chinese laborers as they were willing workers even under the most trying and dangerous of conditions . However , Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific . Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad 's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains . These tunnels were about 32 feet ( 10 m ) high and 16 feet ( 5 m ) wide . When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed , and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel , at first hand - powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts . These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work progressed . By using vertical shafts , four faces of the tunnel could be worked at the same time , two in the middle and one at each end . The average daily progress in some tunnels was only 0.85 feet ( 26 cm ) a day per face , which was very slow , or 1.18 feet ( 36 cm ) daily according to historian George Kraus . J.O. Wilder , a Central Pacific - Southern Pacific employee , commented that `` The Chinese were as steady , hard - working a set of men as could be found . With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6 , the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen and a `` boss / translator '' . A single foreman ( often Irish ) with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel ; of these , 12 to 15 men worked on the heading , and the rest on the bottom , removing blasted material . When a gang was small or the men were needed elsewhere , the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going . '' The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day , while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each , managing the laborers . Once out of the Sierras , construction was much easier and faster . Horace Hamilton Minkler , track foreman for the Central Pacific , laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven . CPRR snow gallery under construction in 1868 . In order to keep the CPRR 's Sierra grade open during the winter months , beginning in 1867 , 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee , covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches . 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work , which was completed in 1869 . The sheds were built with two sides and a steep peaked roof , mostly of locally cut hewn timber and round logs. Snow galleries had one side and a roof that sloped upward until it met the mountain side , thus permitting avalanches to slide over the galleries , some of which extended up the mountainside as much as two hundred feet ( 60 m ) . Masonry walls such as the `` Chinese Walls '' at Donner Summit were built across canyons to prevent avalanches from striking the side of the vulnerable wooden construction . A few concrete sheds ( mostly at crossovers ) are still in use today . Union Pacific construction ( edit ) Grenville M. Dodge wearing a major general 's uniform The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant , who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge . Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land , and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings . He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled , Crédit Mobilier , manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune . Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss . In the East , the progress started in Omaha , Nebraska , by the Union Pacific Railroad which initially proceeded very quickly because of the open terrain of the Great Plains . This changed , however , as the work entered Indian - held lands . The Native Americans saw the railroad as a violation of their treaties with the United States . War parties began to raid the moving labor camps that followed the progress of the line . Union Pacific responded by increasing security and hiring marksmen to kill American Bison , which were both a physical threat to trains and the primary food source for many of the Plains Indians . The Native Americans then began killing laborers when they realized that the so - called `` Iron Horse '' threatened their existence . Security measures were further strengthened , and progress on the railroad continued . The `` Last Spike '' ceremony ( edit ) Main article : Golden spike Golden spike , one of four ceremonial spikes driven at the completion ( but not the final one ) The Last Spike by Thomas Hill ( 1881 ) Six years after the groundbreaking , laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . It was here on May 10 , 1869 , that Leland Stanford drove The Last Spike ( or golden spike ) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad . The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , while a second `` Last '' Golden Spike is also on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento . In perhaps the world 's first live mass - media event , the hammers and spike were wired to the telegraph line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide -- the hammer strokes were missed , so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator . As soon as the ceremonial `` Last Spike '' had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike , a message was transmitted to both the East Coast and West Coast that simply read , `` DONE . '' Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week . Aftermath ( edit ) Railroad developments ( edit ) Display ads for the CPRR and UPRR the week the rails were joined on May 10 , 1869 UPRR & CPRR `` Great American Over-Land Route '' Timetable cover 1881 When the last spike was driven , the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento . To get from Sacramento to the Pacific , the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad ( unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route ) and resumed construction on it , which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles . In November 1869 , the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland , California , where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city by ferry . The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale , then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon . The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose , but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead , as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests . The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south , roughly paralleling what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5 , 205 , and 580 . A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad , crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia , where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry , then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland ( paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80 ) . In 1930 , a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries . Very early on , the Central Pacific learned that it would have trouble maintaining an open track in winter across the Sierras . At first they tried plowing the road with special snowplows mounted on their steam engines . When this was only partially successful , an extensive process of building snow sheds over some of the track was instituted to protect it from deep snows and avalanches . These eventually succeeded at keeping the tracks clear for all but a few days of the year . Both railroads soon instituted extensive upgrade projects to build better bridges , viaducts and dugways as well as install heavier duty rails , stronger ties , better road beds etc . The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability . The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies , which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years . Frontispiece of Crofutt 's Great Trans - Continental Tourist 's Guide , 1870 The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872 . Several years after the end of the Civil War , the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued . In July 1869 , the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River . This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver , which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific . In August 1870 , the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg , Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed . Kansas City 's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago . The Kansas Pacific became part of the Union Pacific in 1880 . On June 4 , 1876 , an express train called the Transcontinental Express arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City . Only ten years before , the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship , possibly all the way around South America . The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885 . The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901 but was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to divest it because of monopoly concerns . The two railroads would once again unite in 1996 when the Southern Pacific was sold to the Union Pacific . Having been bypassed with the completion of the Lucin Cutoff in 1904 , the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the World War II effort . This process began with a ceremonial `` undriving '' at the Last Spike location . In 1957 , Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site . On May 10 , 2006 , on the anniversary of the driving of the spike , Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a representation of the driving of the Last ( Golden ) Spike . Crédit Mobilier ( edit ) Oakes Ames Main article : Crédit Mobilier of America scandal Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies , the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad . The scandal hit epic proportions in the United States presidential election , 1872 , which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age . It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it . Durant had initially come up with the scheme to have Crédit Mobilier subcontract to do the actual track work . Durant gained control of the company after buying out employee Herbert Hoxie for $10,000 . Under Durant 's guidance , Crédit Mobilier was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the customary cost for track work ( thus in effect paying himself to build the railroad ) . The process mired down Union Pacific work . Lincoln asked Massachusetts Congressman Oakes Ames , who was on the railroad committee , to clean things up and get the railroad moving . Ames got his brother Oliver Ames Jr. named president of the Union Pacific , while he himself became president of Crédit Mobilier . Ames then in turn gave stock options to other politicians while at the same time continuing the lucrative overcharges . The scandal was to implicate Vice President Schuyler Colfax ( who was cleared ) and future President James Garfield among others . The scandal broke in 1872 when the New York Sun published correspondence detailing the scheme between Henry S. McComb and Ames . In the ensuing Congressional investigation , it was recommended that Ames be expelled from Congress , but this was reduced to a censure and Ames died within three months . Durant later left the Union Pacific and a new rail baron Jay Gould became the dominant stockholder . As a result of the Panic of 1873 , Gould was able to pick up bargains , among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union . Visible remains ( edit ) Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located -- hundreds of miles are still in service today , especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming . While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear , and the roadbed upgraded and repaired , the lines generally run on top of the original , handmade grade . Vista points on Interstate 80 through California 's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds which made winter train travel safe and practical . In areas where the original line has been bypassed and abandoned , primarily in Utah , the road grade is still obvious , as are numerous cuts and fills , especially the Big Fill a few miles east of Promontory . The sweeping curve which connected to the east end of the Big Fill now passes a Thiokol rocket research and development facility . The Last Spike site is preserved as a National Historical Site , with replica engines of Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific Jupiter having been built by O'Connor Engineering Laboratories . The engines are fired up periodically by the National Park Service for the public . Current passenger service ( edit ) Amtrak 's California Zephyr , a daily passenger service from Emeryville , California ( San Francisco Bay Area ) to Chicago , uses the First Transcontinental Railroad from Sacramento to central Nevada . Because this rail line currently operates in a directional running setup across most of Nevada , the California Zephyr will switch to the Central Corridor at either Winnemucca or Wells . In popular culture ( edit ) The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit , Utah , was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne 's book entitled Around the World in Eighty Days , published in 1873 . While not exactly accurate , John Ford 's 1924 silent movie The Iron Horse captures the fervent nationalism that drove public support for the project . Among the cooks serving the film 's cast and crew between shots were some of the Chinese laborers who worked on the Central Pacific section of the railroad . Poster for the film Union Pacific . The feat is depicted in various movies , including the 1939 film Union Pacific , starring Joel McCrea and Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Cecil B. DeMille , which depicts the fictional Central Pacific investor Asa Barrows obstructing attempts of the Union Pacific to reach Ogden , Utah . The 1939 movie is said to have inspired the Union Pacific Western television series starring Jeff Morrow , Judson Pratt and Susan Cummings which aired in syndication from 1958 until 1959 . The 1962 film How the West Was Won has a whole segment devoted to the construction ; one of the movie 's most famous scenes , filmed in Cinerama , is of a buffalo stampede over the railroad . The construction of what presumably is -- or is suggested to be -- the Transcontinental Railroad provides the backdrop of the 1968 epic spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West , directed by Italian director Sergio Leone . Kristiana Gregory 's book The Great Railroad Race ( part of the `` Dear America '' series ) is written as the fictional diary of Libby West , who chronicles the end of the railroad construction and the excitement which engulfed the country at the time . Graham Masterton 's 1981 novel A Man of Destiny ( published in the UK as Railroad ) is a fictionalized account of the line 's construction . In the 1999 Will Smith film , Wild Wild West , the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film 's antagonist Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless . The building of the railway is covered by the 2004 BBC documentary series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in episode 6 , `` The Line '' . The series American Experience also documents the railway in the episode titled `` Transcontinental Railroad '' . The main character in The Claim ( 2000 ) is a surveyor for the Central Pacific Railroad , and the film is partially about the efforts of a frontier mayor to have the railroad routed through his town . The popular British television show Doctor Who featured the Transcontinental Railroad in a BBC audio book entitled The Runaway Train , read by Matt Smith and written for audio by Oli Smith . The children 's book Ten Mile Day by Mary Ann Fraser tells the story of the record setting push by the Central Pacific in which they set a record by laying 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in a single day on April 28 , 1869 , to settle a $10,000 bet . The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad provides the setting for the AMC television series Hell on Wheels . Thomas Durant is a regular character in the series and is portrayed by actor Colm Meaney . In 2015 , a Lego model depicting the Golden Spike Ceremony , the event that symbolically marked the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad , was submitted to the Lego Ideas website . In the 2002 DreamWorks Animation movie , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , the main character , the horse Spirit , is delivered with other horses to pull a steam locomotive at a work site for the Transcontinental Railroad . Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . See also ( edit ) History portal Trains portal United States portal History of rail transportation in California Chin Lin Sou Interstate 80 -- contemporary New York - to - San Francisco transport link ( highway ) List of heritage railroads in the United States Overland Route ( Union Pacific Railroad ) Transcontinental railroad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The total value of the thirty year 6 % US Government subsidy bonds issued to the three companies was $55,092,192 and the amount of federal lands specified by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 to which the UPRR , CPRR and WPRR were entitled was 21,100,000 acres ( 8,500,000 hectares ) of which 2,390,009 acres ( 967,202 hectares ) had been patented as of March 1876 . Jump up ^ `` The charter of the last - named Company ( Western Pacific Railroad ) contemplated a line from Sacramento toward San Francisco , making the circuit of the Bay of that name ( to San José ) . Their franchise has recently ( late 1867 ) been assigned to parties in the interest of the Central Pacific Railroad Company ; and it is probable that this line will be formally incorporated with the Central Pacific Railroad , and the road extended from Sacramento to San Francisco by the `` best , most direct and practicable route '' so soon as the overland connection is completed . In the meantime the travel is abundantly accommodated by first - class steamers . '' -- Central Pacific Railroad Company of California `` Railroad Across the Continent , with an account of the Central Pacific Railroad of California '' , pp. 9 - 10 , New York : Brown & Hewitt , Printers . September 1868 . Jump up ^ The legal `` date of completion '' of the WPRR grade was subsequently designated to be January 22 , 1870 . The formal consolidation of the Central Pacific Railroad of California with the Western Pacific Railroad Co. , San Joaquin Valley Railroad Co. , and San Francisco , Oakland & Alameda Railroad Co. under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad Company became effective on June 22 , 1870 with the filing of Articles of Consolidation drawn under the laws of California with the California Secretary of State . Jump up ^ The new terminus opened on November 8 , later deemed to be two days after the official `` completion date '' of the Pacific Railroad . Section 6 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq . required that an official date of completion be determined for the purpose of determining how other provisions of the Acts would be carried out . November 6 , 1869 was confirmed as being that date by the US Supreme Court in Part I of the Court 's Opinion and Order dated January 27 , 1879 , in re Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States ( 99 U.S. 402 ) . Jump up ^ Later , the Northern Pacific Railway ( NP ) found and built a better route across the northern tier of the western United States from Minnesota to the Pacific Coast . It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres ( 160,000 km ) of land grants , which it used to raise money in Europe . Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean on September 8 , 1883 . Jump up ^ The southern route was constructed in 1880 when the Southern Pacific Railroad crossed Arizona territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vernon , Edward ( Ed ) `` Travelers ' Official Railway Guide of the United States and Canada '' Philadelphia : The National General Ticket Agents ' Association . June , 1870 , Tables 215 , 216 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 2 & § 3 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 5 & § 6 Jump up ^ `` FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD , Business Prospects and Operations of the Company . Remarkable Exhibit of Earnings , &c. , for Quarter Ending Sept. 30 , 1867 CPRR.org Jump up ^ $1,000 Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , June 24 , 1864 CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Report on the Pacific Railroads '' , US House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary , House Ex . Doc . # 440 , 44th Congress , First Session , April 25 , 1876 , pp. 3 , 6 ^ Jump up to : Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln , President of the United States , Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Union Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs , Iowa , dated March 7 , 1864 ( 38th Congress , 1st Session SENATE Ex . Doc . No. 27 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia , ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Appleton 's Railway and Steam Navigation Guide '' . New York : D. Appleton & Co. , December 1870 . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Hill , Thomas `` The Last Spike '' San Francisco : Thomas Hill ( privately published ) . January 1881 . Jump up ^ Letter from Charles F. Conant , Assistant Secretary , US Department of the Treasury , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , March 9 , 1876 Jump up ^ Letter from Z.B. Sturgus , Chief , Lands and Railroad Division , Office of the Secretary , US Department of the Interior , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , April 28 , 1876 Jump up ^ Speech by Rep. William A. Piper ( D - CA1 ) in the US House of Representatives , April 8 , 1876 Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 2001 ) . San Francisco in the 1930s : The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780520948877 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mel ( 1985 ) . The San Francisco Bay Area : A Metropolis in Perspective ( second ed . ) . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520055124 . Jump up ^ The Official `` Date of Completion '' of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq. , as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6 , 1869 . ( 99 U.S. 402 ) 1879 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States , 99 U.S. 402 , 25 L. Ed . 274 , 1878 U.S. LEXIS 1556 -- CourtListener.com '' . CourtListener . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , The Classic Western American Railroad Routes . New York : Chartwell Books ( US ) / Bassingbourn : Worth Press ( UK ) ; 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carver , Dr. Hartwell `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' Washington , DC , January 18 , 1847 Centpacrr.com Jump up ^ `` Dr. Hartwell Carver 's Proposal to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Reports of Explorations and Surveys , to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean , made under the direction of the Secretary of War , in 1853 - 4 . '' 12 Volumes . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1855 -- 61 Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann `` Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction '' . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 1991 ) p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph '' US House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , No. 358 . August 16 , 1856 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Julian E. ( Ed ) `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Kerr , K. Austin , Chapter 17 : Railroad Policy ( pp. 286 - 297 ) . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. ( 2004 ) . p. 288 Jump up ^ Gadsden Purchase , 1853 -- 1854 U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Whitney , Asa `` A project for a railroad to the Pacific '' . New York : George W. Wood ( 1849 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Whitney Biography '' . Jump up ^ Markham , Edwin `` The Romance of the ' C.P. ' '' SUCCESS ( magazine ) . New York : The Success Company , Vol . VI , Number 106 , March , 1903 . pp. 127 - 130 ^ Jump up to : `` A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California : Illustrated . Containing a History of This Important Section of the Pacific Coast from the Earliest Period of Its Occupancyand Biographical Mention of Many of Its Most Eminent Pioneers and Also of Prominent Citizens of Today '' . Chicago : Lewis Publishing Company . ( 1891 ) pp. 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean , and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal , military , and other purposes 12 Stat. 489 , July 1 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Acts accessed March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Maury . `` Financing the Transcontinental Railroad '' . New York City , New York : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , John J. `` The Iron Trail to the Golden Spike '' Chapter 7 `` Utah 's Role in the Pacific Railroad '' p. 175 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Co. ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Durant Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam , Theodore D. Judah , Died November 2 , 1863 '' . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Bruce C. Lewis Metzler Clement : A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen , 2000 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Map of Land Grants to Railroads accessed January 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Silent Spikes : Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North American Railroads , comp. and ed . Huang Annian , trans . Zhang Juguo ( n.p. : China Intercontinental Press , 2006 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Military Bridges : With Suggestions for New Expedients and Constructions for Crossing Streams and Chasms ; Including , Also , Designs for Trestle and Truss Bridges for Military Railroads , Adapted Especially to the Wants of the Service in the United States . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Workers of the Union Pacific Railroad accessed March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , George ( 1969 ) . `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific '' ( PDF ) . Utah Historical Quarterly . 37 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Reef , Catherine `` Working in America '' , p. 79 . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of black workers on the CPR '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Robert L. , `` THE PACIFIC RAILROAD -- UNOPEN '' . The Overland Monthly , September 1869 . pp. 244 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Central Pacific Railroad : Statement Made to the President of the United States , and Secretary of the Interior , of the Progress of the Work . Sacramento : H.S. Crocker & Company . October 10 , 1865 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Daspit , Tom . `` The Days They Changed the Gauge '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transcontinental Telegraph Line ( U.S. ) '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Union Pacific Timeline accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klein , Maury ( 2006 ) ( 1987 ) . Union Pacific : Volume I , 1862 -- 1893 . U of Minnesota press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 1452908737 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In the World . pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ North Platte Bridge accessed March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Discovery of Evans Pass accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gankplank discovery accessed March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pride and pitfalls along a coast to coast track , by Michael Kenney . Boston Globe . January 10 , 2000 . A book review : Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , by David Haward Bain . Jump up ^ `` UP construction '' . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E ( 2001 ) . Nothing like it in the world : the men who built the transcontinental railroad , 1863 -- 1869 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0317 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1970 ) American Place - Names , p. 401 , New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Mormon workers on UP transcontinental tracks ( 1 ) accessed August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Construction on Echo and Weber Canyon ( 2 ) accessed March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ F.V. Hayden & Daniel M. Davis . `` Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery , Photographic Collection '' . Utah State University Special Collections and Archives . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Promotory Summit - NPS ( 3 ) accessed February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cape Horn CPRR ( 4 ) accessed March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( 5 ) Accessed July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Powder Works ( 6 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerine on the Transcontinental Railroad ( 7 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ California Newspapers , 1865 -- 66 ( 8 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norden at 39 ° 19 ′ 03 '' N 120 ° 21 ′ 30 '' W  /  39.3176 ° N 120.3584 ° W  / 39.3176 ; - 120.3584 Jump up ^ Shed 47 visible at 39 ° 18 ′ 42 '' N 120 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W  /  39.3116 ° N 120.269 ° W  / 39.3116 ; - 120.269 Jump up ^ East end of Tunnel 41 at 39 ° 18 ′ 04 '' N 120 ° 18 ′ 01 '' W  /  39.301 ° N 120.3003 ° W  / 39.301 ; - 120.3003 with former track 1 passing above . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. ( August 2003 ) . `` Summit Tunnel & Donner Pass '' . CPRR.org . Jump up ^ Constructing the Central Pacific Railroad ( 9 ) accessed March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Railroad Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` PBS -- General Article : Workers of the Central Pacific Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Arrington , Leonard J. ( 2005 ) . Great Basin Kingdom : An Economic History of the Latter - day Saints , 1830 - 1900 ( New ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07283 - 3 . LCCN 2004015281 . Under the terms of the contract the Mormons were to do all the grading , tunneling , and bridge masonry on the U.P. line for the 150 - odd miles from the head of Echo Canyon through Weber Canyon to the shores of the Great Salt Lake . Jump up ^ Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . pp. 328 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Wesley A Work of Giants . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1962 . pg. 109 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Alta California ( San Francisco ) , November 9 , 1868 . Jump up ^ Kraus , High Road to Promontory , p. 110. ; Robert West Howard , The Great Iron Trail : The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Nothing Like It in the World , pp. 160 , 201 . Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 ^ Jump up to : Tzu - Kuei , `` Chinese Workers and the First Transcontinental Railroad of the United States of America '' , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific , '' p. 49 . Jump up ^ John R. Gillis , `` TUNNELS OF THE PACIFIC RAILROAD . '' Van Nostrand 's Eclectic Engineering Magazine , January 5 , 1870 , pp. 418 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Galloway , C.E. , John Debo The First Transcontinental Railroad . New York : Simmons - Boardman , ( 1950 ) . Ch. 7 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` CPRR Summit Tunnel ( # 6 ) , Tunnels # 7 & # 8 , Snowsheds , `` Chinese '' Walls , Donner Trail , and Dutch Flat Donner - Lake Wagon Road at Donner Pass '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Period construction images of snowsheds at Cisco and Donner Summit '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Thomas Clark Durant ( 1820 -- 1885 ) '' . American Experience : Transcontinental Railroad . PBS . 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` See the `` Lost '' Golden Spike at the Museum '' California State Railroad Museum . Jump up ^ Central Pacific snow sheds ( 10 ) accessed January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha '' . The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer . Wheeling , West Virginia . March 26 , 1872 . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ United States National Park Service ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Promontory After May 10 , 1869 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Oakes Ames ( 1804 -- 1873 ) -- American Experience Transcontinental Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Panic on Wall Street : A History of America 's Financial Disasters , p. 193 , Robert Sobel , Beard Books , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 893122 - 46 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pentrex , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Colored Steam Locomotives , '' SteamLocomotive.com ( http://www.steamlocomotive.com/colored/ ) Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Question : Engineering Drawings for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' CPRR Discussion Group ( http://discussion.cprr.net/2005/10/question-engineering-drawings-for.html ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike , '' National Park Service , Dept. of the Interior , Golden Spike National Historic Site , Brigham City , UT ( http://www.nps.gov/gosp/historyculture/upload/jupiter%202.pdf ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific 's 119 '' Golden Spike Pictures ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Gest , Gerald M. , Promontory 's Locomotives , pp. 12 -- 43 , Golden West Books , San Marino , CA , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory , UT , 6 - 8 - 09 '' . video . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dowty , Robert R. , Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119 : Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike , pp. 5 -- 46 , Southwest Parks & Monuments Ass'n. , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Promontory Locomotive Project : Plans for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' DVD , Western National Parks Ass'n . Jump up ^ `` Eureka County , Yucca Mountain Existing Transportation Corridor Study '' . Eureka County -- Yucca Mountain Project . 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ William Butcher ( translation and introduction ) . Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford Worlds Classics , 1995 , Introduction . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` Man wants Utah railroad moment to get the Lego treatment '' . Further reading ( edit ) External video Booknotes interview with David Haward Bain on Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , March 5 , 2000 , C - SPAN Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In The World ; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 -- 1869 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84609 - 8 . Bain , David Haward ( 1999 ) . Empire Express ; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80889 - X . Beebe , Lucius ( 1969 ) . The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads : Centennial Edition . Howell - North . ISBN 0 - 8310 - 7034 - X . Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , `` The Classic Western American Railroad Routes '' . New York : Chartwell Books / Worth Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . Duran , Xavier , `` The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad : Expected Profits and Government Intervention , '' Journal of Economic History , 73 ( March 2013 ) , 177 -- 200 . Lee , Willis T. ; Ralph W. Stone & Hoyt S. Gale ( 1916 ) . Guidebook of the Western United States , Part B . The Overland Route . USGS Bulletin 612 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . White , Richard . Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2010 ) Willumson , Glenn . Iron Muse : Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad ( University of California Press ; 2013 ) 242 pages ; studies the production , distribution , and publication of images of the railroad in the 19th and early 20th centuries . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of photography see : Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum CPRR Railroad Map collection / museum 1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map `` Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections '' published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser , Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Oct -- Nov. 1871 . accessed May 1 , 2013 . Union Pacific Railroad picture Museum Excursion to the 100th Meridian -- 1866 accessed March 1 , 2013 . The Pacific Tourist Williams , Henry T. ; published by Adams & Bishop , New York , 1881 ed . Gives insights to travel in the late 1880s on the transcontinental railroad . `` I Hear the Locomotives : The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad '' Golden Spike National Historical Site in Utah Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Union Pacific Railroad History The Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Act and related resources at the Library of Congress Chinese - American Contribution to transcontinental railroad Linda Hall Library 's Transcontinental Railroad educational site with free , full - text access to 19th century American railroad periodicals Maps Route map at the Library of Congress Map of Union Pacific Railroad with Dates Abandoned route of the transcontinental railroad in Utah ( with map ) Rail transport in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands List of United States railroads by political division Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico Railroads in Omaha Depots 34th Street Station Amtrak Station Burlington Station Florence Depot Gibson Station Omaha Quartermaster Depot Ralston Station Union Station Webster Street Station Major carriers Union Pacific Burlington North Western Missouri Pacific Rock Island Milwaukee Illinois Central Great Western Wabash Minor carriers Brandon Railroad Amtrak Omaha Traction Company Omaha Belt Line Omaha Zoo Railroad Omaha Road Omaha and Republican Valley Railway South Omaha Terminal Railway Omaha Southern Railway Chicago Great Western Railway Omaha , Lincoln and Beatrice Railway Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Facilities First Transcontinental Railroad Original Union Pacific Headquarters Union Pacific Center Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center Union Pacific Shops Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District Kenefick Park Burlington Headquarters Building Public transportation Omaha and Council Bluffs Street Railway Omaha and Southern Interurban Railway Omaha Cable Tramway Omaha Horse Railway Omaha Traction Company Bridges Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge East Omaha Bridge O Street Viaduct Manufacturing McKeen Motor Car Company Nebraska Rail Car Related templates Transportation Boulevards Bridges Streetcars Streets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Transcontinental_Railroad&oldid=843637864 '' Categories : First Transcontinental Railroad History of rail transportation in the United States Railway lines in the United States Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad American Old West History of United States expansionism History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Rail lines receiving land grants Rail transportation in California Rail transportation in Nevada Railway lines in Omaha , Nebraska Rail transportation in Utah 1869 in the United States 1860s in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 04 . 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Instinct (U.S. TV series)

Instinct ( Us TV series ) - wikipedia Instinct ( Us TV series ) Instinct Genre Police procedural Thriller Drama Based on Murder Games by James Patterson & Howard Roughan Developed by Michael Rauch Starring Alan Cumming Bojana Novakovic Daniel Ings Naveen Andrews Sharon Leal Composer ( s ) James S. Levine Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Rauch Alex Kurtzman Heather Kadin James Patterson Bill Robinson Leopoldo Gout Alan Cumming Marc Webb Camera setup Single - camera Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) 34 Films Secret Hideout James Patterson Entertainment Black Lamb CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) Instinct ( stylized as INSTIИCT ) is an American police procedural drama television series which premiered on March 18 , 2018 on CBS . The series is based on James Patterson 's Murder Games . In May 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Openly gay author , university professor and former CIA paramilitary officer Dr. Dylan Reinhart ( Alan Cumming ) is lured back to his old life by New York police detective Elizabeth Needham ( Bojana Novakovic ) when she needs his help to stop a serial killer who is using Reinhart 's book as inspiration for murders . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alan Cumming as Dr. Dylan Reinhart , an author , psychology professor , and former CIA paramilitary officer , who joins the NYPD to solve bizarre cases . Bojana Novakovic as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Needham , an NYPD detective third grade and Dylan 's partner . Her partner and fiancé was killed in the line of duty a year prior , and she had since then refused to have a partner before meeting Dylan . Daniel Ings as Andrew `` Andy '' Wilson , Dylan 's husband , a lawyer - turned - bar owner . Naveen Andrews as Julian Cousins , a contact of Dylan 's from his days at the CIA who now works freelance . Sharon Leal as Jasmine Gooden , Lizzie 's lieutenant and friend . Recurring ( edit ) Whoopi Goldberg as Joan Ross , Dylan 's literary agent Andrew Polk as Doug , the medical examiner John Mainieri as Jimmy Marino , a police detective Michael B. Silver as Kanter Harris , a police sergeant Danny Mastrogiorgio as Anthony Fucci , a police detective Alejandro Hernandez as Rafael Sosa , a police detective , later revealed to be the killer of Lizzie 's fiance and arrested Stephen Rider as Zack Clark , a police officer , later detective Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Instinct is based on James Patterson 's Murder Games . The series was picked up to pilot by CBS on January 23 , 2017 . On May 12 , 2017 , CBS picked it up to series . On May 12 , 2018 , CBS renewed Instinct for a second season . Casting ( edit ) On February 8 , 2017 , Alan Cumming was cast as Dylan Reinhart . Bojana Novakovic was cast as Lizzie on February 18 , 2017 . On February 23 , 2017 , Daniel Ings was cast as Andy , and Naveen Andrews was cast as Julian . Khandi Alexander was originally cast as Monica Hernández in the pilot , but was replaced with Sharon Leal on June 22 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Marc Webb Michael Rauch March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) INS101 9.05 `` Wild Game '' Doug Aarniokoski Carol Flint & Constance M. Burge March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) INS112 10.16 `` Secrets and Lies '' Peter Werner Chris Ambrose April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) INS108 6.61 `` I Heart New York '' Constantine Makris Michael Rauch April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) INS106 8.12 5 `` Heartless '' Don Scardino Michael Rauch April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) INS102 7.11 6 `` Flat Line '' Laura Belsey Tanya Barfield April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) INS111 7.01 7 `` Owned '' Doug Aarniokoski Jill Abbinanti May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) INS104 6.96 8 `` Long Shot '' Jay Chandrasekhar Carl Flint May 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 27 ) INS103 5.16 9 `` Bad Actors '' Jim McKay Dan E. Fesman May 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 27 ) INS105 4.68 10 `` Bye Bye Birdie '' Doug Aarniokoski Connie Burge June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) INS107 6.37 11 `` Blast From the Past '' Cherie Nowlan Lee Ellenberg June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) INS109 5.27 Dylan and Lizzie investigate a series of strange suicide bombings , but the case takes a personal twist when Dylan discovers a connection to his past . Meanwhile , Joan hires a publicist for Dylan which makes Julian so worried that gives Lizzie his number , and also causes a discussion between Dylan and Andy . 12 `` Live '' Ed Ornelas Michael Ballin & Thomas Aguilar June 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) INS110 5.63 13 `` Tribal '' Michael Rauch Michael Rauch July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) INS113 4.51 Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 57 % based on 23 reviews , with an average rating of 5.36 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads , `` Instinct is ultimately an underwhelming police procedural , despite having Alan Cumming in its arsenal . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 53 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The character of Dylan Reinhart has been called groundbreaking for being the first openly gay lead character in an American network television series . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' March 18 , 2018 1.0 / 4 9.05 2.54 11.59 `` Wild Game '' March 25 , 2018 1.3 / 5 10.16 2.15 12.31 `` Secrets and Lies '' April 1 , 2018 0.6 / 3 6.61 N / A N / A `` I Heart New York '' April 8 , 2018 0.9 / 3 8.12 1.48 9.61 5 `` Heartless '' April 22 , 2018 0.6 / 3 7.11 1.68 8.80 6 `` Flat Line '' April 29 , 2018 0.6 / 3 7.01 1.79 8.80 7 `` Owned '' May 6 , 2018 0.7 / 3 6.96 1.86 8.83 8 `` Long Shot '' May 27 , 2018 0.4 / 2 5.16 1.70 6.86 9 `` Bad Actors '' May 27 , 2018 0.3 / 1 4.68 1.97 6.65 10 `` Bye Bye Birdie '' June 3 , 2018 0.5 / 2 6.37 1.42 7.79 11 `` Blast From the Past '' June 17 , 2018 0.4 / 2 5.27 TBD TBD 12 `` Live '' June 24 , 2018 0.5 / 2 5.63 1.62 7.25 13 `` Tribal '' July 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 4.51 TBD TBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first Lesbian main character in an American prime time TV series is Marilyn McGrath on HeartBeat . ^ Jump up to : Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Instinct : About the Show '' . cbspressexpress.com . CBS . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Season 1 , episode 11 , `` Blast from the Past '' . Jump up ^ TV Promo 360 ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` Instinct CBS Trailer '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Instinct ( CBS ) pilot preview : Crime drama lovers , your next obsession is `` Cumming '' -- Season Zero `` . season-zero.com . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kimberly ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Whoopi Goldberg comes to primetime in ' Instinct ' '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Clinton 's Debut Novel Hunting for Film Deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles : Eldridge Industries . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Instinct Starring Alan Cumming '' . ComingSoon.net . United States : AtomicMedia . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Cumming Stars in Killer Instinct Pilot From James Patterson Picked Up by CBS '' . Vulture . New York City : New York Media , LLC . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' & ' Me , Myself & I ' Comedies ; ' SEAL Team ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' , ' Instinct ' & ' Wisdom Of the Crowd ' Dramas Get CBS Series Orders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Orders Boreanaz ' Seal Team , Moore 's S.W.A.T. , Cumming 's Instinct , Piven 's Wisdom , Plus 2 Comedies '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesely ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Alan Cumming - James Patterson Drama Among CBS Pilot Pickups '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles : Eldridge Industries . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Instinct ' Renewed For Season 2 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' : Marc Webb To Direct CBS Drama Pilot Starring Alan Cumming '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' CBS Pilot Casts Daniel Ings ; NBC 's ' Spaced Out ' Adds Brett Goldstein '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' : Naveen Andrews To Co-Star In CBS Drama Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' : Khandi Alexander Cast In CBS Drama Pilot '' . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Instinct ' : Sharon Leal To Co-Star On New CBS Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Family Guy ' and all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deception ' finale , ' Instinct , ' all others hold : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals Game 2 adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The $100,000 Pyramid ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' AFV ' rerun adjusts up , ' $100,000 Pyramid ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Instinct : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Instinct Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rauch , Michael ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Why CBS ' ' Instinct , ' With Its History - Making Gay Lead , Matters ( Guest Column ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( 26 March 2018 ) . `` What Alan Cumming 's role as a gay lead means for mainstream TV '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Toepfer , Susan ; Hutchings , David ( April 25 , 1988 ) . `` Is Prime Time Ready for Its First Lesbian ? Gail Strickland Hopes So -- and She 's About to Find Out '' . People . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' edges closer to ' Roseanne ' in week 28 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' moves up in week 30 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' gets biggest bump in broadcast Live + 3 ratings for May 28 - June 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' top the broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . 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Dynasty (2017 TV series)

Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) Dynasty Genre Soap opera Based on Dynasty by Richard and Esther Shapiro Developed by Sallie Patrick Josh Schwartz Stephanie Savage Starring Elizabeth Gillies Nathalie Kelley James Mackay Robert Christopher Riley Sam Adegoke Rafael de la Fuente Alan Dale Grant Show Nicollette Sheridan Theme music composer Bill Conti Paul Leonard - Morgan Troy Nõka Composer ( s ) Paul Leonard - Morgan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 22 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Shapiro Esther Shapiro Stephanie Savage Josh Schwartz Brad Silberling Sallie Patrick Producer ( s ) Jeffrey Downer Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Cinematography Xavier Grobet Editor ( s ) Brandi Bradburn Camera setup Single - camera Running time 40 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Dynasty is an American prime time television soap opera reboot based on the 1980s series of the same name . Developed by Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , and Sallie Patrick , the new series stars Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington , Grant Show as her father Blake Carrington , Nathalie Kelley as Blake 's new wife Cristal , and James Mackay as his son Steven , with Robert Christopher Riley as chauffeur Michael Culhane , Sam Adegoke as tech billionaire Jeff Colby , Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones , Cristal 's nephew and Steven 's fiancé , and Alan Dale as Joseph Anders , the Carrington majordomo . The pilot , which was announced in September 2016 , was ordered to series in May 2017 . Dynasty premiered on October 11 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on Netflix internationally a day later . On November 8 , 2017 , The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which is set to premiere on October 12 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Music 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Dynasty begins with heiress Fallon Carrington unhappy to find her billionaire father Blake engaged to Cristal , a rival employee at the family company . When Fallon 's machinations to separate the couple backfire and cost her a promotion , she allies with Blake 's nemesis and former employee , Jeff Colby , and strikes out on her own . Meanwhile , the arrival of Cristal 's opportunistic nephew Sam -- who becomes romantically involved with Fallon 's wayward brother Steven -- threatens to expose her shady past . The Carringtons form a united front in the wake of the suspicious death of Cristal 's former lover , but things at the mansion do not remain harmonious for long . The reboot updates several elements from the 1980s original , including moving the setting from Denver , Colorado to Atlanta , Georgia ; making Steven 's homosexuality a nonissue to Blake ; and changing gold digger Sammy Jo from a woman to a gay man . Additionally , in the new series , both Blake 's fiancée later wife and her nephew are Hispanic , and both chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington , an energy executive and heiress to an Atlanta energy fortune Nathalie Kelley as Cristal Flores Carrington ( season 1 ) , Fallon 's new stepmother , a woman with a shady past James Mackay as Steven Carrington , Fallon 's gay environmentalist brother who is the older and more levelheaded of the two Robert Christopher Riley as Michael Culhane , the Carrington chauffeur and Fallon 's former lover Sam Adegoke as Jeff Colby , a young business rival to Blake Rafael de la Fuente as Samuel Josiah `` Sammy Jo '' Jones , Cristal 's wayward nephew and Steven 's fiancé Alan Dale as Joseph Anders , the Carrington majordomo Grant Show as Blake Carrington , billionaire CEO of Carrington Atlantic , married to Cristal , and the father of Steven and Fallon by his first wife Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington ( recurring , season 1 ; main , season 2 ) , Blake 's ex-wife , and the estranged mother of Steven and Fallon . Recurring ( edit ) Nick Wechsler as Matthew Blaisdel , Cristal 's former lover , a field engineer who dies in a suspicious explosion Brianna Brown as Claudia Blaisdel , Matthew 's wife , a former engineer Wakeema Hollis as Monica Colby , Jeff 's sister Dave Maldonado as Willy Santiago , Matthew 's friend and coworker at Carrington Atlantic Michael Beach as Police Chief Aaron Stansfield , a longtime friend of Blake 's Elena Tovar as Iris Machado , Cristal 's sister and Sam 's mother KJ Smith as Kori Rucks , Michael 's ex-girlfriend Michael Patrick Lane as Ted Dinard , Steven 's ex-boyfriend Arnetia Walker as Louella Culhane , Michael 's mother Darryl Booker as James Culhane , Michael 's father Luis Fernández as Alejandro Silva , Sam 's father who is operating under the alias of Diego Calastana Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington , Blake 's father Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Cesil Colby , Jeff and Monica 's father Kelly Rutherford as Melissa Daniels , wife of Senator Paul Daniels , and Steven 's former lover J.R. Cacia as Rick Morales , a journalist and old friend of Cristal 's Adam Huber as Jack Lowden , a writer who marries Fallon using the name Liam Ridley Brent Antonello as Hank Sullivan , Alexis ' lover who is posing as her and Blake 's kidnapped firstborn Adam Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Dynasty ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Hardly Recognized You '' Brad Silberling Sallie Patrick , Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.26 `` Spit It Out '' Michael A. Allowitz Sallie Patrick October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.92 `` Guilt is for Insecure People '' Kellie Cyrus Ali Adler October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.72 `` Private as a Circus '' Kevin Sullivan Jenna Richman November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.74 5 5 `` Company Slut '' Cherie Nowlan Christopher Fife November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.72 6 6 `` I Exist Only for Me '' Lee Rose Kevin Garnett November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.64 7 7 `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' Matt Earl Beesley Jay Gibson November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 0.64 8 8 `` The Best Things in Life '' Pascal Verschooris Francisca X . Hu December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 0.64 9 9 `` Rotten Things '' Brad Silberling Paula Sabbaga December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 0.69 10 10 `` A Well - Dressed Tarantula '' Kenny Leon Adele Lim January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 0.63 11 11 `` I Answer to No Man '' Steven A. Adelson Gladys Rodriguez January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 0.56 12 12 `` Promises You Ca n't Keep '' Matt Earl Beesley Jenna Richman January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 0.65 13 13 `` Nothing But Trouble '' Matt Earl Beesley Jenna Richman February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 0.65 14 14 `` The Gospel According to Blake Carrington '' Dawn Wilkinson Francisca X . Hu & Paula Sabbaga March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.64 15 15 `` Our Turn Now '' Matt Earl Beesley Libby Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.60 16 16 `` Poor Little Rich Girl '' Kenny Leon Jenna Richman & Ali Adler March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.63 17 17 `` Enter Alexis '' Jeffrey W. Byrd Sallie Patrick & Christopher Fife March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 0.69 18 18 `` Do n't Con a Con Artist '' Carl Seaton Kevin A. Garnett & Paula Sabbaga April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 0.71 19 19 `` Use or Be Used '' Viet Nguyen Jake Coburn & Jay Gibson April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 0.56 20 20 `` A Line from the Past '' Pascal Verschooris Jenna Richman & Francisca X . Hu April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 0.68 21 21 `` Trashy Little Tramp '' Brandi Bradburn Christopher Fife & Kevin A. Garnett May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 0.55 22 22 `` Dead Scratch '' Michael A. Allowitz Sallie Patrick & Libby Wells May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 0.56 Production ( edit ) Elizabeth Gillies ( left ) and Grant Show ( right ) star as Fallon and Blake Carrington . James Mackay ( left ) and Rafael de la Fuente ( right ) star as Steven Carrington and Sam Jones . Development ( edit ) In September 2016 , it was announced that a reboot of the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty was in development at The CW , co-written by Josh Schwartz , Stephanie Savage , and Sallie Patrick . Savage said , `` All of us have worked on shows that owe a huge debt to Dynasty , so it 's kind of in our writing DNA to do this show . '' The trio discussed what they found unique and attractive about the original series , and how best to preserve those elements in an update . They also met with Richard and Esther Shapiro , the creators of Dynasty , who were ultimately attached as producers . Schwartz said , `` We are definitely living in an age of dynasties . Whether it 's the Trumps or the Clintons or the Kardashians or the Murdochs , our news is filled with the worlds of family dynasties and that was exciting for us . '' Savage added , `` When we first sat down with the Shapiros to talk about rebooting the show , they talked a lot about family . No matter the villainous things that they did , they never stopped loving each other . I think we took that core concept and then just talked about how to place the idea in the historical context of our day . '' Patrick noted that the 1980s series was progressive for its time , dealing with issues like race , women in the workplace , and gay acceptance . She said , `` We 're trying to figure out how do we respect what that show was doing then and pushing it even farther in our version . '' De la Fuente said , `` We 're trying to make it stand on its own and be its own thing . But we have to pay homage to the original and the classic stuff that people remember from Dynasty , like the fashion , the catfights and the opulence of it all , is of course in our show . It would n't be Dynasty otherwise . '' The new series finds heiress Fallon Carrington facing off against her soon - to - be stepmother Cristal , a Hispanic woman . Patrick said , `` It was important to me as a working woman to have two women fighting over the future of the dynasty . '' Schwartz said of the rival characters : Even when you watch the original , Fallon is a character who feels as if she can exist in 2017 . She just pops off the screen , and she can take on Krystle , who , in the original , was pure and the moral center of the show . With this new Cristal , we liked the idea of not letting her be quite as pure and raising some questions about her past and having her stir the pot -- making her more formidable . That really let us lean into this rivalry between Fallon and Cristal . Patrick said , `` We knew in our version -- 2017 -- we wanted Steven 's conflict with Blake to be not about him being gay , but about him being liberal . '' Savage noted , `` With Steven Carrington out and proud , it makes sense for Sammy Jo to be a man . '' Patrick said in August 2017 that Blake 's first wife Alexis would be introduced during the first season , but that the role had yet to be cast . She noted , `` We knew Alexis was coming before we even started shooting the pilot , which allowed us to pave the way for her ... throughout the season , we hear Blake , Steven , and Fallon 's memories about the woman who abandoned their family . So by the time she actually enters the series , we 've established expectations about her character -- which Alexis will happily break . '' The role was cast with Nicollette Sheridan in November 2017 , and she first appeared in episode 16 in March 2018 . The setting was also moved from Denver to Atlanta , in part because of Atlanta 's diversity . Schwartz called the city `` a realistic location of this family to be based out of '' , noting that the Shapiros had arbitrarily picked Denver for the original series and were not creatively attached to it . Patrick said that Atlanta is `` a super diverse population and a great mixture -- where there 's conflict between old money and new money . '' Kelley said , `` This modern version represents a more current picture of what 's happening in America . The diversity of the cast really represents that . '' In the update , chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American . Also , Cristal 's Venezuelan origins will allow the show to explore the current geopolitics of that country . Patrick said that episode seven , `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' , `` brings to a head so many of the stories that we 've been slowly building . It hits the tone of the show perfectly . '' She added : We loved the original Dynasty -- the camp and the big , surprising soapy twists . We also felt very strongly that we needed to earn those . It would have been hard to come out of the gate with an episode like this . You have to be with the characters long enough to start caring about them . We 're cranking up the crazy moving forward . The episode titles are lines of dialogue from the original series . In addition to reworked characters and plotlines , the reboot contains multiple visual homages to the 1980s series , including props and wardrobe . The pilot was filmed in Atlanta . On May 10 , 2017 , the Dynasty reboot received a series order at The CW . A preview trailer was released on May 18 , 2017 . On November 8 , 2017 , The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes . Sheridan 's casting was a key factor in the decision to give Dynasty a back nine order of episodes after the initial 13 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which will premiere on October 12 , 2018 . Casting ( edit ) Nathalie Kelley was cast as Cristal in January 2017 , followed by Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon , Sam Adegoke as playboy Jeff Colby , and Robert Christopher Riley as Blake 's chauffeur Michael Culhane in February . Next cast were Grant Show as Fallon 's father Blake Carrington , and Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones , a gay male version of the original series ' Sammy Jo Carrington , in March . The remaining main cast members are James Mackay as Fallon 's gay brother Steven , and Alan Dale as Carrington majordomo Anders , Additional recurring performers include Nick Wechsler as Cristal 's ex-lover Matthew Blaisdel , Brianna Brown as Matthew 's wife Claudia , and Wakeema Hollis as Jeff 's sister Monica Colby . In November 2017 , Nicollette Sheridan was cast in the role of Blake 's ex-wife Alexis Carrington , and was later promoted to series regular status for season two . Other guest stars include Elena Tovar as Iris Machado , Cristal 's sister and Sam 's mother , Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington , Blake 's estranged father , and Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Cesil Colby , Jeff and Monica 's father . In June 2018 , Kelley told E ! News that she would not be returning for season two . Music ( edit ) The pilot includes a flashback of a young Steven playing the original Dynasty theme by Bill Conti on piano . An updated , 15 - second version debuted as an opening credits sequence in the 1980s - themed third episode , `` Guilt is for Insecure People '' , but is only used in some episodes . Composer Paul Leonard - Morgan worked with Troy Nõka to get `` an ' 80s - rock vibe '' for the song , to match Leonard - Morgan 's soundtrack for the series . The new theme was recorded with an orchestra at Capitol Records in Hollywood , featuring Los Angeles Philharmonic lead trumpet player Tom Hooten . Broadcast ( edit ) Dynasty premiered on The CW in the United States on Wednesday , October 11 , 2017 , with the season 2 premiere of Riverdale as its lead - in . Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Dynasty , making it available as an original series on the platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast . The series moved to Fridays starting with the fourteenth episode . Season two will begin airing on October 12 , 2018 . Leslie Moonves , the head of CBS Corporation , said in 2017 , `` We own 100 percent of ( Dynasty ) , and we 've already licensed it to Netflix in 188 countries ... So this means Dynasty is profitable before it even hits the air . '' The CW 's president Mark Pedowitz said in January 2018 , `` I 'm disappointed in the ratings , I wanted it to do more , but I 'm happy with the production values that Josh , Steph and Sallie are doing . There are changes coming , I 'm thrilled to have Nicollette ( Sheridan ) ... I 'm looking forward to Nicollette and Liz ( Gillies ) really going at it as a mother - daughter situation , and I think that will add some juice to the show . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( episodes 1 - 13 ) Friday 8 : 00 pm ( episodes 14 - 22 ) 22 October 11 , 2017 1.26 May 11 , 2018 0.56 2017 -- 18 203 0.97 0.3 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 53 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.59 / 10 based on 40 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Dynasty 's revival retains enough of its predecessor 's over-the - top allure to offer a glamorous guilty pleasure in its first season , even if it never quite recaptures the magic of the original . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Chris Harnick of E ! Online called the pilot `` soapy and fun '' , adding that the series is `` a worthy heir to the original show and Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage 's previous offering Gossip Girl and The O.C. '' . Adweek called the pilot inferior to Gossip Girl and the original Dynasty , but suggested that its pairing with Riverdale `` could provide audiences a guilty - pleasure double - feature '' . Tierney Bricker of E ! Online dubbed Kelley `` this season 's breakout star '' , with Gillies `` hot on her Louboutin heels '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Dynasty Nominated Home media ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Dynasty : Season One 22 September 25 , 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Fall TV First Impression : Dynasty '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showatch : Dynasty '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Champagne , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` At First Sight '' . Emmy . Vol. 39 no . 7 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Hanh ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : 4 Ways CW 's Reboot Has Updated the Series to Be More Inclusive and Tolerant '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Ashley ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` This Dynasty Character Is Not Returning For Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty Promotes Nicollette Sheridan to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Empire , Survivor , Goldbergs , Blacklist adjust up , Dynasty adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor , Goldbergs , SEAL Team adjust up , Criminal Minds adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Blacklist and Designated Survivor adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , Survivor , Goldbergs , Blacklist , Speechless adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Empire , SVU , CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Goldbergs adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Empire adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor , SVU and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Survivor and Speechless adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale , X-Files and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Match Game adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` The Amazing Race adjusts up , The Blacklist adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Blue Bloods , Agents of SHIELD , Taken , Confronting Putin adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and Dynasty adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Blindspot adjusts up , Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` MacGyver , Blindspot and all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty and Life Sentence adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Blue Bloods finale adjusts up , Meghan Markle special adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ; O'Connell , Michael ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot in the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot Set At the CW With Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Ways CW 's Dynasty Reboot Will Be Different From the Original '' . Variety . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dynasty Aims To Be The Sexiest , Most Progressive Primetime Soap Ever '' . IndieWire . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Massbrook , Nicole ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Star Rafael De La Fuente Says Sammy Joe Is Still ' Naughty ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Highfill , Samantha ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty first look : Nicollette Sheridan makes her entrance as Alexis Carrington '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Nicollette Sheridan Steps Into Joan Collins ' Shoes for CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Casts Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Boss On Supernatural 's Future & Possible Spinoff , Dynasty Tweaks , Valor 's Fate & Sabrina 's Move To Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Boss Breaks Down Claudia 's Reveal , the Show 's New Direction : ' We 're Cranking Up the Crazy ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , Sallie ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner reveals the Alexis Carrington cameo you might 've missed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick , Sallie ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner takes you behind the scenes of that drama - filled gala '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Sallie ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty showrunner shares secrets from ' Company Slut ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Newest TV shows shooting in Atlanta : 3000 Lb Family , Dynasty pilot , Queer Eye for the Straight Guy revival '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot , Military Drama Valor Land Series Orders at CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Emma ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Everything we know about the Dynasty remake '' . BBC . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Reboot Picked Up To Series At the CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Trailer : First Look At The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : CW Previews Their Steamy Reboot Series '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Gets Full - Season Pickup From the CW , No Back Order For Valor '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Riverdale , Flash , Supernatural Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` CW Fall Premiere Dates : New Sunday Schedule Set for October '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Nathalie Kelley Cast As Lead In The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` The CW 's Dynasty Reboot Casts Its Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Elizabeth Gillies Joins The CW 's Dynasty Reboot ; William Miller Cast In Searchers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Sam Adegoke To Star In The CW Reboot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : CW Reboot Casts Robert Christopher Riley ; Valor Adds Charlie Barnett '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Grant Show To Star As Blake Carrington In The CW Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Empire Star Cast as Hispanic , Gay Male Version of Dynasty 's Sammy Jo '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Rafael de la Fuente Joins The CW Pilot ; W. Tré Davis In Valor '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Cassie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ready for a catfight ? The CW to air modern - day Dynasty revival '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` The O.C. Alum Alan Dale Joins CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . Variety . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer For The CW 's Dynasty -- Nick Wechsler '' . Crashdown.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` The CW 's Dynasty Pilot : Devious Maids ' Brianna Brown Guest - Stars as Claudia '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` General Hospital 's Rick Hearst to Appear on Dynasty ! '' . ABC Soaps in Depth . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Rick Hearst Announces Dynasty Reboot Role on the CW '' . Soaps.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty Episode Description : ' Rotten Things ' '' . The CW Press . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Hakeem Kae - Kazim to Play Cesil Colby in Dynasty '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty : Lead Cast Member Not Returning For Season 2 of the CW Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( June 23 , 2018 ) . `` Dynasty star says she ' wo n't be returning for season 2 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Maria Elena ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Opening Credits for the CW 's Dynasty Reboot '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For Dynasty & Valor And Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty : Netflix To Distribute The CW Reboot Internationally Via Deal With CBS Studios Int'l '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 114 ) `` The Gospel According to Blake Carrington '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cancel Bear vs. The CW , week 3 : Dynasty 's slow start wo n't matter '' . TV by the Numbers . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , Big Bang Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty ( 2017 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rapid - Fire Reviews : All Hail Dynasty 's Soapy Return on The CW ! '' . E ! News . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dynasty Could Help The CW Improve Its Batting Average This Fall '' . Adweek . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Call Me by Your Name Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dynasty on IMDb Dynasty Characters Blake Carrington Krystle Carrington Fallon Carrington Colby Steven Carrington Jeff Colby Claudia Blaisdel Carrington Alexis Colby Sammy Jo Carrington Adam Carrington Kirby Anders Dex Dexter Dominique Deveraux Amanda Carrington 1981 characters 2017 characters Carrington family Related topics Episodes Dynasty : The Reunion The Colbys Episodes Dynasty : The Making of a Guilty Pleasure Dynasty ( 2017 TV series ) season 1 The CW original programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society The L.A. 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United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975

United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 - wikipedia United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Jump to : navigation , search United Kingdom European Community ( Common Market ) membership referendum The Government has announced the results of the renegotiation of the United Kingdom 's terms of membership of the European Community . Do you think the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? Location United Kingdom Date 5 June 1975 ( 1975 - 06 - 05 ) Results Votes % Yes 17,378,581 7001672300000000000 ♠ 67.23 % No 8,470,073 7001327700000000000 ♠ 32.77 % Valid votes 25,848,654 7001997900000000000 ♠ 99.79 % Invalid or blank votes 54,540 6999210000000000000 ♠ 0.21 % Total votes 25,903,194 100.00 % Registered voters / turnout 40,086,677 7001646200000000000 ♠ 64.62 % Results by county Yes No Referendum held : 5 June 1975 Part of a series of articles on the United Kingdom in the European Union Accession 1973 EC enlargement 1975 Referendum Act 1975 EC membership referendum 1972 EC Act UK rebate 2011 EU Act Membership Brand EU EU Four The Euro European Movement UK Nationality law UK Euroscepticism Maastricht Rebels Black Wednesday Officials and bodies EU Committee European Scrutiny Committee Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels EU Representative in London Young European Movement UK UK European Commissioners Permanent EU Representatives Legislation 1972 EC Act 1986 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1993 EC ( Amendment ) Act 1998 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2002 EC ( Amendment ) Act 2008 EU ( Amendment ) Act 2011 EU Act European Parliament Elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2009 2014 1973 delegation 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Withdrawal 2004 -- 05 EU Bill 2013 -- 14 EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2015 -- 16 EU membership renegotiation 2015 EU Referendum Act 2016 EU ( Referendum ) Act ( Gibraltar ) 2016 EU membership referendum Causes Endorsements Issues Opinion polling Campaigns Organisations advocating and campaigning for a referendum People 's Pledge Labour for a Referendum Leave Vote Leave ( official lead group ) Business for Britain Conservatives for Britain Students for Britain Labour Leave Leave.EU Bpoplive ( cancelled ) Grassroots Out Get Britain Out The Freedom Association Better Off Out Other anti-EU advocacy organisations Bruges Group Campaign for an Independent Britain Remain Britain Stronger in Europe ( official lead group ) Labour In for Britain European Movement UK Other pro-EU advocacy organisations Britain in Europe British Influence Business for New Europe New Europeans Nucleus Project Fear Media coverage Brexit : The Movie In or Out Aftermath Results International reactions Terms of Withdrawal from EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2016 - 17 2016 Conservative Party election 2016 Labour Party election 2017 Liberal Democrats Party election Proposed second Scottish independence referendum The New European European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Gibraltar 2017 General Election UK 's relations with EU after 2019 Triggering of Article 50 & Negotiations R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ' EU ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 UK invocation of Article 50 Brexit negotiations Department for Exiting the EU ( Brexit Department ) Secretary of State ( Brexit Secretary ) Department for International Trade Secretary of State ( International Trade Secretary ) Post-referendum organisations Change Britain More United Open Britain See also United Ireland The United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , also known as the Referendum on the European Community ( Common Market ) , the Common Market referendum and EEC membership referendum took place on 5 June 1975 in the United Kingdom to gauge support for the country 's continued membership of the European Communities ( EC ) -- often known at the time as the `` European Community '' and the `` Common Market '' which it had entered on 1 January 1973 under the Conservative government of Edward Heath under the provisions of the Referendum Act 1975 . Labour 's manifesto for the October 1974 general election had promised that the people would decide `` through the ballot box '' whether to remain in the EC . This was the first national referendum ever to be held throughout the entire United Kingdom , and was the only national UK - wide referendum held in the 20th Century and remained the only UK - wide referendum until the 2011 referendum on alternative voting was held thirty - six years later and was the only referendum to be held on the UK 's relationship with Europe until the 2016 referendum on continued EU membership . The electorate expressed significant support for EC membership , with 67 % in favour on a national turnout of 64 % . The referendum result was not legally binding , however , it was widely accepted that the vote would be the final say on the matter and would be politically binding on all future Westminster Parliaments . In a 1975 pamphlet , the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson said : `` ( ... ) I ask you to use your vote . For it is your vote that will now decide . The Government will accept your verdict . '' The pamphlet also said : `` Now the time has come for you to decide . The Government will accept your decision - whichever way it goes . '' The February 1974 general election had yielded a Labour minority government , which then won a majority in the October 1974 general election . Labour pledged in its February 1974 manifesto to renegotiate the terms of British accession to the EC , and then to consult the public on whether Britain should stay in the EC on the new terms , if they were acceptable to the government . The Labour Party had historically feared the consequences of EC membership , such as the large differentials between the high price of food under the Common Agricultural Policy and the low prices prevalent in Commonwealth markets , as well as the loss of both economic sovereignty and the freedom of governments to engage in socialist industrial policies , and party leaders stated their opinion that the Conservatives had negotiated unfavourable terms for Britain . The EC heads of government agreed to a deal in Dublin on 11 March 1975 ; Wilson declared `` I believe that our renegotiation objectives have been substantially though not completely achieved '' , and said that the government would recommend a vote in favour of continued membership . On 9 April the House of Commons voted by 396 to 170 to continue within the Common Market on the new terms . Along with these developments , the government drafted a Referendum Bill , to be moved in case of a successful renegotiation . The referendum debate and campaign was an unusual time in British politics and was the third national vote to be held in seventeen months . During the campaign , the Labour Cabinet was split and its members campaigned on each side of the question , an unprecedented breach of Cabinet collective responsibility . Most votes in the House of Commons in preparation for the referendum were only carried thanks to opposition support , and the Government faced several defeats on technical issues such as the handling and format of the referendum counts . Finally , although the Government declared in advance that it would comply with the result , the referendum itself was not legally binding upon it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Legislation 3 Referendum question 4 Campaigning 4.1 Yes campaign ( Britain In Europe ) 4.2 No campaign ( National Referendum Campaign ) 4.3 Official party positions 4.4 The campaign , funding and media support 5 Counting areas 6 Result 6.1 Results by United Kingdom constituent countries 7 TV coverage 8 Reactions and consequences 9 Thirty - year rule 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson At the time of the referendum , nine countries were members of the European Communities National and regional referendums held within the United Kingdom and its constituent countries Northern Ireland border poll 1973 United Kingdom EC referendum Scottish devolution referendum 1979 Welsh devolution referendum 1979 Scottish devolution referendum 1997 Welsh devolution referendum 1997 Greater London Authority referendum 1998 NI Good Friday Agreement referendum 1998 NE England devolution referendum Welsh devolution referendum 2011 United Kingdom AV referendum 2011 Scottish independence referendum 2014 United Kingdom EU referendum 2016 See also : Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities and European Communities Act 1972 ( UK ) When the European Coal and Steel Community was instituted in 1952 , the United Kingdom decided not to become a member . The UK was still absent when the Treaty of Rome was signed in 1957 , creating the European Economic Community ( the Common Market ) . However , in the late 1950s the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan dramatically changed its attitude and appointed Edward Heath to submit an application and lead negotiations for Britain to enter the Common Market . At a meeting in January 1963 , the French president Charles de Gaulle rebuffed and vetoed Macmillan 's request to join the Common Market . Despite the veto , Britain restarted talks with the European Communities countries in 1967 ; and in April 1970 , shortly before the 1970 general election campaign , Heath -- who by this time was the Conservative Party leader -- said that further European integration would not happen `` except with the full - hearted consent of the Parliaments and peoples of the new member countries '' . Heath included negotiating membership in the 1970 Conservative manifesto . Heath became Prime Minister , and personally led many of the negotiations : he struck up a friendship with the new French president Georges Pompidou , who oversaw the lifting of the veto and thus paved the way for UK membership . Between 21 and 28 October 1971 the House of Commons debated whether or not the UK should become a member of the EC , with then Prime Minister Edward Heath commenting just before the vote : `` But tonight when this House endorses this Motion many millions of people right across the world will rejoice that we have taken our rightful place in a truly United Europe ! '' The House of Commons voted 356 - 244 in favour of the motion , with the Prime Minister commenting straight afterwards on behalf of the house . `` Resolved , That this House approves Her Majesty 's Government 's decision of principle to join the European Communities on the basis of the arrangements which have been negotiated . '' No referendum was held when Britain agreed to an accession treaty on 22 January 1972 or when the European Communities Act 1972 went through the legislative process , on the grounds that to hold one would be unconstitutional . The United Kingdom joined the European Communities on 1 January 1973 , along with Denmark and the Republic of Ireland . The EC would later become the European Union . The support of the Conservative Party , under Leader of the Opposition Margaret Thatcher , was essential to the passage of the Government 's European business in the House of Commons . Throughout this period , the Labour Party was divided , both on the substantive issue of EC accession and on the question of whether accession ought to be approved by referendum . In 1971 pro-Market figures such as Roy Jenkins , the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party , said a Labour government would have agreed to the terms of accession secured by the Conservatives . However , the National Executive Committee and the Labour Party Conference disapproved of the terms . In April 1972 the anti-EC Conservative MP Neil Marten tabled an amendment to the European Communities Bill , which called for a consultative referendum on entry . Labour had previously opposed a referendum , but the Shadow Cabinet decided to support Marten 's amendment . Jenkins resigned as Deputy Leader in opposition to the decision , and many Labour MPs abstained on the division . At the February 1974 general election , Labour 's manifesto promised renegotiation of Britain 's terms of membership , to be followed by a consultative referendum on continued membership under the new terms if they were acceptable . In the October 1974 manifesto , this was changed to the promise that Labour would `` give the British people the final say , which will be binding on the Government -- through the ballot box -- on whether we accept the terms and stay in or reject the terms and come out . '' This could be interpreted as including the option of an election in 1975 ; however , Labour won a working majority , and had no need of another general election . Legislation ( edit ) See also : Referendum Act 1975 The government produced a white paper on the proposed referendum on 26 February 1975 : it recommended core public funding for both the `` Yes '' and `` No '' sides , voting rights for members of the armed forces and members of the House of Lords , and finally a proposed single central count of the votes for the whole country . This white paper was approved by the House of Commons . On 26 March a Referendum Bill was introduced to the Commons ; at its second reading on 10 April , MPs voted 312 - 248 in favour . Prior to the bill 's passing there was no procedure or legislation within the United Kingdom for holding any such plebiscite . The vote , the only nationwide plebiscite to be held in the UK during the 20th century , was of constitutional significance . Referendums had been widely opposed in the past , on the grounds that they violated the principle of parliamentary sovereignty . The first major referendum to be held in any part of the UK had been the sovereignty referendum in Northern Ireland in 1973 . The issue of how the votes should be counted caused much division as the Bill went though Parliament . The Government were of the opinion that as it was substantially different from that of a general election and that as a national referendum the United Kingdom was a single constituency and favoured an unprecedented single national count of all the votes for the whole country to take place at Earls Court in London over several days with a single declaration of the final result by the National Counting Officer ( later in the legislation the title was changed to Chief Counting Officer ) but the proposal did n't attract the wider support of the Labour Party or the opposition parties ; the Liberal Party favoured individual counts in each of the parliamentary constituencies and tabled an amendment , but was defeated by 263 to 131 votes in the House of Commons ; however , another amendment , tabled in the Commons by Labour MP Roderick MacFarquhar , sought to have separate counts for each administrative region ( the post-1974 county council areas ) : this won cross-party support , and was carried by 272 to 155 votes . The Act did not specify any national supermajority of `` Yes '' votes for approval of the terms ; a simple majority of 50 % + 1 vote would suffice to win the vote . It received royal assent on 8 May 1975 , just under a month before the vote took place . During the legislative process , the Government also held informal talks with the Governments of the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey to discuss the possibility of holding simultaneous referendums of their own on continued EC membership ; however , the idea was dropped because the UK Parliament had no jurisdiction to pass or impose legislation on those islands , being as they were ( and are ) Crown dependencies . Referendum question ( edit ) The question that would be put to the British electorate , as set out in the Act was : The Government has announced the results of the renegotiation of the United Kingdom 's terms of membership of the European Community . Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? permitting a simple YES / NO answer ( to be marked with a single ( X ) ) . The question that was used was one of the options in the Government White Paper of February 1975 , although during the passage of the Referendum Bill through Parliament , the Government agreed to add the words `` Common Market '' in brackets at the end of the question . It should be noted that the referendum took place 25 years before the passing of the Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 by the then Labour Government of Tony Blair , which introduced into British law a general procedure for the holding of UK - wide referendums and effectively created the Electoral Commission , a body that would oversee such votes and also test and research proposed referendum questions . Campaigning ( edit ) The referendum was called in April 1975 after the renegotiation was formally concluded . Since Prime Minister Harold Wilson 's cabinet was split between supporters and opponents of the Common Market , and since members of each side held their views strongly , he made the decision , unprecedented outside coalition government , to suspend the constitutional convention of Cabinet collective responsibility . Cabinet members would be allowed to publicly campaign against each other . In total , seven of the twenty - three members of the cabinet opposed EC membership . Wilson 's solution was that ministers speaking in the House of Commons should reflect government policy ( i.e. support for EC membership ) , but would be allowed to speak freely elsewhere , thus avoiding a mass dismissal of Cabinet ministers . In spite of this , one minister , Eric Heffer , was obliged to resign after speaking against EC membership in the House of Commons . Yes campaign ( Britain in Europe ) ( edit ) Logo of the Keep Britain in Europe campaign . The `` Yes '' campaign was officially supported by Wilson 's Government and the majority of his cabinet , including the holders of the three other Great Offices of State : Denis Healey , the Chancellor of the Exchequer ; James Callaghan , the Foreign Secretary ; and Roy Jenkins , the Home Secretary . It was also supported by the majority of the Conservative Party , including its newly elected leader Margaret Thatcher -- 249 of 275 party members in Parliament supported staying in the EC in a free vote in April 1975 -- the Liberal Party , the Social Democratic and Labour Party , the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland and the Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party . No campaign ( national referendum campaign ) ( edit ) Logo of the Out into the World campaign by the National Referendum Campaign . Tony Benn , Secretary of State for Industry , was one of the senior figures in the No campaign . The influential Conservative Edward du Cann said that `` the Labour party is hopelessly and irrevocably split and muddled over this issue '' . The `` No '' campaign included the left wing of the Labour Party , including the cabinet ministers Michael Foot , Tony Benn , Peter Shore , Eric Varley , and Barbara Castle who during the campaign famously said `` They lured us into the market with the mirage of the market miracle '' . Some Labour `` No '' supporters , including Varley , were on the right wing of the party , but most were from the left . The No campaign also included a large number of Labour backbenchers ; upon the division on a pro-EC White Paper about the renegotiation , 148 Labour MPs opposed their own government 's measure , whereas only 138 supported it and 32 abstained . `` Many Conservatives feel the European Community is not good for Britain ... The Conservative party is divided on it too '' , du Cann -- head of the Conservatives ' 1922 Committee -- added , although there were far fewer Eurosceptic figures in the Parliamentary Conservative Party in 1975 than there would be during later debates on Europe , such as the accession to the Maastricht Treaty . Most of the Ulster Unionist Party were for `` No '' in the referendum , most prominently the former Conservative minister Enoch Powell , who after Benn was the second-most prominent anti-Marketeer in the campaign . Other parties supporting the `` No '' campaign included the Democratic Unionist Party , the Scottish National Party , Plaid Cymru , and parties outside Parliament including the National Front and the Communist Party of Great Britain . Official Party positions ( edit ) Conservative and Liberal Party conferences consistently supported EC membership for several years up to 1975 . At a Labour Party conference on 26 April 1975 , the Labour membership rejected continuing EC membership by almost a 2 : 1 margin . Tony Benn said , ' We have had a conference and the decision is clear ... It is very clear that there now must be a move for the Labour Party to campaign ' . The majority of the Labour Party leadership was strongly for continuing membership , and the margin of the party vote was not a surprise , since only seven of forty - six trade unions present at the conference supported EC membership . Prior to the conference , the party had decided that if the conference voted by a margin of 2 : 1 or more in favour of a particular option , it would then support that position in the referendum campaign . Otherwise , the ' party machine ' would remain neutral . Therefore , the Labour Party itself did not campaign on either side . For a `` Yes '' vote No official party position For a `` No '' vote Conservative Party Liberal Party Social Democratic and Labour Party Alliance Party Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party Labour Party Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Ulster Unionist Party National Front Communist Party of Great Britain The campaign , funding and media support ( edit ) The government distributed pamphlets from the official Yes and No campaigns to every household in Britain , together with its own pamphlet which argued in support of EC membership . According to this pamphlet , `` the most important ( issues in the renegotiation ) were FOOD and MONEY and JOBS '' . During the campaign , almost the entire mainstream national British press supported the `` Yes '' campaign . The left - wing Morning Star was the only notable national daily to back the `` No '' campaign . Television broadcasts were used by both campaigns , like party political broadcasts during general elections . They were broadcast simultaneously on all three terrestrial channels : BBC 1 , BBC 2 and ITV . They attracted audiences of up to 20 million viewers . The `` Yes '' campaign advertisements were thought to be much more effective , showing their speakers listening to and answering people 's concerns , while the `` No '' campaign 's broadcasts featured speakers reading from an autocue . The `` Yes '' campaign enjoyed much more funding , thanks to the support of many British businesses and the Confederation of British Industry . According to the treasurer of the `` Yes '' campaign , Alastair McAlpine , `` The banks and big industrial companies put in very large sums of money '' . At the time , business was `` overwhelmingly pro-European '' , and Harold Wilson met several prominent industrialists to elicit support . It was common for pro-Europeans to convene across party and ideological lines with businessmen . John Mills , the national agent of the `` No '' campaign , recalled : `` We were operating on a shoe - string compared to the Rolls Royce operation on the other side '' . However , it was also the case that many civil society groups supported the `` Yes '' campaign , including the National Farmers Union and some trade unions . Much of the `` Yes '' campaign focused on the credentials of its opponents . According to Alistair McAlpine , `` The whole thrust of our campaign was to depict the anti-Marketeers as unreliable people -- dangerous people who would lead you down the wrong path ... It was n't so much that it was sensible to stay in , but that anybody who proposed that we came out was off their rocker or virtually Marxist . '' Tony Benn controversially claimed there had been `` Half a million jobs lost in Britain and a huge increase in food prices as a direct result of our entry into the Common Market '' , using his position as Secretary of State for Industry as an authority . His claims were ridiculed by the `` Yes '' campaign and ministers ; the Daily Mirror labelled Benn the `` Minister of Fear '' , and other newspapers were similarly derisive . Ultimately , the `` No '' campaign lacked a popular , moderate figure to play the public leadership role for their campaign that Jenkins and Wilson fulfilled in the `` Yes '' campaign . Counting areas ( edit ) The referendum was held nationally across all four countries of the United Kingdom as a single majority vote in 68 counting areas under the provisions of the Referendum Act , for which the then administrative counties of England and Wales and the then newly formed administrative regions of Scotland were used , with Northern Ireland as a single counting area . The following table shows the breakdown of the voting areas for the referendum within the United Kingdom . Country Counting areas United Kingdom Referendum declaration ; 68 counting areas Constituent countries Counting areas England 47 counting areas Northern Ireland Single counting area Scotland 12 counting areas Wales 8 counting areas Result ( edit ) See also : Results of the United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Results by nation . Voting in the referendum took place across the United Kingdom on Thursday 5 June between 07 : 00 and 22 : 00 BST . All counting areas started their counts the following day on Friday 6 June at 09 : 00 BST , and the final result was announced just before 23 : 00 BST by the Chief Counting Officer ( CCO ) Sir Phillip Allen at Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London , after all 68 counting areas had declared their totals . With a national turnout of 64 % across the United Kingdom , the target to secure a majority for the winning side was 12,951,598 votes . The result was a decisive `` Yes '' to continued EC membership , which won by a huge majority of 8,908,508 votes ( 34.5 % ) over those who had voted `` No '' to reject continued membership . In total , over two - thirds of voters supported continued EC membership . 67.2 percent voted Yes and 32.8 percent voted No . At council level , support for EC membership was positively correlated with support for the Conservative Party and with average income . In contrast , poorer areas that supported Labour gave less support to the question . Approval was well above 60 % in almost every council area in England and Wales , with the strongly Labour - supporting Mid Glamorgan being the exception . Scotland and Northern Ireland gave less support to the question than the British average . Once the voting areas had declared , their results were then relayed to Sir Philip Allen , the Chief Counting Officer , who later declared the final result . All the counting areas within the United Kingdom returned large majority votes in favour of `` Yes '' except for two Scottish regions , the Shetland Islands and the Western Isles , which returned majority votes in favour of a `` No '' vote . Choice Votes % Yes 17,378,581 67.23 No 8,470,073 32.77 Valid votes 25,848,654 99.78 Invalid or blank votes 54,540 0.22 Total votes 25,903,194 100.00 Registered voters and turnout 40,086,677 64.67 National referendum results ( without spoiled ballots ) : Yes : 17,378,581 ( 67.2 % ) No : 8,470,073 ( 32.8 % ) ▲ Results by United Kingdom constituent countries ( edit ) Constituent country Electorate Turnout ( % ) Yes No Votes % Votes % England 33,356,208 64.6 % 14,918,009 68.7 % 6,812,052 31.3 % Wales 2,011,136 66.7 % 869,135 64.8 % 472,071 35.2 % Scotland 3,688,799 61.7 % 1,332,186 58.4 % 948,039 41.6 % Northern Ireland 1,030,534 47.4 % 259,251 52.1 % 237,911 47.9 % Tv coverage ( edit ) Both the BBC and ITV provided coverage throughout the following day , and the BBC programme was presented by David Dimbleby and David Butler . There were several programmes throughout the day . Part of the coverage was repeated to mark the 30th anniversary of the referendum in June 2005 , and was also shown to mark the 40th anniversary in June 2015 on the BBC Parliament channel and was to be shown again to mark the 41st anniversary ahead of the 2016 EU Referendum . Reactions and consequences ( edit ) On Friday 6 June 1975 at 18 : 30 BST the Prime Minister , Harold Wilson , gave his reaction outside 10 Downing Street as counting continued , although by this point the result was clear : ' The verdict has been given by a vote with a bigger majority than has been received by any Government in any general election . Nobody in Britain or the wider world should have any doubt about its meaning . It was a free vote , without constraint , following a free democratic campaign conducted constructively and without rancour . It means that fourteen years of national argument are over . It means that all those who have had reservations about Britain 's commitment should now join wholeheartedly with our partners in Europe , and our friends everywhere to meet the challenge confronting the whole nation . ' Enoch Powell gave this comment to the result in a newspaper a few days after the referendum : ' Never again by the necessity of an axiom , will an Englishman live for his country or die for his country : The country for which people live and die was obsolete and we have abolished it . Or not quite yet . No , not yet . The referendum is not a `` verdict '' after which the prisoner is hanged forthwith . It is no more than provisional ... This will be so as long Parliament can alter or undo whatever that or any other Parliament has done . Hence those Golden words in the Government 's Referendum pamphlet : `` Our continued membership would depend on the continuing assent of Parliament '' . ' Roy Jenkins said ' It puts the uncertainty behind us . It commits Britain to Europe ; it commits us to playing an active , constructive and enthusiastic role in it ' . Tony Benn said , ' When the British people speak , everyone , including members of Parliament , should tremble before their decision and that 's certainly the spirit with which I accept the result of the referendum ' . Jenkins was heavily rewarded for successfully leading the campaign for Britain to remain a member of the European Communities when two years later he became the first and to date only British politician to hold the post of President of the European Commission , which he held for four years from 1977 - 81 . The result strengthened Harold Wilson 's tactical position , by securing a further post-election public expression of support for his policies . According to Cook and Francis ( 1979 ) , ' The left of his party had been appeased by the holding of a referendum , the right by its result ' . Following the result , the Labour Party and British trade unions themselves joined European institutions , such as the Socialist Group in the European Parliament , to which they had been reluctant to commit before public approval of EC membership . In the House of Commons , the issue of Europe had been effectively settled for two years , until the debate about direct elections to the European Parliament began in 1977 . The result went on to provide a major pro-European mandate to politicians , particularly in the UK Parliament , for the next forty - one years until the 2016 EU membership referendum was held on Thursday 23 June 2016 , when the UK voted by 51.9 % to 48.1 % to leave the European Union . On that occasion the relative difference of enthusiasm for membership was reversed , with England and Wales voting to leave , whilst Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to stay . Thirty - year rule ( edit ) The question of sovereignty was discussed in an internal document of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( FCO 30 / 1048 ) before the European Communities Act 1972 , but was not available to the public until January 2002 under the Thirty - year rule . Among `` Areas of policy '' listed `` in which parliamentary freedom to legislate will be affected by entry into the European Communities '' were : Customs duties , Agriculture , Free movement of labour , services and capital , Transport , and Social Security for migrant workers . The document concluded ( paragraph 26 ) that it was advisable to put the considerations of influence and power before those of formal sovereignty . See also ( edit ) Comparison of results in 1975 and 2016 referendums Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 Brexit Referendums in the United Kingdom United Kingdom general election , February 1974 United Kingdom general election , October 1974 Withdrawal from the European Union United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Further reading ( edit ) Butler , D and Kitzinger U . The 1975 Referendum , Palgrave Macmillan UK London and New York , 1996 . Milward , A . ' ' The Rise and Fall of a National Strategy : The UK and The European Community : Volume 1 , Routledge London and New York , 2002 , ( republished 2012 ) . Wall , S . The Official History of Britain and the European Community , Volume II : From Rejection to Referendum , 1963 - 1975 , Routledge London and New York , 2013 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Labour Party ( 1974 ) . Britain will win with Labour : Labour Party manifesto , October 1974 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.harvard-digital.co.uk/euro/pamphlet.htm ^ Jump up to : Cook , Chris ; Francis , Mary ( 1979 ) . The first European elections : A handbook and guide . London : Macmillan Press . ISBN 0 - 333 - 26575 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` European Community '' . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons . 18 March 1975 . col. 1456 -- 1480 . Jump up ^ Crowson , Nicholas J. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . The Conservative Party and European integration since 1945 at the heart of Europe ? . Routledge . p. 90 . ISBN 9780415400220 . OCLC 493677870 . Jump up ^ http://www.conservativemanifesto.com/1970/1970-conservative-manifesto.shtml Jump up ^ The Labour Party ( 1974 ) . Let us work together : Labour 's way out of the crisis : Labour Party manifesto , February 1974 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Adrian ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` The case for Brexit : lessons from the 1960s and 1970s '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogdanor , Vernon ( 2009 ) . The New British Constitution . Oxford : Hart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 671 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gay , Oonagh ; Foster , David ( 25 November 2009 ) . `` Thresholds in Referendums '' . London : House of Commons Library . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ The seven Common Market opponents in the Cabinet were Michael Foot ( Employment ) , Tony Benn ( Industry ) , Peter Shore ( Trade ) , Barbara Castle ( Social Services ) , Eric Varley ( Energy ) , William Ross ( Scotland ) and John Silkin ( Planning and Local Government ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Conservatives favor remaining in market '' . Wilmington Morning Star . UPI. 4 June 1975 . p. 5 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Butler , David ; Kitzinger , Uwe ( 1996 ) . The 1975 referendum . Macmillan Press . pp. 178 , 194 . ISBN 9780333662908 . OCLC 958137188 . Jump up ^ HM Government ( 1975 ) . Britain 's new deal in Europe . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cockerell , Michael ( 4 June 2005 ) . `` How we were talked into joining Europe '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cockerell , Michael ( 4 June 2005 ) . `` How Britain first fell for Europe '' . BBC News . London . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One London - 6 June 1975 - BBC Genome '' . Genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 : UK embraces Europe in referendum '' . BBC on This Day . London . 6 June 1975 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ FCO 30 / 1048 , Legal and constitutional implications of UK entry into EEC ( open from 1 January 2002. ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 . Examples of campaigning leaflets used during the 1975 referendum campaign Full text of the accession act Transcript of government pamphlet advocating to vote to stay in the EEC Article `` Jan - Henrik Meyer , The 1975 referendum on Britain 's continued membership in the EEC '' on CVCE website BBC coverage of the Referendum on YouTube Adrian Williamson , The case for Brexit : lessons from the 1960s and 1970s , History and Policy ( 2015 ) . Article `` Andrew Glencross ( 2015 ) , Looking Back to Look Forward : 40 Years of Referendum Debate in Britain '' https://brexitunderstood.com/1975-referendum/ United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Results Referendum question `` Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community ( the Common Market ) ? '' Legislation Referendum Act 1975 Background Treaty of Rome 1970 UK General election UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1974 UK General election ( February ) 1974 UK General election ( October ) Campaign organisations Advocating a `` Yes '' vote Britain in Europe Advocating a `` No '' vote National Referendum Campaign Parties For a `` Yes '' vote Conservative Party Liberal Party Social Democratic and Labour Party Alliance Party Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party Neutral / split Labour Party For a `` No '' vote Scottish National Party Plaid Cymru Ulster Unionist Party National Front Communist Party of Great Britain Aftermath European Assembly Elections Act 1978 1979 UK European Parliament election UK rebate Single European Act Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Lisbon Treaty UK renegotiation of EU membership , 2016 2016 European Union membership referendum ( 1974 ← ) United Kingdom local elections , 1975 ( → 1976 ) Metropolitan boroughs Barnsley Birmingham Bradford Bolton Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton District councils ( England ) Preston Worcester Wyre Forest Ad - hoc election Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention Referendum United Kingdom European Communities membership Results United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 Renegotiation Results Aftermath Brexit Referendum question `` Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? '' Referendum legislation European Union Referendum Act 2015 European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) Background Treaty of Rome UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1975 European Communities membership referendum Single European Act European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1986 UK rebate Black Wednesday Maastricht Treaty Treaty on European Union European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1993 European Economic Area European Economic Area Act 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1998 Treaty of Nice European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 2002 Treaty of Accession 2003 European Union ( Accessions ) Act 2003 European Constitution European Union Bill 2005 Treaty of Lisbon Withdrawal from the European Union Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union European Union ( Amendment ) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 2014 UK European Parliament election 2015 UK general election Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom Campaign 2016 referendum campaign Issues Opinion polling Endorsements Project Fear Campaign organisations Remain Official campaign Britain Stronger in Europe Other campaigns Labour In for Britain Leave Official campaign Vote Leave Other campaigns Leave.EU Grassroots Out Labour Leave Campaign for an Independent Britain The Freedom Association Better Off Out Get Britain Out Bruges Group Televised debates The European Union : In or Out ( 2014 ) Aftermath International reactions Conservative Party leadership election Labour Party leadership election UK Independence Party leadership election ( September ) UK Independence Party leadership election ( November ) 2017 UK general election Brexit R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Brexit negotiations Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Effects of Brexit on science and technology WTO Option Brexit legislation European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill Related Brexit : The Movie ( 2016 documentary ) Change Britain `` Enemies of the People '' London independence More United The New European ( newspaper ) Open Britain Proposed second Scottish independence referendum United Ireland Status of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar Impact of Brexit on the European Union Elections and referendums in the United Kingdom General elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 -- 33 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 ( Jan -- Feb ) 1910 ( Dec ) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 ( Feb ) 1974 ( Oct ) 1979 1992 1997 2001 2005 2015 2017 Next Local elections 1889 1890 1892 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 European elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2009 2014 Referendums 2011 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum,_1975&oldid=835229479 '' Categories : Referendums related to the European Union 1975 elections in the United Kingdom 1975 referendums 1975 in international relations 1975 in the European Economic Community United Kingdom and the European Union June 1975 events United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum , 1975 Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 11 : 27 . 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Turn Me On (Mark Dinning song)

Turn Me on ( Mark Dinning song ) - wikipedia Turn Me on ( Mark Dinning song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Turn Me On '' Single by Norah Jones from the album First Sessions / Come Away with Me Released 2003 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Genre Jazz , pop Length 2 : 34 Label Blue Note Songwriter ( s ) John D. Loudermilk Producer ( s ) Lee Alexander , Norah Jones Norah Jones singles chronology `` Come Away with Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Turn Me On '' ( 2003 ) `` Sunrise '' ( 2004 ) `` Come Away with Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Turn Me On '' ( 2004 ) `` Sunrise '' ( 2004 ) `` Turn Me On '' is a song by John D. Loudermilk that was first recorded and released by Mark Dinning in 1961 , as the B - side to his single `` Lonely Island '' . Other notable versions are by Nellie Rutherford and Nina Simone . Norah Jones released her version as the last single from her debut album Come Away with Me . The song was also performed by Shelby Dressel during her American Idol audition . It has been suggested that the song influenced the composition of Leonard Cohen 's 1969 song `` Bird on the Wire '' . Norah Jones version ( edit ) Jones 's cover was the seventh track on her debut album . This version also appeared in the movie Love Actually and is on its soundtrack . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Canadian Singles Chart 10 French Singles Chart 92 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John D. Loudermilk - 1960 - 1963 '' . Ihesm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pleasant , Rachel `` Forging Ahead , Despite Elimination '' , ' The Ledger ' , February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hickerson , Joe ( 22 March 2007 ) . `` The Songfinder : A Reader - Assisted Song Search Service '' . Sing Out ! : The Folk Song Magazine . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Norah Jones Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Come Away with Me ( 2002 ) Feels Like Home ( 2004 ) Not Too Late ( 2007 ) The Fall ( 2009 ) Little Broken Hearts ( 2012 ) Day Breaks ( 2016 ) Compilation albums ... Featuring Norah Jones Extended plays First Sessions Other albums New York City The Little Willies Live from Austin , TX El Madmo Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Rome For the Good Times Foreverly No Fools , No Fun Singles `` Do n't Know Why '' `` Feelin ' the Same Way '' `` Come Away with Me '' `` Turn Me On '' `` Here We Go Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` What Am I to You ? '' `` Thinking About You '' `` Not Too Late '' `` Sinkin ' Soon '' `` Until the End '' `` Chasing Pirates '' `` Young Blood '' `` It 's Gonna Be '' `` Happy Pills '' Concert tours Little Broken Hearts Tour Related articles The Little Willies Puss n Boots Ravi Shankar ( father ) Anoushka Shankar ( half - sister ) Lee Alexander `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turn_Me_On_(Mark_Dinning_song)&oldid=732419616 '' Categories : 1961 singles Nina Simone songs 2004 singles Norah Jones songs Songs written by John D. Loudermilk 1961 songs Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2016 , at 21 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who wrote turn me on by norah jones

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Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off

Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off - Wikipedia Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' Single by Joe Nichols from the album III Released August 1 , 2005 Recorded 2005 Genre Country Length 3 : 07 Label Universal South Songwriter ( s ) Gary Hannan John Wiggins Producer ( s ) Buddy Cannon Joe Nichols singles chronology `` What 's a Guy Gotta Do '' ( 2004 ) `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' ( 2005 ) `` Size Matters ( Someday ) '' ( 2006 ) `` What 's a Guy Gotta Do '' ( 2004 ) `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' ( 2005 ) `` Size Matters ( Someday ) '' ( 2006 ) `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' is a song written by Gary Hannan and John Wiggins and recorded by American country music artist Joe Nichols . It was released in August 2005 as the first single from Nichols ' album III . The song became Nichols ' second number one hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in late 2005 . One of the song 's co-writers , John Wiggins performed with his sister Audrey in the mid-1990s as the country duo John & Audrey Wiggins . Contents 1 Content 2 Reception 3 Chart performance 3.1 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) The song 's narrator discusses how his grandmother carelessly misplaces her clothes when she drinks tequila . Reception ( edit ) Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a negative rating , saying that it was `` mind - numbingly inane . '' In his review of the album , Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic discussed the song favorably , saying that while it has a `` silly name and would seem like a throwaway novelty , it is genuinely funny '' . He also said that Nichols `` delivers it with sly humor and a low - key swagger that shows more character , as a vocalist , than he did on his previous albums . '' Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart on the week ending August 6 , 2005 . Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 32 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 59 Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 57 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coyne , Kevin John ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Nichols - Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' . Country Universe . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Joe Nichols - `` III '' `` . Allmusic . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Nichols Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Nichols Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2005 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2005 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2006 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Joe Nichols Studio albums Joe Nichols Man with a Memory Revelation III Real Things Old Things New It 's All Good Crickets Never Gets Old Christmas albums A Traditional Christmas Compilation albums Greatest Hits Top 40 singles `` The Impossible '' `` Brokenheartsville '' `` She Only Smokes When She Drinks '' `` Cool to Be a Fool '' `` If Nobody Believed in You '' `` What 's a Guy Gotta Do '' `` Tequila Makes Her Clothes Fall Off '' `` Size Matters ( Someday ) '' `` I 'll Wait for You '' `` Another Side of You '' `` It Ai n't No Crime '' `` Believers '' `` Gimmie That Girl '' `` The Shape I 'm In '' `` Take It Off '' `` Sunny and 75 '' `` Yeah '' `` Hard to Be Cool '' `` Freaks Like Me '' Related topics Discography This 2000s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tequila_Makes_Her_Clothes_Fall_Off&oldid=847150371 '' Categories : 2005 singles Joe Nichols songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Song recordings produced by Buddy Cannon Show Dog - Universal Music singles Songs about alcohol 2005 songs 2000s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 07 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who sings the song tequila makes my clothes fall off

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List of Dragon Ball films

List of Dragon Ball films - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball films Dragon Box : The Movies , a DVD box set that includes the first seventeen theatrical films , released by Toei on April 14 , 2006 . Since the debut of the anime adaptation of Akira Toriyama 's Dragon Ball manga in 1986 , Toei Animation has produced twenty theatrical films based on the franchise : four based on the original Dragon Ball anime , fifteen based on the sequel series Dragon Ball Z and one upcoming film based on the Dragon Ball Super series . The first seventeen films were originally shown as back - to - back presentations alongside other Toei film productions and thus have a running time below feature length ( around 45 -- 60 minutes each ) , the sole exception being 1996 's The Path to Power ( which has a running time of 80 minutes ) . The first through fifth films were shown at the Toei Manga Festival ( 東映 まんが まつり , Tōei Manga Matsuri ) , while the sixth through seventeenth films were shown at the Toei Anime Fair ( 東映 アニメ フェア , Toei Anime Fea ) . These films were mostly alternate re-tellings of certain story arcs involving new characters or extra side - stories that do not correlate with the same continuity as the manga or TV series . The newest films in the series , Battle of Gods , Resurrection ' F ' and Broly , differ from the earlier ones , as they are full - length feature films set between chapters 517 and 518 of the manga , with Toriyama deeply involved in their creation . Toriyama did have some involvement with the earlier films , such as checking the scripts , altering new characters and their names or designing them from the ground up himself . There are also three television specials that were broadcast on Fuji TV and two short films , which were shown at the 2008 Jump Super Anime Tour and Jump Festa 2012 respectively . A two - part hour - long crossover TV special between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko aired on Fuji TV in 2013 . Additionally , there is a two - part original video animation created as strategy guides for the 1993 video game Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , which was remade in 2010 and included with the Raging Blast 2 video game . As with the franchise 's anime television series , the first nineteen films and the first three TV specials were licensed in North America by Funimation . Dragon Ball Z movies six and twelve received select theatrical presentations in the United States , as part of a double - feature on March 17 , 2006 , while movies fourteen and fifteen were given limited theatrical runs in August 2014 and August 2015 respectively . In Europe , AB Groupe licensed the second and third Dragon Ball movies , the first nine Z movies and the first two TV specials . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theatrical films 2 Television specials 3 Festival shorts 4 Original video animations 5 Educational programs 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Theatrical films ( edit ) No . Japanese title English translation English title Japanese release North American release Shenron no Densetsu ( 神龍 の 伝説 ) The Legend of Shenron Curse of the Blood Rubies December 20 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 20 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold edit ; TV airing ) September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) ( BLT Productions dub ) December 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 28 ) ( Funimation dub ) Majin - jō no Nemuri Hime ( 魔神 城 の ねむり 姫 ) Sleeping Princess in the Devil 's Castle Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle July 18 , 1987 ( 1987 - 07 - 18 ) December 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 15 ) Makafushigi Dai - bōken ( 魔 訶 不思議 大 冒険 ) Mystical Great Adventure Mystical Adventure July 9 , 1988 ( 1988 - 07 - 09 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold ; TV airing ) November 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 21 ) ( Funimation dub ) Ora no Gohan o Kaese ! ! ( オラ の 悟 飯 を かえせ ッ ! ! ) Return My Gohan ! ! Dead Zone July 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 15 ) December 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) May 31 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 31 ) ( Funimation dub ) 5 Kono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu ( この世 で 一 番 強い ヤツ ) The Strongest Guy in the World The World 's Strongest March 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 10 ) May 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 26 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 6 Chikyū Marugoto Chō - kessen ( 地球 まるごと 超 決戦 ) The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth The Tree of Might July 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 07 ) November 15 -- 22 , 1997 ( Saban TV edit ) March 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 7 Sūpā Saiya - jin da Son Gokū ( 超 サイヤ 人 だ 孫悟空 ) Super Saiyan Son Goku Lord Slug March 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 09 ) August 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 07 ) 8 Tobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō ( と びっき り の 最強 対 最強 ) The Incredible Strongest vs. Strongest Cooler 's Revenge July 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) January 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 22 ) 9 Gekitotsu ! ! 100 - oku Pawā no Senshi - tachi ( 激突 ! ! 100 億 パワー の 戦士 たち ) Clash ! ! The Power of 10 Billion Warriors The Return of Cooler March 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 07 ) August 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 13 ) 10 Kyokugen Batoru ! ! San Dai Sūpā Saiya - jin ( 極限 バトル ! ! 三 大 超 サイヤ 人 ) Extreme Battle ! Three Great Super Saiyans Super Android 13 ! July 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 11 ) February 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 04 ) 11 Moetsukiro ! ! Nessen Ressen Chō - gekisen ( 燃えつきろ ! ! 熱戦 ・ 烈 戦 ・ 超 激戦 ) Burn Up ! ! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan March 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 06 ) August 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 26 ) 12 Ginga Girigiri ! ! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu ( 銀河 ギリギリ ! ! ぶっ ちぎり の 凄い 奴 ) The Galaxy at the Brink ! ! The Super Incredible Guy Bojack Unbound July 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 10 ) August 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 17 ) 13 Kiken na Futari ! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai ( 危険 な ふたり ! 超 戦士 は ねむれ ない ) The Dangerous Duo ! Super Warriors Never Rest Broly -- Second Coming March 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 12 ) April 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 05 ) 14 Sūpā Senshi Gekiha ! ! Katsu no wa Ore da ( 超 戦士 撃破 ! ! 勝つ の は オレ だ ) Super Warrior Defeat ! ! I 'll Be the Winner Bio-Broly July 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 09 ) September 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) 15 Fukkatsu no Fyūjon ! ! Goku to Vejīta ( 復活 の フュージョン ! ! 悟空 と ベジータ ) The Rebirth of Fusion ! ! Goku and Vegeta Fusion Reborn March 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 04 ) March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 16 Ryū - ken Bakuhatsu ! ! Gokū ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru ( 龍 拳 爆発 ! ! 悟空 が やら ねば 誰が やる ) Dragon Fist Explosion ! ! If Goku Ca n't Do It , Who Will ? Wrath of the Dragon July 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 15 ) September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) 17 Saikyō e no Michi ( 最強 へ の 道 ) The Path to Ultimate Power The Path to Power March 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 04 ) April 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) 18 Kami to Kami ( 神 と 神 ) God and God Battle of Gods March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) August 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 19 Fukkatsu no ' F ' ( 復活 の 「 F 」 ) Resurrection of F Resurrection ' F ' April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) August 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 20 Burorī ( ブロリー ) Broly Broly December 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 14 ) January 2019 ( January 2019 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) Television specials ( edit ) The Dragon Ball franchise has spawned three one - hour long television specials that aired on Fuji TV , the first two based on the `` Z '' portion of the series and the third based on the `` GT '' portion . Of these specials , the first and third are original stories created by the anime staff , while the second is based on a special chapter of the manga . Though the specials aired on TV in Japan , Funimation 's North American releases of the episodes are on home video , each one labeled `` Feature '' the same as their theatrical films . This , doubled with the inclusion of the `` Z '' specials in Funimation 's remastered `` Movie Double Features '' has caused fans to continue to erroneously believe these to be theatrical films , when they are not . On April 7 , 2013 , a two - part hour - long crossover TV special , between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko , referred to as Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! aired on Fuji TV . The first part is named `` Run , Strongest Team ! Toriko , Luffy , Goku ! '' ( 走れ 最強 軍団 ! トリコ と ルフィ と 悟空 ! , Hashire Saikyō Gundan ! Toriko to Luffy to Goku ! ) and the second is titled `` History 's Strongest Collaboration vs. Glutton of the Sea '' ( 史上 最強 コラボ VS 海 の 大食漢 , Shijō Saikyō Collaboration vs. Umi no Taishokukan ) . The plot has the International Gourmet Organization ( from Toriko ) sponsoring the Tenka'ichi Shokuōkai , a race with no rules that characters from all three series compete in . On October 8 , 2017 , a two - part TV special of Dragon Ball Super aired on Fuji TV . It counted as both episodes 109 and 110 of the series . Japanese title English translation English title Japanese air date North American release Tatta Hitori no Saishū Kessen ~ Furīza ni Idonda Zetto - senshi Son Gokū no Chichi ~ ( たった ひとり の 最終 決戦 〜 フリーザ に 挑ん だ Z 戦士 孫悟空 の 父 〜 ) A Lonesome , Final Battle - The Father of Z Warrior Son Goku , who Challenged Freeza Bardock -- The Father of Goku October 17 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 17 ) January 30 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 30 ) Zetsubō e no Hankō ! ! Nokosareta Chō - Senshi Gohan to Torankusu ( 絶望 へ の 反抗 ! ! 残 され た 超 戦士 ・ 悟 飯 と トランクス ) Defiance in the Face of Despair ! ! The Remaining Super-Warriors : Gohan and Trunks The History of Trunks February 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 24 ) October 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 24 ) Gokū Gaiden ! Yūki no Akashi wa Sūshinchū ( 悟空 外伝 ! 勇気 の 証し は 四 星球 ) Goku Sidestory ! The Proof of his Courage is the Four - Star Ball A Hero 's Legacy March 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 26 ) November 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special ! ! ( ドリーム 9 トリコ & ワンピース & ドラゴンボール Z 超 コラボ スペシャル ! ! ) Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) - Korezo zen uchūichi no kyūkyoku batoru ! Son Gokū bāsasu Jiren ! ! ( これぞ 全 宇宙 一 の 究極 バトル ! 孫悟空 VS ジレン ! ! ) This is the Ultimate Battle in all the Universes ! Son Goku vs Jiren ! ! October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) - Festival shorts ( edit ) Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! is a 35 - minute short film that was shown at the 2008 Jump Super Anime Tour , which visited ten Japanese cities to celebrate Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 40th anniversary . It was later released as a triple feature DVD with One Piece : Romance Dawn Story and Tegami Bachi : Light and Blue Night Fantasy in 2009 , that was available only through a mail - in offer exclusive to Japanese residents . In 2013 , it was included in the limited edition home video release of Battle of Gods . Another short film , Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock , was shown at the Jump Festa 2012 event on December 17 , 2011 . It is an adaptation of the three part spin - off manga of the same name by Naho Ōishi that ran in V Jump from August to October 2011 , which is a spin - off sequel to the Bardock -- The Father of Goku TV special . It was later released on DVD in the February 3 , 2012 issue of Saikyō Jump together with Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans . The film was included subtitled in the European and North American exclusive Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball Z : For Kinect , released in October 2012 . Japanese title English title Japanese release North American release Ossu ! Kaette Kita Son Gokū to Nakama - tachi ! ! ( オッス ! 帰っ てき た 孫悟空 と 仲間 たち ! ! ) Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! September 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 21 ) - Episōdo obu Bādakku ( エピソード オブ バーダック ) Episode of Bardock December 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 17 ) October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) Original video animations ( edit ) In 1993 , Toei Animation , in cooperation with Weekly Shōnen Jump and V Jump , produced a two - part original video animation ( OVA ) that serves as a video strategy guide to the Family Computer game titled Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans . The first volume was released on VHS on July 23 , while the second was released on August 25 . The animation was also used in the 1994 two part video games , True Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , released for the Playdia . The complete OVA was included in the second Dragon Ball Z Dragon Box DVD set released in Japan in 2003 . The OVA was remade for the 2010 PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 under the title Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans . It was included in Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 as a bonus feature , unlocked at the start of gameplay without any necessary cheat code or in - game achievement , presented in its original Japanese - language audio with subtitles appropriate for each region . It was later released on DVD in the February 3 , 2012 issue of Saikyō Jump together with Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock . Japanese title English title Japanese release North American release Gaiden : Saiya - jin Zetsumetsu Keikaku ( 外伝 サイヤ 人 絶滅 計画 ) Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans August 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 06 ) - Sūpā Saiya - jin Zetsumetsu Keikaku ( 超 サイヤ 人 絶滅 計画 ) Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) November 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) Educational programs ( edit ) Two educational shorts based on the original Dragon Ball anime were produced in 1988 . The first was a traffic safety special titled Goku 's Traffic Safety ( 悟空 の 交通 安全 , Gokū no Kōtsū Ansen ) , while the second was a fire safety special titled Goku 's Fire Brigade ( 悟空 の 消防 隊 , Gokū no Shōbōtai ) . The two educational films were included in the Dragon Box DVD set released in Japan in 2004 . See also ( edit ) Dragon Ball portal List of Dragon Ball characters List of Dragon Ball manga volumes List of Dragon Ball episodes List of Dragon Ball Z episodes List of Dragon Ball GT episodes List of Dragon Ball Kai episodes List of Dragon Ball Super episodes List of Dragon Ball video games List of Dragon Ball soundtracks Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Title used for the home video release in Japan , the original theatrical release was simply titled Dragon Ball . Jump up ^ Known as Sleeping Beauty in Devil Castle in Europe . Jump up ^ Title used for the home video release in Japan , the original theatrical release was simply titled Dragon Ball Z . Jump up ^ Also known as Dead Zone Vortex in television airings in North America , In Pursuit of Garlic in Europe , and The Vengeance of the Demon King in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Strongest Guy in the World in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Battle in the World in Europe and The Quest for Earth in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Saiya Son Goku in Europe and Super Saiya People , Goku in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Rivals in Europe and The Strongest Rivals in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Fight ! 10 Billion Power Warriors in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Battle of the Three Super Saiyans in Europe and Super Battle of 3 Super Saiyas in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Burning Battles in Europe and The Burning Battle in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Guy in the Galaxy in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Dangerous Rivals in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Revival Fusion in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Explosion of Dragon Punch in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Father of Goku in Europe . Jump up ^ Known as Gohan and Trunks in Europe and The History of Trunk in Malaysia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Film Set Between 517th & 518th Manga Chapters '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Key Visual For 2015 Dragon Ball Z Film Reveals Frieza '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 大 全集 6 : MOVIES & TV SPECIALS ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 1995 . pp. 212 -- 216 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 782756 - 9 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-07-09/dragon-ball-super-film-reveals-dragon-ball-super-broly-title-visual/.133123 Jump up ^ `` Funimation Is Bringing Dragon Ball Super : Broly to North American Theaters in 2019 '' . IGN . Jul 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toriko , One Piece , Dragon Ball Z Get Crossover Anime Special '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Crossover Lineup Revealed '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jump Super Anime Tour Announcement '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) . 40 ( 21 ) : 54 & 55 . April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New DB , Tegami Bachi , Romance Dawn Anime DVD Offered '' . Anime News Network . 2008 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock to Be Shown in December '' . Anime News Network . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 Dragon Ball Anime Specials Get DVD Release '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z FOR KINECT TO FEATURE EXCLUSIVE PLAYABLE CHARACTER AND ANIME EPISODE '' . Crunchyroll. 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball : RB2 Game to Add New 1 / 2 - Hour Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . hide Dragon Ball films and TV specials Animated ( Dragon Ball ) Curse of the Blood Rubies Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle Mystical Adventure The Path to Power Animated ( Z ) Dead Zone The World 's Strongest The Tree of Might Lord Slug Cooler 's Revenge The Return of Cooler Super Android 13 ! Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan Bojack Unbound Broly -- Second Coming Bio-Broly Fusion Reborn Wrath of the Dragon Battle of Gods Resurrection ' F ' Animated ( Super ) Broly TV specials Bardock -- The Father of Goku The History of Trunks A Hero 's Legacy OVAs Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans Festival Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! Episode of Bardock Live action Ssawora Son Goku , Igyeora Son Goku The Magic Begins Evolution Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_films&oldid=850011211 '' Categories : Dragon Ball films Animated television specials Dragon Ball lists Lists of anime films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 23 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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Day of the Dead

Day of the Dead - wikipedia Day of the Dead Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mexican holiday . For other uses , see Day of the Dead ( disambiguation ) . Day of the Dead Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta , México DF Observed by Mexico , and regions with large Hispanic populations Type Cultural Syncretic Christian Significance Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died Celebrations Creation of altars to remember the dead , traditional dishes for Day of the Dead Begins October 31 Ends November 2 Date October 31 Next time 31 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) Frequency Annual Related to All Saints ' Day Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos in Anglophone countries , a back - translation of its original name , Día de Muertos . It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday . Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century , the celebration took place at the beginning of summer . Gradually , it was associated with October 31 , November 1 , and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide : All Saints ' Eve , All Saints ' Day , and All Souls ' Day . Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas , honoring the deceased using calaveras , aztec marigolds , and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed , and visiting graves with these as gifts . Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves . Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The holiday has spread throughout the world , being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead . It has become a national symbol and as such is taught ( for educational purposes ) in the nation 's schools . Many families celebrate a traditional `` All Saints ' Day '' associated with the Catholic Church . Originally , the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico , where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions . The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity . They held the traditional ' All Saints ' Day ' in the same way as other Christians in the world . There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region , and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico , where the holiday was celebrated . In the early 21st century in northern Mexico , Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s ; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions . The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies ' observances of a time to honor the dead . The Spanish tradition , for instance , includes festivals and parades , as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observance in Mexico 1.1 Origins 1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Food 2 Observances outside Mexico 2.1 Asia 2.1. 1 Goa , India 2.1. 2 The Philippines 2.2 Europe 2.3 Oceania 2.4 North and Central America 2.4. 1 Belize 2.4. 2 Guatemala 2.4. 3 United States 2.4. 3.1 California 2.5 South America 2.5. 1 Bolivia 2.5. 2 Brazil 2.5. 3 Ecuador 2.6 Peru 3 Similar traditions 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Further reading Observance in Mexico Origins Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the `` Alumbrada '' vigil in San Andrés Mixquic The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures . Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500 -- 3,000 years . The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar , about the beginning of August , and was celebrated for an entire month . The festivities were dedicated to the goddess known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' , corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina . By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico , practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1 , and to honor deceased adults on November 2 . November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ( `` Day of the Innocents '' ) but also as Día de los Angelitos ( `` Day of the Little Angels '' ) ; November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ( `` Day of the Dead '' ) . Beliefs This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frances Ann Day summarizes the three - day celebration , the Day of the Dead : `` On October 31 , All Hallows Eve , the children make a children 's altar to invite the angelitos ( spirits of dead children ) to come back for a visit . November 1 is All Saints Day , and the adult spirits will come to visit . November 2 is All Souls Day , when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives . The three - day fiesta is filled with marigolds , the flowers of the dead ; muertos ( the bread of the dead ) ; sugar skulls ; cardboard skeletons ; tissue paper decorations ; fruit and nuts ; incense , and other traditional foods and decorations . '' -- Latina and Latino Voices in Literature People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages , as well as photos and memorabilia , of the departed . The intent is to encourage visits by the souls , so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them . Celebrations can take a humorous tone , as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed . Mexican cempasúchil ( marigold ) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead Cempasúchil , alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar Plans for the day are made throughout the year , including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead . During the three - day period families usually clean and decorate graves ; most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas ( altars ) , which often include orange Mexican marigolds ( Tagetes erecta ) called cempasúchil ( originally named cempoaxochitl , Nāhuatl for `` twenty flowers '' ) . In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto ( Flower of Dead ) . These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings . Toys are brought for dead children ( los angelitos , or `` the little angels '' ) , and bottles of tequila , mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults . Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased 's favorite candies on the grave . Some families have ofrendas in homes , usually with foods such as candied pumpkin , pan de muerto ( `` bread of dead '' ) , and sugar skulls ; and beverages such as atole . The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased . Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the `` spiritual essence '' of the ofrendas food , so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities , they believe it lacks nutritional value . Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey . In some parts of Mexico , such as the towns of Mixquic , Pátzcuaro and Janitzio , people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives . In many places , people have picnics at the grave site , as well . Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico , 1995 Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes ; these sometimes feature a Christian cross , statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pictures of deceased relatives and other people , scores of candles , and an ofrenda . Traditionally , families spend some time around the altar , praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased . In some locations , celebrants wear shells on their clothing , so when they dance , the noise will wake up the dead ; some will also dress up as the deceased . Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas , usually omitting the religious symbols . Government offices usually have at least a small altar , as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage . Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems , called calaveras ( skulls ) , mocking epitaphs of friends , describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes . This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future , `` and all of us were dead '' , proceeding to read the tombstones . Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures , with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada , a Mexican illustrator . Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla ( 1817 -- 1893 ) are also traditional on this day . Modern representations of Catrina José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ( `` The Elegant Skull '' ) as a parody of a Mexican upper - class female . Posada 's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead , and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances . A common symbol of the holiday is the skull ( in Spanish calavera ) , which celebrants represent in masks , called calacas ( colloquial term for skeleton ) , and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls , which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead . Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead . Other holiday foods include pan de muerto , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits , often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones . The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal , often varying from town to town . For example , in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán , the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult . On November 1 of the year after a child 's death , the godparents set a table in the parents ' home with sweets , fruits , pan de muerto , a cross , a rosary ( used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them ) and candles . This is meant to celebrate the child 's life , in respect and appreciation for the parents . There is also dancing with colorful costumes , often with skull - shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town . At midnight on November 2 , the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas ( butterflies ) to Janitzio , an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery , to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there . In contrast , the town of Ocotepec , north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos , opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras ( small wax candles ) to show respect for the recently deceased . In return the visitors receive tamales and atole . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year . Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors . In some parts of the country ( especially the cities , where in recent years other customs have been displaced ) children in costumes roam the streets , knocking on people 's doors for a calaverita , a small gift of candies or money ; they also ask passersby for it . This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween 's trick - or - treating in the United States . Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck . Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them . They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda . Food During Day of the Dead festivities , food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) . Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes . Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead . Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun , topped with sugar , and often decorated with bone - shaped phalanges pieces . Calaveras , or sugar skulls , display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed . In addition to food , drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead . Historically , the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors . Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado , warm , thick , non-alcoholic masa drinks . Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) , known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico . It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice . The ruby - red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English - speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica ( water of Jamaica ) in Spanish . Observances outside Mexico See also : Festival of the Dead Asia Goa , india The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510 . The Almacho Dis ( Souls Day ) is commemorated on Nov 2 , following all Saints Day ( Nov. 1 ) . On this day , the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls . Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch ( bikareanchem jevonn ) where the poor are invited for lunch , from the village and treated with dignity and respect . The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls . Following mass on all souls day , the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves . The philippines While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture , the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands ( as part of the Spanish East Indies ) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . During the holiday ( observed every November 1 ) , Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves , which they repair and clean . Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones ' tombs , passing time with card games , eating , drinking , singing and dancing . Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased , who are normally offered candles , flowers , food , and even liquor . Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead , and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival . Europe In Christian Europe , Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions . All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead . Over many centuries , rites which had occurred in cultivated fields , where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest , to cemeteries . In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage , All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work , go to cemeteries with candles and flowers , and give presents to children , usually sweets and toys . In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) are made on this day . In Spain , the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed . In Belgium , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain , people bring flowers ( typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe ) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead . In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins . In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper . Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors . Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions . As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague , Czech Republic , since the late 20th century , some local citizens join in a Mexican - style Day of the Dead . A theatre group produces events featuring masks , candles , and sugar skulls . Oceania Mexican - style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia , Fiji , and Indonesia . Additionally , prominent celebrations are held in Wellington , New Zealand , complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts . North and central america Belize In Belize , Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity . The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means `` food for the souls '' in their language . Altars are constructed and decorated with food , drinks , candies , and candles put on them . Guatemala Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead , on November 1 , are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors . A big event also is the consumption of fiambre , which is made only for this day during the year . United States An ánima for the dead Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco , California In many American communities with Mexican residents , Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico . In some of these communities , in states such as Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional . The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson , Arizona event since 1990 . The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals . People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned . Likewise , Old Town San Diego , California annually hosts a traditional two - day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery . In Missoula , Montana , celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts , riding novelty bicycles , and traveling on skis parade through town . The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston 's Jamaica Plain neighborhood . Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata , the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death . People bring offerings of flowers , photos , mementos , and food for their departed loved ones , which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar . A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event . The Smithsonian Institution , in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life , have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book : Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead . The project 's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead , such as the background beliefs and the offrenda ( the special altar commemorating one 's deceased loved one ) . The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content , such as further details ; additional photo galleries ; pop - up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades ; and video clips of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos - themed artwork , explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances , an animation short that explains the customs to children , virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish . California Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale , Oakland , California , 2016 Santa Ana , California is said to hold the `` largest event in Southern California '' honoring Día de Muertos , called the annual Noche de Altares , which began in 2002 . The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1 , 2015 . In other communities , interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements . For example , in Los Angeles , California , the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican - American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements , such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War , highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers . An updated , intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery . There , in a mixture of Native Californian art , Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip , conventional altars are set up side - by - side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone . Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists , while sly pranksters play on traditional themes . Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco . For example , the Galería de la Raza , SomArts Cultural Center , Mission Cultural Center , de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project . Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district . Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts . Also , the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October . Here , a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers , regional Mexican music , and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day . South america Bolivia Dia de los ñatitas ( `` Day of the Skulls '' ) is a festival celebrated in La Paz , Bolivia , on May 5 . In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial . Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals . Traditionally , the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year . On November 9 , the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers , sometimes also dressing them in various garments , and making offerings of cigarettes , coca leaves , alcohol , and various other items in thanks for the year 's protection . The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing . Brazil The Brazilian public holiday of Finados ( Day of the Dead ) is celebrated on November 2 . Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations , people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers . The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead . Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous , African and European Catholic origins . Ecuador In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society , though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples , who make up an estimated quarter of the population . Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day - long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones . Ceremonial foods include colada morada , a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize . This is typically consumed with guagua de pan , a bread shaped like a swaddled infant , though variations include many pigs -- the latter being traditional to the city of Loja . The bread , which is wheat flour - based today , but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era , can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste . These traditions have permeated mainstream society , as well , where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season . Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased , cleaning and bringing flowers , or preparing the traditional foods , too . Perú Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives . Sometimes people play music at the cemetery . Similar traditions Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members . Often included in these traditions are celebrations , food , and beverages , in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed . In some African cultures , visits to ancestors ' graves , the leaving of food and gifts , and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals . One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season . The Qingming Festival ( simplified Chinese : 清明 节 ; traditional Chinese : 清明 節 ; pinyin : qīng míng jié ) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar . Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar , it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones . In addition , in the Chinese tradition , the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month ( 鬼 月 ) , in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth . The Bon Festival ( O - bon ( お盆 ) , or only Bon ( 盆 ) ) , is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors . It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month , and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays . In Korea , Chuseok ( 추석 , 秋 夕 ; also called Hangawi ) is a major traditional holiday . People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined , and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning . They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants , clean the area around the tomb , and offer food , drink , and crops to their ancestors . During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ( `` Cow Pilgrimage '' ) , every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches , cloth , and paper decorations , in which are placed portraits of the deceased . As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife , an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom . The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween , with popular subjects including political commentary and satire . In popular culture This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Disneyland Resorts ' annual `` Halloween Time '' celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland . The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences . The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who , on the Day of the Dead , embarks on an afterlife adventure . In the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , the opening sequence featured a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City . At the time , no such parade took place in Mexico City ; one year later , due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture , the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual `` Día de Muertos '' parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29 , 2016 , which was attended by 250,000 people . The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode `` A Night to Remember '' focused on Dias de los Muertos . The upcoming 2017 film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday in its plot . See also Literary Calaverita Danse Macabre Samhain Skull art Thursday of the Dead Veneration of the dead Walpurgis Night References Notes Jump up ^ `` Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead '' . UNESCO . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . El Museo del Barrio . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Days of the Dead '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Frances Ann ( 2003 ) . Latina and Latino Voices in Literature . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0313323942 . Jump up ^ Lumaban , Weely A. ( October -- November 2008 ) . `` All Soul 's Day '' . The Bread Basket . Vol . V no . 3 . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 23 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Lee , Stacy ( 2002 ) . Mexico and the United States . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0761474021 . Jump up ^ Cazares , Eduardo ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Día de Muertos en Nuevo León '' . Diario Cultura . Diario Cultura.mx . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Gustavo . `` Hasta en el velorio , las penas con pan son menos '' . Milenio . ^ Jump up to : `` Dia de Todos los Santos : All Saints ' Day in Spain '' . don Quijote . Ideal Education Group S.L . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Carlos ( 2005 ) . `` History : Indigenous people would n't let ' Day of the Dead ' die '' . The Arizona Republic . Day of the Dead -- Día De Los Muertos . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , R.J. ( 2003 ) . John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani , ed . Death and Bereavement Around the World : Death and Bereavement in the Americas . Death , Value and Meaning Series , Vol. II . Amityville , New York : Baywood Publishing Company . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 89503 - 232 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Palfrey , Dale Hoyt ( 1995 ) . `` The Day of the Dead '' . Día de los Muertos Index . Access Mexico Connect . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Turim , Gayle ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats '' . History Stories . History Channel . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Godoy , Maria . `` Sugar Skulls , Tamales And More : Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar ? '' . NPR . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castella , Krystina ( October 2010 ) . `` Pan de Muerto Recipe '' . Epicurious . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica iced tea '' . Cooking in Mexico . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Photograph of cemetery decorated with flowers '' ( GIF ) , UCAnews , Union of Catholic Asian News ( UCAN ) , November 2011 Jump up ^ `` All Saints Day celebrations in Italy '' . ITALY Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague , Radio Czech . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dead in Wellington , New Zealand '' . Scoop.co.nz . October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Betsy ; Wood , Joshua . `` Visit to cemetery in Guatemala '' . Expatexchange.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wise , Danno. `` Port Isabel 's Day of the Dead Celebration '' . Texas Travel . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . visitalbuquerque.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hedding , Judy . `` Day of the Dead '' . Phoenix . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White , Erin ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` All Souls Procession '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Old Town San Diego 's Dia de los Muertos '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saroff , Steve S. ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Missoula Day of the Dead Parade , November 2nd 2006 , 6pm . Intersection of Higgins and Broadway '' . Saroff Photography . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead ( Version 1.2 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum '' . Ustream . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . `` Day of the Dead '' . Theater of the Dead . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Smithsonian - UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival : A 2D and 3D Experience ! '' . Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Less - scary holiday : Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick - or - treating '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares ? Santa Ana 's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Making a night of Day of the Dead '' Los Angeles Times October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos ( Day of the Dead ) -- San Francisco '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Vicky ( October 27 , 2000 ) . `` Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Guidi , Ruxandra ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Las Natitas '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Fiona ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Bolivians Honor Skull - Toting Tradition '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All Saints day in Bolivia -- `` The skull festival '' `` . Bolivia Line ( May 2005 ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Gonzalo ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` Diversity in Remembering the Dead '' . InterPress Service News Agency . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perú : así se vivió Día de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima '' . Peru . peru.com . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Igor ( 1971 ) . `` Ancestors as Elders '' . Africa . Cambridge University Press . 41 : 129 -- 42 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Martin , Caroline ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Nepali Day of the Dead : An American citizen reporter visits the Gai Jatra festival '' . OhmyNews . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos '' . Disneyland . Disney . 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grim Fandango Remastered Review '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` El Tigre '' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with `` Book of Life '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade '' . BBC . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fotogalería : Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Galerías Archivo '' . Televisa News . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead . Andrade , Mary J. `` Day of the Dead A Passion for Life -- Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida '' . La Oferta Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791624 - 04 Anguiano , Mariana , et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México . Mexico City 1987 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1997 ) . `` Sugar , Colonialism , and Death : On the Origins of Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 39 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500020624 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` The Day of the Dead , Halloween , and the Quest for Mexican National Identity '' . Journal of American Folklore. 442 : 359 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 541045 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` Iconography in Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Ethnohistory . Duke University Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 218 . Brandes , Stanley ( December 15 , 2006 ) . Skulls to the Living , Bread to the Dead . Blackwell Publishing . p. 232 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5247 - 8 . Cadafalch , Antoni . The Day of the Dead . Korero Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907621 - 01 - 7 Carmichael , Elizabeth ; Sayer , Chloe . The Skeleton at the Feast : The Day of the Dead in Mexico . Great Britain : The Bath Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2503 - 2 Conklin , Paul . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic 66 ( 2001 ) : 38 -- 41 . Garcia - Rivera , Alex . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic 62 ( 1997 ) : 50 . Haley , Shawn D. ; Fukuda , Curt . Day of the Dead : When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca . Berhahn Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 083 - 3 Lane , Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich , Días de los Muertos / Days of the Dead . Chicago 1987 . Lomnitz , Claudio . Death and the Idea of Mexico . Zone Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 53 - 6 Matos Moctezuma , Eduardo , et al. `` Miccahuitl : El culto a la muerte , '' Special issue of Artes de México 145 ( 1971 ) Nutini , Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala : A Syncretic , Expressive , and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead . Princeton 1988 . Oliver Vega , Beatriz , et al . The Days of the Dead , a Mexican Tradition . Mexico City 1988 . Roy , Ann . `` A Crack Between the Worlds '' . Commonwealth 122 ( 1995 ) : 13 -- 16 . 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All-time Olympic Games medal table

All - time Olympic Games medal table - wikipedia All - time Olympic Games medal table Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The silver medal was awarded to the winner of each event during the 1896 Summer Olympics . The current system of gold , silver , and bronze medals was not implemented until the 1906 Olympic Games An all - time medal table for all Olympic Games from 1896 to 2018 , including Summer Olympic Games , Winter Olympic Games , and a combined total of both , is tabulated below . These Olympic medal counts do not include the 1906 Intercalated Games which are no longer recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) as official Games . The IOC itself does not publish all - time tables , and publishes unofficial tables only per single Games . This table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IOC database . The results are attributed to the IOC country code as currently displayed by the IOC database . Usually , a single code corresponds to a single National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . When different codes are displayed for different years , medal counts are combined in the case of a simple change of IOC code ( such as from HOL to NED for the Netherlands ) or simple change of country name ( such as from Ceylon to Sri Lanka ) . As the medals are attributed to each NOC , not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NOC , such as before independence of that country ( see individual footnotes for special cases such as combined teams ) . Names in italic are national entities that no longer exist . The totals of NOCs are not combined with those of their predecessors and successors . World map showing which nations have won Summer Olympic medals . World map showing which nations have won Winter Olympic medals . Contents 1 NOCs with medals 2 NOCs without medals 3 Variations 3.1 Early Olympics 3.2 Germany 3.3 Russia and the Soviet Union 4 Notes 4.1 Obsolete nations notes 4.2 Name changes notes 4.3 Participation notes 4.4 Disputed participation notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links NOCs with medals The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee , but can be displayed as sorted by any other column , such as the total number of gold medals or total number of overall medals . To sort by gold , silver , and then bronze , sort first by the bronze column , then the silver , and then the gold . The table does not include the medals revoked ( e.g. , due to doping , etc . ) . Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , and all changes in medal standings due to doping cases up to and including 25 February 2018 are taken into account . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Afghanistan ( AFG ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Algeria ( ALG ) 13 5 8 17 0 0 0 0 16 5 8 17 Argentina ( ARG ) 24 21 25 28 74 19 0 0 0 0 43 21 25 28 74 Armenia ( ARM ) 6 6 6 14 7 0 0 0 0 13 6 6 14 Australasia ( ANZ ) 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 Australia ( AUS ) 26 147 163 187 497 19 5 5 5 15 45 152 168 192 512 Austria ( AUT ) 27 18 33 36 87 23 64 81 87 232 50 82 114 123 319 Azerbaijan ( AZE ) 6 7 11 25 43 6 0 0 0 0 12 7 11 25 43 Bahamas ( BAH ) 16 6 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 6 6 14 Bahrain ( BRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Barbados ( BAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Belarus ( BLR ) 6 12 27 39 78 7 8 5 5 18 13 20 32 44 96 Belgium ( BEL ) 26 40 53 55 148 21 6 47 41 55 58 154 Bermuda ( BER ) 18 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 Bohemia ( BOH ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana ( BOT ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Brazil ( BRA ) 22 30 36 62 128 8 0 0 0 0 30 30 36 62 128 British West Indies ( BWI ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bulgaria ( BUL ) 20 51 87 80 218 20 6 40 52 89 83 224 Burundi ( BDI ) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Cameroon ( CMR ) 14 6 0 0 0 0 15 6 Canada ( CAN ) 26 64 102 136 302 23 73 64 62 199 49 137 166 198 501 Chile ( CHI ) 23 7 13 17 0 0 0 0 40 7 13 China ( CHN ) 10 224 167 155 546 11 13 28 21 62 21 237 195 176 608 Colombia ( COL ) 19 5 9 14 28 0 0 0 0 21 5 9 14 28 Costa Rica ( CRC ) 15 6 0 0 0 0 21 Ivory Coast ( CIV ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Croatia ( CRO ) 7 11 10 12 33 8 6 11 15 15 16 13 44 Cuba ( CUB ) 20 78 68 79 225 0 0 0 0 0 20 78 68 79 225 Cyprus ( CYP ) 10 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 6 15 17 24 56 7 9 11 11 31 13 24 28 35 87 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 16 49 49 45 143 16 8 15 25 32 51 57 60 168 Denmark ( DEN ) 27 45 74 75 194 14 0 0 41 45 75 75 195 Djibouti ( DJI ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 14 7 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 Ecuador ( ECU ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Egypt ( EGY ) 22 7 10 15 32 0 0 0 0 23 7 10 15 32 Eritrea ( ERI ) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Estonia ( EST ) 12 9 9 16 34 10 7 22 13 11 17 41 Ethiopia ( ETH ) 13 22 11 20 53 0 0 0 0 15 22 11 20 53 Fiji ( FIJ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Finland ( FIN ) 25 101 85 117 303 23 43 63 61 167 48 144 148 178 470 France ( FRA ) 28 212 241 263 716 23 36 35 53 124 51 248 276 316 840 Gabon ( GAB ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Georgia ( GEO ) 6 8 8 17 33 7 0 0 0 0 13 8 8 17 33 Germany ( GER ) 16 191 194 230 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 282 290 855 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 28 54 36 118 8 6 5 19 6 36 60 41 137 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 153 129 127 409 6 39 36 35 110 11 192 165 162 519 West Germany ( FRG ) 5 56 67 81 204 6 11 15 13 39 11 67 82 94 243 Ghana ( GHA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 Great Britain ( GBR ) 28 263 295 291 849 23 11 16 31 51 274 299 307 880 Greece ( GRE ) 28 33 43 40 116 19 0 0 0 0 47 33 43 40 116 Grenada ( GRN ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 Guatemala ( GUA ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 Guyana ( GUY ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Haiti ( HAI ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Hong Kong ( HKG ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 26 175 147 169 491 23 7 49 176 149 173 498 Iceland ( ISL ) 20 0 18 0 0 0 0 38 0 India ( IND ) 24 9 7 12 28 10 0 0 0 0 34 9 7 12 28 Indonesia ( INA ) 15 7 13 12 32 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 13 12 32 Iran ( IRI ) 16 19 22 28 69 11 0 0 0 0 27 19 22 28 69 Iraq ( IRQ ) 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 Ireland ( IRL ) 21 9 10 12 31 7 0 0 0 0 28 9 10 12 31 Israel ( ISR ) 16 7 9 7 0 0 0 0 23 7 9 Italy ( ITA ) 27 206 178 193 577 23 40 36 48 124 50 246 214 241 701 Jamaica ( JAM ) 17 22 35 20 77 8 0 0 0 0 25 22 35 20 77 Japan ( JPN ) 22 142 135 162 439 21 14 22 22 58 43 156 157 184 497 Jordan ( JOR ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 6 15 20 27 62 7 8 13 16 23 31 70 Kenya ( KEN ) 14 31 38 33 102 0 0 0 0 18 31 38 33 102 Kosovo ( KOS ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Korea ( PRK ) 10 16 16 22 54 9 0 19 16 17 23 56 South Korea ( KOR ) 17 90 87 90 267 18 31 25 14 70 35 121 112 104 337 Kuwait ( KUW ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Kyrgyzstan ( KGZ ) 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 11 11 5 19 11 0 8 22 15 9 27 Lebanon ( LIB ) 17 0 17 0 0 0 0 34 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 17 0 0 0 0 19 6 10 36 6 10 Lithuania ( LTU ) 9 6 7 12 25 9 0 0 0 0 18 6 7 12 25 Luxembourg ( LUX ) 23 0 9 0 0 32 0 Macedonia ( MKD ) 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Malaysia ( MAS ) 13 0 7 11 0 0 0 0 14 0 7 11 Mauritius ( MRI ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Mexico ( MEX ) 23 13 24 32 69 9 0 0 0 0 32 13 24 32 69 Moldova ( MDA ) 6 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 5 Mongolia ( MGL ) 13 10 14 26 14 0 0 0 0 27 10 14 26 Montenegro ( MNE ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 Morocco ( MAR ) 14 6 5 12 23 7 0 0 0 0 21 6 5 12 23 Mozambique ( MOZ ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 Namibia ( NAM ) 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 Netherlands ( NED ) 26 85 92 108 285 21 45 44 41 130 47 130 136 149 415 Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 23 46 27 44 117 16 0 39 46 28 46 120 Niger ( NIG ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Nigeria ( NGR ) 16 10 12 25 0 0 0 0 17 10 12 25 Norway ( NOR ) 25 56 49 47 152 23 132 125 111 368 48 188 174 158 520 Pakistan ( PAK ) 17 10 0 0 0 0 20 10 Panama ( PAN ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 Paraguay ( PAR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Peru ( PER ) 18 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Philippines ( PHI ) 21 0 7 10 5 0 0 0 0 26 0 7 10 Poland ( POL ) 21 68 83 133 284 23 7 7 8 22 44 75 90 141 306 Portugal ( POR ) 24 8 12 24 8 0 0 0 0 32 8 12 24 Puerto Rico ( PUR ) 18 6 9 7 0 0 0 0 25 6 9 Qatar ( QAT ) 9 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 5 Romania ( ROU ) 21 89 95 122 306 21 0 0 42 89 95 123 307 Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russian Empire ( RU1 ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1,010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1,204 Unified Team ( EUN ) 45 38 29 112 9 6 8 23 54 44 37 135 Saudi Arabia ( KSA ) 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 Samoa ( SAM ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 Senegal ( SEN ) 14 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Serbia ( SRB ) 6 6 15 0 0 0 0 7 6 6 15 Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Singapore ( SIN ) 16 5 0 0 0 0 17 5 Slovakia ( SVK ) 6 9 12 7 28 7 8 13 12 16 8 36 Slovenia ( SLO ) 7 5 8 10 23 8 5 10 17 15 7 13 20 40 South Africa ( RSA ) 19 26 31 29 86 7 0 0 0 0 26 26 31 29 86 Spain ( ESP ) 23 45 64 41 150 20 0 43 46 64 44 154 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 Sudan ( SUD ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Suriname ( SUR ) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Sweden ( SWE ) 27 145 170 179 494 23 57 46 55 158 50 202 216 234 652 Switzerland ( SUI ) 28 50 75 67 192 23 55 46 52 153 51 105 121 119 345 Syria ( SYR ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 13 Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) 14 5 7 12 24 12 0 0 0 0 26 5 7 12 24 Tajikistan ( TJK ) 6 0 0 0 0 10 Tanzania ( TAN ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 Thailand ( THA ) 16 9 8 16 33 0 0 0 0 20 9 8 16 33 Togo ( TOG ) 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 Tonga ( TGA ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 17 6 11 19 0 0 0 0 20 6 11 19 Tunisia ( TUN ) 14 7 13 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 13 Turkey ( TUR ) 22 39 24 28 91 17 0 0 0 0 39 39 24 28 91 Uganda ( UGA ) 15 7 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 Ukraine ( UKR ) 6 35 30 56 121 7 8 13 38 31 60 129 United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 United States ( USA ) 27 1,022 795 705 2,522 23 105 110 90 305 50 1,127 905 795 2,827 Uruguay ( URU ) 21 6 10 0 0 0 0 22 6 10 Uzbekistan ( UZB ) 6 8 6 17 31 7 0 0 13 9 6 17 32 Venezuela ( VEN ) 18 10 15 0 0 0 0 22 10 15 Vietnam ( VIE ) 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 Virgin Islands ( ISV ) 12 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 18 28 31 31 90 16 0 34 28 34 32 94 Zambia ( ZAM ) 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 Zimbabwe ( ZIM ) 13 8 0 0 0 0 14 8 Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 17 6 9 17 Mixed team ( ZZX ) 8 5 17 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 17 Totals 28 5,115 5,080 5,482 15,677 23 1,060 1,058 1,050 3,168 51 6,175 6,138 6,532 18,845 The sum total of gold , silver and bronze medals are not equal for the following reasons : Some combat sports ( such as boxing , judo , taekwondo and wrestling ) award two bronze medals per competition . Some tied performances have resulted in multiple medals of the same colour being awarded for an event . If this tie is for gold or silver , there will be a consequent absence of a silver or bronze medal for that event . Not all medals which have been revoked have been re-awarded . In a handful of early events , such as Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics , there were fewer than three entrants eligible to receive medals . NOCs without medals After the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , 71 of the current 206 National Olympic Committees , 7 historic National Olympic Committees , and the Refugee Olympic Team have not yet won an Olympic medal . Team ( IOC code ) No Summer No Winter No Games Albania ( ALB ) 8 12 American Samoa ( ASA ) 8 9 Andorra ( AND ) 11 12 23 Angola ( ANG ) 9 0 9 Antigua and Barbuda ( ANT ) 10 0 10 Aruba ( ARU ) 8 0 8 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 9 0 9 Belize ( BIZ ) 12 0 12 Benin ( BEN ) 11 0 11 Bhutan ( BHU ) 9 0 9 Bolivia ( BOL ) 14 6 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BIH ) 7 7 14 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 9 11 Brunei ( BRU ) 5 0 5 Burkina Faso ( BUR ) 9 0 9 Cambodia ( CAM ) 9 0 9 Cape Verde ( CPV ) 6 0 6 Cayman Islands ( CAY ) 10 12 Central African Republic ( CAF ) 10 0 10 Chad ( CHA ) 12 0 12 Comoros ( COM ) 6 0 6 Congo ( CGO ) 12 0 12 Democratic Republic of the Congo ( COD ) 10 0 10 Cook Islands ( COK ) 8 0 8 Dominica ( DMA ) 6 7 El Salvador ( ESA ) 11 0 11 Equatorial Guinea ( GEQ ) 9 0 9 The Gambia ( GAM ) 9 0 9 Guam ( GUM ) 8 9 Guinea ( GUI ) 11 0 11 Guinea - Bissau ( GBS ) 6 0 6 Honduras ( HON ) 11 12 Kiribati ( KIR ) 0 Korea ( COR ) 0 Laos ( LAO ) 9 0 9 Lesotho ( LES ) 11 0 11 Liberia ( LBR ) 12 0 12 Libya ( LBA ) 10 0 10 Madagascar ( MAD ) 12 14 Malawi ( MAW ) 10 0 10 Maldives ( MDV ) 8 0 8 Mali ( MLI ) 13 0 13 Malta ( MLT ) 16 18 Marshall Islands ( MHL ) 0 Mauritania ( MTN ) 9 0 9 Federated States of Micronesia ( FSM ) 5 0 5 Monaco ( MON ) 20 10 30 Myanmar ( MYA ) 17 0 17 Nauru ( NRU ) 6 0 6 Nepal ( NEP ) 13 17 Nicaragua ( NCA ) 12 0 12 Oman ( OMA ) 9 0 9 Palau ( PLW ) 5 0 5 Palestine ( PLE ) 6 0 6 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 10 0 10 Rwanda ( RWA ) 9 0 9 Saint Kitts and Nevis ( SKN ) 6 0 6 Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 6 0 6 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( VIN ) 8 0 8 San Marino ( SMR ) 14 10 24 São Tomé and Príncipe ( STP ) 6 0 6 Seychelles ( SEY ) 9 0 9 Sierra Leone ( SLE ) 11 0 11 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 9 0 9 Somalia ( SOM ) 9 0 9 South Sudan ( SSD ) 0 Swaziland ( SWZ ) 10 11 East Timor ( TLS ) 6 Turkmenistan ( TKM ) 6 0 6 Tuvalu ( TUV ) 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 8 0 8 Yemen ( YEM ) 7 0 7 North Borneo ( NBO ) 0 Malaya ( MAL ) 0 Republic of China ( ROC ) 0 Saar ( SAA ) 0 North Yemen ( YAR ) 0 South Yemen ( YMD ) 0 Refugee Olympic Team ( ROT ) 0 Variations The sections above are based on information published by the International Olympic Committee . Various sources deal with some of the entries in the preceding sections differently . Early Olympics For the 1900 Summer Olympics several countries are credited with appearances that are not considered official by the IOC . Only one of these cases concerns a medal . A gold medal that is officially added to France 's total is given to Luxembourg . Similar cases of disputed nationality affect the 1904 Summer Olympics . France is credited with a silver medal and Norway with two gold medals . In the table above these medals are listed under the United States . Furthermore , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as a historical NOC without medals . Other differences from the official table are based on disagreements about which events were Olympic . This affects several of the events in the 1900 and 1904 Olympics . In addition , some sources include the 1906 Intercalated Games when compiling their medal tables . Germany Germany has competed under five different designations , including as two separate teams at several Games . Sources vary in how they present the medals won by these teams . The table below shows sourced combinations of these teams , when applied to the updated medal totals from the main table . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Germany ( GER ) 16 191 192 232 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 280 292 855 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) 19 219 246 268 733 15 100 94 65 259 34 319 340 333 992 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) 24 275 313 349 937 21 111 109 78 298 45 386 422 427 1235 Germany ( GER ) ( EUA ) ( FRG ) ( GDR ) 25 428 442 476 1346 21 150 145 113 408 46 578 587 589 1754 Russia and the Soviet Union The Russian Federation and the Russian Empire are often combined outside of IOC sources . The Soviet Union is sometimes combined with the post-union team that competed in 1992 . Few sources combine the Soviet Union and Russia as many republics which subsequently gained independence ( Ukraine , Belarus , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia , Armenia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Tadjikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ) contributed to the medal tally of the USSR . Summer Games Winter Games Combined Total Team ( IOC code ) No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total No 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Russia ( RUS ) 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 ) 9 150 128 156 434 6 47 38 35 120 15 197 166 191 554 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 395 319 296 1010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1204 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 10 440 357 325 1122 10 87 63 67 217 20 527 420 392 1339 Russia ( RUS ) ( RU1 ) Soviet Union ( URS ) ( EUN ) 19 590 485 481 1556 16 134 101 102 337 35 724 586 583 1893 Notes Obsolete nations notes → , Australasia ( ANZ ) was a combined team of athletes from Australia ( AUS ) and New Zealand ( NZL ) . They competed together during the 1908 and 1912 Games . → → , Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) after World War I , athletes from Bohemia ( BOH ) ( now part of the present - day Czech Republic ) competed in 1900 , 1908 , and 1912 Games . Czechoslovakia competed in 1920 -- 1992 , from 1994 represented by successor NOCs of Czech Republic ( CZE ) and Slovakia ( SVK ) . → , , Athletes from Barbados ( BAR ) , Jamaica ( JAM ) , and Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) competed as the British West Indies ( BWI ) at the 1960 Games . The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958 -- 1962 , so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964 . , , , → Germany ( GER ) competed 1896 -- 1952 and from 1992 . Due to the partition of Germany after World War II , Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games -- Germany ( GER ) and the Saar ( SAA ) . The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957 , and Saar athletes then competed for Germany . East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team , as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted `` provisional '' recognition by the IOC in 1955 . For the Games of 1956 -- 1964 , Germany participated as a United Team of Germany ( EUA ) , representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany . Retrospectively , the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team . After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968 , East Germany ( GDR ) and West Germany ( FRG ) competed as two independent teams from the 1968 to the 1988 Games . , → Athletes from Malaya ( MAL ) and North Borneo ( NBO ) competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games , prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia ( MAS ) in 1963 . The Netherlands Antilles ( AHO ) , an autonomous country within the Netherlands ( NED ) , competed 1952 -- 2008 . The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee 's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 because of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles . → → → Russian Empire ( RU1 ) participated at the 1900 , 1908 and 1912 Games prior to the World War I. Soviet Union ( URS ) competed from 1952 to 1988 . Unified Team ( EUN ) is the generic name used for a combined team of six post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics and a combined team of twelve post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics . Russian Federation ( RUS ) and the other fourteen post-Soviet republics started competing independently since 1992 ( Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia ) , 1994 or 1996 . , → , Serbia ( SRB , 1912 , 2006 - current ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912 . Yugoslavia ( YUG , 1920 - 1992 Winter ) competed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( officially the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes until 1929 ) in five Games ( 1920 -- 1936 ) before the Second World War . They later competed as Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the Games ( 1948 -- 1992 Winter ) . This ended with the Breakup of Yugoslavia . Some ex-Yugoslavian nations ( Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina ) have competed as independent teams since 1992 . Individual athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) competed as Independent Olympic Participants ( IOP ) at the 1992 Summer Games because of sanctions placed by the United Nations . Athletes representing Macedonia likewise competed as independent olympic participants because their NOC had not yet been formed . Since 1996 Macedonia has competed as independent team . The combined team Serbia and Montenegro ( SCG , 2004 - 2006 ) consisted of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro . They competed as Yugoslavia from ( YUG , 1996 -- 2002 ) and then changed to State Union of Serbia and Montenegro ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . After 96 years Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Games . Montenegro first participated as an independent team in 2008 . , → Prior to Yemeni unification in 1990 , North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic ( YAR ) in 1984 and 1988 , and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic ( YMD ) at the 1988 Games . After forming united republic Yemen ( YEM ) has participated since 1992 . → , The Republic of China was designated as China at the 1932 , 1936 , and 1948 Games and was representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) . After the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) and Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) have participated as separate teams . Special code used by the IOC to refer to medals won by athletes of multiple nations competing together , which was common in early Games ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . These medals are not included in the respective totals for each nation represented by individual mixed team athletes . Special code used by the IOC for athletes whose NOC is not recognized by IOC . At the 2000 Summer Olympics four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2012 Summer Olympics three athletes from former Netherlands Antilles and one athlete from South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . At the 2016 Summer Olympics nine athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) . Kuwait Olympic Committee had been suspended by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) for the second time in five years due to governmental interference . Name changes notes Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras ( HBR ) in 1968 and 1972 . Benin was known as Dahomey ( DAH ) in 1972 . Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta ( VOL ) in 1972 . After the Chinese Civil War , Chinese Taipei ( TPE ) participated using the name of the Republic of China at the 1956 , 1960 , 1972 and 1976 ( winter ) Games and using Taiwan designation at the 1964 and 1968 Games . In 1979 , the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to the NOC , a compromise that was acceptable for the People 's Republic of China ( CHN ) that led to the start of its participation in the Olympic Games . The name Chinese Taipei was first used in 1984 . Participation of the Republic of China , representing all of China ( including Taiwan ) , in 1932 , 1936 and 1948 Games are not counted in Taiwan 's total participation count . The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire ( ZAI ) between 1984 and 1996 . Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964 and 1988 . Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic ( UAR ) between 1960 and 1968 . Includes medals won by athletes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1896 -- 1920 ) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1924 -- present ) , both of which used the name `` Great Britain '' and the country code GBR . Prior to Ghana 's independence in 1957 , Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games . Prior to Guyana 's independence in 1966 , British Guiana participated from 1948 to 1964 . Totals of Hong Kong ( HKG ) includes all medals won by athletes representing the Hong Kong National Olympic Committee , designated as `` Hong Kong '' from 1952 -- 1996 and `` Hong Kong , China '' since 2000 . Myanmar was known as Burma ( BIR ) between 1948 and 1988 . Samoa was known as Western Samoa between 1984 and 1996 . Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon ( CEY ) between 1948 and 1972 . Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964 , the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games . Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games , but had participated as Northern Rhodesia ( NRH ) during those Games . Prior to Zimbabwe 's independence in 1980 , Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia ( RHO ) in 1928 , 1960 , and 1964 Games . Participation notes Brunei 's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official , but no competing athletes . This participation is not counted in Brunei 's participation total . Djibouti at the 2004 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but neither athlete competed , so this participation is not counted in Djibouti 's participation total . Liberia 's athletes withdrew from 1980 Games after marching in the Opening Ceremony and took part in the boycott . This participation is not counted in Liberia 's participation total . Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games , but then withdrew from competition . This participation is not counted in Libya 's participation total . Suriname at the 1960 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony , but its lone athlete withdrew from Games due to a scheduling error . Participation of Suriname at the 1960 Games not recognized by IOC , so this participation is not counted in Suriname 's participation total . India 's athletes originally competed at the 2014 Games as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association 's suspension . On February 11 , 2014 , the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India 's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward . Does not include the participation of Timor - Leste 's and Netherlands Antilles 's athletes as Individual Olympic Athletes ( IOA ) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics . Does not include medals won as part of mixed teams with athletes from other nations ( 1896 -- 1904 ) . Disputed participation notes The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud , a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia , competed for the nation in 1896 . Bulgarian participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . The Chilean Olympic Committee claims that Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz , a Chilean diplomat and athlete , competed for the nation in 1896 . Chilean participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC . Some sources consider Léon Thiércelin , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Haitian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Haiti . Participation of Haiti at the 1900 Games not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Haiti 's participation total . Some sources consider Freydoun Malkom , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran . Participation of Iran at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Iran 's participation total . Some sources consider Carlos de Candamo , a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games , of Peruvian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Peru . Participation of Peru at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC , so this participation is not counted in Peru 's participation total . Enrico Brusoni 's gold medal in the Cycling Men 's Points Race at the 1900 Summer Olympics is recognized by the Italian National Olympic Committee , but this race is not recognized by the IOC as a 1900 Summer Olympics event . Monaco earned a bronze in the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics . However , medals in art competitions are no longer recognized by the IOC . Michel Théato , a French athlete who won the gold medal in marathon at the 1900 Games , was born in Luxembourg . The IOC does not recognize Luxembourg participation at the 1900 Games and attributes his medal to France . The nationalities of many medalists at the 1904 Olympics are disputed as many competitors were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted US citizenship . Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey 's participation in 1904 . Although the Games report refers to Corey as a `` Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association '' , the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France , and in contradiction , the medal in the four mile team race ( that was won by a team of three Americans and Corey ) to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States . The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian - American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States ; each won a gold medal . In 2012 , Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22 , 1905 , and that Hansen , who was registered as an `` alien '' as late as 1925 , probably never received American citizenship . The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians . In May 2013 it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC 's medal database . Bob Fowler , an American marathon runner who competed at the 1904 Games , was a native Newfoundlander , Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics , and would be listed as an historical NOC without medals . Participation of Newfoundland at the 1904 Games is not recognized by the IOC . In 2009 , historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni formerly thought to be an American athlete was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904 being granted US citizenship in 1917 . See also All - time Paralympic Games medal table All - time Youth Olympic Games medal table Olympic medal table List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event References ^ `` Olympic Games - Sochi 2014 Winter Summer Past and Future Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Luxembourg at the 1900 Paris Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` France at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Norway at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Bob Fowler '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` What Events are Olympic ? '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Germany '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` All Time Summer Olympics Medal Tally '' . Olympics Universe . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Timeline : Olympic Powers '' . BBC . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Counting one more Summer Olympic Games where East Germany in 1980 and West Germany in 1984 competed . ^ `` Russian Federation '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` Russia '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ Alexander Picolin jr . `` Statistics ( choose Ewige Tabellen ) '' . Olympiastatistik.de . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Cycling at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's Points Race '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ `` Italy - Olympic Summer Games '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . ^ `` Monaco at the 1924 Summer Olympics '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . ^ `` When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art Arts & Culture Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Magazine . 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . ^ `` Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie '' . NRK . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` USA - guld 1904 var Norges '' . Svenska Dagbladet . August 14 , 2012 . ^ `` Norges OL - historie skrives på nytt '' . Nettavisen . May 3 , 2013 . ^ Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement -- Italy . books.google.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ `` Frank Bizzoni Olympic Results '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . External links All - time medal counts are compiled by various sources , often adding up related results for Russia , Germany , Serbia , Czech Republic etc . OlympiaStatistik.de ( 2006 ) NBC Historical Medals -- vancouver2010.com at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 13 , 2010 ) Historical Medals - london2012.com ( Summer Games , not corrected for disqualifications after 13 August 2012 ) All - time Olympic Medals - series of interactive maps Olympanalyt.com - medals by countries Sources International Olympic Committee medal database Official Olympic Reports Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Olympic Games medal winners Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - 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List of Toy Story characters

List of Toy Story characters - wikipedia List of Toy Story characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters from Disney / Pixar 's Toy Story franchise which consists of the animated films Toy Story ( 1995 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and the animated short films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary characters 1.1 Sheriff Woody 1.2 Buzz Lightyear 1.3 Jessie 2 Toy characters by owner 2.1 Andy 's toys 2.1. 1 Hamm the Piggy Bank 2.1. 2 Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex 2.1. 3 Slinky Dog 2.1. 4 Mr. Potato Head 2.1. 5 Mrs. Potato Head 2.1. 6 Bullseye 2.1. 7 Squeeze Toy Aliens / Little Green Men 2.1. 8 Barbie 2.1. 9 Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers 2.1. 10 Bo Peep 2.1. 11 RC 2.1. 12 Wheezy 2.1. 13 Etch 2.1. 14 Mr. Spell 2.1. 15 Rocky Gibraltar 2.1. 16 Lenny 2.1. 17 Snake 2.1. 18 Robot 2.1. 19 Mr. Shark 2.1. 20 Mr. Mike 2.1. 21 See ' n Say 2.1. 22 Roly Poly Clown 2.1. 23 Troikas 2.1. 24 Troll 2.1. 25 Toddle Tots Fire Truck 2.2 Bonnie 's toys 2.2. 1 Chuckles 2.2. 2 Dolly 2.2. 3 Mr. Pricklepants 2.2. 4 Trixie 2.2. 5 Buttercup 2.2. 6 Peas - in - a-Pod 2.2. 7 Angel Kitty 2.2. 8 Totoro 2.3 Sid and Hannah 's toys 2.3. 1 Combat Carl 2.3. 2 Hannah 's dolls 2.3. 3 Mutant toys 2.4 Mason 's Toys 3 Toy characters by location 3.1 Al 's Toy Barn and apartment 3.1. 1 Stinky Pete the Prospector 3.1. 2 Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear 3.1. 3 Evil Emperor Zurg 3.1. 4 Tour Guide Barbie 3.2 Sunnyside Daycare 3.2. 1 Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear 3.2. 2 Ken 3.2. 3 Big Baby 3.2. 4 Twitch 3.2. 5 Stretch 3.2. 6 Chunk 3.2. 7 Sparks 3.2. 8 Chatter Telephone 3.2. 9 Bookworm 3.2. 10 Cymbal - banging monkey 3.3 Toys in other projects 3.3. 1 Discarded Fun Meal Toys 3.3. 2 Sleep Well Toys 4 Non-toy characters 4.1 Humans 4.1. 1 Andy Davis 4.1. 2 Bonnie Anderson 4.1. 3 Molly Davis 4.1. 4 Mrs. Davis 4.1. 5 Sid Phillips 4.1. 6 Hannah Phillips 4.1. 7 Al McWhiggin 4.1. 8 Geri the Cleaner 4.1. 9 Emily 4.1. 10 Daisy 4.1. 11 Ron 4.1. 12 Mason 4.2 Animals 4.2. 1 Scud 4.2. 2 Buster 4.2. 3 Crazy Critters 4.2. 4 Mr. Jones 5 References Primary characters ( edit ) Sheriff Woody ( edit ) Main article : Sheriff Woody Voiced by : Tom Hanks ( 1995 -- present ) Jim Hanks ( 1996 -- 2016 ) Sheriff Woody Pride is a 1950s old traditional pull string cowboy doll , and Andy 's favorite toy . Appearing in all three Toy Story films , he usually acts as the leader of the gang . His rivalry with Buzz forms the basis of the plot of the first film . In Toy Story 2 , he is stolen at a yard sale by a toy collector , causing the other toys to embark on a rescue mission . In Toy Story 3 he and the other toys are shipped to a daycare center . Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Main article : Buzz Lightyear Voiced by : Tim Allen ( 1995 -- present ) Patrick Warburton ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Treats , few video games , merchandise , attractions ) ( 1996 -- 2005 ) Mike MacRae ( video games 2010 -- 2015 ) Javier Fernandez - Peña ( Spanish Buzz ) Previously known as Tinny and Lunar Larry , Buzz Lightyear is a modern - day `` space ranger '' action figure , and wears a green and white space suit with various features such as retractable wings and transparent air helmet , a laser `` weapon , '' and various sound effects . In the films , he acts as Woody 's second - in - command . In Toy Story , he begins the series believing he is a real space ranger ( the other toys are aware that they are toys ) and develops a rivalry with Woody , who resents him for getting more attention as the newcomer . During the film , he comes to realize that he is just a toy , and eventually becomes good friends with Woody . He is extremely loyal to his friends . During his time trapped at Sid 's house , Hannah , Sid 's sister , called Buzz Mrs. Nesbit . In Toy Story 2 , Buzz goes to save Woody from Al with Potato Head , Hamm , Rex , and Slink ( Slinky Dog ) where he gets stuck in the Buzz Lightyear aisle in Al 's Toy Barn by another Buzz and finds out for himself what he was really like . In Toy Story 3 , a relationship begins to develop between Buzz and Jessie . He is particularly open with his affection when accidentally switched to `` Spanish mode . '' Jessie ( edit ) Main article : Jessie ( Toy Story ) Voiced by : Joan Cusack ( 1999 -- present ) Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ) Toy Story 2 Sarah McLachlan ( singing voice ) Toy Story 2 Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity ) Jessie is a cowgirl doll , and part of the Woody 's Round Up gang . She first appeared in Toy Story 2 along with Bullseye ( her horse ) and Stinky Pete . Initially , Jessie was hesitant to join Andy 's friends . After she becomes part of the family , she is very happy ( despite that Andy first calls her Bazooka Jane ) . In Toy Story 3 , she was riding Bullseye when Woody fell off the train in Andy 's opening sequence . She argued with Woody on their way to Sunnyside Daycare because of when the others think Andy threw them out . Later in the film , Jessie feels close with Buzz , even when Buzz got switched into Spanish . At the end , Jessie and Buzz danced to the Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Jessie also makes a cameo appearance in Monsters , Inc. as one of the toys Boo gives Sulley . Jessie also appears in Pixar 's production of Toy Story of Terror ! as the main character that saves the other toys from the toy stealer and seller at the rest stop . Toy characters by owner ( edit ) Andy 's toys ( edit ) Hamm the piggy bank ( edit ) Voiced by : John Ratzenberger ( 1995 -- present ) Hamm is a wisecracking realist piggy bank with a cork in his belly in place of a stopper . He and Mr. Potato Head appear to be best friends , and are often seen playing games , such as Battleship ( with Hamm always winning ) . Out of all the toys , he is shown to have the most knowledge of the outside , often being very familiar with various gadgets that are shown , likely as an homage to Ratzenberger 's famous role of mail carrier and bar know - it - all Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers . In Toy Story , Hamm interrupts Woody 's staff meeting by alerting the crowd telling them that the birthday guests are arriving at 3 : 00 . Hamm becomes fascinated with Buzz 's features and ridicules of Woody , along with Potato Head . When Woody inadvertently knocks Buzz off the window , Hamm is one of the many toys who believes that Woody did it intentionally and he turns on him . However , Hamm realizes the truth that Buzz is alive . At the end , Hamm cheers for Potato Head when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , Hamm resents the Al 's Toy Barn chicken mascot . When Woody is stolen , he and Mr. Potato Head organize a crime scene to present Woody 's kidnapping to the other toys . After helping the toys find the Al 's Toy Barn commercial on TV , Hamm goes with Buzz , Slinky , Rex , and Mr. Potato Head on a mission to rescue Woody . In Al 's Toy Barn , Hamm spots a `` Bonus Belt '' Buzz , thinking he is Andy 's Buzz , though he comments on the new Buzz 's odd behavior . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he and Mr. Potato Head operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised to pull the gear lever to get the truck to move . While reading the truck 's manual , he states `` I seriously doubt he 's getting this kinda mileage '' . Eventually , Hamm and the other toys are able to rescue Woody and are able to return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , Hamm is `` Evil Dr. Porkchop '' in Andy 's western play opening sequence , appearing in a giant pig - shaped spaceship to rescue One - Eyed Bart and thwart Woody and his gang . Later , when the toys are accidentally thrown out , Hamm is angry , believing that Andy threw them out on purpose . He escapes with the rest of the toys to Sunnyside Daycare , where he is initially happy to be played with , but dismayed as he realizes the toddlers are too rough . Later that night , Hamm and his friends realize that Woody was telling the truth about Andy . When the toys are imprisoned by Lotso and his henchmen , Hamm is shown to be able to play the harmonica . When Woody comes back to rescue the toys from Sunnyside he quotes `` Return of the Astro - Nut '' on Buzz being turned back to demo . He helps the toys escape by fighting with Rex to distract Buzz , who has been switched to demo mode by Lotso , so that Jessie can trap him under a plastic container . Hamm and Rex , being the heaviest of the toys , sit on top of the container to prevent Buzz from escaping . When Woody returns with Buzz 's instruction manual to switch him back , Hamm reads the instructions while the others hold Buzz down . When they were about to die in the incinerator , Hamm grabbed the hands of Slinky and Rex . Later , after the toys are rescued from an incinerator - related death at the dump due to Lotso 's selfishness , Hamm , along with Slinky , wants revenge , but Woody talks them both out of it . He is donated along with Andy 's other toys to Bonnie , where he becomes best friends with Buttercup . In a 2010 advertisement for the United States Postal Service promoting Toy Story 3 , Hamm wears a postal worker 's hat while promoting the Priority Mail service ; Ratzenberger is best known for his role as mailman Cliff Clavin on the long - running sitcom Cheers . He also makes an appearance in the Toy Story 3 video game as the mayor in Toy Box mode . Hamm also appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex ( edit ) Voiced by : Wallace Shawn ( 1995 -- present ) Earl Boen ( video games ) Rex is an excitable large , green , plastic Tyrannosaurus Rex . Rex suffers from anxiety , an inferiority complex and the concern that he is not scary enough . Rex 's worst fear ( after Sid ) is that Andy will get another , scarier dinosaur . He is among the largest of Andy 's toys , and is often depicted as the heaviest . He is voiced by Earl Boen in the video games Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue ( 1999 ) and Toy Story Racer ( 2001 ) . Although Rex is a toy dinosaur he dislikes confrontation and is sensitive in nature . In Toy Story , he states that he was manufactured by a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buyout by Mattel ( coincidentally , real - life Rex toys used to be made by Hasbro , but as of 2009 are indeed made by Mattel ) . He is first introduced when he moves Woody 's doodle pad , then tries to scare Woody with his roar . When Buzz arrives , Rex is fascinated by his cool features . Later , when Woody knocks Buzz out the window , he reluctantly sides against Woody out of pressure from the other toys . He is , however , a great deal less antagonistic than most of the other toys . He later feels guilty when everyone discovers Woody was telling the truth all along . He gains confidence at the end , saying he could play as the dominant predator if Andy gets a leaf eater . The beginning of Toy Story 2 , he is shown playing the `` Buzz Lightyear : Attack on Zurg '' video game , which he loses , much to his frustration . He is responsible for the toys seeing the commercial for Al 's Toy Barn commercial when he accidentally clicks the remote control . When Woody was kidnapped by Al , Rex tried to send a message to the FBI for help , but he did n't know how to write FBI , and later joins Buzz ' team to rescue Woody . Inside Al 's Toy Barn , he excitedly finds a `` Buzz Lightyear '' video game strategy guide , which he takes with him . He loses the guide later , but is still able to give Buzz two tips from the guide on defeating Zurg . In a parody of Jurassic Park , he chases a car driven by the toys in Al 's Toy Barn , in which Mr. Potato Head spots his reflection in the rear view mirror . It is Rex 's tail sticking out of Al 's bag that later causes the real Buzz to go after them . When the other Toys , led by Buzz 2 reach Al 's Apartment , the toys use an unwilling Rex as a battering ram to break in against the unlocked grate . When Zurg is about to finish off Buzz 2 , he turns away , not bearing to look anymore , but his tail knocks Zurg down the elevator shaft , making him feel overjoyed about finally defeating Zurg for real . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he serves as the navigator and tells Buzz which way to go since he ca n't see out the window while controlling the steering wheel . Eventually , he and the others manage to rescue Woody and return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , he is Woody 's `` Dinosaur who Eats Force Field Dogs '' in Andy 's opening western play sequence , where he frightens One - Eyed Bart and his gang with a terrifying roar , but is then overpowered by a flood of monkeys . He is seen to be especially sad about Andy 's lack of attention to the toys , expressing joy when Andy touches him for only a few moments . When the toys are initially left for the garbage pickup , he is ultimately responsible for saving them when they use his tail to rip a hole in the garbage bag . He is initially happy to be at Sunnyside , and is visibly sad when Woody leaves , but becomes dismayed after a rough playtime with the toddlers , commenting `` Andy never played with us like that ! '' He is imprisoned along with Andy 's other toys by Lotso and his gang . Later , at the garbage dump , Rex is the last to escape the shredder , only barely escaping when he grabs onto a broken fan . He discovers a source of light thinking that it 's daylight , but Woody convinces him that it 's not ; it 's the light of the flame from the incinerator . When the toys are finally given to Bonnie , Rex becomes close friends with Trixie the Triceratops . In an outtake of Toy Story 2 , when used as a battering ram , Rex hurt his head when banged against the locked grate . Rex makes an appearance in an outtake of Monsters , Inc. where he waits at the crosswalk with Mike and Sulley in a scene reminiscent of Jurassic Park . Rex is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . In the movie WALL - E , Rex is seen in the background inside WALL - E 's truck . Rex reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , Partysaurus Rex and in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! , and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Slinky Dog ( edit ) `` Slinky Dog '' redirects here . For the original toy , see Slinky -- Slinky Dog ( section ) . Voiced by : Jim Varney -- ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Blake Clark -- ( 2010 -- present ) Darryl Kurylo -- ( Toy Story Racer ) Slinky Dog ( usually called just Slinky or sometimes Slink ) is a toy dachshund with a metal Slinky for a body , who speaks with a southern accent . Slinky 's head , feet , and tail are plastic and he is missing his pull string . Slinky also has a green collar . Slinky Dog is based on Slinky , a pull toy by James Industries , which was popular in the 1950s , 1960s and early 1970s . With the permission of James Industries , Slinky Dog was partially redesigned for the film by Pixar artist Bud Luckey to make him more appealing as an animated character . In Toy Story , he likes playing checkers with Woody , usually choosing the red side . Slinky is shown to be the most loyal to Woody and stands up for him when Potato Head complains . Slinky is fascinated by Buzz , along with the rest of the toys , but does not make fun of Woody when Buzz arrives like the others do . When Woody knocks Buzz out of the window , Slinky is one of the few toys who believes it was an accident . Later , when Andy notices Woody is missing , he and Bo Peep are worried about him , in contrast to the others , who are glad he 's gone . Later , he attempts to help when Woody throws a chain of Christmas lights from Sid 's house to Andy 's , but Potato Head stops him . Even Slinky appears to give up on Woody when he pretends Buzz is with him but accidentally reveals his broken arm . He is stretched almost to the point of breaking when helping rescue Woody and Buzz on the moving truck , but is fixed by the end of the film . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Slinky is the one who finds Woody 's hat , and joins Buzz , Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and Rex on a mission to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . His springy coil is used as a bungee cord when the toys jump from the roof of Andy 's house . When the toys break into Al 's apartment , Slinky uses his spring to hold Jessie and Bullseye back by coiling them up so the toys can safely rescue Woody . After Al packs up Woody and his Roundup gang and heads for the airport , Slinky , stretching down from the elevator ceiling by Buzz , Hamm and Potato Head , reaches for the case that contains Woody , and almost manages to save him , but is thwarted by the Prospector . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he operates the truck 's gas and brake pedals . They manage to reach the airport and use a pet carrier to get inside . When a girl approaches them ( mistaking the toys for a puppy ) , Slinky barks to scare her off to prevent their discovery . After rescuing Woody , they return home with the rest of the group in a stolen baggage carrier . In an outtake , he is seen petting his own hind section and talking to it . In Toy Story 3 , Slinky has a smaller role compared to the previous two films . He is the only original character that had to be re-cast ( due to Jim Varney 's death ) , and was replaced by Blake Clark ( with a professional Jim Varney voice ) in this film . Slinky is One - Eyed Bart 's `` Attack Dog with a Built - in Force Field '' and protects the bad guys with his shield in Andy 's western play sequence . At Sunnyside Daycare , Slinky has been tangled up by the young children . Later that night , Slinky reveals that Woody was telling them the truth about Andy 's intention to store the toys into the attic . Slinky and his friends are imprisoned by Lotso 's gang . He is shown to be the happiest toy to see Woody return , and assists him in subduing the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras . When the toys reach the dumpster , Slinky stretches himself to create a bridge for the toys to climb across to safety , although they are stopped by Lotso . When the toys end up at the dump , Slinky is the first to be taken up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metallic section ( Slinky ) of his body . When Lotso betrays the toys and leaves them to be burned up in the incinerator , Slinky is the first to follow Buzz in joining hands in acceptance of their fate . After the toys are rescued by the Squeeze Toy Aliens , he and Hamm are the most vocal about wanting to get revenge on Lotso for leaving them to die before Woody convinces them Lotso is n't worth it . He is eventually donated to Bonnie along with the rest of the toys . His catchphrase , said in all three movies , is `` Golly bob - howdy ! '' Slinky reappears in the short film Hawaiian Vacation , in which he acts as a hotel porter as part of Ken and Barbie 's Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . He does not speak in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins , silently appearing along with Jessie in one scene . Mr. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Don Rickles ( 1995 -- 2017 , Toy Story Treats , Toy Story Toons and all video games ) Mr. Potato Head ( often referred to as simply Potato Head ) is a Brooklyn - accented doll based on the real - life toy Mr. Potato Head by Playskool . He is an outspoken and sarcastic potato - shaped toy : his patented design allows him to separate his detachable parts from his body by removing them from the holes on his body . He also has a compartment on his lower back to store extra appendages . He is capable of retaining control over his parts even if they are several meters away from his main body . For example , he can still see if one or both of his detachable eyes are removed , as well as being able to move his hands if they are detached . The same thing applies to his `` Mrs . '' counterpart , as she was able to see Andy in his room through her eye left behind . While this attribute is mostly used for comedic effect ( i.e. as a running gag , he often finds himself being split or falling apart due to outside forces ) , it does have its uses , particularly in the second and third films . In Toy Story , it is hinted that he used to be Andy 's favorite toy years before the events of the film , until he received Woody at the point of kindergarten , and therefore seems to have a strong jealousy towards Andy ` s love for Woody . Then , when Andy gets the Buzz Lightyear action figure for his birthday he becomes fascinated with all of Buzz 's features and ridicules Woody for not having a laser like Buzz as well as Woody 's pull - string . After Buzz is knocked out of the window , Potato Head ( perhaps due to his jealously towards Woody , and wanting to reclaim his long lost favorite toy position ) blames Woody for kicking him out , thinking that Woody might do the same to him if Andy plays with him more often , and turns the other toys against Woody and leads a mutiny with them . When Woody reveals himself at Sid 's House later , Mr. Potato Head convinces the others to refuse to help him , still assuming that Woody attacked Buzz . But when they are packed up Mr. Potato Head is still unhappy because he is stuck with Rex as a moving buddy and put in a moving truck . Later when Woody catches up with them and tosses RC onto the street to rescue Buzz , Potato Head , still distrusting Woody ( and perhaps still eager to reclaim his favorite toy position ) , orders the other toys to mutiny again , and `` toss him overboard '' , however , when Bo Peep reveals that `` Woody was telling the truth , '' the toys realize their mistake . He decides to reform himself as an apology to Woody by holding Slinky 's tail to help Woody and Buzz back at the truck but gets hit after Slinky 's attempt fails . When Woody tosses RC in the truck , Potato Head gets hit . At the end of the film , he is surprised to hear Molly receiving Mrs. Potato Head for her Christmas present and promptly decides to shave by removing his mustache . In Toy Story 2 , after Al McWhiggin steals Woody , he goes with Buzz , Hamm , Rex , and Slinky to rescue Woody . Later , when they are going to leave , Mrs. Potato Head packs some extra pair of shoes and angry eyes on his back compartment . When the toys cross the street to Al 's Toy Barn , they cause a semi to jackknife , and the chains restraining a large pipe on the semi break , freeing the pipe , which rolls down the street , during which Mr. Potato Head gets one of his feet stuck in a chewing gum and has to pull his foot off the gum before the pipe can crush him . After the toys break into Al 's room using Rex as a battering ram , Potato Head attempts to frighten Jessie by reaching into his back compartment for his angry eyes , but attaches his spare pair of shoes by mistake . When the toys leave the apartment after Al leaves with Woody , Potato Head throws his hat like a frisbee to jam the closing doors , letting the toys pass through . Outside , he is the first to spot an idling Pizza Planet delivery truck nearby . While the toys chase Al in the truck , Potato Head and Hamm operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised by three alien toys to pull the truck 's gear lever to get the truck to move . He later saves the alien toys from flying out the window . In the airport , when he sees the luggage area , he gasps and his angry eyes and pair of shoes come out after his compartment opens . He feels annoyed when the aliens repeatedly express their eternal gratefulness towards him , but after the toys return home in a stolen baggage carrier , he reluctantly gives in when his wife wants to adopt the aliens , much to his dismay . In an outtake , he is seen taking a dislike with the Barrel of Monkeys , saying he is `` drawing the line at monkeys '' and wants to call his agent . In Toy Story 3 , Potato Head is resentful of the aliens , who still worship him for saving their lives . Potato Head is sad that Andy does n't play with them anymore , and complains all that to Woody . He is frustrated that Andy `` threw them away '' , when he was actually going to put them in the attic . Again , Potato Head is the toy most doubtful of Woody when he and the other toys are almost thrown away by accident . Potato Head is excited to get played with in Sunnyside . After a rough playtime with the toddlers , he and Mrs. Potato Head 's parts are scattered on the floor , and he gets his parts stuck up a kid 's mouth and nose . Later that night , his wife Mrs. Potato Head through the other eye left in Andy 's bedroom , spots that Andy is looking for his toys , making Mr. Potato Head and the other toys shocked . When Lotso 's dark attitude is revealed , he tries to defend his friends from Lotso , but Big Baby throws him into `` The Box '' on Lotso 's orders . When Jessie told Woody she was wrong to leave Andy , Potato Head agrees saying that she was wrong . The toys hatch an escape plan which Potato Head initiates by arguing with and distracting the captors , and he is thrown in the box once again . Only his smaller parts are able to escape , through a small hole . He reassembles onto a floppy tortilla , checks if Lotso is sleeping and then gives the signal . Pecked at by a pigeon , the tortilla falls apart , and Potato Head rejoins the other toys using a cucumber for a body . Bullseye returns his original plastic body to him . The toys manage to escape Sunnyside , and he and the other toys jump onto a garbage truck . Eventually , they end up in a landfill , facing death in the incinerator . However , Potato Head and the toys are saved by his alien children , who he now accepts and declares himself to be eternally grateful , just as the aliens had told him when they met . They eventually return to Andy 's home and get washed . Mr. Potato Head then says his farewell to Woody before Andy comes into the room . Potato Head is donated to Bonnie at the end of the film . Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mr Potato Head 's actor , Don Rickles , however died in 2017 so his voice actor is currently unknown for 2019 's upcoming film , Toy Story 4 . He is seen as an Interactive Audio - Animatronic at Toy Story Midway Mania ! . It is stated on the Toy Story website that Mr. Potato Head was Andy 's second toy . Mrs. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Estelle Harris ( 1999 -- present ) Mrs. Potato Head is Mr. Potato Head 's wife and female counterpart . Unlike her husband , Mrs. Potato Head is sweet and not hot - headed or impatient . Although mentioned as one of Molly 's Christmas presents near the end of the first movie , she is not seen until Toy Story 2 . In Toy Story 2 , her husband has found her lost earring . Before her husband leaves with Buzz and his troops , she stores his `` extra pair of shoes and angry eyes '' into his back compartment . She also warns the toys by saying `` Do n't talk to any toy you do n't know ! '' She is not seen again until the end of the film . She becomes an adoptive mother of the three Squeeze Toy Aliens that Andy 's toys had found in the Pizza Planet truck , as they will not leave because Mr. Potato Head saved their lives . She is then happily watching Wheezy sing his version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' with her husband . In Toy Story 3 , she has a more central role . She is `` One - Eyed Betty '' , One - Eyed Bart 's wife in the opening sequence . She uses her ninja skills and her nunchuk to herd Woody to the back , and eventually off the train . After One - Eyed Bart and Betty rob tons of gold , they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . At the present time when Andy 's toys all cram themselves in the toy box , Mrs. Potato Head loses one of her eyes . She is one of the toys who believe Andy threw them out on purpose . They are later donated to Sunnyside Daycare . She and her husband experience a rough playtime with the toddlers at the Caterpillar Room . When the toys hear something from the halls , Mrs. Potato Head uses her eye and looks under the door . She at first just sees the dark hall , but then she sees Andy looking for the toys in his room , due to the eye she left behind in Andy 's house . She tells the toys it truly was an accident that they were thrown away . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , Mrs. Potato Head complains about her chewed up pocketbook and yells at him when he calls her `` Sweet Potato , '' along with telling him she needs more respect and having over 30 accessories . But Lotso takes off her mouth . Near the end of the film , she is saved from death in an incinerator by her adoptive children , and much to her delight , her husband now accepts them . She recovers her missing eye before she and the toys are donated to Bonnie . Even though she was Molly 's Christmas gift in the first film , the second and third films imply that she is one of Andy 's toys . Mrs. Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short film Hawaiian Vacation and acts as a tour guide for Ken and Barbie in their Hawaiian adventures . She also reappears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Bullseye ( edit ) Vocal effects by Frank Welker ( 1999 -- present ) Bullseye is a toy horse who was introduced in Toy Story 2 . He is the first toy with which Woody interacted in Al 's penthouse . He was very happy to finally see Woody after a long time in storage . Bullseye is shown to loathe fights as he hides in a can when Jessie jumps on Woody . He is also upset at Woody 's intention to abandon the Roundup gang to return to Andy , as Bullseye does not want Woody to leave . When Woody ultimately decides to return to Andy 's room , it is Bullseye 's loyalty that causes Woody to try to get the other toys to join him . At the airport , after Bullseye escapes from Al 's case , Woody and Buzz Lightyear mount Bullseye and gallop across the airfield to rescue Jessie from being sent to Japan . Although Woody gets separated from Buzz , Buzz commandeers Bullseye to follow Woody , as they are seen galloping next to the wheels of the plane Woody and Jessie are on as it heads down the runway . The mission finally ends when Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz , seconds before the plane takes off . After the toys return home , both Bullseye and Jessie become part of Andy 's toys . Bullseye has every letter of Andy 's name printed on the sole of each of his hooves . Bullseye returns in Toy Story 3 as one of the remaining toys in Andy 's room . He is still Woody 's horse in the opening sequence and saves him when he falls off the train by One - Eyed Betty . Bullseye 's fast speed helps Woody catch the train and rescue the orphans . Bullseye is really sad when Andy would n't play with them anymore . After Andy 's mother thought the bag that the toys were in was trash , Bullseye and the toys manage to safely hide in a recycling bin . The toys are donated to Sunnyside Daycare . At Sunnyside , he proves his loyalty to Woody when he makes clear he wants to stay with him . He only stays when Woody tells him to since Woody does n't want him to be alone in the attic . Bullseye is roughly tumbled over by a screaming toddler with a rolling wheel toy . After the toddler play session , Bullseye is covered with paint and has a blue sticker in his snout , which is removed by Jessie . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , he locks the toys up and shows them Woody 's hat , making Bullseye miss Woody and sad he 's gone . Bullseye is extremely happy when Woody comes back to Sunnyside and gives him back his hat . The toys then plan an escape . Bullseye helps by going through the playground , carrying the aliens on his back . He goes with Woody and is almost caught by Big Baby when Bullseye jumps and accidentally makes an alien fall and squeak . But they hide inside a pail safely . The toys then go to the garbage dump , and Bullseye is the most desperate to escape from the incinerator . They are rescued by the three aliens . At the end , Bullseye is donated to Bonnie , along with the rest of the toys . In Bonnie 's room Bullseye changes the channel of a radio to a Spanish channel causing Buzz and Jessie to dance to the Spanish version of `` You 've got a friend in me . '' Bullseye acts like a dog in many ways . Unlike most of the other toys , Bullseye can not communicate in clear speech but sounds like an actual horse and uses body language to speak . According to a character interview that used to be on the Toy Story website , Bullseye communicated with Jessie while in storage by tapping his hooves to yes or no questions . Bullseye reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Squeeze Toy aliens / Little Green Men ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon and Debi Derryberry -- Toy Story Jeff Pidgeon -- ( 1999 -- present ) Patrick Warburton -- Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Squeeze Toy Aliens , also known as Little Green Men ( or `` LGMs '' ) in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series , are a series of green , three - eyed squeaky toy aliens . They appear in all three films , and some were among Andy 's toys after the events of Toy Story 2 . Similar to Buzz , they think they 're real aliens . Though it is not certain whether they are male or female at first glance , they are identified in the third film by Mr. Potato Head as `` ( his ) boys , '' implying that all three are male . In Toy Story , Buzz and Woody climb inside a giant rocket - shaped claw game at Pizza Planet . Inside the claw game are hundreds of squeeze toy aliens . When Buzz asks who is in charge , the Little Green Men say `` the claw '' , which belongs in the machine ; the Little Green Men say that the claw will `` decide who will go and who will stay '' . Sid spots Buzz inside the claw game and tries to win him . Woody attempts to save Buzz and escape through the claw game 's maintenance hatch , but the Little Green Men stop him and say that they must not fight the claw . Woody , Buzz , and a Little Green Man get taken to Sid 's house . Sid gives the Little Green Man to his dog , Scud , who violently chews it as Woody and Buzz watch in horror . Near the end of the movie , the same Little Green Man is seen to be intact , and it helps Woody try to scare Sid by getting out of Scud 's food bowl and walking like a zombie toward Sid . In Toy Story 2 , a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck . Buzz groans when he sees them , remembering them from the claw game in the first film . When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move , they tell Mr. Potato Head to `` use the wand of power '' ( the truck 's gear lever ) , which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game . They nearly fall out of the window , due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car . Fortunately , Mr. Potato Head saves them . The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear . Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say `` You have saved our lives , we are eternally grateful , '' much to Potato Head 's dismay . The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the `` Mystic Portal '' . They chase after the luggage with Rex , Hamm , and Potato Head , only to find cameras . Back home , the trio , along with Bullseye and Jessie , end up becoming some of Andy 's toys . They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head , and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives , so she suggests that they adopt them , with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head `` daddy '' . They reappear in Toy Story 3 as the `` henchmen '' under One - Eyed Bart and One - Eyed Betty , and serve as the getaway drivers during the western opening sequence and drive Barbie 's corvette . The car is destroyed by Buzz 's laser and they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . In the present time , the same trio continues to express their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head . When Andy 's mother mistakes the trash bag containing them as trash , she puts the toys on the curb , but they manage to escape the garbage bag . They are donated to Sunnyside along with the rest of Andy 's toys . In Sunnyside , the Little Green Men find a toy crane , which reminds them of the claw game in Pizza Planet . The Little Green Men get sat on and bounced on during a rough playtime with the toddlers . The toys plan to escape Sunnyside . The Little Green Men have to go through the playground with Woody and ride on Bullseye . They almost get caught by Big Baby because one of the Little Green Men falls off Bullseye and squeaks , but manage to hide inside a pail . Later when Andy 's toys escape , one of the Little Green Men 's feet gets stuck in the lid of the bin at the bottom of the chute , possibly after being pulled by Lotso , who had been thrown in the bin by Big Baby . Woody goes in to help , but after he helps the Little Green Man , Lotso grabs Woody 's feet and pulls him into the bin just as the refuse truck arrives . The toys are collected by the truck and subsequently sent to landfill . The Little Green Men are separated from the others by a bulldozer when they wander off , having spotted a crane . Woody and Mrs. Potato Head yell and try to warn them , but they are presumed to be dead after being crushed by the bulldozer . In the end , however , they are revealed to have avoided the conveyor belt and later rescue everyone from an incinerator with a giant claw crane for which the Potato Heads finally acknowledges them as his children , reciting their repetitive line , `` You have saved our lives and we are eternally grateful . '' The trio are later delivered to Bonnie along with Andy 's other toys . The Aliens reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson -- ( 1999 -- present ) In Toy Story 2 , when the toys discover Barbie dolls in an aisle while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie volunteers to help them . During the end credits she is a cinema usherette and is seen giving out instructions to the audience . After a while she asks if everyone has gone and promptly stops smiling and complains that it hurts her face . She then leaves for her break . In Toy Story 3 , a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister , Molly , owns . In Sunnyside , she falls in love with Ken , but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality , and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves , she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form . When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule , Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends . In the end credits of the film , they get back together and change Sunnyside , becoming its co-leaders , after Lotso is defeated . Barbie appears with Ken in Hawaiian Vacation . They sneak out of the daycare and stowaway in Bonnie 's backpack to go to Hawaii but Ken is disappointed to find out that Bonnie did n't take her backpack on her family vacation . The gang creates their own Hawaiian paradise to cheer Ken and Barbie up . They share their first kiss outside and then get trapped in the snow . Sarge and the Bucket O ' soldiers ( edit ) Voiced by R. Lee Ermey ( Sarge ) Sarge ( also known as Army Sarge and Sergeant ) is the gung - ho commander of an army of plastic toy soldiers from Bucket O Soldiers and loosely based on his voice actor 's role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket . In Toy Story , he and the Bucket O ' Soldiers are set in particular positions . They are highly disciplined with a `` Leave no man behind '' policy and are masters of reconnaissance . Woody describes them as `` professionals . '' The soldiers venture out of Andy 's room with one of Andy 's baby monitors ( while the other monitor resides in Andy 's room with Woody operating it ) and hide in an indoor plant to report Andy 's birthday presents to the toys and one of his comrades was injured after Mrs. Davis accidentally steps on one of them . They announced the first few presents to the other toys in Andy 's room through the monitors , but did n't get to tell them that Andy got a Buzz Lightyear action figure after Rex accidentally breaks the monitor . However , they were able to warn them that Andy and his friends are coming upstairs upon Woody fixing the monitor . Sarge and his soldiers thought Woody was a murderer when he knocked Buzz off the window , so they `` frag '' him and each one of them attack Woody , along with the other toys . In the moving van , the soldiers attack Woody when he pushed RC off the van , making Sarge and the toys think he 's murdering him now . However , Sarge sees that Woody knocking Buzz out the window was an accident , attempts to helps him on the van with the other toys , and is proud to work under Woody once again as shown at the end of the film when they hide in a Christmas tree and Christmas lights with the baby monitor to report to the toys what Andy and Molly are getting for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , the role of Sarge is very minor . He first orders the soldiers to keep looking for Woody 's hat in the toy box . When Buster was about to come to the room , Sarge and his army held back the door ( with help from Rocky ) to prevent Buster 's entry , but Buster bursts open the door , causing the soldiers to go flying everywhere . When Woody alerts the toys about the yard sale occurring outside the house , he signals Sarge for an `` emergency roll call '' and Sarge orders the toys to line up in a single - file line . At the end , Sarge and his soldiers watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' In Toy Story 3 , several years after Toy Story 2 , only Sarge and two paratroopers are seen . Woody orders Sarge and his men to retrieve Andy 's cellphone . That plan , however , fails , and knowing that Andy is going to get out the garbage bag , Sarge and his last two men leave Andy 's room to find a better life . Buzz believes they are going AWOL , but Sarge claims that their mission is complete , and that when trash bags come out , the Army men are always the first to be thrown away ( it 's likely that the rest of the soldiers had either left prior to that day , or were sold in a yard sale ) . They appear again at the end of the film where they land in Sunnyside , and possibly recognizing Barbie , begin a happy new life under Barbie and Ken 's leadership . Bo Peep ( edit ) Voiced by : Annie Potts ( 1995 -- present ) Rebecca Wink ( Toy Story Racer ) Bo Peep is a porcelain figurine attached to Molly 's bedside lamp inspired by the heroine of the famed nursery rhyme ; a beautiful , sweet - natured shepherdess accompanied by a single figure merged to resemble three sheep , who serves as Woody 's romantic interest of the films . In spite of her status as one of Molly 's toys , like Mrs. Potato Head she may fall under the category of Andy 's toy . In Andy 's games of imaginative play she is used as the damsel - in - distress of the stories , and she is depicted as gentle , ladylike , and kindhearted . In the first film , after Woody 's exclusion from the group when Buzz Lightyear started to attract more attention , she remained loyal to him rather than taunting him because of Buzz 's rise in popularity . After Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window , she one of the only toys who did not antagonize him . She continued to show her attraction to Woody in Toy Story 2 , flirting with him while playing a minor role . However , she did not return in Toy Story 3 , except in flashback footage , as , over the years , she had apparently been sold , much to Woody 's distress , like a few of the other characters . The particular reason for her disappearance was never disclosed officially , though Woody shows grief over her loss . In August 2015 , however , it was revealed that Bo Peep will have a major role in Toy Story 4 . The fourth film will focus on her relationship with Woody , along with Woody and Buzz trying to find and bring her back . RC ( edit ) RC is Andy 's remote controlled buggy . He has a green body with blue splash decals on the front . RC `` speaks '' with revving sounds , although Mr. Potato Head and the other toys can understand him regardless . RC is a playable character in Toy Story Racer . In Toy Story , RC was fascinated with Buzz 's features . When Woody becomes really jealous , he calls out to Buzz that there is a toy ( a magic 8 - ball ) trapped underneath the desk . Woody sneaks over to RC , starts him up , and tried to hit Buzz but misses . However , RC hits a board instead , causing thumbtacks on the board to fall and a globe to roll . Buzz falls out a window when the globe hits a red lamp and swings around and hits him . RC says to the other toys that Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window . RC then turns on Woody and thinks that he murdered Buzz . When Woody went to the moving van , he got RC out of the box and pushes him into the street and controlled him to rescue Buzz during the moving scene at the end of the film . After the toys mistakenly think that Woody is trying to get rid of RC , they toss Woody out of the moving truck into the street . RC finds Buzz hiding under the car in the streets and is thrilled to see him alive and well . Buzz controlled RC to catch Woody . Woody switched the remote to turbo mode to catch up with the truck , but RC 's batteries deplete , causing him to slow down and finally stop . When Woody lights the rocket taped onto Buzz 's back , Woody and Buzz hold onto RC as they rocket toward the truck , but the force of the rocket lifts Woody up from RC . Nevertheless , Woody manages to toss RC back into the truck ( knocking Mr. Potato Head apart in the process ) before he and Buzz go skyrocketing into the air . In Toy Story 2 , RC has a very minor role . He was used when Andy played with his toys . With Buzz riding him , he crashed into Evil Dr. Porkchop and knocked him down . He is not seen again until the end of the film , when he watched Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' . RC does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 , having seemingly been sold in a yard sale alongside a number of other toys . Instead , he only appears via archival footage . Wheezy ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Robert Goulet ( singing voice ) Phil LaMarr ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Wheezy ( also known as Wheezy the Penguin ) is a squeeze toy penguin with a red bow tie . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy is introduced when Woody finds him on the shelf . Wheezy was one of Andy 's favourite toys until one day his squeaker broke . Andy 's mom then put him on the shelf , intending to fix his broken squeaker later , but she forgot about him . He is about to be sold at the yard sale , and in saving him , Woody ends up falling so that he is stuck at the yard sale himself and subsequently stolen by Al . At the end of the film , he gets a new `` squeaker '' and sings `` You 've Got a Friend in Me , '' the ending theme of the movie . During the outtakes , he describes himself as `` not a good catcher '' as he fails to catch Mike 's microphone thus hurting himself several times . Wheezy does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 as he was sold in a yard sale after Toy Story 2 , as mentioned by Woody , but he does appear in footage of Andy as a boy ( Toy Story 3 ) . Wheezy appears in the Toy Story 3 video game , where he is voiced by Phil LaMarr in toy box mode along with Bo Peep . Etch ( edit ) Etch is an Etch A Sketch magic screen by Ohio Art Company . Etch can draw quickly and accurately . Such sketches include guns , portraits of Buzz , Woody and Al , and even semi-complicated maps . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk . In Toy Story , Woody compliments Etch 's art by saying that he has the fastest knobs in the west . He was also seen in the background many times , such as during the staff meetings and during Andy 's birthday and Christmas gift opening scenes . He became fascinated with Buzz during the middle of the film when he sketched a portrait of him . Angered by this , Woody erased it . He apparently , like most of the toys , temporarily believes Woody deliberately knocked Buzz out of the window ; he helps Mr. Potato Head threaten Woody by sketching a hangman 's noose . In Toy Story 2 , Etch was seen helping Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and the gang to identify Woody 's kidnapper , Al . Later on , when the toys were surfing channels to find the location on how to find Al 's Toy Barn , Etch is seen in the back as he was ready to draw a map for Buzz . Near the end of the movie , sometime before Andy comes back from cowboy camp , Etch , as well as the rest of the toys ( then including Jessie , Bullseye , and the Aliens ) , were aligned to welcome Andy home , with a `` Welcome Home , Andy '' sign written on Etch . Etch was sold in yard sale years after the second Toy Story , was mentioned by Woody , and only appeared in the archive footage of Andy as a kid in Toy Story 3 . Mr. Spell ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Pidgeon Mr. Spell is based on a popular 1970s Speak & Spell toy by Texas Instruments . He frequently holds or has held seminars on a variety of topics such as `` plastic corrosion awareness '' and `` what to do if you or part of you is swallowed . '' He also reveals the words he is saying . When Andy 's friends came to his birthday party , the toys panicked in thinking that they might be replaced with new toys and Mr. Spell , along with basically everyone else aside from Woody , ran to the window in panic to see the size of the presents . Then later , when Andy 's friends were running up to his room , Woody told everyone to go back to their places and the toys began to scatter and Mr. Spell can be seen in the overhead shot running in fright and then again behind Mr. Potato Head . In Toy Story 2 , when Buster finds Woody , Mr. Spell displays 13.5 , the amount of time in seconds it has elapsed for Buster to find Woody , setting a new record . Later , after Woody is stolen from a yard sale , Buzz uses Mr. Spell to help Andy 's toys figure out who has stolen Woody . Mr. Spell does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold in a yard sale along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Rocky Gibraltar , Lenny , Snake , Robot , Mr. Shark , Mr. Mike , Roly Poly Clown , See ' n Say , the Troikas , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Rocky Gibraltar ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel ( Toy Story ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Racer ) Rocky Gibraltar , more simply referred to as Rocky , is a figure of a heavyweight wrestler . He is the second strongest toy in Andy 's room , after Buzz Lightyear . In the first movie , he is seen lifting weights ( Tinker Toys ) with Snake , Troll , Buzz , Mr. Potato Head , and Rex . Rocky lifts the heaviest weights out of all of Andy 's toys . Rocky is silent and plays a minor role in the movies , but he can speak in the Disney Adventures comics and in the Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center CD - ROM games from Disney Interactive . In the Activity Center computer game , he can be seen on the top shelf playing cards with Hamm and speaks in third - person , saying , `` Rocky needs to work on brain muscles . '' He is one of the toys who turn against Woody , who accidentally knocked Buzz off a window . After Woody throws RC off the moving truck , Rocky , under Mr. Potato Head 's orders , spins Woody in the air and later tosses him off the truck personally . But when the toys realize that Woody 's only use of RC is to help Buzz onto the truck , Bo Peep calls Rocky who then redeems himself by lowering the truck 's ramp for them . In Toy Story 2 , Rocky , along with Sarge 's toy soldiers , tries to hold back the door to prevent Buster from entering , but Buster rams the door open , causing Rocky and the soldiers to go flying . Rocky is also seen holding Wheezy as Wheezy begs Buzz to rescue Woody and when waving Buzz and his rescue squad goodbye as they leave on their mission . At the end of the movie , Rocky is seen enjoying Wheezy 's rendition of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' He only appears in the third film via archive footage of Andy as a child . Rocky 's name and a logo on his championship belt are references to the Rock of Gibraltar . Rocky is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Lenny ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( Toy Story ) Lenny ( often known as Lenny the Binoculars ) is a pair of wind up binoculars . He is used as binoculars by the other toys in various situations and is talkative when he warns the toys what he sees on his watch . Lenny does not speak in Toy Story 2 , unlike the first film , and his role is more minor ; Buzz uses Lenny to keep watch on Woody during the events at the yard sale until Al McWhiggin of Al 's Toy Barn steals Woody . Lenny appears in Toy Story 3 through archive footage from when Andy was young . Lenny was sold , possibly at a yard sale , before the events of Toy Story 3 . Lenny is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Snake ( edit ) Snake is a green and purple jointed rattlesnake toy who is best friends with Robot , as they are often seen together . He is unable to talk , but he communicates through hissing . When Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window , he sided with Mr. Potato Head against Woody . Later , at the end of the film , he and the other toys try to help Woody , Buzz and RC get back onto the moving van when they realized their mistake . In Toy Story 2 , Snake has a very minor role in the film . He is first seen when Hamm , Mr. Potato Head , Etch and everyone else try to figure out who stole Woody . He is n't seen again until the end of the movie where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 along with Robot , Bo Peep , Etch , Lenny and the other toys , but he made two cameos in the home videos at the start of the film . Robot ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon Robot is an educational robot toy from Playskool . Unlike his best pal Snake , he speaks English . He is shown to be good with building blocks . In Toy Story , he stands on his head for Buzz to run on his treads like a treadmill and also repairs his ship . He is also one of the toys who turn against Woody when Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window . He and Rocky later throw Woody out of the moving truck , but then try to help Woody , Buzz and RC when the toys realized that they made a big mistake . In Toy Story 2 , he assists Buzz in the yard sale role call and is n't seen again until later at the end of the film where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . Robot does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold at yard sale along with Snake and the others , but he made a cameo in the home videos at the beginning of the film . Mr. Shark ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Mr. Shark is a blue rubber , squeaky shark toy who appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . The back of him is never seen because he spends most of his time in the toy box . In the first film , he steals Woody 's hat and imitates him before he takes his hat back . In Toy Story 2 , he is used as one of the death traps during Andy 's playtime . At the end of the film , he repairs Wheezy by finding him an extra squeaker . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . Mr. Mike ( edit ) Mr. Mike , also known as Microphone , is a toy tape recorder who helps Woody amplify his voice during staff meetings with his attached microphone . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy uses him as a karaoke machine . He was sold at a yard sale prior to the events of Toy Story 3 . See ' n Say ( edit ) See ' n Say is an educational animal toy that appeared in Toy Story . Whenever he feels strong emotions , his central arrow wheel spins rapidly . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk and just like Etch , Mr. Spell and Mike , he gets around by waddling on his stand . See ' n say did not appear in Toy Story 2 . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . However , a different See ' n Say was seen when Ken , Twitch , Sparks , Chunk and Stretch were seen gambling inside a vending machine . Roly Poly Clown ( edit ) Roly Poly Clown is a rocking , chiming clown toy with a painted jacket and hands and a party hat seen in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . While not being able to talk , he mainly communicates through facial expressions . He also must rely on rolling around to get places since he does n't have feet . When not out , Roly Poly Clown resides in the toy box . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Lenny , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Robot , Snake , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Mr. Shark , the Troikas , and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troikas ( edit ) The Troikas are a set of five non-talking egg - shaped toys that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . They are in the style of the Russian doll with a picture of five animals : a dog ( largest ) , a cat ( second largest ) , a duck ( medium ) , a fish ( smallest ) , and a ladybug ( second smallest ) . They were sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troll ( edit ) Troll is a Troll doll with pink hair and a blue bathing suit that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . In the first film it became fascinated with Buzz and is seen lifting weights ( Tinker dolls ) with Rocky , Rex , Mr. Potatoe Head , Robot and Snake . In Toy Story 2 it is seen alongside with Bo Peep to help for searching Woody 's hat before Andy is about to go to the summer camp . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Toddle Tots Fire truck ( edit ) The Toddle Tots Fire Truck is a fire truck toy directly taken from the Little Tikes company that appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . It is piloted by the Fireman Toddle Tots . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Troll . Bonnie 's toys ( edit ) These characters are the toys owned by Bonnie in Toy Story 3 and the short films . Chuckles ( edit ) Voiced by Bud Luckey Chuckles is a brokenhearted toy clown who was once owned by Daisy ( along with Lotso and Big Baby ) , and is later owned by Bonnie . He is first seen mournfully looking out the kitchen window in Bonnie 's house , where he tells Woody about Lotso 's past , stating that Lotso used to be a good friend . Chuckles explains that he , Lotso , and Big Baby were accidentally left behind on a trip with Daisy 's family , and when they finally made it back to Daisy 's house , both him and Lotso discovered that Lotso had been replaced , which caused Lotso to snap . Chuckles objected when Lotso claimed all three had been replaced , but Lotso silenced him , and lied to Big Baby , saying that Daisy did not love him anymore . After the three found their way to Sunnyside and Lotso took over , running it like a prison , Chuckles was damaged and Bonnie found him and took him home . He still feels sorry for what happened to Lotso , but knows that what Lotso is doing at Sunnyside is wrong . He gives Woody a pendant ( which formerly belonged to Big Baby ) that says My heart belongs to Daisy , which later leads Big Baby to discover Lotso 's deception and rebel against him . In one of the end credits sequences , Chuckles sees a crayon - drawn picture of him , and Dolly says that `` Bonnie really got your smile , '' making Chuckles happy again , for the first time in many years . Chuckles returns in the short film Hawaiian Vacation and he sings a Hawaiian love song while playing a ukulele when Barbie and Ken get their recreated Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry . Dolly ( edit ) Voiced by Bonnie Hunt Dolly is a soft dress - up rag doll with purple hair , googly - eyes , an orange dress with buttons sewn on , and gently blushing cheeks . She helps Woody get back to Sunnyside Daycare Center with the rest of Andy 's toys . In the Toy Story 3 video game , she is seen as a witch . It 's indicated that she is the leader of Bonnie 's toys . Dolly appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Mr. Pricklepants ( edit ) Voiced by Timothy Dalton Mr. Pricklepants is a stuffed spiny anteater . He wears lederhosen and a Tyrolean hat , and views himself as a thespian . Mr. Pricklepants was made in Germany ( although he speaks with an English accent and actor 's diction ) and is from the Waldfreunde ( Forest Friends ) collection of premium imported plush toys . Throughout Toy Story 3 , he expresses great interest in theater arts and in the same respect , takes the art of role playing as a child 's toy very seriously . Buttercup refers to him sarcastically as `` Baron von Shush '' due to his habit of `` shushing '' the other toys when they break character . During the credits , he plays Romeo , with one of the aliens playing Juliet . Mr. Pricklepants reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appeared in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Trixie ( edit ) Voiced by Kristen Schaal Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops . She chats online with `` a dinosaur toy down the street '' who goes by the name `` Velocistar237 . '' She becomes best friends with Rex during the credits , playing cooperatively on a computer . Trixie reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Buttercup ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Garlin Buttercup is a white unicorn with a yellow mane and a pink nose . Despite his appearance , he has a very gruff voice and sarcastic personality . He is the first to introduce himself to Woody when Bonnie brings him home . He later appears at the end of the movie , now very close friends with Hamm . He also appears in Small Fry , Hawaiian Vacation , and Partysaurus Rex . Peas - in - a-Pod ( edit ) Voiced by Charlie Bright , Amber Kroner , and Brianna Maiwand in Toy Story 3 Zoe Levin in Hawaiian Vacation and Small Fry Peas - in - a-Pod are three soft , plush green balls in a green zip - up case that looks like a pea pod . They have the personalities of small children , and their names are Peaty , Peatrice , and Peanelope . The Peas - in - a-Pod reappear in the short film Hawaiian Vacation . They also appear in Small Fry . Angel Kitty ( edit ) Voiced by Emma Hudak Angel Kitty is a Christmas ornament that only appears in Toy Story That Time Forgot . A running gag in the film is Angel Kitty giving a moral about Christmas much to other toys ' ( mostly Trixie ) dismay and joy . She is mostly seen with a trumpet giving morals . She was last seen in Toy Story That Time Forgot giving one last moral and `` vanishes '' . Totoro ( edit ) Totoro , the title character from My Neighbor Totoro , who is also the mascot of Studio Ghibli , appears as one of Bonnie 's toys . He is a big plush toy and does not speak at all during the film , nor is he spoken to by anyone by his name . He does however display his famous grin during the credit scenes , and at the end of the film , he is seen juggling the alien triplets , while Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head watch . According to the tie - in book , The Art of Toy Story 3 , Totoro 's appearance in the film was intended as a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki , who is a close friend of Pixar executive John Lasseter . In addition to Lasseter 's relationship to Miyazaki , another factor that contributed to Totoro 's appearance was Disney 's role in dubbing Studio Ghibli films for their English - language releases . Sid and Hannah 's toys ( edit ) The following toys are only seen in the first film . Combat Carl ( edit ) Combat Carl is a G.I. Joe - type toy character . He first appears as a toy of Sid 's that Sid blows up with an M - 80 explosive in his first scene in Toy Story . Pieces of him are later seen coming to life during Woody 's plan to frighten Sid into altering his behavior near the end of the film . A different character with the same name appears in Toy Story of Terror ! . Hannah 's dolls ( edit ) For Janie , see `` Janie and Pterodactyl '' under `` Mutant toys . '' Sally -- Sally is Hannah 's replacement doll for Janie . Sally has brown hair and a yellow dress . After Sid is attacked by the toys , Sid sees Sally , then runs off in fright , thinking that Sally will come to life . Marie Antoinette and her little sister -- Marie Antoinette and her little sister are a company of two headless dolls from Hannah 's tea party . One is Barbie without her original legs ( she has spare legs from a rag doll body ) , and the second is rag doll in violet bloom dress . A dark brown headless teddy bear is also seen with the dolls . It is because Sid tortured Hannah 's toys . Yet , she is able to play with them . `` Marie Antoinette '' is probably a nickname ( given by Buzz ) , based on their headlessness rather than the actual name of one of the toys . Mutant toys ( edit ) The Mutant Toys are mutilated toys who live their unhappy lives in the darkest corners of Sid 's room . They are assembled by Sid from mixed pieces of several toys that belong to him and Hannah ( hence the baby doll 's parts ) . They do not speak , though it is revealed they know Morse Code . Woody and Buzz initially think that they are cannibals who are going to eat them , before they learn that the toys are actually friendly and compassionate . They fix Buzz 's broken arm , Janie and the Pterodactyl , and also help Woody implement his plan to save Buzz from Sid . They close in on Sid as Woody tells Sid how much they hate being mutilated , and they all rejoice in victory after Woody frightens Sid away with his own voice . In Toy Story Treats , the Mutant Toys appear in Andy 's house . Baby Face -- The leader of the mutant toys , he is a one - eyed baby doll head staked on top of a spider - like body with crab - like pincers made of Erector set pieces . Baby Face lives in the shadows under Sid 's bed . One way Baby Face communicates with the other toys is by banging in Morse code on the side of Sid 's metal bedpost with his big claw . This method is used when he signals the other mutant toys to gather around to listen to Woody as he formulates his plan to rescue Buzz from Sid . When the mutant toys gain on Sid , Baby Face , suspended by Legs , lands on Sid 's head , scaring him . Baby Face is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Legs -- A toy fishing rod with Barbie doll legs . She is shown to be very strong , being able to hold Ducky 's and Baby Face 's weight . When Woody formulates his plan to save Buzz from Sid , he assigns Legs to partner up with Ducky . Legs opens the vent grating so she and Ducky can go to the front porch , where Legs lowers Ducky through the hole Ducky created so Ducky can swing toward the doorbell . After Ducky catches the Frog , Legs pulls both toys up to safety . Later , when the mutant toys advance on Sid , Legs lowers Baby Face onto Sid 's head , scaring him . Hand - in - the - Box -- Hand - in - the - box is based on the character Thing from the 1960s TV horror spoof The Addams Family . A green rubber arm that emerges from a black box , it appears to be based on the electro - mechanical coin - bank that was marketed as part of the show 's merchandising . During Woody 's plan to save Buzz from Sid , Hand - in - the - box , held by Rockmobile mounted on Babyface 's head , extends its hand to the doorknob , ready to open the door when the signal comes . After the Frog is let out the room to distract Scud , Hand - in - the - box mounts Roller Bob ( held by Rockmobile ) and extends its hand to pull Jingle Joe ( carrying Janie and the Pterodactyl ) when Woody motions the other mutant toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . The Hand also grabs Sid 's leg when the mutant toys surround him . Roller Bob -- A jet pilot action figure , whose torso has been attached to an old - school mini-skateboard . After the Frog is let out of Sid 's room to distract Scud , Roller Bob ferries Woody and the other mutant toys outside the house to Sid 's yard . The Frog -- The speediest toy of all . A tin wind - up frog with two different wheels ( left is from an erector set and right is from a monster truck ) instead of back legs . The Frog is missing his left front foot . As part of Woody 's plot to rescue Buzz from Sid , Woody orders , `` Wind the Frog ! '' , and the Walking Car twists the wind - up key on the Frog 's back to provide energy . When Ducky rings the doorbell , the Frog is let out of Sid 's room , allowing Scud to chase him down the stairs and out to the front porch , where he is caught by Ducky , and Legs reels both toys up to safety . Jingle Joe -- The result of a triple toy combination . He is a Combat Carl head staked on top of a Melody Push Chime toddler toy with an arm which is missing from a Mickey Mouse figure . He appears at the part when he turns Woody 's flashlight off by pressing the button . He helps in the plan to save Buzz by supplying motion for Janie and the Pterodactyl when there is no room on Roller Bob . Ducky -- Another triple toy combination : a duck - headed Pez dispenser with a baby doll torso and plunger base . Other than Rockmobile , he is the only one of Sid 's toys that can communicate orally . He and Legs go to the front porch via the vent , and Ducky , suspended from the porch ceiling by Legs , swings toward the doorbell until he finally activates it , giving Woody the signal to release the Frog . Ducky catches the Frog as Legs reels both toys up to safety . Rockmobile -- A figure with an insect 's head who sits in a headless upper torso of Rocky Gibraltar , in which is a steering wheel from a toy car . Rockmobile also walks on the Rocky doll 's hands . Walking Car -- A yellow 1957 Austin - Healey 3000 car with small baby doll arms . He can run and climb very quickly . As part of Woody 's plot to save Buzz from Sid , when Woody orders to wind the Frog , the Walking Car twists the screw on the Frog 's back , giving the Frog enough energy to speed from Sid 's room to the porch . Janie and Pterodactyl -- Hannah 's beloved rag doll , Janie , and Sid 's creepy toy , Pterodactyl ( a small plastic pterodactyl ) , are the subjects of Sid 's last `` operation '' , called a `` double bypass brain transplant '' ( he ripped off their heads and replaced Janie 's head with a pterodactyl 's ) . The mutant toys later put their heads on the correct bodies . After the Frog is released from Sid 's room for Scud to chase after , Janie and the Pterodactyl ride Jingle Joe ( since Roller Bob has run out of capacity ) as Woody motions the toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . Janie has yellow hair and a striped dress . Red Pickup Truck -- The Red Pickup Truck is a toy Toyota Hilux . It is a broken red pickup truck with crooked parts , missing ear windows and is covered in sand because it was abused and buried in the sandbox . It helps Woody and the other mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear from being blown up with a rocket by emerging from the sandbox along with Burned Rag Doll and Walking Car . Burned Rag Doll -- The Burned Rag Doll is a one eyed rag doll that was possibly burnt in an explosion or a fire . It repeatedly utters `` Mama ! '' , which signifies that it talks . It helps Woody and the mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear by coming out of the sandbox along with Walking Car and Red Pickup Truck . Mason 's toys ( edit ) Appearing in Toy Story That Time Forgot , these are the toys of Bonnie 's best friend Mason . Battlesaurs - A group of mostly humanoid dinosaur toys who initially believe themselves to be real beings rather than playthings ( like Buzz in the first and third films , and Buzz 2 in the second film ) . This illusion is encouraged by Mason 's greater interest in a new videogame system that he received for Christmas , and they become hostile to Mason 's other toys and to Bonnie 's when they are brought over for a playdate . However , Trixie is eventually able to convince them that being played with brings its own joy , and they happily embrace their life as toys . Reptillus Maximus ( voiced by Kevin McKidd ) - The Carcharodontosaurus - like Champion of the Battlesaurs , who is fascinated by Trixie after meeting her . Initially , Reptillus is resistant to the idea of being a plaything , feeling that to submit to the will of his child would be surrender and dishonorable . However , Trixie later helps him to see that being there for Mason is honorable , and he helps her divert Mason 's attention to his new toys . Near at the end of Toy Story That Time Forgot it 's implied that he has a crush on Trixie . The Cleric ( voiced by Steve Purcell ) - An anthropomorphic Ludodactylus and the `` spiritual '' leader of the Battlesaurs . The Cleric is the first Battlesaur shown to be aware of their status as toys , but conceals it from the others so that he can rule over them and Mason 's other toys . However , his plans are thwarted when Reptillus sides with Trixie ; he is later shown apparently enjoying his new role as Mason 's plaything . Ray - Gon ( voiced by Jonathan Kydd ) - A Scelidosaurus who serves as the armorer of the Battlesaurs , his main contribution is providing Trixie and Rex with battle armor , with the latter featuring remote - control arms that the Cleric uses to manipulate Rex . Goliathon - An Erythrosuchus that is kept as a pet by the other Battlesaurs and used to imprison their enemies in its belly . Guards - Various guards are part of the Battlesaur collections , with raptor - like males and Parasaurolophus - like females amongst others . Toy characters by location ( edit ) Al 's Toy Barn and apartment ( edit ) Shown in a Buzz Lightyear commercial in Toy Story , this section contains characters from Toy Story 2 . Al 's Toy Barn appears in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . Stinky Pete the Prospector ( edit ) Voiced by : Kelsey Grammer ( Toy Story 2 ) Stephen Stanton ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Stinky Pete , also known as Prospector , is a prospector doll and the primary antagonist of Toy Story 2 . He is a toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show , Woody 's Roundup , where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete , and Bullseye . The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still `` Mint in the Box '' making him sought after by thousands of collectors . In contrast to the character on the show , Stinky Pete is quite intelligent , manipulative , and well - spoken and , when he first appears , he seems to be a grandfather figure and mentor . However , he becomes embittered because he has never been sold or played with until Al McWhiggin eventually found him . Stinky Pete makes no secret of his hatred for space toys like Buzz Lightyear , whom he blames for causing the show to be canceled after the launch of Sputnik , causing children all over America to lose their interest in cowboy toys , shifting their interest to space adventures instead . Years after being purchased , Stinky Pete would spend years in storage while Al bought more toys and advertisements from Woody 's Roundup . After Al had stolen Woody , Stinky Pete and Jessie were excited because now they could go to the Konishi Toy Museum in Japan , where they will be treated with respect . Woody reveals that he has an owner named Andy Davis , which infuriates Jessie and leads the Prospector to become determined to make sure Woody does n't go back to Andy at any cost , despite the fact that he is now aware that Al actually has stolen Woody because he still belongs to Andy . When Al accidentally rips off Woody 's arm , Stinky Pete secretly leaves his box and he sabotages Woody 's attempt to recover his arm and return to Andy by turning on the TV . He then frames Jessie for this by putting the TV remote near her before returning to his box and pretending that he `` does n't know '' how the TV turned on after Woody falls for his trick . He later convinces Woody to wait until his arm is supposed to be fixed in the morning , which is done after Al calls in a cleaner . After Woody 's arm is fixed , Stinky Pete convinces Woody after a story that Jessie tells him about her old owner , that Andy wo n't play with him anymore by the time he goes to college , but in Japan , Woody will be treasured forever . Woody agrees to stay with them instead of going back to Andy , much to Stinky Pete , Jessie and Bullseye 's delight . However , Woody 's friends arrive during a celebration of going to Japan and they demand that Woody returns to Andy , but Woody angrily refuses , resulting in the toys sadly saying goodbye and leaving without him . However , before leaving , Buzz says an upset goodbye to Woody by saying that he 'll be staying behind glass forever and not being loved again if he chooses to go to Japan , leaving Woody to think over his choice . However , Woody has a change of heart and tells Buzz that he is coming with them , and invites his friends to come with him to Andy 's house . However , Stinky Pete is very angry with Woody for attempting to leave with Jessie and Bullseye back to Andy 's house , and once again he sabotages Woody 's attempt to escape by tightening the bolt to the vent ( as well as revealing to the others that he can actually get out of his box whenever he wants ) and uses his pick axe to turn off the TV , causing Woody to realize that it was the Prospector who foiled his escape the previous night by turning on the TV and framing Jessie for it . He sees unpopular toys like him and the Roundup Gang doomed to either always ending up in storage or `` spending a lifetime on a dime store shelf watching every other toy be sold , '' similar to his fate before Al found him , and does not want Woody , Jessie , and Bullseye to suffer the same fate . He also sees children as destroyers of toys whose ultimate fate will be `` spending eternity rotting in some landfill '' . This makes him all the more determined to go to the Tokyo museum and become an exhibit for the rest of his life , unlike Woody and Jessie . When Slinky attempts to get Woody out of Al 's suitcase , Stinky Pete quickly stops them and yanks Woody back in . When an angry Stinky Pete punches Buzz off the ramp at the airport to prevent Woody 's rescue , Woody confronts and fights Stinky Pete for harming his friend . Stinky Pete manages to overpower him , ripping his right arm in the process . He then attempts to finish Woody off after he refuses to get back in the case as told , assuring him that he will be fixed again in Japan while saying that going home will eventually end up with him being in pieces . The other toys blind and stun Stinky Pete with flash cameras that the toys found after they confused and mistook another green luggage case for Woody 's . Buzz , surviving the fall , captures Stinky Pete and Woody instructs Buzz and the other toys to dump Stinky Pete into a Barbie doll backpack that belongs to a little girl named Amy ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) , who enjoys decorating her dolls ' faces with tattoos , as punishment and revenge for his betrayal , knowing it will make him learn the true meaning of playtime . Upon learning of Amy 's occupations of decorating her dolls , Stinky Pete starts to weep as he is taken to his new owner 's home . Ironically , this fate is a rectification of a past injustice done to Stinky Pete . Since much of his anger came from never being sold , opened or played with ; now he is finally being owned by a child after waiting 50 years . However , after the film 's release , the film 's website featured interviews with the characters . In Stinky Pete 's interview , he has reformed and said that he has become accustomed to Amy decorating him , as well of being fond of Amy herself . Despite his appearance , Stinky Pete does not appear in the third film , because he was no longer mentioned , though he seems to accurately predict the events of Toy Story 3 ( as what he had said after his defeat started to come true in the film ) . He asks Woody if Andy will take him to college , and later tells the rest of the toys that children destroy toys , which occurs in the Sunnyside Daycare , and that they will be forgotten and end up in a landfill permanently , where the toys are narrowly rescued from the incinerator after an escape attempt and return to Andy 's . The last part of his prediction did not come true . According to his box , Stinky Pete had a total of 9 sayings . In one outtake , Stinky Pete is seen talking to two Barbie dolls in the box , promising them a role in the third film . In another outtake , Stinky Pete gives Woody a choice to go back to Andy 's home or stay , until he suffers a bout of flatulence , which he later implies is the reason for his nickname . Despite the fact that he does not appear in the third film , Stinky Pete does appear in the Toy Box Mode of Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . According to the DVD commentary , the Pixar team had deliberated for a while what the proper comeuppance for the Prospector would be before it was decided for him to be placed in a Barbie bag with a face - painted Barbie . Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Voiced by Tim Allen When searching for Woody at Al 's Toy Barn , Buzz comes across the Buzz Lightyear aisle , causing him to stare in awe . While looking around , Buzz notices that there is a display case labeled `` New Utility Belt . '' Buzz then climbs up the display case to find a newer Buzz Lightyear with a Utility Belt . When Buzz tries to take the belt , the newer Buzz ( who thinks he a real Space Ranger , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the original film ) springs to life and grabs him , believing him to be an AWOL Space Ranger . Buzz finds himself wondering out loud if he was this deluded , which Utility Belt Buzz mistakes for talking back and threatens to use his laser on him . Buzz tries to prove to him that he is not an actual Space Ranger by showing him that his laser actually a light bulb . This does n't work however and Utility Belt Buzz jumps out of the way and tells him that he could 've killed him . Buzz then decides that he 's had enough and tries to leave , only for Utility Belt Buzz to jump out and attack him . After trapping Buzz in a box similar to the one he came in , he is mistaken for the original Buzz by the gang . When Rex mentions that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg -- having recently acquired a walkthrough guide for the Buzz Lightyear video game that he 's been stuck on , Utility Belt Buzz quickly decides to tag along thinking that the toys are trying to find Zurg . While the gang search Al 's Toy Barn and through the vents of Al 's apartment with Utility Belt Buzz , they become increasingly suspicious of his cocky attitude ( `` I 'm Buzz Lightyear ! I 'm always sure ! '' ) and strange actions ( such as thinking that he is flying up the elevator shift and is unaware that he 's standing on the elevator , which is helping him fly ) until they are finally reunited with Andy 's Buzz , who defuses his counterpart 's confusion by claiming that the situation is a ' Code 546 ' ( Precisely what this involves is unknown , but it prompted Utility Belt Buzz to refer to Woody as `` Your Majesty '' ) . Heading to the elevator on the way down , they encounter a savage Emperor Zurg toy and Utility Belt Buzz engages him in battle . When Utility Belt Buzz claims Zurg killed his father , Zurg responds he is his father , causing Utility Belt Buzz to scream in dismay ( a parody of The Empire Strikes Back ) . Rex defeats Zurg by accident , sending him falling off the elevator to his apparent doom by knocking him off - balance with his tail when he turns away as Zurg prepares to shoot Utility Belt Buzz , upsetting him . He is last seen playing catch with his `` father , '' the Zurg toy , whose attitude towards Utility Belt Buzz has changed after the fall . Evil Emperor Zurg ( edit ) Voiced by : Andrew Stanton ( 1999 -- present ) Wayne Knight in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Jess Harnell ( mini counterpart ) Evil Emperor Zurg is a space villain action figure and Buzz Lightyear 's archenemy . He has red evil eyes with neon gritting teeth , silver horns on his head , a purple tunic with a black cape on it and his weapon , a gun ( which has a power control that , as an homage to This is Spinal Tap , goes to 11 ) . In some cases , he does not have a gun but a hand like the one on his other arm . In the first film , Zurg is a referenced character , and does not appear at all . However , Zurg is first seen in the opening sequence of the second film when Buzz is trying to take his main power away from him ( Zurg 's main power is from an AA battery which is actually revealed to be a hologram ) . In the ensuing battle , Zurg vaporizes the top half of Buzz Lightyear 's body with his gun , killing him . The sequence then cuts showing that the opening sequence was actually a video game played by Rex . As the story progresses , a Zurg toy in Al 's Toy Barn bursts out from its box and follows Andy 's Buzz Lightyear , who is on the way to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . Zurg is deluded , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the first film . In the second film , another copy of Buzz Lightyear , who also acts similar to Buzz in the first film , escapes from Al 's Toy Barn and battles with Zurg ( who says the exact same thing he said in the video game before the fight ) using toy components ( pin balls and lights ) . In a reference to the relationship of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader , the principal hero and villain respectively of the original Star Wars trilogy , Evil Emperor Zurg claims he is in fact the father of Buzz , in an almost word - for - word parody of the scene in The Empire Strikes Back . As Zurg attempts to finish off Utility Belt Buzz ( at point - blank range ) , Rex accidentally hits Zurg with his large tail , sending him falling down the elevator shaft . The second Buzz then looks over the shaft and reaches his hand out , thinking he has lost his father , while Rex is excited that he has finally managed to defeat Zurg in real life . Near the end of the film , Zurg is seen to have survived his fall with a bent horn and is now playing catch with the Buzz copy . He supposedly bumped his head so hard as he forgot he was Buzz Lightyear 's worst enemy . The second Buzz Lightyear then says , `` Oh , you 're a great dad ! '' as he rushes to catch another ball fired by Zurg . In the novelisation , however , Zurg is killed by the fall , Utility Belt Buzz finds him and takes him back to Al 's Toy Barn to bury him . Zurg is mentioned in the third film by Buzz in his bad guy character after Lotso resets him to Demo mode . Zurg appears briefly during a sequence in the end credits , where he is donated to Sunnyside Daycare center and greeted by Stretch . Zurg also appears as in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and its direct - to - video movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins . Zurg says he is Lightyear 's father during a fight in order to shock Lightyear , before regaining the advantage during the fight and then denying the truth of that previous claim . Whether or not this is actually true , Buzz definitely does not know who his father is . This version of Zurg is also severely lightened up , going from the movie 's Darth Vader-esque version to a far less intimidating one ; in the TV series Zurg is a flamboyant villain who is just as much a comic relief character as he is a formidable opponent , similar to Skeletor . This Zurg is known for videotaping Buzz 's speeches , maintaining a troll doll collection , and various other comedic habits . He is shown to have a bit of a British accent throughout the series . It is revealed in the first episode that there is a Nana Zurg , but she is never seen at all ( although he claims that she 's `` plenty evil '' ) . Zurg would appear to be a cyborg of some description , also much like Darth Vader . However , it has also been discussed amongst fans that his `` cybernetic '' traits could also very well be because of advanced technology . There is yet to be a clear answer . In the TV series , he is the warlord - like ruler of an evil empire and is in command of an army of Hornet robots , as well of a minion workforce consisting of Grubs and Brainpods . The seat of which is the hellish Planet Z ( standing for Xrghthung ) . In various media surrounding the film , his planet is said to be called Xrghthung . However , because this is unpronounceable in the TV series it is changed to simply `` Z . '' It is unknown whether Zurg rules over any other worlds , but , if he does , they have not been revealed . Planet Z evidently possesses vast resources and forces enabling Zurg to be a serious threat to the Galactic Alliance . Despite being frequently gullible and bungling , Zurg is evidently highly intelligent , able to concoct sound military tactics and Machiavellian evil schemes . Additionally , he occasionally references stereotypes of typical evil villains and intentionally violates them , showing how aware he is of his similarity to them . For example , when designing a vast prison on Planet Z , he declines building an execution arena , for it simply `` gives the captives more time to get away . '' When he was designing a schematic for a new base , he expressedly forbade for air vents that allow `` hero - sized objects '' into the control room . `` And , may I remind you , no giant trash compactor ! When heroes fall in , they always have enough time to figure a way out . Make it -- an incinerator ! '' Despite his camp nature , he is just as fearsome and ruthless as his movie counterpart . Zurg is frequently mentioned to be the most evil villain in the galaxy and appears to possess authority over all other villains . In fact , he would appear to be a physical manifestation of pure evil . He is particularly proud of this and frequently brags of how `` evil '' he is . He is a parody of Darth Vader on Star Wars , Darkseid on DC Comics , Ming the Merciless on Flash Gordon , Megatron on Transformers , Doctor Doom on Marvel Comics as well as The Six Million Dollar Man . Zurg appears as a playable character in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game on the PlayStation 3 in Toy Box Mode after completing several missions . He also has a convertible ( the ZurgsMobile ) that matches his personality . His mini counterpart is featured in a short called Small Fry . Zurg appeared in the 2015 live - action Disney movie , Tomorrowland . Tour guide Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson Tour Guide Barbie is a Barbie doll initially from Al 's Toy Barn in Toy Story 2 . When Hamm , Slinky Dog , Rex and Mr. Potato Head come upon the Barbie aisle at Al 's Toy Barn while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie hops into the toy car they are driving . She gives the toys a tour in the toy barn and helps them locate Buzz Lightyear ( they actually find a different , ' limited - edition ' Buzz Lightyear ) . After the outtakes of the film , Tour Guide Barbie waves goodbye to the audience until her face hurts from smiling . She then leaves for a break . Sunnyside Daycare ( edit ) These characters live at Sunnyside Daycare Centre . All appear in Toy Story 3 only . Lots - O ' - Huggin ' bear ( edit ) Voiced by Ned Beatty Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear ( Lotso for short ) is a plush , hot pink teddy bear with a big plum nose , a sweet strawberry scent and a southern accent , who uses a wooden toy mallet as an assistive cane . He is the self - proclaimed leader of the toys at the Sunnyside Daycare Center and the main antagonist of the third film . He initially acts like a kind - hearted and wise caretaker , but is eventually revealed to be a ruthless prison warden , although his backstory makes him more of a tragic villain . In Toy Story 3 , he welcomes Andy 's toys to Sunnyside and assigns them to the Caterpillar Room . Woody tries to escape from Sunnyside so he could go back to Andy , but is instead found and taken by a little girl named Bonnie . Woody learns from Chuckles , one of Bonnie 's toys , that Lotso was once owned and loved by a girl named Daisy , having become Daisy 's favorite toy when she obtained it for Christmas . Lotso became friends with Chuckles and Big Baby . One day , Daisy and her family had a picnic in the countryside . When she fell asleep , her parents drove her home , inadvertently leaving the toys behind . Not wanting to give up , Lotso led his two friends on a long trek back to Daisy 's house , only to discover that Daisy had gotten another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear . Lotso became embittered and convinced Big Baby that they had been replaced , leaving Daisy 's home with Chuckles . Lotso eventually discovered Sunnyside Daycare Center and turned it into an internment camp for toys . Big Baby took on the role of Lotso 's enforcer while Chuckles was discovered by Bonnie and taken home . Meanwhile , Lotso realizes that Buzz is actually requesting a transfer of himself and the rest of Andy 's toys to the Butterfly Room . Thinking of Buzz to be useful to him , Lotso only approves the transfer to him . When Buzz refuses Lotso 's offer to stay in the Caterpillar Room , Lotso reverses Buzz to demo mode and manipulates him into imprisoning Andy 's other toys . When Woody and Andy 's toys attempt to flee from the daycare center . Lotso catches the group and once again offers them to stay at Sunnyside when a garbage truck arrives , but the toys refuse and Lotso instructs Stretch to push the toys into the dumpster . Woody argues with Lotso over his wrongdoings and reveals to him what he knows about Daisy and tosses Daisy 's ownership tag to him ; Lotso destroys it and says that toys are supposed to be discarded . His henchmen then turn on him and Big Baby throws him into the dumpster . As the toys attempt to flee , a vengeful Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects it to get the other toys to be sent to the dump . At the landfill , the toys end up on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder . Finding Lotso stuck under a large golf bag , Woody and Buzz rescue him and escape the shredder , only to realize that it leads to an incinerator . As they are about to reach the incinerator , Lotso sees an emergency stop button , and with Woody and Buzz 's help , manages to reach it . However , instead of pushing the button , he chooses to leave them behind , as he is still evil and selfish on the inside and still believes that all toys are meant to be at the dump . When Woody and the toys are rescued by the aliens , Hamm and Slinky want to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die , but Woody talks them out of it , claiming that `` he 's not worth it '' and that the dump is the right place for him . Lotso ( who is unaware the Andy 's toys are still alive ) is eventually found by a garbage man who recalls that he once had a Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear as a child , and straps Lotso to the grill of a garbage truck with three other toys before driving away . Lotso was intended to be in the first film ( originally for a sequel to Tin Toy ) , but the technology to design the fur to the proper consistency had yet to exist until Monsters , Inc. in 2001 , so he was saved for the third film . However , an early version of Lotso can be seen in the first film when Woody says `` Everybody hear me ? Up on the shelf , can you hear me ? Great ! '' and can be seen in the second film during the first Al 's Toy Barn Commercial . Test audiences who had sympathized with Lotso for his backstory had wanted him to push the button in the incinerator scene to redeem himself . However , according to the DVD commentary , director Lee Unkrich explained that Lotso not pushing the button to save the toys was intended for the audience to really care about the characters after three films of getting to know them when it looked like it was the end for them in the incinerator . The Pixar team took note of the people 's concerns and made Lotso to be an outright , selfish liar . Lotso also makes a cameo appearance in Pixar 's 2009 movie Up in a little girl 's room in the city where Mr. Fredricksen 's house goes by in the bottom left corner in the shadow of the bed . Ned Beatty was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for his performance as Lotso , and Pixar and he received widespread praise for the character 's back story and Beatty 's performance . IGN named Lotso the best villain of the summer of 2010 . Ken ( edit ) Voiced by Michael Keaton Ken is a smooth - talking doll who falls in love with Barbie . He first appears wearing light blue pleated and cuffed shorts , and a tucked - in leopard - print shirt with short sleeves . His accessories include matching ascot , sensible loafers and a fashion - forward gold belt . He lives in Ken 's Dreamhouse , a big yellow doll house with three stories , a large wardrobe room , and an elevator . Barbie originally breaks up with Ken when she finds him , Lotso , his other henchmen , and a reset Buzz Lightyear locking up her friends and discovering their ulterior motive . Piqued , Ken orders her locked up as well . However , as part of a plan to escape , she pretends to forgive Ken , gaining access to his dream house . Barbie then ties Ken hostage to try to get him to reveal how to reset Buzz back to normal . As a provocation , she rips his clothing apart . Ken reveals the truth after she begins to sabotage his Nehru jacket . He is not seen again until Lotso has the toys cornered at the dumpster , where he is the first to turn on Lotso . Ken comes to Barbie 's help by trying to stop Lotso , having realized Barbie through her understanding of civics . Lotso tells Ken `` there 's 100,000,000 just like her '' , but Ken insists that for him , there is no one else like her , and wins back her affections . In the end credits of the film , he and Barbie are seen greeting new toys at Sunnyside as Barbie becomes his girlfriend again , and with Lotso gone , they both take charge of the Sunnyside toys as the new leaders . He resembles a real doll from 1988 called Animal Lovin ' Ken . Due to being called a `` girl 's toy , '' it is often joked about his femininity : such as his large selection and obsession with clothes , him wearing Barbie 's scarf , his rather feminine boxer - shorts , Bookworm not being suspicious seeing who he believed being Ken ( Barbie in a spacesuit outfit ) in high heels , as well as at the end Buzz believing Barbie wrote them the fancy note , only to discover Ken 's signature at the end . Ken , along with Barbie , appears in the theatrical short , Hawaiian Vacation , in which the two embark on a journey to Hawaii , but ends up in Bonnie 's room , where Woody and the other toys reenact various Hawaiian scenes . Big Baby ( edit ) Voiced by Woody Smith ( 2010 - present ) Big Baby is a Bitty Baby doll with a lazy eye who carries around a bottle and is adorned with childlike scribbling that resembles ferocious tattoos . He normally does not speak , instead communicating through baby sounds , with the exception of one spoken line after the toys escape Sunnyside . Big Baby was once one of Daisy 's toys before he , Lotso , and Chuckles were lost at a rest area . After returning home , Lotso lied to Big Baby that Daisy replaced them and arrived at Sunnyside . While there , Lotso took full control and Big Baby acted as his second - in - command and enforcer at Sunnyside . Eventually , Woody reveals to Lotso that Daisy still cared about them , causing Big Baby to regain his memory of his former owner , whom he called `` Mama '' . Lotso , infuriated , insults and bullies Big Baby for his attachment to Daisy ( still believing that she had abandoned them ) and destroys the name tag by smashing it to pieces with his mallet , and pokes Big Baby for being a dummy . Angered by that , Big Baby turns against Lotso where he throws him in the dumpster ( A parody of a scene from Return of the Jedi ) , blows him a raspberry , and helps Woody and his friends escape Sunnyside . In the credits , Big Baby is shown to be having a happier time at Sunnyside under Barbie and Ken 's care and is seen happily hugging and spinning the couple . At a party at Sunnyside he is shown wearing gold just like Barbie and Ken . The baby who provided the voice for Big Baby is named `` Woody , '' according to Lee Unkrich 's Twitter account , and the film 's credits confirm it as being Woody Smith ( listed under Additional voices ) . Twitch ( edit ) Voiced by John Cygan Twitch is a green `` insectaloid warrior '' action figure with a bug 's head , orange eyes with ferocious chomping mandibles , wings , and two muscular arms . He is one of the toy thugs working for Lotso . He helps to reprogram Buzz , and later apprehends Andy 's other toys . He keeps a search light working in the playground . He and Sparks `` break '' the Chatter telephone before he is convinced of Lotso 's evil by Woody and Ken . Because of how Lotso abused Big Baby , Twitch turns on Lotso , along with the other gang members . During the credits , he is seen living in a happier Sunnyside and is shown taking a turn to endure playtime with the young children in the Caterpillar Room , switching with Chunk so he can rest . Twitch is reminiscent of the 1980s `` He - Man and the Masters of the Universe '' toy line , and other similar lines . Stretch ( edit ) Voiced by Whoopi Goldberg Stretch is a toy rubber octopus with sticky suckers on her eight long arms and a glittery , purple body . She is the sole female member of Lotso 's gang , and at first welcomes the toys , but later helps capture them with her elastic tentacles . With her cohorts , she later catches Woody and his friends , and was eager to push them into the dumpster , should they not admit defeat . However , Stretch was also seen to be the first toy to doubt Lotso 's leadership and motives , as she was seen to visibly cringe at Lotso 's true character being revealed . After Lotso destroys Big Baby 's locket , he angrily orders Stretch to push Woody and his friends into the dumpster , which Stretch is now reluctant to do , causing Lotso to reveal his true feelings about all toys . Eventually , Lotso is thrown into the dumpster by Big Baby for his lies and treachery , and Stretch immediately leaves the area , shocked at what had happened but relieved . In the credits , she welcomes new toys happily without Lotso and is later seen sneaking a message to Woody and the gang in Bonnie 's backpack . She is based on a purple Wacky WallWalker toy from the 1980s . Chunk ( edit ) Voiced by Jack Angel Chunk is an orange muscular rock monster toy . He has two red eyes when fierce , blue eyes when he 's friendly , huge fists , and a face that you can change by rolling it up or down to a different facial expression or pressing a button at the top of his head . He welcomes the toys to Sunnyside , but later helps Lotso and Buzz imprison them . He is then convinced of Lotso 's deception when he abuses Big Baby , and is seen helping Woody and his friends climb to safety . In the credits , he is seen taking the abuse of the younger children , later taking a rest while Twitch takes his place . He is based on the short lived Rock Lords toyline . Chunk has a very low level of intelligence : During a gambling scene , he describes Buzz as `` He ai n't the sharpest knife in the ... place ... where they ... keep the knives '' . He enjoys teasing Ken during the gambling scene since he called him a `` girl 's toy . '' Sparks ( edit ) Voiced by Jan Rabson Sparks is a robot toy at Sunnyside Daycare . He has shown to be both blunt and sarcastic . Sparks ' retro design has flashing red LED eyes and a blaster cavity in his chest that spits out real sparks when he 's rolling around on his wheels , but is completely safe for children . He sports telescoping arms with working pincers and he can also elevate his body to make himself taller . He starts out as one of Lotso 's henchmen , but in the dumpster scene , when Ken states that Lotso put all of the toys in Sunnyside Daycare into a pyramid and placed himself on the top , he and Twitch ( and likely Chunk as well ) start to doubt Lotso 's leadership as both of them look at each other . Both of them are also in shock when Lotso shows his true colors and pokes Big Baby angrily in the stomach . They also witness Big Baby who retaliates by throwing Lotso into the dumpster , and he and the rest of his fellow henchmen let Andy 's toys escape . In the end , he and the rest of Lotso 's former henchmen reform for the better and become nicer . Sparks has only one line , when he points out Chunk 's low intelligence , he says , `` Neither are you , Chunk '' after Chunk gives his opinion on Buzz . Chatter Telephone ( edit ) Voiced by Teddy Newton Chatter Telephone is a character based on the real - life toy of the same name . He can only speak when his receiver is lifted from its cradle . He lives in the Caterpillar Room . He is the oldest toy at Sunnyside , and becomes an ally to Woody . When Woody returns to Sunnyside , he immediately says that coming back was a mistake because Lotso had rigged his security after he left and that the best action would be to just lay low . He reluctantly gives him instructions on how to escape Sunnyside . For this , he is later brutally beaten and broken for helping Woody and his group escape , and eventually rats Woody out when convinced that Woody and the other toys had already escaped , but are caught just before they can do so . He sadly apologizes to Woody who fortunately shows sympathy for the broken toy . In the credits , he has been repaired and now lives a happier life there at Sunnyside Daycare without Lotso , having been invited into the Butterfly Room . When Woody talked to him , he called him Ol ' Timer . Bookworm ( edit ) Voiced by Richard Kind The Bookworm is a green toy worm with a built - in flashlight who wears glasses . He is a genius who loves reading books . He keeps a library of instruction manuals in a closet at Sunnyside , and gives Lotso the instruction manual for Buzz Lightyear . He later gives the same manual to Barbie ( who he thinks is Ken since she is disguised in his spacesuit outfit ) . It is unknown if he is in allegiance with Lotso but is most likely not , since he is never seen with him very often . In the credits , he is happy without Lotso , and is seen using his flashlight to light a disco ball during a party at Sunnyside . He is based on the Glo Worm toys from the 1980s . He only has two lines in the film . Cymbal - banging monkey ( edit ) The cymbal - banging monkey is a monkey toy based on the Musical Jolly Chimp toy from the 1960s. he monitors the Sunnyside Daycare security cameras at night , and can alert Lotso and the gang of any toys attempting to escape by screeching into a microphone to broadcast over the intercom . Chatter Telephone tells Woody that he must get rid of the monkey before he and his friends can escape . Woody and Slinky manage to succeed in taking him down by wrapping him up in Scotch Tape and shutting him in a filing cabinet . In the credits , he is seen in a much happier situation , gently playing his clash cymbals while wearing star - shaped sunglasses . Toys in other projects ( edit ) The following toy characters were seen in other Toy Story projects : Discarded Fun Meal Toys ( edit ) Appearing in Small Fry , the Discarded Fun Meal Toys are toys that were discarded by children and have formed a support group in a storage room at Poultry Palace . Buzz Lightyear came across them at the time when he was replaced by the Fun Meal Toy version of Buzz . Among the Fun Meal Toys are : Queen Neptuna ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) -- Queen Neptuna is a mermaid toy who is leader of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She was from the `` Mermaid Battle Squadron '' line where the Mermaid Battle Squadron 's duties are to protect the oceans from pollution and exploitation . T - Bone ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- T - Bone is a steak - like Transformer who is Queen Neptuna 's second - in - command of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He was from the `` Steak Force '' line where they fight the Vegetenarians . DJ Blu - Jay ( voiced by Bret Parker ) -- DJ Blu - Jay is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small blue jay toy wearing a set of headphones with a disco player with a tree trunk to stand it up . Lizard Wizard ( voiced by Josh Cooley ) -- Lizard Wizard is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small lime green lizard toy with a beard , a violet wizard hat and a wizard robe . Bozu the Ninja Clown -- Bozu is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a circus clown by day , 15th century ninja from Feudal Japan by night . Vlad the Engineer ( voiced by Jess Harnell in a Transylvanian accent ) -- Vlad the Engineer is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . Vlad is a vampire in a conductor 's hat that rides in a purple steam engine . Vlad got discarded because `` nobody wanted to board the Vampire Express . '' Gary Grappling Hook ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Gary Grappling Hook is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a green toy gun with hands and legs and a blue grappling hook for a face . Buzz uses him to escape the toy psychotherapy meeting when he was paired up with Lizard Wizard . Tae - Kwon Doe ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- Tae - Kwon Doe is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic karate deer toy that can chop through the boards that are part of her toy . At one point , Queen Neptuna sees her hand up and thinks she is raising her hand . When Neptuna calls on her , Tae - Kwon Doe explains that it 's simply her play feature at which point her left hoof goes down hitting the plastic boards and `` breaking '' it . Her name is a play on `` Taekwondo '' . Super Pirate ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Super Pirate is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a pirate - themed superhero with an eyepatch on his left eye and a peg leg in place of the lower part of the left leg . Beef Stewardess -- Beef Stewardess is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic cow that is dressed as a stewardess . Nervous Sys - Tim ( voiced by Kitt Hiraski ) -- Nervous Sys - Tim is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a clear plastic human that shows many body parts such as the brain , the eyes , and the nervous system . Nervous Sys - Tim mentioned that nobody wanted him because he is an accurate depiction of the human nervous system and that would seem gross when kids were eating . Ghost Burger ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Ghost Burger is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a normal hamburger dressed in a ghost sheet . Koala Kopter ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in an Australian accent ) -- Koala Kopter is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a plastic koala on a helicopter that has a propeller on the top of his hat that is part of the `` Down Undermals '' set . Koala Kopter stated that he was switched out for a Kangaroo Kanoe . Roxy Boxy ( voiced by Emily Forbes ) -- Roxy Boxy is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is a boxing - themed turtle . Roxy Boxy mentioned that she was recalled because her boxing glove hands will come out and could hurt kids . This has happened during the meeting where it hit Lizard Wizard twice . Recycle Bin ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- Recycle Bin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue recycling bin with arms . Recycle Ben claimed that `` he was recycled . '' Funky Monk ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Funky Monk is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a monk with sunglasses and a gold chain with his initials around his neck . Condorman ( voiced by Bob Bergen ) -- Condorman is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a condor - themed superhero in his vehicle . Condorman is an allusion to the live - action 1981 Disney film of the same name . Franklin ( voiced by Jim Ward ) -- Franklin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a bald eagle sitting on a rolled - up version of the constitution that supports a feather pen on the back of it and the wheels are made up of quarters . Franklin did n't understand why kids disliked him because `` he is history , but on wheels . '' Pizza - Bot ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Pizza - Bot is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue pizza box - headed robot whose right hand holds a pizza and his left hand is a pizza cutter . It reads PIZZABOT5000 on his chest . His chest is possibly a pizza - carrying chest , such as the ones that you see when someone brings you pizza or the boxes that carry the pizzas at baseball games . Kids do not like Pizza - Bot for some reason which makes him sad . Sleep well toys ( edit ) A set of toys who were stolen from their owners during their stay at the Sleep Well roadside motel by Manager Ron 's pet iguana , Mr. Jones , so that Ron could sell them online . They appear in Toy Story of Terror ! , where they are held along with Bonnie 's toys while Ron auctions them off on the Internet . They eventually escape with help from Jessie , and depart the Sleep Well on a mail truck . Combat Carl ( voiced by Carl Weathers ) - A G.I. Joe-esque action figure . He is African - American in appearance , unlike the Caucasian character of the same name who briefly appeared in the first film . He is encountered by Jessie after all of her friends have been captured , having eluded Mr. Jones though losing a hand in the process . Carl is extremely paranoid and refers to himself in the third person , but later helps Jessie overcome her fears to save everyone . He was owned by a boy named Billy , to whom he is determined to return . Combat Carl Jr. ( voiced by Carl Weathers in a high - pitched voice ) - A miniature version of Combat Carl who has a close relationship with his larger self . Pocketeer ( voiced by Ken Marino ) - Part of an action figure line known as the `` Fastener Four , '' the Pocketeer has an outfit covered in pockets in which he keeps various helpful items . His fellows Zipper Man , Snaps , and Speed Lacer were sold by Ron prior to the capture of Bonnie 's toys . Pez Cat ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) - a Pez dispenser whose head is that of a cat wearing glasses , and who serves as the lookout for the trapped toys in the Sleep Well motel . Transitron ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) - a Transformers-esque transforming robot who splits into five vehicle components . Jessie freed Transitron from a box he was to be shipped in and then had him seal her inside so she could rescue Woody ; Transitron later joined up with the other stolen toys and departed the Sleep Well . Non-toy characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Andy Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : John Morris -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , Toy Story 3 Charlie Bright -- Toy Story 3 ( as a child ) Andrew `` Andy '' Davis Jr. is the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys in each of the three films . He lived with his mother and sister Molly , but left to go to college when he was 17 . However , his father is never seen or mentioned in the films . Toy Story 2 implies that Woody might be a hand - me - down toy , and when introducing the 2009 set of Toy Story collectibles , John Lasseter said `` We always imagined he was a hand - me - down to Andy from his father . '' In Toy Story , Andy receives a Buzz Lightyear action figure for his 6th birthday party . Tension erupts between Buzz and Woody , who has always prided himself on being Andy 's favorite . Andy initially spends much more time with his new toy , but still has a special place in his heart for Woody . Thus , he becomes concerned when both toys go missing for a time , fearing they would be lost during his family 's move to a new house . In Toy Story 2 , Andy is only seen in the beginning and for a short while in the ending . During his appearances , it is clear that he still loves his toys very much . At the end of the film , Andy is pleased to have five new toys -- Jessie , Bullseye , and the three Squeeze Toy Aliens -- added into his collection . He marks them , as he has all his toys , with his name on the soles of their feet , or in Bullseye 's case , one letter of his name on each hoof . In Toy Story 3 , Andy is 17 and preparing to go off to college , intending to put most of his toys in the attic except for Woody , whom he initially plans to take with him . While he apparently has not played with his toys for some years and has given many of them away , he is still resistant to his mother 's suggestion to either donate or sell his remaining toys , referring to them as `` junk '' ( which the toys believe is what he truly thinks ) . When they go missing , however , he becomes upset and confused when he can not find them . Before he goes to college , Woody secretly puts the address of Bonnie ( the young daughter of a family friend ) on the box with the toys in it , causing Andy to come around to the idea of donating them . He passes them on to young Bonnie , who he realizes will look after his childhood playthings and gives them each their own introduction , stating the qualities that make each of them special . When Bonnie finds Woody in the box as well , Andy shows great reluctance to pass on his favorite toy , but ultimately relents , allowing the toys to stay together in an environment where they will be loved and played with . He spends time with Bonnie and the toys one last time before departing for college , and is noticeably sad when Bonnie has Woody `` wave '' to him . He then responds with a quiet `` Thanks , guys '' . According to Toy Story producer Ralph Guggenheim in a December 1995 Animation Magazine article : John Lasseter and the story team for Toy Story reviewed the names of Pixar employees ' children looking for the right name for Woody 's owner . Davis was ultimately named after and based on Andy Luckey , the son of legendary animator Bud Luckey , Pixar 's fifth employee and the creator of Woody . Luckey has declined to publicly comment on the connection . In the DVD feature for Toy Story 3 on the voice cast , the Pixar crew remark that they were n't sure if Morris would want to do it or would sound right , and were ecstatic when they heard his voice on an answering machine , Morris was perfect for teenage Andy . Bonnie Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Emily Hahn Bonnie Anderson appears in Toy Story 3 as one of the children who goes to Sunnyside Daycare . She becomes the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys at the end of the film . Her mother , Mrs. Anderson ( voiced by Lori Alan ) , works in the front desk . Although she has an active imagination and boisterous manner when playing with her toys , she is shy and withdrawn when she is around adults , but she quickly warms up to Andy , when he donates his toys to her . She finds Woody , who was trying to escape Sunnyside , takes him home , and plays with him . Woody is impressed by what he sees at her house and ultimately gets himself ( and all of Andy 's other toys ) donated to her . Andy briefly plays with her after handing over his toys , and tells her he needs someone `` very special '' to take care of them for him . In the short film Hawaiian Vacation , Bonnie goes on a vacation to Hawaii and leaves Barbie and Ken in her room . Molly Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : Hannah Unkrich -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 Bea Miller -- Toy Story 3 Molly Davis is Andy 's younger sister , seen as an infant in the first film , a toddler in the second film , and as a preteen in the third film . Andy uses her crib as the town jail during playtime at the beginning of the first film , implying they are sharing a room . When the family moves later in the film , Andy and Molly get separate rooms , though Molly has plans to move into Andy 's presumably larger room once he leaves for college . In the first film , she slobbers on Mr. Potato Head and throws him from the crib , causing his parts to scatter and earning her the nickname `` Princess Drool '' from him . At the end of the film , she receives a Mrs. Potato Head toy for Christmas . In Toy Story 3 , she also owned a Barbie doll , which she donates to the daycare center as she was less interested in dolls and toys by that time and is now a preteen . Mrs. Davis ( edit ) Voiced by Laurie Metcalf ( 1995 -- present ) Mrs. Davis is Andy and Molly 's single mother . In the first film , she has brown hair and ties it in a ponytail . In the other two films , her physical appearance is noticeably different and instead of brown , she has blonde hair and leaves it down . Though presented as a loving mother to Andy and Molly , Mrs. Davis is actually a major ( though indirect ) threat to the toys , as she frequently asks Andy to throw out the toys he no longer wants . Mrs. Davis ' actions regarding the toys sets the plot in motion in all three films , though they are not malicious . In the first film , she purchases a Buzz Lightyear toy for Andy on his birthday , prompting the rivalry between Buzz and Woody which leads to them being lost and forced to find their way home . In the second film , she puts Wheezy up for sale at a yard sale ( due to a broken squeaker ) , prompting Woody 's rescue attempt where he is subsequently stolen by Al . In the third film , she orders Andy to clean out his room before going to college and mistakenly throws away the bag of toys Andy was putting in the attic , causing them to be donated to a daycare center . Despite this , in the second film , she is overly protective of Woody , describing him as an old family toy . At the end of the third film , she breaks down and weeps at the departure of her first son , but Andy reassures her that she will always be with him even if they are apart . This moment between mother and son plays a major factor in Woody deciding to have Andy donate his toys to Bonnie , thus giving them a new lease on their lives . Some 2014 articles explore the possibility that Mrs. Davis is Jessie 's original owner , Emily from her flashback memories . The evidence cited references the flashbacks of Jessie and Emily from Toy Story 2 . The flashback sequence shows Emily as a child in the 1960s , which is when she would have been a child . The sequence also shows that the cowboy hat that Emily had is very similar to Andy 's hat but with an additional white lace area , and Emily 's hair was brown , just like Mrs. Davis 's hair in the first film . Sid Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Erik von Detten Sid Phillips is Andy 's neighbor until Andy moves , but it is unknown if he and Andy know each other . Sid is known for torturing and destroying toys . Many of his toys are either destroyed , have missing pieces , or replaced with parts from other toys , even Sid `` torturing '' Woody by burning his forehead with a magnifying glass . He is also shown tormenting his sister and destroying her toys by certain methods such as exploding , burning , and decapitating them . He also enjoys skateboarding , and his shirt depicts the logo for Zero Skateboards . The toys mention that he was consistently kicked out of summer camp ; and in the audio commentary on the tenth anniversary DVD , the directors mention that he is a bully but also the `` most creative character in the movie '' . It is also implied that he does not have the best home life . His parents do not make any major appearances : his mother 's voice is only heard briefly several times in the film , and his father is only seen briefly asleep on a chair in front of the TV in the living room . He also seems to be the only human depicted in the film to observe toys actually coming to life . At the end of the first film , Woody and Sid 's mutant toys decide to rescue Buzz by scaring Sid , which causes him to become very frightened of toys . The last straw is Woody coming alive and telling him to take good care of his toys or else . This causes Sid to panic and run back into his house screaming , and then to his room when his sister scares him with her toy doll . Sid does not appear in the second film , although he is mentioned once by Buzz during the toys ' mission to rescue Woody from the greedy toy collector Al McWhiggin . Sid also appears in the four - issue Monsters , Inc. comic mini-series produced by Boom ! Comics . In the third film , Sid ( now an adult ) makes brief appearances in two scenes once again voiced by Erik von Detten . He is shown to be a garbageman with a small beard , recognizable by his characteristic T - shirt . His only dialogue in this movie involves humming guitar riffs , and he is depicted listening to heavy metal music through a pair of large headphones . Hannah Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Sarah Freeman Hannah Phillips is Sid 's sweet - natured , younger sister who appears a few times in the first film . In Toy Story , Hannah has adjusted to her toys being mutilated by Sid . Most of her dolls either have different heads or altered body parts , and at the end of the film she finds enjoyment in scaring her brother after he has been horrified by Woody and the other toys . She spends most of the time during the movie playing with her altered dolls . Al McWhiggin ( edit ) Voiced by Wayne Knight Al McWhiggin - nicknamed `` The Chicken Man '' by Andy 's toys - is the owner of a chain of local toy stores and also an obsessive collector of all things related to the old Woody 's Roundup TV series . He steals Woody from a yard sale held by Andy 's mother in hopes of selling him to a toy museum in Tokyo , Japan . He is unscrupulously obsessive , overweight , very impatient , and lazy , as he complains of having to `` drive all the way to work on a Saturday '' , despite his apartment only being across the street from the store . He is partially inspired by his voice actor Wayne Knight ; during the production of Toy Story 2 , Knight had a goatee like Al in the movie . Cartoonist and animator Scott Shaw has also been acknowledged as another model and inspiration for Al . Al is the owner of a large toy store called `` Al 's Toy Barn '' . The store is mentioned in the first Toy Story in an advertisement of Buzz Lightyear toys , but Al did not appear . He is first seen in Toy Story 2 during an advertisement on TV in which he is dressed up in a chicken suit of which Hamm remarks `` I despise that chicken '' after turning off the TV . He later is seen trying to buy Woody in a yard sale held by Andy 's mom . After Andy 's mother refuses to hand over the doll and locks him in a box , Al steals Woody with the intent of selling him , along with the rest of his collection of Woody 's Roundup toys and memorabilia , to a Japanese toy museum for a large sum of money . Andy 's toys arrived at his apartment to rescue Woody but Stinky Pete 's interference allow Al to leave for the airport with the Roundup Gang . Andy 's toys follow him there on a stolen pizza planet truck . ( In the original script , Andy 's toys steal Al 's car and Al steals the pizza planet truck and gives chase ) As Al 's plane is about to fly off to Japan with the Roundup Gang packed in the luggage , Andy 's toys are able to save Woody , Jessie and Bullseye , while the Prospector is placed in a little girl 's backpack for his betrayal . During his latest commercial , Al is unable to control himself from hysterically sobbing over his losses as a result , which Hamm responded to by saying `` Well , I guess crime does n't pay . '' Al was originally conceived to appear in the first Toy Story film , but was cut in the final screenplay . However , Al 's Toy Barn makes an appearance in the first film during a television advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys . Al 's last name was revealed on the nameplate on his office desk ; also , when he is done taking pictures , he answers his cellphone and Mr. Konishi can be heard saying his full name . According to Disney Adventures magazine , Al was not permitted to play with his toys when he was a kid , which led to his toy - collecting niche . It is implied that Al 's full name is actually Carl McWhiggin , since Mr. Konishi is heard calling him that on the phone . His car 's license plate reads LZTYBRN , which is `` Al 's Toy Barn '' ( minus the vowel letters ) . It is also the actual license plate of Ash Brannon , co-director of Toy Story 2 , according to the Toy Story 2 : Special Edition commentary . Geri the cleaner ( edit ) Voiced by Jonathan Harris Geri , an elderly specialist in toy restoration and repair with a fully loaded toy repair kit , comes to Al 's apartment in Toy Story 2 to fix Woody up in preparation for his trip to Japan . He insists that Al let him take his time with the work and views it as more than a simple job , asserting , `` You ca n't rush art . '' Geri 's character model was reused from a previous Pixar short , Geri 's Game , where he plays a chess game against himself . In that short , he is voiced by Bob Peterson . One of the drawers in his carrying case contains chess pieces , a reference to the short . Emily ( edit ) Emily was the name of Jessie 's former owner and is mentioned by her in the second film . She appears in a flashback musical sequence while `` When She Loved Me '' by Sarah McLachlan is played . During this sequence , Jessie tells Woody of her first experience with an owner who was Emily and why she resented being a child 's toy . As a young child she was a fan of the Wild West and horses , along with the Woody 's Roundup TV show , apparent through her love of Jessie . As she became a teenager , her interest began to shift towards makeup , pop culture of the time and gossip with her friends which led to Jessie being neglected then thrown away through a donation box . She is mentioned by Jessie for the second time in the third film , when she fears of being thrown away by Andy , saying `` I should 've seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . Daisy ( edit ) Daisy is a little girl who appears in flashbacks in Toy Story 3 . She owned Lotso , Big Baby and Chuckles in the beginning , but accidentally left them behind at a rest area along the road . In order to pacify her , Daisy 's parents bought her another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear rather than finding Lotso and the rest of her toys , which made Lotso think he had been replaced and forgotten about , and changed him into a sinister , ruthless toy . Ron ( edit ) Voiced by Stephen Tobolowsky Ron is the greedy manager of the Sleep Well Motel , appearing in Toy Story of Terror . He has a habit of stealing toys from customers in his motel and selling them on the Internet , with the help from his pet iguana , Mr. Jones . When Bonnie and her mother went to Sleep Well after their car got a flat tire , Mr. Jones steals a number of Bonnie 's toys , including Woody , Buzz , and Jessie . Ron then takes pictures of the toys and puts them on his bidding sale , awaiting buyers . Jessie manages to trick Mr. Jones into tearing off the curtain , revealing the toys ' location and Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother , who then calls the police . Two police officers later arrive to question Ron , who attempts to escape by stealing their car but is forced to flee on foot after immediately crashing it into the motel sign . The police officers initiate a manhunt for him . Mason ( edit ) Voiced by R.C. Cope Mason is Bonnie 's best friend , and a post-Christmas playdate between the pair serves as the setting for Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mason receives an entire Battlesaurs collection for Christmas but is distracted from them by a new video game system . However , due to Trixie and Reptillus ' efforts he abandons the video game and plays with his new toys . He is later shown to write his name on his toys in similar fashion to Andy and Bonnie . Animals ( edit ) Scud ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Scud is Sid 's vicious Bull Terrier . His viciousness is first demonstrated when Sid sets a Squeeze Toy Alien on his nose and commands him to maul it mercilessly . Scud serves as an obstacle for Woody and Buzz as they try to escape Sid 's house . First , as Woody tries to run off when Sid leaves the bedroom door open he encounters Scud sleeping and accidentally wakes him , forcing him and Buzz to hide . When Sid takes Buzz to the backyard to blow him up with a rocket , Woody tries to save him but Scud traps him in Sid 's room . The mutant toys help Woody distract Scud so they can rescue Buzz . Scud later spots Woody and Buzz trying to escape on the moving van and pursues them , but is eluded when he runs after them into the middle of a traffic intersection and is trapped by the cars as they crash while trying to avoid him . Buster ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Buster is Andy 's pet dachshund , whom he receives at the end of Toy Story . Buster appears in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . In Toy Story 2 , he is depicted as being very energetic . Buster is considered to be nice to the toys in Andy 's room and is the only one in Andy 's house who knows that the toys are alive , and is fiercely loyal to Woody , obeying all commands given to him by Woody : when Wheezy is taken by Andy 's mother to be sold at a yard sale , Woody is able to command Buster to carry him down to the yard sale so he can rescue Wheezy . However , he does not respond to commands from Andy whatsoever . Slinky is also able to communicate with him due to the fact they are both dogs . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Buster finds Woody in a record of 13.5 seconds . In Toy Story 3 , Buster is now older and looks very aged , with mixed brown and gray fur , a gray - white snout , overweight , and too old to help Woody save the other toys ( in a direct parody of the rescue scene from Toy Story 2 ) , although he remains nice and loyal to them . He tends to fall asleep as well . Crazy Critters ( edit ) Crazy Critters are a bunch of 2 - dimensional animal puppets from the Woody 's Roundup show including an armadillo , bat , bear , beaver , bird , deer , vulture , bear cub , porcupine , flying squirrel , rabbit , skunk , snake , fox , raccoon , tortoise and bobcat . They come quickly when Jessie calls them , with the tortoise falling slightly behind the others . Woody understands them in the Woody 's Roundup show . The Crazy Critters make cameo appearances as prizes determined by the score of players in Toy Story Midway Mania ! , and in the Toy Story 2 video game on the Nintendo 64 . Mr. Jones ( edit ) Voiced by Dee Bradley Baker Mr. Jones is an iguana appearing in `` Toy Story of Terror ! , '' owned by the manager of Sleep Well Motel , Ron . He is loyal to his master and is trained to secretly steal toys from customers so that his master can sell the toys off the Internet . During the majority of the special , he is seen snatching most of Bonnie 's toys away in a flash through the air shafts and ventilation systems . Eventually , he accidentally swallowed Mr. Potato Head 's left arm and Combat Carl 's right hand . However , he is forced to regurgitate them out after Jessie tricks him into ripping off the curtain , revealing Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother . It is unknown what happens to him afterwards , although it is implied that he will be sent to Animal Control . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Toy Story 4 plot details emerge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Toy Story 4 ′ Finds Buzz and Woody on the Search for Bo Peep '' . Collider . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Totoro Makes Cameo in Pixar 's 3rd Toy Story 3 Trailer . '' Anime News Network . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher . `` Pixar Chief Discusses Totoro Cameo In ' Toy Story 3 ' Trailer . '' MTV . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Villain -- Lotso ( Ned Beatty ) , Toy Story 3 '' . IGN . Summer 2010 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 Easter Eggs '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Unkrich , Lee ( @ leeunkrich ) ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Big Baby says one line in Toy Story 3 . And the name of the baby actor who supplied the voice ? Woody . Truth '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Medina , Joseph ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Toy Story : Woody 's Odd Case Of Amnesia Finally Explained ! '' . Latino Review Media . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Bonkers Theory on The True Identity of Andy 's Mom In Toy Story '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Toy Story : The True Identity of Andy 's Mom Makes The Movie More Epic '' . Moviepilot . ( hide ) Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&oldid=832798742 '' Categories : Lists of Disney characters Toy Story characters Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of European countries by population

List of European countries by population - wikipedia List of European countries by population This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) European countries by population , 2018 List of European countries by population present the list of 50 countries and 8 territories and dependencies located in Europe . Transcontinental countries are included if they are members of the Council of Europe . The most populated country wholly within Europe is Germany . The largest city by total area is Paris . The most spoken languages are English , German , Russian , French , Turkish , Italian , Spanish , Ukrainian and Polish . Contents 1 Table 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Table ( edit ) European population by country ( top 10 ) . Russia ( 17.16 % ) Germany ( 9.90 % ) Turkey ( 9.62 % ) France ( 7.88 % ) United Kingdom ( 7.76 % ) Italy ( 7.21 % ) Spain ( 5.54 % ) Ukraine ( 5.10 % ) Poland ( 4.62 % ) Romania ( 2.36 % ) Other ( 22.85 % ) Transcontinental countries largely located in Asia . Countries located wholly in Asia but which may be considered European countries . Rank Country ( or dependent territory ) Current population % of population Average relative annual growth ( % ) Average absolute annual growth Estimated doubling time ( Years ) Official figure ( where available ) Date of last figure Regional grouping Source Russia 144,526,636 17.16 0.19 294,285 368 146,839,993 January 1 , 2017 EAEU ( 1 ) Germany 83,080,010 9.90 1.20 600,000 90 82,800,000 December 31 , 2016 EU Official estimate Turkey 80,810,525 9.62 1.34 1,035,000 52 77,695,904 December 31 , 2016 ( 2 ) France 67,431,000 7.88 0.39 261,022 177 66,991,000 March 1 , 2017 EU ( 3 ) United Kingdom 66,040,229 7.76 0.75 484,000 92 66,573,504 December 30 , 2016 EU Official estimate 6 Italy 60,494,118 7.21 0.49 298,000 141 60,788,845 January 1 , 2017 EU ( 4 ) 7 Spain 46,788,820 5.54 - 0.06 - 28,000 - 46,449,565 January 1 , 2015 EU Official estimate 8 Ukraine 42,895,704 5.10 - 0.32 - 136,000 - 42,726,067 March 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate 9 Poland 38,611,020 4.62 0.05 20,000 1,334 38,484,000 December 31 , 2014 EU Official estimate 10 Romania 19,622,000 2.36 - 0.41 - 81,000 - 19,942,642 January 1 , 2014 EU Official estimate 11 Kazakhstan 18,311,700 2.22 - 0.11 - 22,000 - 18,292,700 October 8 , 2018 EAEU ( 5 ) 12 Netherlands 17,271,800 2.12 0.37 62,000 189 17,157,200 October 29 , 2018 EU Official population clock 13 Belgium 11,502,204 1.36 0.52 58,000 134 11,370,968 August 1 , 2017 EU Monthly official estimate 14 Greece 10,816,286 1.28 0.16 - 12,000 - 11,142,161 May 24 , 2011 EU Final 2011 census result 15 Czech Republic 10,625,449 1.26 0.32 33,716 217 10,613,350 March 31 , 2018 EU Official estimate 16 Portugal 10,291,196 1.23 - 0.56 - 58,000 - 10,309,573 December 31 , 2016 EU Official estimate 17 Sweden 10,221,988 1.22 1.03 100,000 68 10,196,303 August 31 , 2018 EU Official estimate 18 Azerbaijan 9,898,085 1.17 1.23 117,000 57 9,810,000 January 1 , 2017 Official estimate 19 Hungary 9,771,000 1.15 - 0.28 - 28,000 - 9,849,000 December 31 , 2014 EU Official estimate 20 Belarus 9,452,113 1.13 0.00 0 - 9,481,100 April 1 , 2015 EAEU Official estimate 21 Austria 8,861,091 1.04 0.67 57,000 104 8,838,171 July 1 , 2018 EU Official estimate 22 Switzerland 8,544,034 0.99 0.87 71,000 80 8,211,700 September 30 , 2014 EFTA Official estimate 23 Bulgaria 7,050,034 0.86 - 0.57 - 41,000 - 7,245,677 December 31 , 2017 EU Official estimate 24 Serbia 7,001,444 0.85 - 0.41 - 29,000 - 7,146,759 January 1 , 2018 Official estimate 25 Denmark 5,808,202 0.68 0.48 27,000 145 5,789,957 January 1 , 2018 EU Official estimate 26 Finland 5,519,463 0.66 0.11 6,000 632 5,473,465 March 31 , 2015 EU Monthly official estimate 27 Slovakia 5,443,120 0.65 0.13 7,000 537 5,415,949 September 30 , 2014 EU Official estimate 28 Norway 5,312,343 0.62 1.11 57,000 63 5,165,802 January 1 , 2015 EFTA Official estimate 29 Ireland 4,857,000 0.55 0.35 16,000 200 4,857,000 April 2018 EU Official estimate 30 Croatia 4,105,493 0.50 - 0.31 - 13,000 - 4,267,558 July 1 , 2012 EU Official estimate 31 Georgia 3,729,600 0.45 - 1.23 - 46,000 - 3,729,500 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 32 Moldova 3,564,000 0.42 0.48 17,000 145 3,555,200 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 33 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,511,372 0.42 - 0.64 - 24,000 - 3,511,372 June 30 , 2016 Preliminary 2016 census result 34 Armenia 2,925,000 0.36 - 0.03 - 1,000 - 3,010,600 January 1 , 2016 EAEU Monthly official estimate 35 Albania 2,887,000 0.35 - 0.41 - 12,000 - 2,893,005 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 36 Lithuania 2,797,000 0.35 - 0.85 - 25,000 - 2,912,566 September 1 , 2018 EU ( 6 ) 37 Macedonia 2,075,301 0.25 0.15 3,000 478 2,069,172 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate 38 Slovenia 2,066,880 0.25 0.15 3,000 477 2,062,731 October 1 , 2014 EU Official estimate 39 Latvia 1,934,379 0.24 - 0.90 - 18,000 - 1,983,300 January 1 , 2018 EU Official estimate Kosovo 1,867,000 0.22 1.08 20,000 64 1,815,606 December 31 , 2012 Official estimate 40 Estonia 1,315,000 0.16 0.46 6,000 152 1,315,635 January 1 , 2017 EU Official estimate 41 Cyprus 876,000 0.10 0.46 4,000 151 865,900 December 31 , 2012 EU Official estimate 42 Montenegro 642,550 0.07 0.00 0 - 622,359 April 1 , 2011 2011 census result 43 Luxembourg 602,000 0.07 2.52 14,000 28 562,958 January 1 , 2018 EU Official estimate ( 7 ) 44 Malta 475,700 0.05 0.47 2,000 147 417,432 November 20 , 2011 EU 2011 census result 45 Iceland 350,710 0.04 1.22 4,000 57 329,100 January 1 , 2015 EFTA Official estimate Jersey ( UK ) 103,000 0.01 0.98 1,000 71 97,857 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result Isle of Man ( UK ) 89,000 0.01 1.14 1,000 61 84,497 March 27 , 2011 2011 census result 46 Andorra 78,000 0.01 1.30 1,000 54 76,949 2014 Official estimate Guernsey ( UK ) 66,000 0.01 1.54 1,000 45 65,150 March 31 , 2014 Official estimate Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 50,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 48,693 February 1 , 2015 Monthly official estimate 47 Liechtenstein 38,111 0.00 0.00 0 - 37,370 December 31 , 2014 EFTA Official estimate 48 Monaco 37,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 36,950 December 31 , 2013 Official estimate Gibraltar ( UK ) 34,000 0.00 3.03 1,000 23 30,001 2012 EU Official estimate 49 San Marino 33,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 32,798 February 28 , 2015 Monthly official estimate Åland Islands ( Finland ) 29,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 28,666 December 31 , 2013 EU Official estimate Svalbard ( Norway ) 3,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 2,575 July 1 , 2014 EFTA Official estimate 50 Vatican City 1,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 0 2012 Official estimate Total 855,220,000 100.00 0.33 2,746,307 210 See also ( edit ) List of countries by population List of African countries by population List of countries in the Americas by population List of Arab countries by population List of Asian countries by population List of Caribbean island countries by population List of Eurasian countries by population List of European Union member states by population List of Latin American countries by population List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population List of Middle East countries by population List of North American countries by population List of Oceania countries by population List of South American countries by population List of countries by past and future population List of countries by past population ( United Nations ) List of countries by population in 2000 List of countries by population in 2010 List of population concern organizations List of European countries List of European countries by population growth rate Largest urban areas of the European Union Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations estimates ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Age structure Dependency ratio Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Maternal mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only for widely recognized and non-dependent territories Jump up ^ It corresponds to the following formula : projection / projection x100 - 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the calculation : projection * annual_growth / 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the formula : LN ( 2 ) / LN ( growth / 100 + 1 ) , which produces exactly the same result as LOG ( 2 ) / LOG ( growth / 100 + 1 ) . Jump up ^ Excluding the disputed territory of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol ( the so - called Crimean Federal District ) , although the Russian official estimate includes both of them . Jump up ^ Figures refer not only to the population of European or Metropolitan France , but also include the overseas departments ( in French Départements d'outre - mer , DOM ) Jump up ^ Excluding Overseas Territories and Collectivities : French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Land , Clipperton Island , Saint Barthélemy , Saint Martin , Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna . Jump up ^ Note from source : `` Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city Sevastopol '' . Jump up ^ Enclave claimed by Spain . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_countries_by_population&oldid=866349075 '' Categories : Demographics of Europe Lists of countries in Europe Lists of countries by continent , by population Lists of countries by population Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from January 2016 All accuracy disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Ελληνικά Français Հայերեն ქართული ଓଡ଼ିଆ پنجابی Português Română Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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which country has the largest population in europe

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Out of the Woods (song)

Out of the Woods ( song ) - wikipedia Out of the Woods ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Out of the Woods '' Single by Taylor Swift from the album 1989 Released February 5 , 2016 Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Studio MXM Studios ( Stockholm ) Genre Pop synthpop Length 3 : 55 Label Big Machine Republic Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Producer ( s ) Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift Taylor Swift singles chronology `` Wildest Dreams '' ( 2015 ) `` Out of the Woods '' ( 2016 ) `` New Romantics '' ( 2016 ) `` Wildest Dreams '' ( 2015 ) `` Out of the Woods '' ( 2016 ) `` New Romantics '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Out of the Woods '' on YouTube `` Out of the Woods '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift . The song was written and produced by Swift and Jack Antonoff of fun ... It was the second song to be officially released from her fifth studio album 1989 , serving as the first promotional single on October 14 , 2014 . It is the fourth track on the album , after `` Style '' . `` Out of the Woods '' serves as the sixth official single with an accompanying music video that premiered on December 31 , 2015 , during Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve on ABC . It was released to radio on February 5 , 2016 . The song went number one in Israel and has reached the top 10 in Belgium , Canada , and New Zealand as well as the top 20 in Australia and the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Arrangement 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances and covers 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Background and release ( edit ) Swift premiered a 15 - second clip of `` Out of the Woods '' on Good Morning America on October 13 , 2014 . Swift called `` Out of the Woods '' one of her `` favorite songs on this album because it best represents 1989 . '' She explained that the song is about `` the fragility and breakable nature of some relationships . This was a relationship where I was kind of living day - to - day wondering where it was going , if it was going to go anywhere , if it was going to end the next day . '' `` Out of the Woods '' was initially released as a promotional single on October 14 , 2014 , with no plans for a music video or an official release . On December 22 , 2015 , Good Morning America officially announced the release of a music video for the song to premiere during Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . `` Out of the Woods '' also serves as the sixth official single from 1989 , and it was released to radio stations on February 5 , 2016 . Arrangement ( edit ) `` Out of the Woods '' is a pop and synth - pop song . The track was written by Swift and Antonoff and is the first song that Swift has written to an existing track . Antonoff sent an early version of the song without the vocals or lyrics to Swift , which she then added in just 30 minutes . Speculation as to whom the song is about is rampant . The bridge section of the song references the snowmobile incident that Swift and her former boyfriend , One Direction 's Harry Styles , were reported to be involved in during their relationship . Max Martin produced Swift 's vocals for the song . It is written in the key of C Major with Swift 's vocals spanning two octaves , between G and E and runs three minutes and fifty - five seconds ( 3 : 55 ) , at 92 bpm . Featuring heavy synths and percussion , Antonoff described that the song is given an arrangement that combines both 1980s and modern elements . A Yamaha DX7 is used for the 1980s - tinged sounds apparent on most parts of the song , but they are countered with the Minimoog Voyager during the chorus sections , in which he explained , `` That sounds extremely modern to me . It 's that back - and - forth . '' Antonoff also provided backing vocals . He said , `` I just chopped this piece of my voice singing and started looping it over and over . Then I started banging on some drums I had in the room and stomping on the floor and sampling all these sounds to make this big bombastic looping beat with the sample on top of it . '' In an October 2014 interview with NPR , Swift provided a detailed explanation of the lyrics : That line is in there because it 's not only the actual , literal narration of what happened in a particular relationship I was in , it 's also a metaphor . `` Hit the brakes too soon '' could mean the literal sense of , we got in an accident and we had to deal with the aftermath . But also , the relationship ended sooner than it should 've because there was a lot of fear involved . And that song touches on a huge sense of anxiety that was , kind of , coursing through that particular relationship , because we really felt the heat of every single person in the media thinking they could draw up the narrative of what we were going through and debate and speculate . I do n't think it 's ever going to be easy for me to find love and block out all those screaming voices . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard gave the song four and half stars out of five . Chris Willman Writing for Yahoo called the song `` Pretty weird , and pretty wonderful '' . Katie Hasty of HitFlix gave the song an A+ writing that the song `` is damned near perfect . '' Writing for Vulture , Lindsay Zoladz stated that `` Swift revealed something even more promising : the cavernous , Antonoff - produced `` Out of the Woods , '' which seemed to herald an exciting , unexpected , and mature new direction in Swift 's sound . '' Sam Lansky of Time praised the track stating , `` It 's the furious chant of that anthemic chorus , all breathless urgency , and the left - of - center production that help Swift perform the niftiest sleight of hand : Even with lyrics that include some of her most headline - grabbing autobiographical admissions to date , the most interesting thing here is n't who it 's about , but rather , how different it sounds '' . `` Out of the Woods '' ranked number 94 on Pitchfork 's list of The 100 Best Tracks of 2014 . Commercial performance ( edit ) On the Billboard Hot 100 chart the song debuted and peaked at number 18 . It became Swift 's 61st song to enter the Hot 100 , making her the female artist to have the second most charted songs on the Hot 100 , behind Aretha Franklin ( 73 ) . The song debuted at number one on the Hot Digital Songs chart , selling 195,000 copies and displacing Swift 's `` Shake It Off '' from the top spot . In doing so , Swift became the first lead artist to simultaneously occupy the top two positions twice since 2012 , when her songs `` Ronan '' and `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' occupied the top two positions . Swift stood at rank four as the artist with the most number - one Digital Songs and tied with Rihanna for the most number - one debuts . `` Out of the Woods '' was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for selling over 1,000,000 copies . In New Zealand , it debuted at number six , the highest debut that week . In Australia , it debuted at number twenty one on the Australian Singles Chart . In its first week of release , the song sold 21,000 downloads in Canada . The song entered the top 10 of the Canadian Hot 100 , debuting and peaking at number 8 on the week of November 1 , 2014 , making it the week 's highest debut . It dropped off the Hot 100 a week later . Music video ( edit ) Bethells Beach , the beach displayed at the end of the video The accompanying music video directed by Joseph Kahn premiered on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on ABC on December 31 , 2015 . It marked Swift 's and Kahn 's fourth collaboration in 1989 following `` Blank Space '' , `` Bad Blood '' and `` Wildest Dreams '' . The video was filmed on location in New Zealand in the mountains of Queenstown and on Bethells Beach . During the filming , a severe storm struck , causing trees to fall around them . After evacuating , filming resumed a week later . The video starts with the caption `` She lost him . '' Next , Swift is first seen on the beach barefoot and only wearing a blue dress . She runs through what appears to be enchanted woods that formed around her , chased by a pack of wolves who tear at her blue dress as she struggles to escape as some wooden roots constantly follow her . Then she finds herself in different locations representing the four basic elements of nature throughout the video like the snowy mountains , an ocean , a barren landscape , a muddy location , and a burning forest . At the end of the video , the `` woods '' she was crawling through disappear as she finds a beach , where another version of her is waiting by the shore as she reaches for her . The video ends with the caption `` She lost him , but she found herself , and somehow that was everything . '' , which was part of the secret messages in her song , `` Clean '' in the lyric - booklet of her 1989 record . Sharan Shetty of Slate wrote the subject of the song , anxiety , `` is literalized to an extreme degree in the song 's video '' . Peter Sblendorio of the New York Daily News deemed it `` perhaps her most stunning music video yet '' and hailed the visuals as `` eye - popping '' . People also called it `` an eye - popper of a video '' , while Billboard agreed on the stunningness of the clip . Writing for Spin , Harley Brown described the video as `` fantastically cinematic '' . The Huffington Post 's Dominique Mosbergen called the music video `` haunting ''. As of October 2017 the video have over 121 million views on YouTube . Live performances and covers ( edit ) Swift first performed the song as part of her `` 1989 Secret Sessions '' for IHeart Radio in New York City , the day 1989 was released in October 2014 . She then performed it in New York City for Good Morning America , on October 30 , 2014 , when she also performed `` Welcome to New York '' and `` Shake It Off . '' On December 3 , 2015 , Swift performed the song on a piano at Australia 's Hamilton Island , where radio channel Nova 96.9 hosted a small performance featuring the singer and a few of her fans . She also played a piano rendition of `` Out of the Woods '' at The Grammy Museum , where she did an acoustic performance to celebrate her attendance record breaking exhibit , on September 30 , 2015 . Swift also performed the song as the opening act to the 58th Annual Grammy Awards on February 15 , 2016 . The song was also a regular part of her setlist for the 1989 World Tour and was the penultimate song sung on the show each night . Ryan Adams recorded a soft rock cover of `` Out of the Woods '' for his album 1989 . Yahoo ! writer Oscar Gracey said that Adams ' cover `` makes us want to hike through a forest , find a clearing , and mourn the relationships that did n't quite work out . '' Credits and personnel ( edit ) Taylor Swift -- lead vocals , writer , producer Jack Antonoff -- writer , producer , background vocals , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , keyboards , bass , drums Max Martin -- vocal production Laura Sisk -- recording Brendan Morawski -- assistant recording Sam Holland -- recording Serban Ghenea -- mixing John Hanes -- engineered for mix Tom Coyne -- mastering Credits are adapted from liner notes of 1989 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 64 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 50 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 13 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 9 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23 France ( SNEP ) 70 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 37 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 43 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 48 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 136 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States October 14 , 2014 Digital download Big Machine Italy February 5 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal See also ( edit ) Taylor Swift portal List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( Canada ) List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( U.S. ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Release as a promotional single . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Inocencio , Marc ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Unveils New Song ' Out Of The Woods ' off ' 1989 ' Album : Listen '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Emilee ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Next Single ' Out Of The Woods ' Is On Its Way : Get The Deets '' . MTV . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods Radiodate '' . radioairplay.fm . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindner , Emilee ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Listen To Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Clip As She Explains The ' Frantic Anxiety ' Of A Relationship '' . MTV . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Has Arrived ... with Lyrics : Listen '' . Billboard . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Song Confirmed A Break Up Song : ' This song is about the fragility and breakable nature of some relationships . '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Previews ' Out Of The Woods , ' New Track Out Tuesday : Listen '' . Billboard . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Taylor Swift created ' Out of the Woods ' '' . USA Today . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift releases Out of the Woods music video on New Year 's Eve '' . The Guardian . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Wears Catsuit to Perform ' Out of the Woods ' at Grammys 2016 '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen To Taylor Swift 's ' Out Of The Woods ' Clip As She Explains The ' Frantic Anxiety ' Of A Relationship '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the week : Taylor Swift gets frantic in ' Woods ' '' . USA TODAY . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anna Silman ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Listen to Taylor Swift 's ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Unveils Synth - Heavy ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Digital sheet music -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- 1989 by Taylor Swift '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melissa Block ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` ' Anything That Connects ' : A Conversation With Taylor Swift '' ( Audio upload and transcript ) . NPR . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Sprints Forward on ' Out Of The Woods ' : Song Review '' . Billboard . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roughly 1,989 Words About Taylor Swift 's ' 1989 ' ! A Track - by - Track Guide '' . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift , 1989 : Track - by - track album review '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Album Review : Taylor Swift 's 1989 - '' . Vulture . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Taylor Swift 's Hypnotic New Song ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Time . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goble , Corban . `` The 100 Best Tracks of 2014 '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Meghan Trainor Rules Hot 100 , Ed Sheeran Hits Top 10 , Glen Campbell Returns '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Women Overpower Men , Week 7 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Journal of Musical ThingsWeekly Music Sales Report and Analysis : 22 October 2014 '' . A Journal of Musical Things . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erin Strecker ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Video for ' Out of the Woods ' Will Premiere on ' New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allison Takeda ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Premieres ' Out of the Woods ' Music Video on New Year 's Rockin ' Eve : Watch ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's new music video ' Out Of The Woods ' showcases New Zealand video '' . Stuff.co.nz . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brittany Spanos ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift Battle Nature in ' Out of the Woods ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are The Secret Messages Taylor Swift Hid On Her ' 1989 ' Album '' . MTV News . October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Takes on Wolves , Forest Fires , Mud Pits in the `` Out of the Woods '' Music Video `` . Slate . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sblendorio , Peter ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift debuts stunning ' Out of the Woods ' music video '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Debuts ' Out of the Woods ' Music Video '' . People . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Releases ' Out of the Woods ' Video '' . Billboard . December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Harley ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Flees Wolves in ' Out of the Woods ' Video '' . Spin . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosbergen , Dominique ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift 's Haunting ' Out Of The Woods ' Music Video '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Teases ' 1989 ' Tour During ' Good Morning America ' Concert '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Taylor Swift Perform Acoustic Versions Of 1989 Hits For 100 Super Fans '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift Performs An Acoustic Version Of ' Out Of The Woods ' At The GRAMMY Museum '' . Idolator . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Taylor Swift Opened the Grammy Awards With ' Out of the Woods ' '' . Time.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gracey , Oscar ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Adams ' ' 1989 ' : Track By Track '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1989 ( Compact disc liner notes ) . Taylor Swift . Big Machine Records . 2014 . BMRBD0500A . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Taylor Swift . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Taylor Swift . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHART : CLUK Update 8 November 2014 ( wk44 ) '' . zobbel.de . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Taylor Swift . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Taylor Swift . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Taylor Swift . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Out of the Woods '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Taylor Swift -- Out Of The Woods -- The Making Of '' on YouTube ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' 1989 `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... 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The Great Gatsby (2013 film)

The Great Gatsby ( 2013 film ) - wikipedia The Great Gatsby ( 2013 film ) The Great Gatsby Theatrical release poster Directed by Baz Luhrmann Produced by Lucy Fisher Catherine Knapman Baz Luhrmann Catherine Martin Douglas Wick Screenplay by Baz Luhrmann Craig Pearce Based on The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Tobey Maguire Carey Mulligan Joel Edgerton Isla Fisher Elizabeth Debicki Jason Clarke Amitabh Bachchan Music by Craig Armstrong Cinematography Simon Duggan Edited by Jason Ballantine Jonathan Redmond Matt Villa Production company Village Roadshow Pictures Bazmark Productions A&E Television Red Wagon Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( United States ) Roadshow Entertainment ( Australia ) Release date May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) ( New York City ) May 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) ( United States ) May 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 30 ) ( Australia ) Running time 142 minutes Country Australia United States Language English Budget $105 -- 190 million Box office $353.6 million The Great Gatsby is a 2013 American romantic drama film based on F. Scott Fitzgerald 's 1925 novel of the same name . The film was co-written and directed by Baz Luhrmann and stars Leonardo DiCaprio as the eponymous Jay Gatsby , with Tobey Maguire , Carey Mulligan , Joel Edgerton , Isla Fisher and Elizabeth Debicki . Production began in 2011 and took place in Australia , with a $105 million net production budget . The film follows the life and times of billionaire Jay Gatsby and his neighbor Nick Carraway ( Tobey Maguire ) , who recounts his encounter with Gatsby at the height of the Roaring Twenties on Long Island . The film polarized critics , receiving both praise and criticism for its acting performances , soundtrack , visual style , and direction . Audiences responded more positively and Fitzgerald 's granddaughter praised the film , stating `` Scott would have been proud . '' As of 2017 , it is Luhrmann 's highest - grossing film , grossing over $353 million worldwide . At the 86th Academy Awards , the film won in both of its nominated categories : Best Production Design and Best Costume Design . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Sets 3.3. 2 Costumes 3.4 Gatsby 's car 4 Release and marketing 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1929 , Nick Carraway , a World War I veteran , is receiving treatment for alcoholism at a psychiatric hospital . He talks about Jay Gatsby , the most hopeful man he had ever met . Nick 's doctor suggests that he writes his thoughts down , since writing is Nick 's passion . In the summer of 1922 , Nick moves from the Midwest to New York after abandoning writing . He rents a small house in the North Shore village of West Egg , next to the mansion of Gatsby , a mysterious business magnate who often holds extravagant parties . One day , while Nick has dinner with his cousin , Daisy Buchanan , and her husband , Tom , he is introduced to Jordan Baker by Daisy , who hopes to make a match between them . When Nick returns home , he sees Gatsby standing on the dock , reaching towards the green light coming from the Buchanan dock . Jordan tells Nick that Tom has a mistress who lives in the `` valley of ashes '' , an industrial dumping site between West Egg and The City . Nick and Tom visit the valley and stop at a garage owned by George Wilson and his wife , Myrtle , Tom 's mistress . Later , Nick receives an invitation to one of Gatsby 's parties . Upon arrival , Nick learns he is the only one to receive an invitation and none of the guests have ever met Gatsby . Nick encounters Jordan , and both meet Gatsby . Gatsby offers Nick a ride to town for lunch . On the way , Gatsby tells Nick he is an Oxford graduate and war hero from a wealthy Midwestern family . They go to a speakeasy , where Gatsby introduces Nick to his business partner , Meyer Wolfsheim . Jordan tells Nick that Gatsby had a relationship with Daisy years ago and is still in love with her , and that Gatsby threw parties in the hopes that Daisy would attend . Gatsby asks Nick to invite Daisy to tea . After an awkward reunion , Gatsby and Daisy begin an affair . Gatsby is dismayed when Daisy wants to run away with him and wants her to get a divorce . He asks Nick and Jordan to accompany him to the Buchanan home , where he and Daisy plan to tell Tom that Daisy is leaving him . During the luncheon , Tom becomes suspicious of Gatsby and Daisy , but Daisy stops Gatsby from revealing anything to Tom and suggests they all go to the Plaza Hotel . Tom drives Nick and Jordan in Gatsby 's car , while Gatsby drives Daisy in Tom 's car . Tom stops for gas at George 's garage , where George tells him that he and Myrtle are moving and that he suspects Myrtle is unfaithful . At the Plaza , Gatsby tells Tom of his affair with Daisy . Tom accuses Gatsby of having never attended Oxford and having made his fortune through bootlegging with mobsters . Daisy says she loves Gatsby but can not bring herself to say she never loved Tom . Eventually , both Gatsby and Daisy leave . After fighting with George over her infidelity , Myrtle runs into the street and is fatally struck by Gatsby 's car after mistaking it for Tom 's . After learning about Myrtle 's death , Tom tells George that the car belongs to Gatsby and that he suspects Gatsby was Myrtle 's lover . Nick deduces Daisy was the driver , and she was the killer too . Nick overhears Daisy accepting Tom 's promise to take care of everything , but he does not tell Gatsby . Gatsby admits to Nick that he was born penniless ; his real name is James Gatz , and he had asked Daisy to wait for him until he had made something of himself . The next day , Gatsby hears the phone ringing and thinks it is Daisy . Before he can answer it , he is shot and killed by a vengeful George , who then commits suicide . Nick is the only person other than reporters to attend Gatsby 's funeral , as Daisy and Tom are leaving New York . The media paints Gatsby as Myrtle 's lover and killer . Disgusted with both the city and its inhabitants , Nick leaves after taking a final walk through Gatsby 's deserted mansion and reflecting on Gatsby 's ability to hope . In the sanatorium , Nick finishes typing his memoir , titling it The Great Gatsby . Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio as Jay Gatsby , a famous billionaire who hosts wild parties at his house in the hope that Daisy will show up . Tobey Maguire as Nick Carraway , a would - be writer who is also Gatsby 's neighbor and friend . He is the narrator of this movie . Carey Mulligan as Daisy Buchanan , Gatsby 's former lover , Tom 's wife and Nick 's cousin . Emily Foreman as Pamela `` Pammy '' Buchanan Joel Edgerton as Tom Buchanan , Upper class socialite who hates Gatsby because of his new money status and relationship with Daisy Elizabeth Debicki as Jordan Baker , Golf athlete and Daisy 's best friend Isla Fisher as Myrtle Wilson , Tom 's mistress and ambitious social climber Jason Clarke as George Wilson , owner of garage in Valley of Ashes Amitabh Bachchan as Meyer Wolfsheim , a gambler who met Gatsby in 1919 . Jack Thompson as Dr. Walter Perkins Adelaide Clemens as Catherine Callan McAuliffe as Young Jay Gatsby Richard Carter as Herzog Max Cullen as Owl Eyes Heather Mitchell as Daisy 's mother Gus Murray as Teddy Barton Steve Bisley as Dan Cody Vince Colosimo as Michaelis Felix Williamson as Henri Kate Mulvany as Mrs. Mckee Eden Falk as Chester Mckee Nick Jantz as Robert Stellenbosh iOTA as Trimalchio Brendan Maclean as Ewing Klipspringer Kahlia and Karinna Greksa as The Twins Blake Hatton as Rowdy Boy # 1 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Prior to this version , there had already been an opera and numerous other dramatic adaptations of F. Scott Fitzgerald 's acclaimed 1925 novel of the same name . In December 2008 , Variety reported that this film adaptation was to be made with Baz Luhrmann as director . Luhrmann stated that he planned it to be more up - to - date due to its theme of criticizing the often irresponsible lifestyles of wealthy people . To commit to the project , in September 2010 Luhrmann moved with his family from Australia to Chelsea in Lower Manhattan , where he had intended to film The Great Gatsby . While Luhrmann was at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011 , he told The Hollywood Reporter that he had been workshopping The Great Gatsby in 3D , though he had not yet decided whether to shoot in the format . In late January 2011 , Luhrmann showed doubt about staying on board with the project , before deciding to stay . In 2010 , it was reported that the film was being set up by Sony Pictures Entertainment but by 2011 , Warner Bros. was close to acquiring a deal to finance and take worldwide distribution of The Great Gatsby . Casting ( edit ) From left to right : Joel Edgerton and director Baz Luhrmann , Elizabeth Debicki , Carey Mulligan , Tobey Maguire , and producer and designer Catherine Martin at the premiere of The Great Gatsby in Sydney , May 22 , 2013 Luhrmann said the results from the movie 's workshop process of auditioning actors for roles in The Great Gatsby had been `` very encouraging '' to him . Leonardo DiCaprio was cast first , in the title role of Jay Gatsby . It is the second time Luhrmann and DiCaprio worked together ; DiCaprio costarred in Luhrmann 's Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) . Tobey Maguire was cast to play Nick Carraway . Reports linked Amanda Seyfried to the lead role of Daisy Buchanan , in October 2010 . The next month Deadline Hollywood reported that Luhrmann had been auditioning numerous actresses , including Keira Knightley , Rebecca Hall , Amanda Seyfried , Blake Lively , Abbie Cornish , Michelle Williams and Scarlett Johansson , as well as considering Natalie Portman , for Daisy . Soon afterward , with her commitment to Cameron Crowe 's We Bought a Zoo ( 2011 ) , Johansson pulled out . On November 15 , Luhrmann announced that Carey Mulligan had been cast to play Daisy after reading for the part on 2 November in New York . She got the role shortly after Luhrmann showed her audition footage to Sony Pictures Entertainment executives Amy Pascal and Doug Belgrad , who were impressed by the actress ' command of the character . Mulligan burst into tears after learning of her casting via a phone call from Luhrmann , who informed her of his decision while she was on the red carpet at an event in New York . Luhrmann said : `` I was privileged to explore the character with some of the world 's most talented actresses , each one bringing their own particular interpretation , all of which were legitimate and exciting . However , specific to this particular production of The Great Gatsby , I was thrilled to pick up the phone an hour ago to the young Oscar - nominated British actress Carey Mulligan and say to her : ' Hello , Daisy Buchanan . ' '' In April , Ben Affleck was in talks about playing the role of Tom Buchanan but had to pass due to a scheduling conflict with Argo ( 2012 ) . Several weeks later , Affleck was replaced by Joel Edgerton . Bradley Cooper had previously lobbied for the part and Luke Evans was a major contender . Isla Fisher was cast to play Myrtle Wilson . Australian newcomer Elizabeth Debicki won the part of Jordan Baker , right after graduating from Victorian College of the Arts . While casting for the supporting role of Jordan , the filmmaker said the character must be `` as thoroughly examined as Daisy , for this production , for this time '' , adding , `` It 's like Olivier 's Hamlet was the right Hamlet for his time . Who would Hamlet be today ? Same with a Jordan or a Daisy '' . In June 2011 , Jason Clarke was cast as George B. Wilson . Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan makes a cameo appearance as Meyer Wolfshiem ; this was his first Hollywood role . Filming ( edit ) St Patrick 's Seminary in Manly , New South Wales was used as Gatsby 's mansion . Palm trees had to be digitally removed in post-production to convey a faithfulness to the Long Island setting . The Great Gatsby was planned to be filmed in the New York City area where the novel is set , starting in June 2011 . The director instead opted to shoot principal photography in Sydney . Filming began on September 5 , 2011 , at Fox Studios Australia and finished on December 22 , 2011 , with additional shots filmed in January 2012 . The film was shot with Red Epic digital cameras and Zeiss Ultra Prime lenses . The `` Valley of Ashes '' , the desolate land located between West Egg and New York was shot in Balmain , New South Wales and Manly Business School in Manly -- known as Saint Patrick 's Seminary -- doubled as Gatsby 's mansion . Nick 's house was located in Centennial Park . Sets ( edit ) Beacon Towers in 1922 , during the period that Fitzgerald would have known it In creating the background scenery for the world depicted in the film , designer Catherine Martin stated that the team styled the interior sets of Jay Gatsby 's mansion with gilded opulence , in a style that blended establishment taste with Art Deco . The long - destroyed Beacon Towers , thought by scholars to have partially inspired Fitzgerald 's Jay Gatsby estate , was used as a main inspiration for Gatsby 's home in the film . The filming for the exterior of Jay Gatsby 's mansion was the college building of the International College of Management , Sydney , Some inspiration was also drawn from other Gold Coast , Long Island , mansions , including Oheka Castle and La Selva Mansion . Features evoking the Long Island mansions were added in post-production . Inspiration for the Buchanan estate came from Old Westbury Gardens in Old Westbury , New York . The inspiration for the film version of the Buchanan estate came from Old Westbury Gardens . The mansion exterior was built on a soundstage , with digital enhancements added . The interior sets for the Buchanan mansion were inspired by the style of Hollywood Regency . The home of Nick Carraway was conceived as an intimate cottage , in contrast with the grandeur of the neighboring Gatsby mansion . Objects chosen adhered to a central theme of what the designers saw as classic Long Island . The architecture conjures American Arts and Crafts , with Gustav Stickley - type furnishings inside and an Adirondack - style swing out . The opening scene was filmed from Rivendell Child , Adolescent and Family Unit in Concord , Sydney , only a few kilometres from Sydney 2000 Olympic Stadium . Costumes ( edit ) Many apparel designers were approached in collaboration of the film 's costumes . The Great Gatsby achieved the iconic 1920s look by altering pieces from the Prada and Miu Miu fashion archives . Martin also collaborated with Brooks Brothers for the costumes worn by the male cast members and extras . Tiffany & Co. provided the jewelry for the film . Catherine Martin and Miuccia Prada were behind the wardrobe and worked closely together to create pieces with `` the European flair that was emerging amongst the aristocratic East Coast crowds in the 1920s '' . Costume historians of the period , however , said that the costumes were not authentic , but instead modernized the 1920s - era fashions to look more like modern fashions . Most prominently , the women were clothed to emphasize their breasts , such as Daisy 's push - up bra , in contrast to the flat - chested fashions of the era . While the book was set in 1922 , the movie included fashions from the entire decade of the 1920s and even the 1930s . Many of the fashions from archives were concepts from runways and fashion magazines that were never worn by women in real life . Martin says that she took the styles of the 1920s and made them sexier and was trying to interpret 1920s styles for a modern audience . Alice Jurow , of the Art Deco Society of California , said that she loved the movie , but most of their members prefer more period - perfect films . The men 's costumes were more authentic , except that the pants were too tight . Gatsby 's car ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio alongside the 1929 Duesenberg J Although Gatsby 's car in the novel was a Rolls - Royce ( most likely a Silver Ghost ) , the film 's version was a Duesenberg . Both the novel and the film are clearly stated to be set in 1922 , yet the Duesenberg Model J used in the film was actually first introduced in 1929 . Release and marketing ( edit ) Originally scheduled for a December 25 , 2012 release , on August 6 , 2012 , it was reported that the film was being moved to a summer 2013 release date . In September 2012 , this date was confirmed to be May 10 , 2013 . The film opened the 66th Cannes Film Festival on May 15 , 2013 , shortly following its wide release in RealD 3D and 2D formats . The first trailer for The Great Gatsby was released on May 22 , 2012 , almost a year before the film 's release . Songs featured in various trailers include : `` No Church in the Wild '' by Jay - Z and Kanye West ; a cover of U2 's `` Love Is Blindness '' performed by Jack White ; a cover of The Turtles ' `` Happy Together '' by the band Filter ; a cover of Amy Winehouse 's `` Back to Black '' performed by André 3000 and Beyoncé ; `` Young and Beautiful '' performed by Lana Del Rey ; and two songs , `` Bedroom Hymns '' and `` Over the Love '' , performed by Florence and the Machine . On April 15 , 2013 , Brooks Brothers premiered `` The Gatsby Collection '' , a line of men 's clothing , shoes and accessories `` inspired by the costumes designed by Catherine Martin for Baz Luhrmann 's The Great Gatsby '' . According to Fashion Weekly , `` The looks were n't simply based on 1920s style : the new duds were designed based on the brand 's actual archives ( ... ) Brooks Brothers was one of the initial arbiters of Gatsby - era look . The actual costumes , designed by Catherine Martin , will be on display in select Brooks Brothers boutiques . '' On April 17 , 2013 , Tiffany & Co. unveiled windows at its Fifth Avenue flagship store `` inspired by '' Luhrmann 's film and created in collaboration with Luhrmann and costumer Catherine Martin . The jewelry store also premiered `` The Great Gatsby Collection '' line of jewelry designed in anticipation of the film . The collection comprises 7 pieces : a brooch , a headpiece ( both reportedly based on archival Tiffany designs ) , a necklace and four different rings , including one in platinum with a 5.25 - carat diamond , priced at US $875,000 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film Released on May 7 , the film 's soundtrack is also available in a deluxe edition ; a Target exclusive release also features three extra tracks . The film score was executive - produced by Jay - Z and The Bullitts . Penned by Lana Del Rey and the film 's director , Baz Luhrmann , the song `` Young and Beautiful '' was released to contemporary hit radio as a single , and was used as the film 's buzz single . A snippet of the track appeared in the official trailer for the film and played during the scene where the characters portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Carey Mulligan express their romantic feelings for one another . Hip hop magazine Rap - Up called the single `` haunting '' , while MTV called it `` somber - sounding '' . The track performed by Florence and the Machine , `` Over the Love '' , references the `` green light '' symbol from the novel in its lyrics . Chris Payne of Billboard praised Beyoncé and André 3000 's cover of `` Back to Black '' , made unique with a downtempo EDM wobble . The xx recorded `` Together '' for the film , with Jamie Smith telling MTV that the band 's contribution to the soundtrack sounds like `` despair '' , and revealing that it utilizes a 60 - piece orchestra . Speaking of his goals for the movie 's musical backdrop , Baz Luhrmann expressed his desire to blend the music of the Jazz Age , associated with the 1922 setting of the story , with a modern spin . Much like his modern twists applied in Moulin Rouge ! and Romeo + Juliet , Baz uses the movie 's music not as a background , but instead prominently in the foreground , which takes on a character of its own . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Great Gatsby grosses $144.8 million in North America , and $208.8 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $353.6 million . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $58.6 million . In North America , The Great Gatsby earned US $19.4 million on its opening Friday , including US $3.25 million from Thursday night and midnight shows . It went on to finish in second place , behind Iron Man 3 , during its opening weekend , with US $51.1 million . This was the sixth - largest opening weekend for a film that did not debut in first place , the second largest opening weekend for a film starring Leonardo DiCaprio behind Inception , and Luhrmann 's highest - grossing movie . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 49 % based on 275 reviews , with an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While certainly ambitious -- and every bit as visually dazzling as one might expect -- Baz Luhrmann 's The Great Gatsby emphasizes visual splendor at the expense of its source material 's vibrant heart . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 55 out of 100 , based on reviews from 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by the market research firm CinemaScore gave an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal felt the elaborate production designs were a misfire and likened the film to the Roaring Twenties themselves as Fitzgerald envisioned and criticized them , stating that what is `` intractably wrong with the film is that there 's no reality to heighten ; it 's a spectacle in search of a soul . '' The Chicago Reader review felt `` Luhrmann is exactly the wrong person to adapt such a delicately rendered story , and his 3D feature plays like a ghastly Roaring 20s blowout at a sorority house . '' In The Atlantic , Christopher Orr observed that `` The problem is that when the movie is entertaining it 's not Gatsby , and when it 's Gatsby it 's not entertaining . '' The positive reviews included A.O. Scott of The New York Times , who felt the adaptation was `` a lot of fun '' and `` less a conventional movie adaptation than a splashy , trashy opera , a wayward , lavishly theatrical celebration of the emotional and material extravagance that Fitzgerald surveyed with fascinated ambivalence '' ; Scott advised `` the best way to enjoy the film is to put aside whatever literary agenda you are tempted to bring with you . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe reserved special praise for DiCaprio 's performance , saying `` magnificent is the only word to describe this performance -- the best movie Gatsby by far , superhuman in his charm and connections , the host of revels beyond imagining , and at his heart an insecure fraud whose hopes are pinned to a woman . '' The Scene Magazine gave the movie a `` B - '' rating , and praised the actors ' performances , in particular saying that `` the stand - out actor is Joel Edgerton as Tom Buchanan doing an excellent job of showing the character 's gruffness , despite the one - dimensionality given to him '' . A granddaughter of Fitzgerald praised the style and music of the film . Tobey Maguire 's role as Nick was given mixed reviews from critics , with Philip French of The Guardian calling him `` miscast or misdirected ; '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post saying `` Tobey Maguire is his usual recessive presence , barely registering as either a dynamic part of the events he describes or their watchful witness ; '' and Elizabeth Weitzman of The New York Daily News saying despite `` the wry - observational skills needed for Nick 's Midwestern decency '' , the character is `` directed toward a wide - eyed , one - note performance '' . Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail was more positive of Maguire 's character , saying `` our narrator , ( is ) prone to his occasionally purple rhetoric . But that imposed conceit , the image of a talented depressive writing from inside the bauble of his imagination , seems to validate his inflated prose and , better yet , lets us re-appreciate its inherent poetry . '' Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Recipients Result Academy Awards March 2 , 2014 Best Production Design Catherine Martin ( Art Direction ) ; Beverley Dunn ( Set Decoration ) Won Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Won AACTA Awards January 30 , 2014 Best Film Baz Luhrmann , Catherine Martin , Douglas Wick , Lucy Fisher , and Catherine Knapman Won Best Direction Baz Luhrmann Won Best Adapted Screenplay Baz Luhrmann and Craig Pearce Won Best Actor in a Leading Role Leonardo DiCaprio Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Carey Mulligan Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Joel Edgerton Won Best Actress in a Supporting Role Elizabeth Debicki Won Isla Fisher Nominated Best Cinematography Simon Duggan Won Best Editing Matt Villa , Jason Ballantine , and Jonathan Redmond Won Best Original Music Score Craig Armstrong Won Best Sound Wayne Pashley , Jenny Ward , Fabian Sanjurjo , Steve Maslow , Phil Heywood , and Guntis Sics Won Best Production Design Catherine Martin , Karen Murphy , Ian Gracie , and Beverley Dunn Won Best Costume Design Catherine Martin , Silvana Azzi Heras , and Kerry Thompson Won AACTA International Awards January 10 , 2014 Best Supporting Actor Joel Edgerton Nominated Best Direction Baz Luhrmann Nominated Art Directors Guild February 8 , 2014 Excellence in Production Design -- Period Film Catherine Martin Won British Academy Film Awards February 16 , 2014 Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Won Best Make - up and Hair Maurizio Silvi , Kerry Warn Nominated Best Production Design Catherine Martin , Beverley Dunn Won Costume Designers Guild February 22 , 2014 Excellence in Period Film Catherine Martin Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 16 , 2014 Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Won Best Production Design Catherine Martin , Beverley Dunn Won Best Song `` Young and Beautiful '' - Lana Del Rey Nominated Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association January 21 , 2014 Campy Flick of the Year Nominated Visually Striking Film of the Year Nominated Empire Awards March 30 , 2014 Best Female Newcomer Elizabeth Debicki Nominated Grammy Awards January 26 , 2014 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Song Written For Visual Media Young and Beautiful Music by Lana Del Rey and Rick Nowels , Lyrics by Lana Del Rey Nominated Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media Craig Armstrong Nominated International 3D Society 's Creative Arts Awards January 28 , 2014 Outstanding Live Action 3D Feature Film Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards February 16 , 2014 Best Sound Editing : Music Score in a Feature Film Jason Ruder Won Satellite Awards February 23 , 2014 Best Art Direction and Production Design Catherine Martin ( Art Direction ) ; Beverley Dunn ( Set Decoration ) Won Best Costume Design Catherine Martin Nominated Best Original Song Young and Beautiful Music by Lana Del Rey and Rick Nowels , Lyrics by Lana Del Rey Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association December 14 , 2013 Best Cinematography Simon Duggan Nominated Best Art Direction Won Best Soundtrack Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 12 , 2014 Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture Chris Godfrey , Prue Fletcher and Joyce Cox Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 9 , 2013 Best Director Baz Luhrmann Nominated Best Art Direction Catherine Martin and Beverley Dunn Won Best Cinematography Simon Duggan Nominated Young Artist Awards May 4 , 2014 Best Supporting Young Actor in a Feature Film Callan McAuliffe Won See also ( edit ) Film portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Other film adaptations of The Great Gatsby include : The Great Gatsby ( 1926 film ) , a silent film starring Warner Baxter and Lois Wilson The Great Gatsby ( 1949 film ) , starring Alan Ladd and Betty Field The Great Gatsby ( 1974 film ) , starring Robert Redford and Mia Farrow The Great Gatsby ( 2000 film ) , a TV film starring Toby Stephens and Mira Sorvino , and Paul Rudd as Nick Carraway G , a loosely adapted hip hop musical starring Richard T. Jones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE GREAT GATSBY ( 12A ) '' . Warner Brothers Entertainment UK Ltd . British Board of Film Classification . April 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Feature Film Production Report '' ( PDF ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Feature Film Production Report '' ( PDF ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby -- In Theaters May 10 '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore Gets ' A ' From Studios , Especially When It Counters Critics '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ Kendall , Mary Claire ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` Loving ' Gatsby ' All About ' Living Fitzgerald ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ Jones , Michael ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann eyes ' Great Gatsby ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Films of the 1960s & 1970s '' . Cinema Retro . December 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baz to make ' Gatsby ' choice '' . New York Post . February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann might shoot `` Great Gatsby '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Is Baz Luhrmann Reconsidering Doing The Great Gatsby ? '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Flemming , Mike ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Baz Casting Wider Daisy Net For ' Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Warner Bros. Nearing Deal To Acquire Baz Luhrmann 's ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann Tells Deadline : Carey Mulligan Is My Daisy Buchanan '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flores , Ramses ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio , Tobey Maguire , and Amanda Seyfried to Possibly Star in THE GREAT GATSBY '' . Collider . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Carey Mulligan Now the Front - runner to Play Daisy in Baz Luhrmann 's Great Gatsby '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ben Affleck out of ' The Great Gatsby ' ... so who will be in ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike Jr . ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Joel Edgerton Gets Tom Buchanan Role In ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` Edgerton , Evans up for key role in Luhrmann 's `` Gatsby '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Isla Fisher in Talks to Join Baz Luhrmann 's ' Great Gatsby ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Newcomer Elizabeth Debicki To Play Jordan Baker In ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann casts VCA graduate Elizabeth Debicki in ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Faculty Of VCA & MCM . University of Melbourne . May 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann 's Great Gatsby update : He 's now casting Jordan , he 'll reveal his research reading list on his website '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Chicago Code star joins Gatsby '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Barney ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Bollywood legend Amitabh Bachchan to make Hollywood debut in The Great Gatsby '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Attwooll , Jolyon ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` The real Great Gatsby locations '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bulbeck , Pip ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann 's $125 Million ' The Great Gatsby ' Begins Production in Sydney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bulleck , Pip ( February 19 , 2011 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann to Shoot ' Great Gatsby ' in Sydney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heuring , David ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Jazz Age '' . HDVideoPro . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Whitlock , Cathy ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Designer Catherine Martin Teases the Decadence of Baz Luhrmann 's ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Randall , Mónica ( 2003 ) . The Mansions of Long Island 's Gold Coast . Rizzoli . pp. 275 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 2649 - 0 . Jump up ^ Casey , Marcus ; Van Den Broeke , Leigh ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Manly man Leonardo DiCaprio unmoved by decadence '' . news.com.au . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldfarb , Brad ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` The Sets of The Great Gatsby '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hix , Lisa ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Did Hollywood Give the 1920s a Boob Job ? ' Gatsby ' Costume Designer Tells All '' . Collectors Weekly . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Warner Bros. Moves ' Great Gatsby ' to Summer 2013 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Great Gatsby to kick off Cannes Film Festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , David ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` First Trailer for THE GREAT GATSBY Starring Leonardo DiCaprio , Tobey Maguire , and Carey Mulligan '' . Collider . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , August ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Gatsby ' soundtrack to feature Jay - Z , Lana del Rey , The xx and more '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , Jonathan ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Brooks Brothers ' New Gatsby Collection '' . Esquire . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brooks Brothers ' Great Gatsby - Inspired Collection Puts On The Ritz '' . Daily Front Row. April 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany 's unveils `` The Great Gatsby '' windows `` . CBS News . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Folan , Kerry ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Behold Tiffany & Co. 's Opulent Gatsby - Themed Jewelry Collection '' . Racked . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Age Glamour '' . Tiffany & Co . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Chris ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce , Lana Del Rey , Florence Music Featured In New ' Great Gatsby ' Trailer '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Jay - Z , The Bullitts to Score ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lazerine , Devin . `` Jay - Z Calls on Beyoncé , André 3000 , Fergie , & Lana Del Rey for ' Great Gatsby ' Soundtrack '' . Rap - Up . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Markman , Rob ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Great Gatsby ' Soundtrack Boasts Big Names Jay - Z , Beyonce And Lana Del Rey : Fourteen - song soundtrack also includes the likes of Florence and the Machine , will.i.am and Gotye '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muller , Marissa G . `` The xx 's Jamie Smith on His Solo Project , New Drake Beats and ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . MTV Hive . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lilah , Rose ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tracklist For `` The Great Gatsby '' Soundtrack Features New Music From Jay - Z , Beyonce , Andre 3000 & More ( Update : Listen to Album Snippets ) `` . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 7 ' Monsters University ' Vs. # 10 ' Thor : The Dark World ' ; # 2 ' Frozen ' Vs. # 15 ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Great Gatsby ' Has Jazzy $19.4 Million Opening Friday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Great Gatsby ' Dazzles With $51.1 Million Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends That Did Not Debut at # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The DiCaprio Show '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann Movie Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Grating ' Gatsby ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , J.R. ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby 3D '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` A Grating Great Gatsby '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Shimmying Off the Literary Mantle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann 's eyepopping vision of Gatsby '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Ellison , Stefan ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby -- Movie Review '' . The Scene Magazine . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Cannes 2013 : Great Gatsby gets thumbs up from F. Scott Fitzgerald 's granddaughter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( May 19 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Ann Hornaday reviews ' The Great Gatsby ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , Elizabeth ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Great Gatsby ' : movie review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby : A great adaptation of a great novel ( and just shy of a great film ) '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Oscar Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Oscars 2014 Winners : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Announced '' . Art Directors Guild . February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2014 : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rutecki , Jared ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Costume Designers Guild Award nominees '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Critics Choice Awards 2014 : Gravity exerts its force with seven wins '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Among Dorian Award Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2014 Nominations Are Here ! '' . Empire . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 56th Annual Grammy Awards Nominees '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity , ' ' The Great Gatsby ' Among 3D Society 's Noms for Top Live - Action Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Jason ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sound Editors Announce 2013 Golden Reel Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher . `` ' Gravity ' and ' 12 Years a Slave ' lead MPSE Golden Reel Awards nominations '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity ' Tops Visual Effects Society Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . The Young Artist Foundation . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Great Gatsby ( 2013 film ) . Official website The Great Gatsby on IMDb The Great Gatsby at Box Office Mojo The Great Gatsby at Rotten Tomatoes The Great Gatsby at Metacritic The Great Gatsby : novel and film information Baz Luhrmann Film Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Australia ( 2008 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) Television The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Music Something for Everybody `` Everybody 's Free ( To Wear Sunscreen ) '' Related Red Curtain Trilogy No. 5 the Film Strictly Ballroom ( musical ) The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Characters Jay Gatsby Nick Carraway Daisy Buchanan Films The Great Gatsby ( 1926 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1949 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2000 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) Other The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film The Great Gatsby ( opera ) Francis Cugat AACTA Award for Best Film 1958 -- 1975 Conquest of the Rivers / Hard to Windward ( 1958 ) Edge of The Deep / The Power Makers ( 1959 ) Three in a Million ( 1960 ) Not awarded ( 1961 ) Bypass to Life / Night Freighter ( 1962 ) The Land That Waited ( 1963 ) The Dancing Class / I , the Aboriginal ( 1964 ) The Legend of Damien Parer / Stronger Since The War ( 1965 ) Concerto for Orchestra ( 1966 ) Cardin in Australia ( 1967 ) The Change at Groote / The Talgai Skull ( 1968 ) Jack and Jill : A Postscript ( 1969 ) Three To Go : Michael ( 1970 ) Homesdale ( 1971 ) Stork ( 1972 ) Libido : The Child / 27A ( 1973 ) Sunday Too Far Away ( 1974 / 75 ) 1976 -- 2000 The Devil 's Playground ( 1976 ) Storm Boy ( 1977 ) Newsfront ( 1978 ) My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) Breaker Morant ( 1980 ) Gallipoli ( 1981 ) Lonely Hearts ( 1982 ) Careful , He Might Hear You ( 1983 ) Annie 's Coming Out ( 1984 ) Bliss ( 1985 ) Malcolm ( 1986 ) The Year My Voice Broke ( 1987 ) The Navigator : A Medieval Odyssey ( 1988 ) Evil Angels ( 1989 ) Flirting ( 1990 ) Proof ( 1991 ) Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) Angel Baby ( 1995 ) Shine ( 1996 ) Kiss or Kill ( 1997 ) The Interview ( 1998 ) Two Hands ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lantana ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence ( 2002 ) Japanese Story ( 2003 ) Somersault ( 2004 ) Look Both Ways ( 2005 ) Ten Canoes ( 2006 ) Romulus , My Father ( 2007 ) The Black Balloon ( 2008 ) Samson and Delilah ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom ( 2010 ) Red Dog ( 2011 ) The Sapphires ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) The Babadook / The Water Diviner ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Lion ( 2017 ) AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score 1975 -- 2000 The Cars That Ate Paris and The Great McCarthy -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1975 ) Not awarded ( 1976 ) The Picture Show Man -- Peter Best ( 1977 ) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1978 ) Mad Max -- Brian May ( 1979 ) Manganinnie -- Peter Sculthorpe ( 1980 ) Fatty Finn -- Rory O'Donoghue and Grahame Bond ( 1981 ) The Man from Snowy River -- Bruce Rowland ( 1982 ) Phar Lap -- Bruce Rowland ( 1983 ) Street Hero -- Garth Porter and Bruce Smeaton ( 1984 ) Rebel -- Ray Cook , Chris Neal , Peter Best , Billy Byers , Bruce Rowland ( 1985 ) Young Einstein -- William Motzing and Martin Armiger ( 1986 ) The Tale of Ruby Rose -- Paul Schütze ( 1987 ) The Lighthorsemen -- Mario Millo ( 1988 ) Dead Calm -- Graeme Revell ( 1989 ) The Big Steal -- Phil Judd ( 1990 ) Dingo -- Michel Legrand and Miles Davis ( 1991 ) Romper Stomper -- John Clifford White ( 1992 ) The Piano -- Michael Nyman ( 1993 ) Traps -- Douglas Stephen Rae ( 1994 ) Hotel Sorrento -- Nerida Tyson - Chew ( 1995 ) Shine -- David Hirschfelder ( 1996 ) Doing Time for Patsy Cline -- Peter Best ( 1997 ) Oscar and Lucinda -- Thomas Newman ( 1998 ) In a Savage Land -- David Bridie ( 1999 ) Bootmen -- Cezary Skubiszewski ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Dish -- Edmund Choi ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence -- Peter Gabriel ( 2002 ) Japanese Story -- Elizabeth Drake ( 2003 ) Somersault -- Decoder Ring ( 2004 ) The Proposition -- Nick Cave and Warren Ellis ( 2005 ) Suburban Mayhem -- Mick Harvey ( 2006 ) The Home Song Stories -- Antony Partos ( 2007 ) Unfinished Sky -- Antony Partos ( 2008 ) Mao 's Last Dancer -- Christopher Gordon ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom -- Antony Partos and Sam Petty ( 2010 ) The Hunter -- Andrew Lancaster , Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales ( 2011 ) Not Suitable for Children -- Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby -- Craig Armstrong ( 2013 ) The Railwayman -- David Hirschfelder ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- Tom Holkenborg ( 2015 ) Tanna -- Antony Partos ( 2016 ) Lion -- Volker Bertelmann and Dustin O'Halloran ( 2017 ) WorldCat Identities GND : 1044644974 VIAF : 305426802 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gatsby_(2013_film)&oldid=865631865 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films Films based on The Great Gatsby 2013 3D films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American romantic drama films Australian films Australian drama films Australian romance films Films directed by Baz Luhrmann Historical romance films Films shot in Sydney Village Roadshow Pictures films Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films scored by Craig Armstrong ( composer ) Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 04 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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who plays tom buchanan in the great gatsby 2013

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Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 13 ) DVD cover art for the thirteenth season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Jerrika Hinton Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 Next → Season 14 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The thirteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy premiered on September 22 , 2016 , in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and consisted of 24 episodes . The season was ordered on March 3 , 2016 , along with ABC 's other shows . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . This season will be the first not to feature Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres since her introduction in the second season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . On February 10 , 2017 , ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off at Owen and Amelia 's wedding . After Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) had found a drunk Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) in a compromising situation during the previous season 's finale , he beats DeLuca to a pulp , sending him to the hospital and subsequently landing Alex in jail . Alex is charged with a felony and is at risk of serving substantial jail time until DeLuca drops the charges . Later , when Alex questions why Jo had turned down his proposal , she reveals that she is already married and has run away from her abusive husband . Meanwhile , Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) continues to pursue Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) after their recent sexual encounter , though Meredith has trouble letting go of her late husband , Derek Shepherd . Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) admits to Meredith that she has a crush on Riggs , unaware of Riggs and Meredith 's blossoming relationship , and asks him out , only to be rejected . Maggie is later faced with a bigger issue when she discovers that her adoptive mother has cancer and has come to Grey - Sloan for treatment ; her mother eventually passes away . April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) work together to co-parent their newborn daughter , Harriet , while maintaining a platonic relationship ; however , they sleep together when they travel to Montana to perform a surgery . As Chief of Surgery , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) appoints Meredith as Head of General Surgery and hires Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) to run the training aspect of the hospital . Though Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) goes on to date Minnick , the rest of the staff widely opposes Minnick 's teaching techniques and works to get her fired , only for Meredith to get temporarily suspended in the process . Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr . ) and Catherine Avery ( Debbie Allen ) argue over Minnick 's presence as well , making their marriage more divided than ever . Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) also have martial issues after Amelia reveals that she does n't want to have kids . This causes Amelia to move out and hide out at Stephanie 's apartment . During the season finale , a rapist is admitted to the hospital and attempts to attack Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) and a young girl . Stephanie starts a fire to escape the attacker , resulting in the entire hospital being destroyed . Owen 's missing sister , Megan , is found and transported to Seattle ; Meredith reveals this to Riggs and encourages him to return to Megan , whom he was engaged to before she was abducted . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Joe Adler as Dr. Isaac Cross Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Tessa Ferrer as Dr. Leah Murphy LaTanya Richardson Jackson as Diane Pierce Marika Dominczyk as Dr. Eliza Minnick Guest cast ( edit ) Sumalee Montano as Lena McCallister Kimberly Quinn as Reena Thompson Rusty Schwimmer as Patricia Phillips Jen Lilley as Kara Fisher Vicki Davis as Morgan Fisher Betsy Baker as Barbara Davis Ravi Patel as Timir Dhar Bridget Regan as Dr. Megan Hunt June Squibb as Elsie Clatch Hal Holbrook as Lewis Clatch Eric Roberts as Robert Avery Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Casting ( edit ) At the end of the twelfth season , the cast 's contracts had expired after previously renewing them at the end of the tenth season of Grey 's Anatomy . Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey renewed their contracts for another two seasons ( seasons 11 and 12 ) on January 23 , 2014 , but Dempsey later left the series at the end of the eleventh season . The rest of the six original cast mates , Justin Chambers , Chandra Wilson and James Pickens Jr. , excluding Sandra Oh , renewed their contracts on May 26 , 2014 , as Drs . Alex Karev , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber , respectively , for the eleventh and twelfth season . Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another two seasons as Dr. Callie Torres . On June 28 , 2015 , before the twelfth season had begun airing , it was announced that Jessica Capshaw , whose contract expired after season 11 , had renewed her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins . That meant that her character would be staying on the show through season 13 and season 14 . Kevin McKidd had previously said that he was in negotiations to renew his contract after the twelfth season on January 9 , 2016 . After the season finale , McKidd confirmed that he would be back for the 13th season . Justin Chambers announced on March 11 , 2016 that he had renewed his contract and will be playing Dr. Alex Karev in the 13th season . The Hollywood Reporter reported on May 4 , 2016 , that the original cast were all negotiating new contracts . After the finale , Pompeo said that she would be returning in the next season , which was officially confirmed by Deadline on June 1 , 2016 . Series - veteran Sara Ramirez announced after the finale that she would not be returning for season 13 as Dr. Callie Torres , after the character left for New York to be with her girlfriend Dr. Penny Blake . Thus , this will be the first season since her introduction in season two in which Dr. Callie Torres , portrayed by Sara Ramirez , is not included in the main cast of characters . On June 10 , 2016 , it was officially announced that the rest of the cast members whose contracts expired after the twelfth season , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. and Kevin McKidd , will return for the next season . On September 28 , 2016 , it was announced that the Days of Our Lives alum Jen Lilley would appear in the third episode , playing Kara . Bridget Regan announced on her Instagram account that she would be appearing in the eighth episode `` The Room Where It Happens '' . It was reported that Tessa Ferrer would be reprising her role as Dr. Leah Murphy in a recurring role for the 13th season . On October 17 , 2016 ABC confirmed that Marika Dominczyk had been cast in a guest stint as Eliza Minnick . On January 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Jerrika Hinton would be departing the series regular cast this season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 13th season by ABC on March 3 , 2016 . TVLine announced that the 13th season will begin airing on September 22 , 2016 . Production began on May 25 , 2016 , when Rhimes announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing mapping the 13th season . Production began on July 21 , 2016 , with prepping for the season officially starting on July 28 , 2016 . The table read for the premiere was on July 22 , 2016 . Filming for the season began on August 1 , 2016 , with Shonda Rhimes tweeting that the crew were filming the 270th episode of the series , the season premiere . A promotional poster for the season was released on August 2 , 2016 , portraying Dr. Meredith Grey in Seattle , for which the series is located . The poster started speculation of its meaning towards the storyline for the 13th season . However Rhimes denied the speculation about the poster on Twitter as she said `` For anyone trying to interpret the `` meaning '' of the new Grey 's Anatomy poster design : it means ABC designs really cool posters . '' The remaining fall schedule for ABC was announced on October 22 , 2016 , where it was announced that Grey 's Anatomy would air nine episodes in the fall , rather than eight episode the previous two seasons has done , with the fall finale to air on November 17 , 2016 , just like the rest of ABC 's primetime thursday - lineup Notorious and How to Get Away with Murder , which was the same last year . The remaining 15 episodes will air after the winter break beginning airing on January 26 , 2017 . Writing ( edit ) In an interview with TV Guide , Kelly McCreary said that the 13th season would be focusing heavily on the characters that have been on the show since the first season ; Dr. Meredith Grey , Dr. Alex Karev , Dr. Miranda Bailey and Dr. Richard Webber . McCreary went more into the storyline as she commented that `` After such a long period of time and so many new people coming in and out , they remain the foundational characters of the show . We 're gon na be spending some more time with them to check in with where they are . '' In another interview , McCreary talked about the love - triangle drama that will unfold between Meredith , Maggie and Riggs , to which she commented on how `` Maggie 's ego will probably be wounded . '' Caterina Scorsone said that Amelia would be `` the middle - person between her sisters should the Riggs news come out . '' She confirmed that the season premiere will pick up right after where the finale ended and that Justin Chambers ' character Alex and his storyline with girlfriend Jo would play a bigger part of the premiere , in addition that Amelia and Kevin McKidd 's character Owen would not be much in the premiere . Jessica Capshaw will not be in the first two episodes , confirmed by Rhimes , because of wanting to be a little more with her kids . Rhimes reported that Capshaw 's character Dr. Arizona Robbins will have a new love interest . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 270 `` Undo '' Debbie Allen William Harper September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) 8.75 While Amelia and Owen 's wedding continues , DeLuca is brought to the ER after being assaulted by Alex , leading Meredith and the other doctors to the hospital to help . Meredith faces a dilemma about protecting Alex or telling Bailey the truth about the assault . Meanwhile , April and Catherine Avery clash about naming the new baby . Riggs and Meredith continue to work out their relationship at the same time as they try to hide it from Maggie , who is affected by DeLuca 's assault . In the end , Meredith tells Bailey the truth , but not before Alex turns himself in to the police . 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' Kevin McKidd Karin Gist September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 8.41 On DeLuca 's first day back , Alex is charged with felony assault in the second degree . When he 's distracted at work , a kid 's newly transplanted kidney ends up jeopardized , causing Bailey to decide that Alex can no longer work as a surgeon and demote him to work at the Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic . April has trouble letting go of Harriet , who gets to go home with Jackson . Jackson asks April to move in with him so she can recover . Stephanie proves to be a good friend to Jo , who tells Alex she does n't want to be with him after what he did . Per Meredith 's request , Nathan turns Maggie down when she finally asks him out , but Maggie 's not planning on giving up just yet . 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' Rob Corn Andy Reaser October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 8.08 A car crash at a funeral makes for a hectic day in the ER and Stephanie has to figure out what to do with the corpse . April ca n't help but come to the hospital when she gets bored taking care of Harriet . Meredith does n't want to listen to Maggie talking about how asking out Riggs has ruined work for her , causing Amelia to mediate between the two . Arizona returns to Seattle after a visit to Callie in New York and finds herself caring for Andrew , but she also misses working with Alex , who 's determined to keep working in the clinic so he can come back from what he 's done . When Bailey 's too busy , Ben teaches Tucker a lesson after he hit someone . 273 `` Falling Slowly '' Victoria Mahoney Jen Klein October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 7.80 Alex has a terrible day in the Clinic when nurse Timir keeps bossing him around and wo n't allow him to go to his strategy session with his lawyer . He turns his day around by diagnosing a very rare condition , Ehlers - Danlos syndrome , thus saving the patient 's life . April and Jackson are walking on eggshells with their current living arrangement , but they agree to keep living together after venting their frustrations . When their patient deteriorates , Meredith fears Nathan supported her decision because of what 's going on between them and decides she wants to be just colleagues . Jo and Andrew bond since they ca n't talk to anyone else about what happened . Amelia and Owen come clean about horrible things from their pasts and decide to have children . 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' Chandra Wilson Mark Driscoll October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 8.17 Bailey and Meredith find themselves pitted against one another when both of their patients are in need of a liver transplant . Bailey frets that when she asks her elderly patient if she 'd give permission to redirect the liver to Meredith 's 25 - year - old patient , she 'll oblige ; however , to much of everyone 's surprise , Bailey 's patient denies , leaving Meredith 's patient in dire need . Amelia thinks that she 's pregnant and starts spreading the news to everyone except Owen . When she breaks the news to him , she takes her first pregnancy test which reveals she 's not . 275 6 `` Roar '' Nicole Rubio Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 8.17 Having trained to become better at another hospital , Leah Murphy re-joins the staff of Grey Sloan to learn from Maggie . When he 's at the court house to have a trial date set , Alex advises a pregnant woman to have her rash checked out at the clinic ; she 's found to have pancreatic cancer . Alex butts heads with Bailey so the patient will receive a surgery that means she wo n't have to terminate her pregnancy . Andrew appears to develop feelings for Jo . After dodging Owen all day , Amelia confesses to Alex that she 's relieved she 's not pregnant because of what happened in Los Angeles . Catherine decides it 's time to investigate why so many past and present residents have needed second chances . 276 7 `` Why Try To Change Me Now '' Jeannot Szwarc Austin Guzman November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 7.60 Miranda and Catherine hire a education consultant , Dr. Eliza Minnick , to over haul the training at Grey Sloan . Maggie finds a notebook that belongs to Eliza , it contains a list of attendings names , Maggie is at the very end , she has never been at the end of any list . Amelia and Owen fight over which procedure to do first on a patient . Edwards assists Amelia in the operation while Owen monitors the patient . April goes on a date with someone she found on Tinder and tells Jackson it went great . Later in the observation lounge April tells Jackson the date went bad . Maggie teaches Murphy on a high risk procedure , while Minnik is present in the OR and DeLuca is observing . Dr Minnick wants to teach Deluca a procedure so she nicks a vessel so Deluca can stop the bleed and learn . Maggie admits she is not a good teacher , but she is a genius and a rockstar . Amelia tells Owen she does not want a baby . Arizona confronts Eliza about the list as to why her name was not on it : the list was only for learning peoples ' names , and she would never forget Arizona Robbins . 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' Debbie Allen Meg Marinis November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 7.25 A male patient is wheeled into the OR where Meredith , Hunt , and Edwards are waiting . Meredith has been up for 48 hours and Hunt at least as long . Webber shows up to help having napped all day . Webber wants the patient to be given a name ; he picks Gail , a cello player and music teacher . Each of the doctors has a flashback to a tragic incident from their past . Hunt flashes back to working with his sister . She tells him to cut it out , meaning the liver , and he does . Edwards is asked to contact UNOS to get the patient added to donor list . Edwards determines the patient has an autoimmune disease , ITP . The doctors argue as to what needs to done at each stage in the OR . The patient is identified as Carl Henley from a photo they took of him to show a woman who called about her husband . Gail was Webber 's mother , who had pancreatic cancer and died when he was ten . Meredith eventually suggests using part of Carl 's own liver , calling it a hail Mary . The repaired liver is put back in , before moving him to the ICU . Meredith apologizes to Webber for the things she said . 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' Rob Corn Karin Gist November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 8.04 A building collapse crowds the hospital with injured people . Looking for forgiveness , the landlord confides in Ben that he did n't have the money to fix the damage caused by an earthquake last year , leading to the collapse . Maggie and Richard 's 12 - year - old patient dies on the table . Having overheard Ben and Stephanie talking about the landlord , the girl 's parents seek to avenge her death . Richard finds out that Eliza will take over his job and confronts Bailey about this . Maggie and Jackson gather the other attendings to stand up for Richard . Arizona and Eliza continue flirting in spite of the latter 's arrogant side . Fearing the subpoena , Jo tells Alex about her violent marriage , making him reconsider taking the plea deal and going to jail for 2 years . While waiting for the DA , he listens to voice mail Meredith left him after his goodbye to her . Meredith tells him he 's stronger and bigger than giving up and promises him she 'll go down swinging for him , making him doubt about taking the plea deal . Amelia takes off and leaves Owen with a note , asking him not to blame himself for it . 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' Jann Turner Tia Napolitano January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 9.59 On the day before Alex 's trial , Bailey , Arizona and Jo drive with medical equipment including an advanced ultrasound machine to a maximum security women 's prison hospital to treat a violent teenage inmate and her unborn baby . Jo bonds with the inmate , who says that she had good times with her mother in the past and that her mother will be taking care of the baby for her until she is released . However , her mother is downstairs and tells the doctors that her actual plan is to adopt the baby . The doctors wrestle with whether to tell the inmate about this news , given her violent tendencies . When the inmate goes into labor she demands to see her mother . Jo finally says that she is downstairs but refuses to come up , and the doctors help the inmate through the delivery . Later Arizona scornfully tells her mother that the delivery was a success , and asks whether she will abandon this baby too if she turns out bad . Meanwhile , Bailey learns about the realities of patient care in a prison environment . On the way back home , Bailey tells Jo that Alex plans to take the plea deal and will be going to jail , which makes her throw up . 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' Kevin Rodney Sullivan Zoanne Clack February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 8.49 Maggie and Meredith find out that Alex 's trial has been indefinitely postponed , leading them to think that Alex has taken the plea and is therefore in jail . Meredith sets out to find him , but to no avail . Owen is looking for Amelia , who 's hiding at Stephanie 's place . Owen finds out when Stephanie lets it slip that she asked Amelia to look at their patient 's scan and he asks her to ask Amelia to come home , though Amelia refuses . Maggie , April , Nathan , and Jackson spend all day denying Eliza Minnick access to their OR whereas Richard allows her to join him so he can demonstrate that he 's ready to fight her , leading to Bailey confronting Webber and revealing she 's not the only one who felt this change was needed . Arizona and Leah work on a pregnant mother who was in a car accident caused by her husband . Allowing Leah to work on the baby while she 's dealing with the mother , Arizona puts Eliza 's method to work , which Eliza interprets as Arizona being on her team . Ben spends all day working alongside and covering for a grumpy Jo , who refuses to talk about what 's happened with Alex. Andrew is surprised when Arizona admits that she misses Alex . After a long day , Meredith finally finds Alex in her bed , where he 's been sleeping all day . 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' Geary McLeod Andy Reaser February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 8.46 Alex reveals that Andrew made the D.A. drop the charges by threatening to otherwise tank the case with a ( fake ) testimony . When Alex confronts him about his reasons for doing so , Andrew states he did it because Jo 's been through enough . Alex gets his job back while Meredith gets suspended for refusing to let Eliza into her OR . Jo , who spent the day at home , only finds out about Alex later and goes to visit him at Meredith 's . Maggie 's mother Diane comes to Seattle to have Jackson remove a rash , but it turns out she 's suffering from inflammatory breast cancer . Jackson helps her prepare to tell Maggie , but before she can do so , Maggie has an outburst , revealing she 's still struggling with her mother destroying her parents ' marriage . Richard finds out that Catherine 's on Bailey 's side . Bailey hires April as Interim Head of General Surgery . Amelia continues to hide out at Stephanie 's apartment , and Owen decides he 's done waiting for her . 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' Jeannot Szwarc Lauren Barnett February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 7.68 Dr. Minnick implements phase 2 of her teaching plan , where two residents a week get to lead a surgery from start to finish . Ben 's first experience is ruined by Bailey and Webber arguing and Stephanie 's 9 - year - old patient dies . Stephanie is comforted by Webber , while instead of teaching her how to deal with loss , Minnick flees . Arizona learns that she 's never lost a child before and comforts her . April steps in as interim Head of General Surgery but the attendings give her the cold shoulder , especially Maggie , who believes April deserted Webber and is now on Bailey 's side . April and Maggie are forced to work together on a patient of Meredith 's , who 's reluctant to have a surgeon she does n't know operate on her . Catherine bonds with April and takes her out to dinner to celebrate her new job . 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' Oliver Bokelberg Jen Klein February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 7.71 Alex returns to the hospital , but finds himself doing resident work because of Minnick 's teaching method . Bailey visits a bored Meredith in an attempt to get her to agree to come back , but Meredith only does so when Richard drops by and convinces her not to do this to her career just because of him . April , Richard , Alex , and Jo get caught in a moral dilemma when a mother 's only kidney dies in the middle of a kidney transplant to her son . A possible solution means accepting a kidney from the abusive husband whom the patient left , which hits close to home for Jo . Maggie and Nathan treat a patient with mental illness who disappeared on her parents 12 years ago . Arizona has to hide her new friendship with Minnick from her colleagues , and the two of them end up kissing . 284 15 `` Civil War '' Nicole Rubio Elizabeth J.B. Klaviter March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 7.31 Richard is revealed to be sleeping at the hospital , as politics within Grey Sloan Memorial boil over and spill in to his marriage with Catherine . Alex receives a tough peds case on a newborn baby with a heart problem . Tackling the case with DeLuca , who is now `` cool '' with Alex , they together proceed to go through with a procedure until Nathan is brought into the case . As Karev and Riggs clash over different surgical procedures , each of them ask DeLuca to contact different people as DeLuca juggles whose orders to obey. April , Jackson , Richard , and Catherine are in midst of a tough trauma case of a man who had an accident with another man and a deep fryer . As they begin their operation , Catherine tries to talk with Richard about their marriage and coming home which causes awkwardness within the OR . Meanwhile , Minnick invites Arizona out to a date at Arizona 's house while Meredith hears about the growing conflict between Riggs and Karev and tells Nathan to back off on Alex 's patient , causing Nathan to storm away in anger while it is revealed that DeLuca called UNOS betraying Karev . As he prepares to go into his surgery , Alex sees that DeLuca decided to obey Nathan which causes him to call Maggie who tells the two surgeons to get their act together . After his surgery , Richard accidentally walks in on Minnick and Arizona kissing , exposing their secret relationship . Meredith , who hears about the fight between Nathan and Alex , tells Nathan to back off and to not fight with Alex , causing Nathan to give her an ultimatum about their relationship , while Catherine and Richard 's marriage lies more divided than ever before . 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 7.90 April and Jackson travel to Montana to perform a throat transplant on a girl , leaving Harriet with Catherine . The two discover they still need to get consent from the donor 's heartbroken father , for which Jackson uses his experiences with fatherhood . However , when a lesion is discovered on the donor , the transplant is off the table , meaning a laryngectomy is the girl 's only option despite her parents ' objection . April discovers that Jackson took the case because his father owns a diner near the hospital , and encourages a distracted Jackson to go talk to his father so his head can be in the game for their patient . Jackson does so and discovers that his father left because being an Avery did n't fit him , and that he has a happy life and never actually missed his son . Jackson comes up with a solution for the girl and he and April pull it off . They end up sleeping together and agree that this was the reason Catherine had Meredith switched for April . Before returning to Seattle , Jackson goes to tell Robert that despite being glad to have met him , he 's not actually his father . 286 17 `` ' Til I Hear It From You '' Kevin McKidd Austin Guzman March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 7.80 After receiving chemo at home , Maggie 's mother returns to Seattle to undergo a mastectomy , performed by Jackson . Maggie ca n't understand her mother getting a breast augmentation , only to learn the devastating truth later . Stephanie meets one of her idols when the man 's wife collapses during a hike . The woman has a brain bleed , but the surgery is very risky due to her comorbidities . Her eventual death has Stephanie questioning her profession , and Andrew admits to her that he loves Jo . After he tells her to figure out what she wants , Amelia tells Owen that she feels suffocated by him and that he does n't get to set the rules in their marriage . Amelia questions if he 's actually ready for parenthood , which may turn out quite differently from the dream he has . Meredith wants a reason to date Nathan . He talks about how he fell in love with her and how he feels about her , leading to her agreeing to have dinner with him . Arizona and Richard clear the air between them . A complication during Diane 's surgery leaves Maggie devastated . 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' Ellen Pompeo Meg Marinis March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 7.62 A spot on a scan alongside her chest wall causes a downward spiral for Maggie 's mother . After surgery to remove the left - behind mass , Diane is found to have a metastasis in her liver . Meredith refuses to operate while Maggie thinks it 's the way to go , resulting in Diane firing Meredith from her case . Bailey does the surgery when Maggie gets her hopes up about a trial , which Diane enrolls in after the successful surgery . Despite all the side effects , Diane has a good day and she teaches Maggie to cook lasagna , but she starts coughing up blood during a dinner with Maggie 's friends . Richard fixes the esophageal tear in surgery , but Diane 's health continues to deteriorate . Diane thinks Maggie will be hurt if she stops fighting , but Richard convinces her that Maggie 's strong enough to handle it . Diane then stops the treatment and , after imparting wisdom and offering advice to her daughter , she passes away . Richard realizes he 's not a father figure to Maggie and calls in Bill Pierce to comfort her . He also buries the feud with Bailey . Nathan and Meredith agree their timing 's off and decide to postpone their promised dinner as Maggie would need Meredith to be there for her . 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' Nzingha Stewart Tia Napolitano April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 7.23 Stephanie and Andrew have to take care of intern Isaac , who has abdominal pain and insists it 's not `` internitis '' as Stephanie thinks . Maggie teams up with Arizona to remove a delicate tumor from a fetus 's chest while her colleagues worry she 's not ready yet , given it 's her first day back . Meredith agrees to hang out with Nathan to see if it could go somewhere before she tells Maggie . When Nathan finds out about her and Eliza , Arizona befriends Nathan and gives him some well - intended advice about dating Meredith . Richard and Bailey begin to work things out between them while Jackson attempts to console a distraught Maggie . 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' Chandra Wilson Stacy McKee April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 7.06 Nathan and Meredith end up on a flight to a conference together . She tries to ignore his moves but ends up having sex with him in the bathroom , insisting it does n't mean anything . After heavy turbulence hits , Meredith and Nathan tend to the injured while receiving help from Harrison Peters , a pediatric dentist . In a quiet moment , Meredith tells Nathan about her own plane crash and losing her sister Lexie . One of their patients starts showing signs of an epidural brain bleed while the pilot is unable to land the plane because it 's caught between two storm systems . Meredith continuously has to relieve pressure on the man 's brain with a needle and syringe on the shaky plane , while Nathan has to save a man with pulmonary hypertension . When the plane finally lands , Nathan questions how Meredith can still be scared of letting go of Derek and starting something with him . She then decides to ignore her fear of yet again losing someone she cares about , and agrees to give it a chance . 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' Louis Venosta Andy Reaser April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 7.02 April , Andrew , Stephanie , and Richard have bad news for their patient and her new boyfriend when she turns out to have worms breeding in her intestines. Bailey enlists April 's help to get Catherine and Richard back together , but it turns out that Bailey 's similarity to Catherine is the key . During a press conference about the events on the plane , Maggie derives that something happened between Nathan and Meredith . Meredith tries to explain things to an angry Maggie and ask for her forgiveness . Alex 's pregnant patient with pancreatic cancer from the Clinic returns to the hospital . Her cancer has metastasized to her spine , messing up the parents ' plan for the future . The case strikes a chord with Amelia in particular . 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' Zetna Fuentes Elisabeth R. Finch May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 7.09 April and Meredith discover that their patient has an inoperable heart tumor , which the patient already knew about . While the woman has made peace with it and has resorted to having as much good sex as she can before dying , Maggie ca n't let it go that easily . However , she comes to realize that there 's nothing she can do . Inspired to do what 's good for her in the moment , Meredith removes the tumor on the wall and the Post-it from her bedroom and takes Nathan home with her . Eliza and Arizona have sex after a whole day of anticipation . Richard has to second Eliza 's statement that Ben has been playing it safe lately , while Stephanie lets her anger take over when a religious father threatens to sue the hospital for operating on his son 's life - threatening tumor without his and his wife 's permission . Andrew plans to tell Jo about his feelings , but she stops him since she already knows . 292 23 `` True Colors '' Kevin McKidd William Harper May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 7.02 Alex hires a private investigator and finds Jo 's husband , Paul Stadler . He attends a conference where Paul is speaking , but he realizes that whatever he does will end badly for either Jo or himself and opts to let Paul go without a confrontation . Owen receives news that his sister was found in a basement after a raid in a rebel - led neighborhood . Amelia supports him and calls Teddy to verify Megan 's identity and secure her transfer to Grey Sloan . Back at the hospital , the doctors are thrown for a loop when they discover that their half - naked car accident victims are n't a couple , but instead a woman who drove off the cliff on purpose to avoid getting raped . This discovery comes too late for Stephanie , whom the rapist has captured to secure an easy way out of the hospital . When the hospital lockdown traps Stephanie and a young girl wandering around the hospital with the rapist , the rapist starts a fire to open the doors . Stephanie seizes the opportunity and sets the man on fire , but he drags himself towards gas tanks in a lab . Just as Stephanie goes to drag him away , the tanks explode . 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' Debbie Allen Stacy McKee May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 7.92 As the flames rage throughout Grey Sloan , Bailey issues a mass - evacuation while Jackson and Meredith desperately search for Stephanie and Nathan . Stephanie , who is revealed to be alive , is forced to perform a surgery on Erin 's leg , while the flames grow even bigger and looms closer towards the duo . Meanwhile , Owen and Amelia continue preparing for their journey , despite finding out about the incident at the hospital , to visit Owen 's MIA sister , Megan . Back at the hospital , Stephanie is forced to go to extremes as she braves the growing flames on her floor , ending up in the staircase . Crawling towards the roof access with Erin in tow , Stephanie comes to the horrifying realization that her key card is missing , which is needed to open the door . Seeing no other option , she wraps Erin in a water - soaked blanket as she prepares to sacrifice herself . But just as the smoke reaches her , she sees that her key card is within sight and fights to retrieve it . As Stephanie and Erin at last enter onto the roof , Erin codes leaving Stephanie hysterical for help . As Stephanie is performing CPR while screaming for assistance , Ben leads a group of firefighters towards Stephanie 's location , finally rescuing her at last . In the aftermath of the blaze , Minnick is fired by Bailey after an inquiry regarding the fire , Erin is alive and in recovery , Stephanie too is recovering from her burns as she tearfully tells Richard she 's quitting , Nathan finds out about Megan from Meredith who encourages him to reunite with his true love , Maggie is told by April that if she wants she could see Jackson , and Owen and Amelia finally arrive at Madigan Army Medical Center as Megan 's helicopter lands and she is pulled away on a gurney towards Owen , as he at long last comes to terms that his sister is truly alive . Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 270 `` Undo '' September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 / 9 8.75 12 21 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 2.4 / 9 8.41 13 25 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 2.2 / 8 8.08 10 18 273 `` Falling Slowly '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 2.1 / 8 7.80 13 23 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 2.1 / 8 8.17 12 21 275 6 `` Roar '' October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 2.2 / 8 8.17 14 24 276 7 `` Why Try to Change Me Now '' November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 2.1 / 7 7.60 10 19 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 1.9 / 7 7.25 15 22 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 2.2 / 8 8.04 10 21 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 2.6 / 9 9.59 6 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 2.3 / 8 8.49 8 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 2.1 / 8 8.46 7 10 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 2.1 / 7 7.68 13 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 2.0 / 7 7.71 8 12 284 15 `` Civil War '' March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 7.31 6 18 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 2.0 / 8 7.90 6 10 286 17 `` Till I Hear It From You '' March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 1.9 / 7 7.80 9 12 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 2.0 / 8 7.62 9 16 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 1.7 / 7 7.23 8 17 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 1.8 / 7 7.06 12 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) 1.8 / 7 7.02 14 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 1.8 / 7 7.09 19 292 23 `` True Colors '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1.8 / 7 7.02 18 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 2.0 / 8 7.92 10 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 270 `` Undo '' September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 3.56 4.0 12.32 271 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) 1.6 3.71 4.0 12.13 272 `` I Ai n't No Miracle Worker '' October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) 1.5 3.77 3.8 11.87 273 `` Falling Slowly '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 1.6 3.79 3.7 11.59 274 5 `` Both Sides Now '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 1.6 3.51 3.7 11.69 275 6 `` Roar '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 1.6 3.51 3.7 11.69 276 7 `` Why Try to Change Me Now '' November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 1.3 3.19 3.4 10.79 277 8 `` The Room Where It Happens '' November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 1.4 3.32 3.3 10.57 278 9 `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 1.4 3.40 3.6 11.45 279 10 `` You Can Look ( But You 'd Better Not Touch ) '' January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.5 3.39 4.1 12.98 280 11 `` Jukebox Hero '' February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) 1.3 3.34 3.6 11.84 281 12 `` None of Your Business '' February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 1.4 3.20 3.5 11.67 282 13 `` It Only Gets Much Worse '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 1.3 3.26 3.4 10.94 283 14 `` Back Where You Belong '' February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 1.4 3.39 3.4 11.11 284 15 `` Civil War '' March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) 1.6 3.64 3.5 10.94 285 16 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) 1.5 3.34 3.5 11.25 286 17 `` ' Till I Hear It From You '' March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) 1.3 3.18 3.2 10.99 287 18 `` Be Still , My Soul '' March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) 1.3 3.05 3.3 10.67 288 19 `` What 's Inside '' April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) 1.3 3.14 3.0 10.44 289 20 `` In the Air Tonight '' April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) 1.3 3.18 3.1 10.37 290 21 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 291 22 `` Leave It Inside '' May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) 1.3 3.30 3.1 10.39 292 23 `` True Colors '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 1.4 3.26 3.2 10.29 293 24 `` Ring of Fire '' May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 1.3 3.09 3.3 11.01 DVD release ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Thirteenth Season Set Details Special Features 24 Episodes 6 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Deleted Scenes In Stitches : Season Thirteen Outtakes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 August 29 , 2017 October 2 , 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Egner , Jeremy ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Loses Longtime Cast Member Sara Ramirez '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 - 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Tessa Ferrer Set to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Enlists Another Member of the Shondaland Extended Family '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucky me '' . Instagram . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Contract Scoop : Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey Sign New 2 - Year Deals '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Read Patrick Dempsey 's final exit interview from Grey 's Anatomy -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Closes New Long - Term Deals With Justin Chambers , Sara Ramirez and 2 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin McKidd Eyes Grey 's Anatomy Contract Extension : ' I Do n't See Any Reason to Run Away ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Caterina Scorsone Dishes on Amelia / Owen 's Future , Mer / Nathan 's Secret , Jo 's Dilemma '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Justin Chambers Confirms Season 13 Return '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Negotiating New Contracts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Ellen Pompeo ' disappointed ' over fan response to McDreamy 's death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Eva ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ellen Pompeo Set To Return To ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Ink New Contracts to Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jen Lilley to appear on an upcoming episode of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Soaps.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Grey 's , Once , Kiefer 's POTUS Drama and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ amandaaaavic yep . first day of prep is today '' . Twitter . July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ July 22 , 2016 . `` # GreysAnatomy season premiere table read ! Everyone looking lovely and rested and ready to rock on to season 13 '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Today we begin shooting the 270th episode . And I remember wondering if we 'd get to shoot 13 ... # GreysAnatomy # LoveMyJob '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 13 Poster Puts ( Half of ) Meredith Front and Center '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Megan ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 13 Spoilers : New Poster Released , Teases Head - Turning Drama '' . Ibtimes . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Suzannah ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Has A Message For Fans Reading Way Too Much Into That Grey 's Anatomy Poster '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` For anyone trying to interpret the `` meaning '' of the new # GreysAnatomy poster design : it means ABC designs really cool posters . # artdeptrocks `` . Twitter . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Scandal season 6 gets premiere date , trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 13 Will Focus on the `` Originals '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ abrams , Natalie ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Quantico , Game of Thrones , Outlander and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Prison Break , Grey 's Anatomy , UnREAL and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Blindspot , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Caterina Scorsone on Amelia 's ' Cake ' Baby , Jo 's ' Huge ' Story '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Arizona 's getting a new love interest ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Good Place ' adjust up , ' Notorious ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Superstore ' and ' The Good Place ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Superstore ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and ABC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Notorious ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Pure Genius , ' other CBS shows down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' How to Get Away ' adjust up , ' Great Indoors ' and NBC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' and NBC adjust down with NFL pre-emptions : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Great Indoors ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday Final Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blacklist : Redemption ' and ' The Catch ' adjust down , final NCAA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` NCAA Sweet 16 up a little vs. last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' CBS and NBC lead premiere week : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Football , ' Empire ' and NBC lead week 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' breaks ' Empire ' streak , CBS wins week 3 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : October 18 , 2016 . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' suffers , but NBC still tops week 4 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' and NFL score in week 5 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` World Series gives FOX a huge week 6 boost : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` World Series carries FOX again in Week 7 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` NFL , election night rule week 8 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and football lead week 9 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , ' This Is Us ' and ' NCIS ' sit atop the week 19 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl gives FOX a huge lift : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys carry CBS to victory in week 21 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' leads quiet week 22 broadcast Top 25 , plus network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Faltering Oscars still sit atop the week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' NCIS ' top the week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' top the week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead the week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` CBS and NCAA Championship score in week 29 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' is low , still tops week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' is No. 1 in week 32 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC and ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and NBC finish atop the week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard Awards , ' NCIS ' top the week 35 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( July 17 , 2017 ) . TV Shows on DVD ( Grey 's Anatomy - The Studio Cracks Open the Press Release for ' The Complete 13th Season ' Grey 's Anatomy - The Studio Cracks Open the Press Release for ' The Complete 13th Season ' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_13)&oldid=810193039 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 21 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Automotive paint

Automotive paint - Wikipedia Automotive paint Jump to : navigation , search Robotic arm applying paint on car parts . Automotive paint is paint used on automobiles for both protection and decoration purposes . Enamel paint is currently the most widely used paint for reasons including reducing paint 's environmental impact . Modern automobile paint is applied in several layers , with a total thickness of around 100 μm ( 0.1 mm ) . Paint application requires preparation and primer steps to ensure proper application . A basecoat is applied after the primer paint is applied . Following this , a clearcoat of paint may be applied that forms a glossy and transparent coating . The clearcoat layer must be able to withstand UV light . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Processes and coatings 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Primer 2.3 Basecoat 2.4 Clearcoat 3 References History ( edit ) In the early days of the automobile industry , paint was applied manually and dried for weeks at room temperature . As mass production of cars started , paint was dried in ovens . Nowadays , paint is usually applied by robotic arms and dried in just a few hours . Until several decades ago lead , chromium and other heavy metals were used in automotive paint . Environmental laws have prohibited this , which has resulted in a move to water - based paints . Up to 85 % of lacquer paint can evaporate into the air , polluting the atmosphere . Enamel paint is better for the environment and has become the most widely used paint . Processes and coatings ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) High - pressure water spray jets are directed to the body . Without proper pretreatment , premature failure of the finish system can almost be guaranteed . A phosphate coat is necessary to protect the body against corrosion effects and prepares the surface for the E-Coat . The body is dipped into the Electro - Coat Paint Operation ( ELPO / E-Coat ) , then a high voltage is applied . The body works as a cathode and the paint as an anode sticking on the body surface . It is an eco-friendly painting process . In E-Coat , also called CED paint , utilization is approximately 99.9 % and has great salt spray test life compared to other painting processes . Primer ( edit ) See also : Primer ( paint ) The primer is the first coat to be applied . The main functions of the primer are to act as a leveler and protector , and to make the base coat easier to apply to the component to which it is applied . The primer serves several purposes . It serves as a leveler , which is important since the cab often has marks and other forms of surface defect after being manufactured in the body shop . A smoother surface is created by leveling out these defects and therefore a better final product . It serves as a protector , the primer will protect from corrosion , heat differences , bumps , stone - chips , UV - light , etc . It also improves ease of application by making it easier for paints to stick to the surface , a more varied range of paints can be used . Basecoat ( edit ) The base coat is applied after the primer coat . This coat contains the visual properties of color and effects , and is usually the one referred to as the paint . Base coat used in automotive applications is commonly divided into three categories : solid , metallic , and pearlescent pigments . Solid paints have no sparkle effects except the color . This is the easiest type of paint to apply , and the most common type of paint for heavy transportation vehicles , construction equipment and aircraft . It is also widely used on cars , trucks , and motorcycles . Clear coat was not used on solid colors until the early 1990 's . Metallic paints contain aluminium flakes to create a sparkling and grainy effect , generally referred to as a metallic look . This paint is harder to manage than solid paints because of the extra dimensions to consider . Metallic and pearlescent paints must be applied evenly to ensure a consistent looking finish without light and dark spots which are often called `` mottling '' . Metallic basecoats are formulated so that the aluminium flake is parallel to the substrate . This maximises the `` flop '' . This is the difference in the brightness between looking perpendicularly at the paint and that at an acute angle . The `` flop '' is maximised if the basecoat increases in viscosity shortly after application so that the aluminium flake which is in a random orientation after spraying is locked into this position while there is still much solvent ( or water ) in the coating . Subsequent evaporation of the solvent ( or water ) , leads to a reduction in the film thickness of the drying coating , causing the aluminium flake to be dragged into an orientation parallel to the substrate . This orientation then needs to be unaffected by the application of the clear coat solvents . The formulation of the clear coat needs to be carefully chosen so that it will not `` re-dissolve '' the basecoat and thus affect the orientation of the metallic flake but will still exhibit enough adhesion between the coatings so as to avoid delamination of the clear coat . A similar mode of action occurs with pearlescent pigmented basecoats . Pearlescent Paints contain special iridescent pigments commonly referred to as `` pearls '' . Pearl pigments impart a colored sparkle to the finish which works to create depth of color . Pearlescent paints can be two stage in nature ( pearl base color + clear ) or 3 stage in nature ( basecoat + pearl mid-coat + clear - coat ) . Clearcoat ( edit ) Usually sprayed on top of a colored basecoat , clearcoat is a glossy and transparent coating that forms the final interface with the environment . For this reason , clearcoat must be durable enough to resist abrasion and chemically stable enough to withstand UV light . Clearcoat can be either solvent or water - borne . One part and two part formulations are often referred to as 1k and 2k respectively . OEM ( original equipment manufacture ) clear coats applied to the metal bodies of cars are normally 1K systems since they can be heated to around 140 deg C to effect cure . The clear coats applied to the plastic components like the bumpers and wing mirrors however are 2K systems since they can normally only accept temperatures up to about 90 deg C. These 2 K systems are normally applied `` off line '' with the coated plastic parts fixed to the painted metallic body . Owing to the difference in formulation of the 1K and 2K systems and the fact they are coated in different locations they have a different effect on the `` redissolving '' of the metallic base coat . This is most easily seen in the light metallic paints like the silver and light blue or green shades where the `` flop '' difference is most marked . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John Pfanstiehl ( 1998 ) . Automotive Paint Handbook : Paint Technology for Auto Enthusiasts & Body Shop Professionals . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55788 - 291 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kimio Toda ; Abraham Salazar ; Kozo Saito ( 21 December 2012 ) . Automotive Painting Technology : A Monozukuri - Hitozukuri Perspective . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5095 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to Seals in the AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY , PRE-TREATMENT & PAINT PLANTS '' ( PDF ) . arthomson.com . p. p. 4 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ A Guide to Auto Paint Colors Jump up ^ DuPont Automotive : Paint & Coatings for Metal Exterior Jump up ^ 1K Coating vs 2K Coatings Automotives Paints and Coatings , Streitberger & Dössel , 2008 Hans - Joachim Streitberger ; Karl - Friedrich Dossel ( 31 March 2008 ) . Automotive Paints and Coatings . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 30971 - 9 . This article about an automotive technology is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_paint&oldid=801801137 '' Categories : Automotive technologies Painting materials Automotive technology stubs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 23 : 17 . About Wikipedia

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Lunar eclipse

Lunar eclipse - wikipedia Lunar eclipse Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lunar eclipse ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Solar eclipse . Recent total eclipses April 15 , 2014 October 8 , 2014 April 4 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into its umbra ( shadow ) . This can occur only when the sun , Earth , and moon are aligned ( in `` syzygy '' ) exactly , or very closely so , with the Earth in the middle . Hence , a lunar eclipse can occur only the night of a full moon . The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon 's location relative to its orbital nodes . A total lunar eclipse has the direct sunlight completely blocked by the earth 's shadow . The only light seen is refracted through the earth 's shadow . This light looks red for the same reason that the sunset looks red , due to rayleigh scattering of the more blue light . Because of its reddish color , a total lunar eclipse is sometimes called a blood moon . Unlike a solar eclipse , which can be viewed only from a certain relatively small area of the world , a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of the Earth . A lunar eclipse lasts for a few hours , whereas a total solar eclipse lasts for only a few minutes at any given place , due to the smaller size of the Moon 's shadow . Also unlike solar eclipses , lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions , as they are dimmer than the full moon . For the date of the next eclipse see the section Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of lunar eclipse 1.1 Selenelion 2 Timing 3 Danjon scale 4 Lunar versus solar eclipse 4.1 Lunar eclipse appearance 5 March 1504 lunar eclipse 6 Lunar eclipse in culture 6.1 Incans 6.2 Mesopotamians 6.3 Chinese 7 Blood moon 8 Occurrence 8.1 Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Types of lunar eclipse Schematic diagram of the shadow cast by the Earth . Within the central umbra shadow , the moon is totally shielded from direct illumination by the Sun . In contrast , within the penumbra shadow , only a portion of Sunlight is blocked . A total penumbral lunar eclipse dims the moon in direct proportion to the area of the Sun 's disk blocked by the Earth . This comparison shows the southern shadow penumbral lunar eclipse of January 1999 ( left ) to the moon outside of the shadow ( right ) demonstrates this subtle dimming . The shadow of the Earth can be divided into two distinctive parts : the umbra and penumbra . Within the umbra , there is no direct solar radiation . However , as a result of the Sun 's large angular size , solar illumination is only partially blocked in the outer portion of the Earth 's shadow , which is given the name penumbra . A penumbral eclipse occurs when the moon passes through the Earth 's penumbra . The penumbra causes a subtle darkening of the moon 's surface . A special type of penumbral eclipse is a total penumbral eclipse , during which the Moon lies exclusively within the Earth 's penumbra . Total penumbral eclipses are rare , and when these occur , that portion of the moon which is closest to the umbra can appear somewhat darker than the rest of the moon . A partial lunar eclipse occurs when only a portion of the moon enters the umbra . When the moon travels completely into the Earth 's umbra , one observes a total lunar eclipse . The moon 's speed through the shadow is about one kilometer per second ( 2,300 mph ) , and totality may last up to nearly 107 minutes . Nevertheless , the total time between the moon 's first and last contact with the shadow is much longer and could last up to four hours . The relative distance of the moon from the Earth at the time of an eclipse can affect the eclipse 's duration . In particular , when the moon is near its apogee , the farthest point from the Earth in its orbit , its orbital speed is the slowest . The diameter of the umbra does not decrease appreciably within the changes in the orbital distance of the moon . Thus , a totally eclipsed moon occurring near apogee will lengthen the duration of totality . A central lunar eclipse is a total lunar eclipse during which the moon passes through the centre of the Earth 's shadow . These are relatively rare . Selenelion October 2014 lunar eclipse viewed from Minneapolis , with a partially eclipsed Moon still up after sunrise , seen as sunlight on the tree on the right . A selenelion or selenehelion occurs when both the Sun and the eclipsed Moon can be observed at the same time . This can happen only just before sunset or just after sunrise , and both bodies will appear just above the horizon at nearly opposite points in the sky . This arrangement has led to the phenomenon being referred to as a horizontal eclipse . There are typically a number of high ridges undergoing sunrise or sunset that can see it . Although the moon is in the Earth 's umbra , the Sun and the eclipsed Moon can both be seen at the same time because the refraction of light through the Earth 's atmosphere causes each of them to appear higher in the sky than their true geometric position . Timing As viewed from Earth , the Earth 's shadow can be imagined as two concentric circles . As the diagram illustrates , the type of lunar eclipse is defined by the path taken by the Moon as it passes through Earth 's shadow . If the moon passes through the outer circle but does not reach the inner circle , it is a penumbral eclipse ; if only a portion of the moon passes through the inner circle , it is a partial eclipse ; and if entire Moon passes through the inner circle at some point , it is a total eclipse . Contact points relative to the Earth 's umbral and penumbral shadows , here with the Moon near is descending node The timing of total lunar eclipses are determined by its contacts : P1 ( First contact ) : Beginning of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U1 ( Second contact ) : Beginning of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra touches the Moon 's outer limb . U2 ( Third contact ) : Beginning of the total eclipse . The Moon 's surface is entirely within Earth 's umbra . Greatest eclipse : The peak stage of the total eclipse . The Moon is at its closest to the center of Earth 's umbra . U3 ( Fourth contact ) : End of the total eclipse . The Moon 's outer limb exits Earth 's umbra . U4 ( Fifth contact ) : End of the partial eclipse . Earth 's umbra leaves the Moon 's surface . P4 ( Sixth contact ) : End of the penumbral eclipse . Earth 's penumbra no longer makes contact with the Moon . Danjon scale The following scale ( the Danjon scale ) was devised by André Danjon for rating the overall darkness of lunar eclipses : L = 0 : Very dark eclipse . Moon almost invisible , especially at mid-totality . L = 1 : Dark eclipse , gray or brownish in coloration . Details distinguishable only with difficulty . L = 2 : Deep red or rust - colored eclipse . Very dark central shadow , while outer edge of umbra is relatively bright . L = 3 : Brick - red eclipse . Umbral shadow usually has a bright or yellow rim . L = 4 : Very bright copper - red or orange eclipse . Umbral shadow is bluish and has a very bright rim . Lunar versus solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs in the day time at new moon , when the moon is between the Earth and the sun , while a lunar eclipse occurs at night when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon . There is often confusion between a solar and lunar eclipse . While both involve interactions between the sun , Earth , and moon , they are very different in their interactions . Lunar eclipse appearance A lunar eclipse occurs in two regions , an outer penumbral shadow where the sunlight is dimmed , and an inner umbral shadow , where much dimmer sunlight only exists by refraction through the Earth 's atmosphere , leaving a red color . This can be seen in different exposures of a partial lunar eclipse , for example here with exposures of 1 / 80 , 2 / 5 , and 2 seconds . The moon does not completely disappear as it passes through the umbra because of the refraction of sunlight by the Earth 's atmosphere into the shadow cone ; if the Earth had no atmosphere , the Moon would be completely dark during an eclipse . The reddish coloration arises because sunlight reaching the Moon must pass through a long and dense layer of the Earth 's atmosphere , where it is scattered . Shorter wavelengths are more likely to be scattered by the air molecules and the small particles , and so by the time the light has passed through the atmosphere , the longer wavelengths dominate . This resulting light we perceive as red . This is the same effect that causes sunsets and sunrises to turn the sky a reddish color ; an alternative way of considering the problem is to realize that , as viewed from the moon , the sun would appear to be setting ( or rising ) behind the Earth . From the Moon , a lunar eclipse would show a ring of reddish - orange light surrounding a dark Earth in the sky . The amount of refracted light depends on the amount of dust or clouds in the atmosphere ; this also controls how much light is scattered . In general , the dustier the atmosphere , the more that other wavelengths of light will be removed ( compared to red light ) , leaving the resulting light a deeper red color . This causes the resulting coppery - red hue of the moon to vary from one eclipse to the next . Volcanoes are notable for expelling large quantities of dust into the atmosphere , and a large eruption shortly before an eclipse can have a large effect on the resulting color . March 1504 lunar eclipse Christopher Columbus predicting the lunar eclipse . Main article : March 1504 lunar eclipse When Christopher Columbus came to the New World -- specifically , the north coast of Jamaica -- he was able to use European scientific understanding to correctly predict a lunar eclipse . The event is known as the March 1504 lunar eclipse and occurred when Columbus , after he wanted to be seen as god - like , stated that he would make the moon disappear during the night of February 29 , 1504 . The reason Columbus wanted to prove he could make the moon disappear is because he and his crew were eating a great deal of the inhabitants ' food , and the inhabitants refused to feed them anymore . Columbus was right in his prediction , for he used astronomical tables and local clocks in order to predict when the lunar eclipse would happen and was able to convince the inhabitants that he had the power to make the moon disappear and then reappear . After the inhabitants believed that Columbus was truly able to make the moon disappear , they begged him to return the moon to its previous form , and after roughly an allotted amount of time ( the amount of time Columbus discerned to be how long the eclipse would last ) , Columbus agreed to return the moon , and the moon began to reappear . The next day , the inhabitants gave Columbus and his crew the food they desired . Lunar eclipse in culture Several cultures have myths related to lunar eclipses or allude to the lunar eclipse as being a good or bad omen . The Egyptians saw the eclipse as a sow swallowing the moon for a short time ; other cultures view the eclipse as the moon being swallowed by other animals , such as a jaguar in Mayan tradition , or a three legged toad in China . Some societies thought it was a demon swallowing the moon , and that they could chase it away by throwing stones and curses at it . The Greeks were ahead of their time when they said the Earth was round and used the shadow from the lunar eclipse as evidence . Some Hindus believe in the importance of bathing in the Ganges River following an eclipse because it will help to achieve salvation . Incans Similarly to the Mayans , the Incans believed that lunar eclipses occurred when a jaguar would eat the moon , which is why a blood moon looks red . The Incans also believed that once the jaguar finished eating the moon , it could come down and devour all the animals on Earth , so they would take spears and shout at the moon to keep it away . Mesopotamians The ancient Mesopotamians believed that a lunar eclipse was when the moon was being attacked by seven demons . This attack was more than just one on the moon , however , for the Mesopotamians linked what happened in the sky with what happened on the land , and because the king of Mesopotamia represented the land , the seven demons were thought to be also attacking the king . In order to prevent this attack on the king , the Mesopotamians made someone pretend to be the king so they would be attacked instead of the true king . After the lunar eclipse was over , the substitute king was made to disappear ( possibly by poisoning ) . Chinese In some Chinese cultures , people would ring bells to prevent a dragon or other wild animals from biting the moon . In the nineteenth century , during a lunar eclipse , the Chinese navy fired its artillery because of this belief . During the Zhou Dynasty in the Book of Songs , the sight of a red moon engulfed in darkness was believed to foreshadow famine or disease . Blood moon See also : Blood Moon Prophecy Due to its reddish color , a totally eclipsed moon is sometimes referred to as a `` blood moon '' . In addition , in the 2010s the media started to associate the term with the four full moons of a lunar tetrad , especially the 2014 -- 15 tetrad coinciding with the feasts of Passover and Tabernacles . A lunar tetrad is a series of four consecutive total lunar eclipses , spaced six months apart . Blood Moon is not a scientific term but has come to be used due to the reddish color seen on a Super Moon during the lunar eclipse . When sunlight passes through the earth 's atmosphere , it filters and refracts in such a way that the green to violet lights on the spectrum scatters more strongly than the red light . This results the moon to get more red light Occurrence Time - lapse sequence of lunar eclipse visible at ESO headquarters , 7 Aug 2017 . Lunar Eclipse Transition See also : Saros ( astronomy ) and Eclipse cycle Every year , there are at least two lunar eclipses and as many as five , although total lunar eclipses are significantly less common . If one knows the date and time of an eclipse , it is possible to predict the occurrence of other eclipses using an eclipse cycle like the saros . Recent and forthcoming lunar eclipses Main article : List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Further information : Lists of lunar eclipses Eclipses only occur during an eclipse season , when the Sun is close to either the ascending or descending node of the Moon . ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 1998 -- 2002 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Viewing Type Chart Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 1998 Aug 08 Penumbral 114 1999 Jan 31 Penumbral 119 1999 Jul 28 Partial 124 2000 Jan 21 Total 129 2000 Jul 16 Total 134 2001 Jan 09 Total 139 2001 Jul 05 Partial 144 2001 Dec 30 Penumbral 149 2002 Jun 24 Penumbral Last set 1998 Sep 06 Last set 1998 Mar 13 Next set 2002 May 26 Next set 2002 Nov 20 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2002 -- 2005 Descending node Ascending node Saros Photo Date View Type Chart Saros Photo Date View Type Chart 111 2002 May 26 penumbral 116 2002 Nov 20 penumbral 121 2003 May 16 total 126 2003 Nov 09 total 131 2004 May 04 total 136 2004 Oct 28 total 141 2005 Apr 24 penumbral 146 2005 Oct 17 partial Last set 2002 Jun 24 Last set 2001 Dec 30 Next set 2006 Mar 14 Next set 2006 Sep 7 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2006 -- 2009 Descending node Ascending node Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart Saros # and photo Date Viewing Type Chart 113 2006 Mar 14 penumbral 118 2006 Sep 7 partial 123 2007 Mar 03 total 128 2007 Aug 28 total 133 2008 Feb 21 total 138 2008 Aug 16 partial 143 2009 Feb 09 penumbral 148 2009 Aug 06 penumbral Last set 2005 Apr 24 Last set 2005 Oct 17 Next set 2009 Dec 31 Next set 2009 Jul 07 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2009 -- 2013 Ascending node Descending node Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart Saros # Photo Date Viewing Type chart 110 2009 July 07 penumbral 115 2009 Dec 31 partial 120 2010 June 26 partial 125 2010 Dec 21 total 130 2011 June 15 total 135 2011 Dec 10 total 140 2012 June 04 partial 145 2012 Nov 28 penumbral 150 2013 May 25 penumbral Last set 2009 Aug 06 Last set 2009 Feb 9 Next set 2013 Apr 25 Next set 2013 Oct 18 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2013 -- 2016 Ascending node Descending node Saros Viewing date Type Saros Viewing date Type 112 2013 Apr 25 Partial 117 2013 Oct 18 Penumbral 122 2014 Apr 15 Total 127 2014 Oct 08 Total 132 2015 Apr 04 Total 137 2015 Sep 28 Total 142 2016 Mar 23 Penumbral 147 2016 Sep 16 Penumbral Last set 2013 May 25 Last set 2012 Nov 28 Next set 2017 Feb 11 Next set 2016 Aug 18 ( show ) Lunar eclipse series sets from 2016 -- 2020 Descending node Ascending node Saros Date Type Viewing Saros Date Viewing Type Chart 109 2016 Aug 18 Penumbral 114 2017 Feb 11 Penumbral 119 2017 Aug 07 Partial 124 2018 Jan 31 Total 129 2018 Jul 27 Total 134 2019 Jan 21 Total 139 2019 Jul 16 Partial 144 2020 Jan 10 Penumbral 149 2020 Jul 05 Penumbral Last set 2016 Sep 16 Last set 2016 Mar 23 Next set 2020 Jun 05 Next set 2020 Nov 30 See also Moon portal Book : Lunar Eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses and List of 21st - century lunar eclipses Moon illusion Orbit of the Moon References Jump up ^ Hannu Karttunen . Fundamental Astronomy . Springer . Jump up ^ `` In Search of Selenelion '' . Observing Blog - SkyandTelescope.com. 2010 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Kevin . `` On the nature of eclipses '' . Inconstant Moon . Cyclopedia Selenica . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Deans and Alan M. MacRobert ( July 16 , 2006 ) . `` Observing and Photographing Lunar Eclipses '' . Sky & Telescope . F + W. CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus . `` Visual Appearance of Lunar Eclipses '' . NASA . The troposphere and stratosphere act together as a ring - shaped lens that refracts heavily reddened sunlight into Earth 's umbral shadow Jump up ^ Peterson , Ivars . `` The Eclipse That Saved Columbus '' . ScienceNews . Society for Science & the Public . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Littmann , Mark ; Espenak , Fred ; Willcox , Ken ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Eclipses in Mythology '' . Totality Eclipses of the Sun ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953209 - 4 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Rebecca . `` Ancient Myths Revised with Lunar Eclipse '' . University of Maryland . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ani . `` Hindus take a dip in the Ganges during Lunar Eclipse '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jane . `` Lunar Eclipse Myths From Around the World '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Quilas , Ma Evelyn . `` Interesting Facts and Myths about Lunar Eclipse '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MYTHOLOGY OF THE LUNAR ECLIPSE '' . Jump up ^ Kaul , Gayatri . `` What Lunar Eclipse Means in Different Parts of the World '' . India.com . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigro , Nicholas ( 2010 ) . Knack Night Sky : Decoding the Solar System , from Constellations to Black Holes . Globe Pequot . pp. 214 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6604 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sappenfield , Mark ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Blood Moon to arrive Monday night . What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Earth & Sky . 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the ' blood moon ' '' . theguardian. 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Eclipse @ ESO '' . www.eso.org . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Further reading Bao - Lin Liu , Canon of Lunar Eclipses 1500 B.C. - A.D. 3000 , 1992 Jean Meeus and Hermann Mucke Canon of Lunar Eclipses . Astronomisches Büro , Vienna , 1983 Espenak , F. , Fifty Year Canon of Lunar Eclipses : 1986 - 2035 . NASA Reference Publication 1216 , 1989 External links Find more aboutLunar eclipseat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks `` Lunar Eclipse Essentials '' : video from NASA Animated explanation of the mechanics of a lunar eclipse , University of South Wales U.S. Navy Lunar Eclipse Computer NASA Lunar Eclipse Page Search among the 12,064 lunar eclipses over five millennium and display interactive maps Lunar Eclipses for Beginners Tips on photographing the lunar eclipse from New York Institute of Photography Lunar Eclipse 08 October 2014 on YouTube The Moon Physical features Face on the Moon Internal structure Gravity field Topography Magnetic field Atmosphere Ion tail Moonlight Lunar swirls Orbit Orbit of the Moon Phases Lunation Lunar libration Full Moon Lunar terminator Full moon cycle Earthshine Lunar eclipse Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Tide Surface Selenography Near side Far side North pole South pole Lunar mare List Craters List Calderas Mountains Valleys Volcanic features South Pole -- Aitken basin Shackleton crater Water Soil Ray systems Peak of eternal light Crater of eternal darkness Space weathering Transient lunar phenomenon Lunar basalt 70017 Science Geology timescale Giant - impact hypothesis Hill sphere Moon rocks Lunar meteorites KREEP Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Observation Origin Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 lunar sample display Apollo 17 lunar sample display Exploration Apollo program Exploration of the Moon Colonization of the Moon List of lunar probes List of missions to the Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Related topics Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Craters named after people Double planet Lunar effect Man in the Moon Memorials on the Moon Month Lunar month Moon illusion Harvest moon Hunter 's moon Moon in art and literature Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil ( Norse legends ) Moon is made of green cheese Natural satellite Solar System Supermoon Theia Tourism Phases / Occurrence Black moon Blue moon Lunar phase New moon Dark moon Wet moon Lilith ( hypothetical moon ) Category Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Lunar eclipses Lists of lunar eclipses All Central total eclipses Total penumbral eclipses Historically significant Lunar eclipses by century 20th BCE 19th BCE 18th BCE 17th BCE 16th BCE 15th BCE 14th BCE 13th BCE 12th BCE 11th BCE 10th BCE 9th BCE 8th BCE 7th BCE 6th BCE 5th BCE 4th BCE 3rd BCE 2nd BCE 1st BCE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Lunar eclipses by Saros series 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 Partial eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1952 Feb 1952 Aug 1954 Jul 1955 Nov 1956 May 1958 May 1959 Mar 1961 Mar 1961 Aug 1963 Jul 1965 Jun 1970 Feb 1970 Aug 1972 Jul 1973 Dec 1974 Jun 1976 May 1977 Apr 1979 Mar 1981 Jul 1983 Jun 1988 Aug 1990 Aug 1991 Dec 1992 Jun 1994 May 1995 Apr 1997 Mar 1999 Jul 2001 Jul 2005 Oct 2006 Sep 2008 Aug 2009 Dec 2010 Jun 2012 Jun 2013 Apr 2017 Aug → 2019 Jul 2021 Nov 2023 Oct 2024 Sep 2026 Aug 2028 Jan 2028 Jul 2030 Jun 2034 Sep 2035 Aug 2037 Jul 2039 Jun 2039 Nov 2041 May 2041 Nov 2046 Jan 2046 Jul 2048 Jun Total eclipses 1950 -- 2049 1950 Apr 1950 Sep 1953 Jan 1953 Jul 1954 Jan 1956 Nov 1957 May 1957 Nov 1960 Mar 1960 Sep 1963 Dec 1964 Jun 1964 Dec 1967 Apr 1967 Oct 1968 Apr 1968 Oct 1971 Feb 1971 Aug 1972 Jan 1974 Nov 1975 May 1975 Nov 1978 Mar 1978 Sep 1979 Sep 1982 Jan 1982 Jul 1982 Dec 1985 May 1985 Oct 1986 Apr 1986 Oct 1989 Feb 1989 Aug 1990 Feb 1992 Dec 1993 Jun 1993 Nov 1996 Apr 1996 Sep 1997 Sep 2000 Jan 2000 Jul 2001 Jan 2003 May 2003 Nov 2004 May 2004 Oct 2007 Mar 2007 Aug 2008 Feb 2010 Dec 2011 Jun 2011 Dec 2014 Apr 2014 Oct 2015 Apr 2015 Sep → 2018 Jan 2018 Jul 2019 Jan 2021 May 2022 May 2022 Nov 2025 Mar 2025 Sep 2026 Mar 2028 Dec 2029 Jun 2029 Dec 2032 Apr 2032 Oct 2033 Apr 2033 Oct 2036 Feb 2036 Aug 2037 Jan 2040 May 2040 Nov 2043 Mar 2043 Sep 2044 Mar 2044 Sep 2047 Jan 2047 Jul 2048 Jan Penumbral eclipses Partial Previous penumbral : 2017 Feb 11 Next penumbral : → 2020 Jan 10 Total 1963 Jan 09 1981 Jan 20 1988 Mar 03 1999 Jan 31 2006 Mar 14 → 2042 May 05 2053 Aug 29 See also Danjon scale Gamma Book Category Commons Portal WikiProject → symbol denotes next eclipse in series GND : 4170432 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunar_eclipse&oldid=796626257 '' Categories : Astronomical events Eclipses Lunar eclipses Lunar observation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 03 : 16 . 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Jeep Liberty (KJ)

Jeep Liberty ( KJ ) - wikipedia Jeep Liberty ( KJ ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jeep Liberty ( KJ ) Overview Manufacturer DaimlerChrysler ( 2002 - 2007 ) Chrysler LLC ( 2007 ) Also called Jeep Cherokee ( outside of North America ) Production April 2001 -- June 2007 Model years 2002 -- 2007 Designer Bob Boniface ( 1998 ) Powertrain Engine 2.4 L PowerTech I4 ( gasoline ) 2.5 L VM Motori R 425 I4 ( turbo diesel ) 2.8 L VM Motori R 428 I4 ( turbo diesel ) 3.7 L PowerTech V6 ( gasoline ) Transmission 4 - speed Ultradrive 42RLE automatic 4 - speed Chrysler 45RFE automatic 5 - speed Chrysler 545RFE automatic 5 - speed New Venture Gear NV1500 manual 5 - speed New Venture Gear NV3550 manual 6 - speed Chrysler NSG370 manual Wheelbase 104.2 in ( 2,650 mm ) Length 2001 - 04 : 174.2 in ( 4,420 mm ) 2005 - 07 : 174.7 in ( 4,440 mm ) Width 2001 - 04 : 71.1 in ( 1,810 mm ) 2005 - 07 : 71.8 in ( 1,820 mm ) Height 2001 - 04 : 73.2 in ( 1,860 mm ) 2005 - 07 : 69.8 in ( 1,770 mm ) Curb weight 3,508 - 4,312 lb ( 1,591 - 1,956 kg ) Chronology Predecessor Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) Successor Jeep Liberty ( KK ) The Jeep Liberty ( KJ ) , or Jeep Cherokee ( KJ ) outside North America , is a compact SUV that was produced by Jeep and designed by Bob Boniface through early 1998 . Introduced in May 2001 for the 2002 model year as a replacement for the Cherokee ( XJ ) , the Liberty was priced between the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee . It was the smallest of the 4 - door Jeep SUVs up until the car platform based 4 - door Compass and Patriot arrived for 2007 . The Liberty featured unibody - construction . It was assembled at the Toledo North Assembly Plant in the United States , as well as in other countries including Egypt and Venezuela . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Trim Levels and Equipment 1.2 CRD in North America 1.3 Four wheel drive systems 2 Government / Fleet use 2.1 International versions 3 Total U.S. sales 4 References 5 See also Description ( edit ) Inspired by styling from the Dakar and Jeepster concept vehicles , the Liberty was intended as a replacement for the discontinued Jeep Cherokee . The Liberty also marked a few firsts for Jeep . It was the first Jeep vehicle to use rack and pinion steering . It also the first Jeep to use the two then - new PowerTech engines ; the 150 horsepower ( 110 kW ) 2.4 L straight - 4 , which was discontinued in 2006 , and the 210 horsepower ( 160 kW ) 3.7 L V6 . However , the Liberty was not the first Jeep vehicle to use an independent front suspension , as the Jeep Wagoneer first used it in the 1963 model . But , that independent front suspension was limited to four wheel drive versions and , even then , was a short lived option . The Liberty was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award for 2002 . Three trim levels were initially offered ; the top end Limited , a more rugged looking Renegade and the base Sport . All were made available with either 2WD or 4WD . In July 2004 for the 2005 model year , the Liberty received a mid-cycle facelift . The 2005 , 2006 Renegade and 2005 Rocky Mountain Edition Liberties received an exclusive flat hood and taller grille . In 2007 , the Renegade trim level was replaced with the Latitude which appeared to focus more on an urban appearance and lost the Renegade trim 's unique hood and grille . 2005 -- 2007 Jeep Liberty 2004 Jeep Liberty ( USA ) Jeep Cherokee Sport wagon ( Australia ) Trim levels and equipment ( edit ) The 2002 - 2007 Jeep Liberty KJ was offered in three basic trim levels , each offering their own level of standard and optional equipment : Sport : The Sport served as the `` base '' model 2002 - 2007 Jeep Liberty . It offered the following standard equipment : a 2.4 L `` Power - Tech '' Inline Four - Cylinder ( I4 ) engine , a five - speed manual transmission , sixteen - inch ( 16 `` ) steel wheels , an A / M-F / M stereo with cassette player ( later , a single - disc CD player ) , a six - speaker audio system , cloth seating surfaces , dual manually - adjustable front bucket seats , a split - folding rear bench seat , full instrumentation , manual windows and door locks ( power windows and door locks became standard equipment starting in 2005 ) , gray front and rear bumpers and body side cladding panels , and a rear - mounted spare tire and wheel . Optional equipment included an A / M-F / M stereo with single - disc CD player ( this later became standard equipment ) , power windows and door locks with keyless entry ( also later became standard equipment ) , an Infinity premium amplified audio system , aluminum - alloy wheels , a full - size spare tire and wheel ( this later became standard equipment ) , air conditioning ( also later became standard equipment ) , a four - speed automatic transmission , a 3.7 L `` Power - Tech '' V6 engine , a 2.8 L Common - Rail Diesel ( CRD ) engine , a five - speed automatic transmission , and front - mounted fog lamps . `` Special - Edition '' models of the Liberty KJ , such as the 2003 Freedom Edition , the 2004 Columbia Edition , the 2005 and 2007 Rocky Mountain Edition , and the 2006 65th Anniversary Edition , were all based on the base Sport trim level . Renegade : The Renegade served as the `` off - road - ready '' model of the Jeep Liberty between midyear 2002 and 2007 . Based on the base Sport ' model , it added the following equipment : a 3.7 L `` Power - Tech '' V6 engine , power windows and door locks with keyless entry , cloth - and - vinyl - trimmed seating surfaces , air conditioning , sixteen - inch ( 16 `` ) color - keyed aluminum - alloy wheels ( in Cactus Green , Mineral Gray , or Light Khaki ) , gray front and rear decorative wheel flares , Anti-Lock Braking System ( ABS ) , front - mounted fog lamps , and an A / M-F / M stereo with single - disc CD player . Optional equipment included seventeen - inch ( 17 '' ) chrome - clad aluminum - alloy wheels , roof - mounted `` Off - Road '' lamps , an Infinity premium audio system , leather - trimmed seating surfaces , low - back front bucket seats , a power tilt - and - sliding sunroof , and a four - speed automatic transmission . Limited Edition : The Limited Edition was the top - of - the - line 2002 - 2007 Jeep Liberty model . It added the following equipment to the Renegade trim level : a 3.7 L `` Power - Tech '' V6 engine , a four - speed automatic transmission , sixteen - inch ( 16 `` ) aluminum - alloy wheels ( later seventeen - inch ( 17 '' ) ) , color - keyed front and rear bumpers , chrome body side cladding panels , an A / M-F / M stereo with single - disc CD player , security system , power - adjustable front driver 's bucket seat , air conditioning , front - mounted fog lamps , an overhead Electronic Vehicle Information Center ( EVIC ) , and premium cloth seating surfaces with low - back front bucket seats . Optional equipment included an A / M-F / M stereo with Radio Data System ( RDS ) and cassette and single - disc CD players ( later , a six - disc , in - dash CD changer ) , an Infinity premium amplified audio system , luxury leather - trimmed seating surfaces , dual heated front bucket seats , a power - adjustable front passenger 's bucket seat , seventeen - inch ( 17 `` ) chrome - clad aluminum - alloy wheels , Anti-Lock Braking System ( ABS ) , a 2.8 L Common - Rail Diesel ( CRD ) engine , a five - speed automatic transmission , and a power tilt - and - sliding sunroof . CRD in North America ( edit ) In 2005 , DaimlerChrysler began offering a diesel engine to the North American market to gauge the marketability of diesel engines in North America . The last North American market Jeep product that was offered with a diesel engine was the 1987 Jeep Cherokee and Comanche . Only available for 2005 and 2006 in Sport and Limited trims , the 2.8 L VM Motori R 428 I4 common rail turbo diesel or CRD exceeded expectations by selling 10,000 examples in its first calendar year of production . The diesel utilized a variable geometry turbocharger and generated 160 horsepower ( 120 kW ) and 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m ) of torque . Offering 60 more foot lbs of torque than the comparable V6 gasoline engine and offered higher fuel efficiency ; but it added nearly 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) to the curb weight , a price increase , and offered less peak horsepower . The CRD was prohibited from being sold in Maine , Vermont , Massachusetts , New York , and California due to their higher emission standards and was discontinued for 2007 due to stricter federal emission standards in the United States . The next year Jeep offered the Jeep Grand Cherokee with a diesel engine option ; which was 50 - state emission legal . Four wheel drive Systems ( edit ) The Liberty is available with either a part - time Command - Trac or full - time Selec - Trac transfer case . The Command - Trac transfer case has four positions : 2 - HI , 4 - HI , Neutral , and 4 - LO . The lever is placed in 2WD HI for regular driving . This allows the two rear tires to receive power . The second position , 4WD HI , is used for driving on slippery or loose surfaces . This position locks both the front and rear drive shafts together allowing the vehicle to maintain drive as long as at least one axle has traction . The third position , Neutral , disengages both drive shafts from the transfer case allowing the car to roll freely ; this is used for towing behind another vehicle , for example . The last position , 4WD LO is used for situations requiring higher torque or slow speed when traversing rough terrain . A common misconception is that 4WD LO provides more traction . It only changes the gear ratio and does not add any more friction between the tires and the driving surface . This position , like 4WD HI locks both the front and rear drive shafts together , and by using a lower gear ratio , allows for 2.72 times more torque ( however , the speed is limited to around 25 MPH max ) . It should be noted that turning while in 4WD HI or LO on dry pavement is hazardous to vehicle components , through driveline binding and wheel - hop . The Selec - Trac transfer case has five positions : 2 - HI , 4 - HI Part - Time , 4 - HI Full - Time , Neutral , and 4 - LO . The transfer case is different from the Command - Trac transfer only in the extra 4WD HI Full - Time position . The 4WD HI Full - Time position adds the same traction benefits that the part - time 4WD setting offers , but features an open differential between the front and rear axles to allow the two axles to spin at independent speeds and eliminate drive line binding and wheel - hop . The down side of 4WD Hi Full - Time is that , due to the open differential between front and rear drive lines , at times the drive train will only deliver power to the front or the rear e.g. when the front of the vehicle has reached a high traction surface such as dry pavement and the rear is in sand , the rear tires will spin with 100 % of engine power , the front receiving no traction . Under equal traction conditions ( front - rear ) this position gives the rear wheels 52 % of the engine 's power and the front wheels 48 % of the engine 's power . The division of power and open center differential allows the Selec - Trac transfer case to be operated at all times in an `` All Wheel Drive '' mode with no adverse effects . Government / fleet use ( edit ) Even though no special Jeep Liberty was introduced in 2002 for police use , police and rental agencies continue to purchase it for fleet use . Most are equipped with the 3.7 L `` Power - Tech '' V6 Engine that produces 210 horsepower mated to a 4 - Speed Automatic Transmission , however , some fleet Liberties used a 2.4 L I4 Engine that produced about 150 horsepower with a 4 - Speed Automatic Transmission . In 2008 , when the Jeep Liberty was fully redesigned , the I4 engine was dropped , and the V6 engine was the only engine choice , as was the 4 - Speed Automatic Transmission . Most fleet and government Liberties also use either the Selec - Trac or Selec - Trac II 4WD Systems , but some Liberties used 2WD . Since it was introduced in April 2001 as a 2002 Model Year vehicle to the time it was discontinued in 2007 , the Liberty KJ also found its way into rental car fleets . Most rental Liberty KJ 's were the V6 - powered Sport models with automatic transmissions and 4WD . International versions ( edit ) European badged Cherokee Renegade Numerous versions were available in markets outside the U.S. and Canada . Early - 2002 through mid-2003 model year CRDs were equipped with a 2.5 lt VM Motori Diesel producing 105 kW ( 143 PS ; 141 hp ) and 343 N ⋅ m ( 253 lb ⋅ ft ) . An external wastegated turbo was standard and the engine was available only with a manual transmission . A commercial Cherokee version with 2.5 CRD engine and five - speed transmission rated at 34.4 miles per imperial gallon ( 8.2 L / 100 km ; 28.6 mpg ) has a completely flat cargo area ( the rear seat area has a carpeted full - length galvanized metal floor ) and the rear quarter glass and rear door glass is replaced with fixed body colored aluminum panels ( the front doors have power windows ) . For additional cargo security a removable floor to ceiling metal and mesh bulkhead is optional . In European markets , VAT registered buyers can claim back the tax paid as this qualifies as a Commercial Vehicle . Arab American Vehicles Company ( a joint venture ) assembles the Jeep Cherokee ( Liberty ) for the Egyptian market . Carabobo Assembly Plant ( DaimlerChrysler de Venezuela ) assembles the Jeep Cherokee ( Liberty ) in Valencia , Carabobo for the Venezuelan market . Total U.S. sales ( edit ) Calendar Year Sales 88,485 2002 171,212 2003 162,987 167,376 2005 166,883 2006 133,557 References ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Jeep Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeep Liberty . Jump up ^ http://www.toledoblade.com/Automotive/2001/01/08/Liberty-designers-aimed-to-establish-a-niche.html Jump up ^ `` Jeep Dakar Concept '' . Mojeepin.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Jeepster Concept '' . MoJeepin.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Liberty Steering '' . Allpar.com. 2005 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Rice 's 1963 IFS Wagoneer 4x4 '' . wagoneers.com. 2007 - 12 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Compare Side - by - Side '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Jeep Liberty `` previous -- Jeep road vehicle timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Traditional CJ - 5 CJ - 7 Wrangler ( YJ ) Wrangler ( TJ ) Wrangler ( JK ) Wrangler ( JL ) Wrangler Unlimited ( LJ ) Wrangler Unlimited ( JKU ) Wrangler Unlimited ( JLU ) Subcompact crossover Renegade ( BU ) Compact crossover Compass ( MK49 ) Compass ( MP ) Patriot ( MK74 ) Cherokee ( KL ) Mid-size crossover Grand Commander Compact SUV Cherokee / Wagoneer ( XJ ) Liberty / Cherokee ( KJ ) Liberty / Cherokee ( KK ) Mid-size SUV Grand Cherokee / Grand Wagoneer ( ZJ ) Grand Cherokee ( WJ ) Grand Cherokee ( WK ) Grand Cherokee ( WK2 ) Commander ( XK ) Full - size SUV Cherokee ( SJ ) Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer ( SJ ) Compact pickup CJ - 8 ( Scrambler ) Comanche ( MJ ) Midsize pickup CJ - 10 Full - size pickup J - Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Liberty_(KJ)&oldid=854525114 '' Categories : Jeep vehicles Sport utility vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 2001 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what transmission is in a 2003 jeep liberty

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Rosaline

Rosaline - wikipedia Rosaline For other uses , see Rosaline ( disambiguation ) . Rosaline Rosaline in Zeffirelli 's Romeo and Juliet , one of the few films to give her a visible role . Created by William Shakespeare Rosaline ( / ˈrɒzəlɪn , - iː n / ) is an unseen character and niece of Lord Capulet in William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet ( 1597 ) . Although silent , her role is important . Romeo is at first deeply in love with Rosaline and expresses his dismay at her not loving him back . Romeo first spots Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a gathering hosted by the Capulet family . Scholars generally compare Romeo 's short - lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet . The poetry Shakespeare writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet . Scholars believe Romeo 's early experience with Rosaline prepares him for his relationship with Juliet . Later performances of Romeo and Juliet have painted different pictures of Romeo and Rosaline 's relationship , as filmmakers have experimented with making Rosaline a more visible character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in the play 2 Analysis 2.1 Name 2.2 Rosaline as plot device 2.3 Rosaline and Juliet 3 Performances 4 References Role in the play ( edit ) Before Romeo meets Juliet , he loves Rosaline , Capulet 's niece and Juliet 's cousin . He describes her as wonderfully beautiful : `` The all - seeing sun / ne'er saw her match since first the world begun . '' Rosaline , however , chooses to remain chaste ; Romeo says : `` She hath forsworn to love , and in that vow / Do I live dead that live to tell it now . '' This is the source of his depression , and he makes his friends unhappy ; Mercutio comments : `` That same pale , hard - hearted wench , that Rosaline , torments him so that he will sure run mad . '' Benvolio urges Romeo to sneak into a Capulet gathering where , he claims , Rosaline will look like `` a crow '' alongside the other beautiful women . Romeo agrees , but doubts Benvolio 's assessment . After Romeo sees Juliet his feelings suddenly change : `` Did my heart love till now ? Forswear it , sight / For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night . '' Because their relationship is sudden and secret , Romeo 's friends and Friar Laurence continue to speak of his affection for Rosaline throughout much of the play . Analysis ( edit ) Name ( edit ) `` ... Juliet on the balcony ponders Romeo 's name and likens it to that rose that remains itself whatever it is called . Is Juliet that rose , and , thereby , Rosaline renamed ? '' '' -- Jonathan Goldberg Rosaline is a variant of Rosalind , a name of Old French origin : ( hros = `` horse '' , lind = `` soft , tender '' ) . When it was imported into English it was thought to be from the Latin rosa linda ( `` lovely rose '' ) . Romeo sees Rosaline as the embodiment of the rose because of her name and her apparent perfections . The name Rosaline commonly appears in Petrarchan sonnets , a form of poetry Romeo uses to woo Juliet and to describe both Rosaline and Juliet . Since Rosaline is unattainable , she is a perfect subject for this style ; but Romeo 's attempt at it is forced and weak . By the time he meets Juliet his poetic ability has improved considerably . Gender studies critics have argued that Rosaline 's name suggests that Romeo never really forgets her but rather replaces her with Juliet . Thus , when Juliet cries `` What 's in a name ? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet , '' she is ironically expressing Romeo 's own view of her as a substitute for Rosaline . That is to say , Rosaline , replaced in name only by Juliet , is just as sweet to Romeo . Gender critics also note that the arguments used to dissuade Romeo from pursuing Rosaline are similar to the themes of Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets . In these sonnets Shakespeare urges the man ( who can be equated with Romeo ) to find a woman with whom to procreate -- a duty he owes to society . Rosaline , it seems , is distant and unavailable except in the mind , similarly bringing no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Rosaline reveals similarities to the subject of the sonnets when she refuses to break her vow of chastity . Her name may be referred to in the first sonnet when the young man is described as `` beauties Rose . '' This line ties the young man to both Rosaline and Romeo in Juliet 's `` What 's in a name ? '' soliloquy . When Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . Rosaline is used as a name for only one other Shakespearean character -- the one of the main female figures in Love 's Labours Lost ( 1598 ) , although Rosalind is the name of the main female character in As You Like It . Scholars have found similarities between them : both are described as beautiful , and both have a way of avoiding men 's romantic advances . Rosaline in Love 's Labours Lost constantly rebuffs her suitor 's advances and Romeo 's Rosaline remains distant and chaste in his brief descriptions of her . These similarities have led some to wonder whether they are based on a woman Shakespeare actually knew , possibly the Dark Lady described in his sonnets , but there is no strong evidence of this connection . Rosaline as plot device ( edit ) Analysts note that Rosaline acts as a plot device , by motivating Romeo to sneak into the Capulet party where he will meet Juliet . Without her , their meeting would be unlikely . Rosaline thus acts as the impetus to bring the `` star - cross 'd lovers '' to their deaths -- she is crucial in shaping their fate ( a common theme of the play ) . Ironically , she remains oblivious of her role . Rosaline and Juliet ( edit ) `` Rosaline and Paris ... are the subtlest reflectors of all ... they are cast like a snake 's skin by the more robust reality of Romeo and Juliet . '' -- Ruth Nevo , on the Rosaline - Juliet , Paris - Romeo comparison Literary critics often compare Romeo 's love for Rosaline with his feelings for Juliet . Some see Romeo 's supposed love for Rosaline as childish as compared with his true love for Juliet . Others argue that the apparent difference in Romeo 's feelings shows Shakespeare 's improving skill . Since Shakespeare is thought to have written early drafts of the play in 1591 , and then picked them up again in 1597 to create the final copy , the change in Romeo 's language for Rosaline and Juliet may mirror Shakespeare 's increased skill as a playwright : the younger Shakespeare describing Rosaline , and the more experienced describing Juliet . In this view , a careful look at the play reveals that Romeo 's love for Rosaline is not as petty as usually imagined . Critics also note the ways in which Romeo 's relationship with Rosaline prepares him for meeting Juliet . Before meeting Rosaline , Romeo despises all Capulets , but afterwards looks upon them more favourably . He experiences the dual feelings of hate and love in the one relationship . This prepares him for the more mature relationship with Juliet -- one fraught by the feud between Montagues and Capulets . Romeo expresses the conflict of love and hate in Act 1 , Scene 1 , comparing his love for Rosaline with the feud between the two houses : Here 's much to do with hate , but more with love . Why , then , O brawling love ! O loving hate ! O any thing , of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness ! serious vanity ! Mis - shapen chaos of well - seeming forms ! Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health ! Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! This love feel I , that feel no love in this . Dost thou not laugh ? Psychoanalytic critics see signs of repressed childhood trauma in Romeo 's love for Rosaline . She is of a rival house and is sworn to chastity . Thus he is in an impossible situation , one which will continue his trauma if he remains in it . Although he acknowledges its ridiculous nature , he refuses to stop loving her . Psychoanalysts view this as a re-enactment of his failed relationship with his mother . Rosaline 's absence is symbolic of his mother 's absence and lack of affection for him . Romeo 's love for Juliet is similarly hopeless , for she is a Capulet and Romeo pursues his relationship with her ; the difference being that Juliet reciprocates . This does not seem likely seeing as his mother died of grief after his banishment , indicating that she probably loved him deeply . Performances ( edit ) Rosaline has been portrayed in various ways over the centuries . Theophilus Cibber 's 1748 version of Romeo and Juliet replaced references to Rosaline with references to Juliet . This , according to critics , took out the `` love at first sight '' moment at the Capulet feast . In the 1750s , actor and theatre director David Garrick also eliminated references to Rosaline from his performances , as many saw Romeo 's quick replacement of her as immoral . However , in Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 film version of Romeo and Juliet , Romeo sees Rosaline ( played by Paola Tedesco ) first at the Capulet feast and then Juliet , of whom he becomes immediately enamoured . This scene suggests that love is short and superficial . Rosaline also appears in Renato Castellani 's 1954 film version . In a brief non-Shakespearean scene , Rosaline ( Dagmar Josipovitch ) gives Romeo a mask at Capulet 's celebration , and urges him to leave disguised before harm comes to him . Other filmmakers keep Rosaline off - camera in stricter accordance with Shakespeare 's script . Rosaline also appears in the 2013 film adaptation of Romeo & Juliet . Robert Nathan 's 1966 romantic comedy , Juliet in Mantua , presents Rosaline as a fully developed character . In this sequel , in which Romeo and Juliet did not die , the pair live ten years later in exile in Mantua . After they are forgiven and return to Verona , they learn that Rosaline is now married to County Paris , and both couples must confront their disillusionment with their marriages . Another play , After Juliet , written by Scottish playwright Sharman Macdonald , tells the story of Rosaline after Romeo dies . A main character in this play , she struggles with her loss and turns away the advances of Benvolio , who has fallen in love with her . Macdonald 's daughter , Keira Knightley , played Rosaline in the play 's 1999 premiere . The 2012 young adult novel `` When You Were Mine '' by Rebecca Serle sets Rosaline 's story in a contemporary high school . Rosaline and Romeo ( renamed Rob ) have been best friends since childhood and are just beginning to fall in love when Rosaline 's cousin , Juliet , moves back into town and sets her sights on Rob . Important character in sequel named `` Plague on both your houses ! '' ( 1994 ) by Grigori Gorin . Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) -- period drama television series created by Heather Mitchell and based on the book with same name by Melinda Taub . It follows Rosaline ( played by Lashana Lynch ) . She and Benvolio of Montague are betrothed against their will by Prince Escalus , to end the feud between the two families . Both resolve to find a way to end the violence without having the union . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 2.99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 1.231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. 4.4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 2.365 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 5.59 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Jonathan . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press ( 1994 ) , 221 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Rosaline '' . A Dictionary of First Names . Eds . Patrick Hanks , Kate Hardcastle , and Flavia Hodges . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 2006 ) . Oxford Reference Online . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Oxford Reference ( Registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Rosalind '' . A Dictionary of First Names . Eds . Patrick Hanks , Kate Hardcastle , and Flavia Hodges . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 2006 ) . Oxford Reference Online . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Oxford Reference ( Registration required ) ^ Jump up to : Whittier , Gayle . `` The Sonnet 's Body and the Body Sonnetized in ' Romeo and Juliet ' . '' Shakespeare Quarterly 40.1 ( Apr 1989 ) : 27 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Alan . `` Reading Shakespeare 's Cupid . '' Criticism 47.2 ( Apr 2005 ) : 177 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Act 2 Scene 2 Jump up ^ Clarke , Charles and Mary Clarke . The Shakespeare Key . City : Kessinger Publishing , LLC ( 2007 ) , 651 -- 652 . ISBN 1 - 4304 - 6745 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Gray , Henry David . `` Romeo Rosaline , and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes 29.7 ( Nov 1914 ) : 209 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bertrand . `` The Brevity of Friar Lawrence . '' PMLA 65.5 ( September 1950 ) : 841 -- 865 . Jump up ^ Nevo , Ruth . `` Tragic Form in Romeo and Juliet '' . Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 9.2 ( April 1969 ) : 241 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Lawrence Edward . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet . '' PMLA 64.1 ( Mar 1949 ) : 208 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Krims , Marvin , `` Romeo 's Childhood Trauma ? -- ' What Fray Was Here ? ' . '' PSYART : A Hyperlink Journal for Psychological Study of the Arts . ( November 1999 ) 3 article no . 991022 . Reprinted in Shakespearean Criticism , Vol. 76 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Jean . The Re-Imagined Text . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , ( 1995 ) , 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1901 - 4 Jump up ^ Branam , George C. `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet . '' Shakespeare Quarterly 35.2 ( July 1984 ) : 170 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Stone , George Winchester , Jr . `` Romeo and Juliet : The Source of its Modern Stage Career . '' Shakespeare Quarterly 15.2 ( April 1964 ) : 191 -- 206 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet ( 1968 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jennifer L. `` Tights vs. Tattoos : Filmic Interpretations of ' Romeo and Juliet ' . '' The English Journal 92.1 ( Sep 2002 ) : 41 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Tom ( 20 July 2007 ) . `` Keira 's helpful prompt '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` After Juliet by Sharman McDonald '' . Plays . Acquis . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Serle , Rebecca . When You Were Mine . New York : Simon Pulse , 2012 . ISBN 1442433132 William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosaline&oldid=845255512 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1597 Fictional Italian people in literature Unseen characters Female Shakespearean characters Characters in Romeo and Juliet Fictional nobility Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 14 : 56 . 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Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters

Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters - wikipedia Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters Theatrical release poster Directed by Kōbun Shizuno Hiroyuki Seshita Produced by Takashi Yoshizawa Screenplay by Gen Urobuchi Starring Mamoru Miyano Takahiro Sakurai Kana Hanazawa Yūki Kaji Music by Takayuki Hattori Production company Polygon Pictures Toho Animation Distributed by Toho ( Japan ) Netflix ( Worldwide ) Release date November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( Japan ) Running time 88 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office US $3.1 million Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( GODZILLA - 怪獣 惑星 - , Gojira : Kaijū Wakusei , also known as Godzilla Part 1 : Planet of the Monsters and Godzilla : Monster Planet for short ) is a 2017 Japanese computer - animated science fiction kaiju film featuring Godzilla , produced by Toho Animation and animated by Polygon Pictures , in association with Netflix . It is the 32nd film in the Godzilla franchise , the 30th Godzilla film produced by Toho , and the first animated film in the franchise . It is the first film in the anime trilogy and is co-directed by Kōbun Shizuno and Hiroyuki Seshita . The film was released theatrically in Japan on November 17 , 2017 and released worldwide on Netflix on January 17 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Marketing 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 5 Sequels 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In the last summer of the 20th century , giant monsters began appearing all over the world and wreaking havoc . A powerful creature called Godzilla appeared which destroyed humans and monsters alike . Two species of aliens , the Exif and the Bilusaludo , arrived with the former attempting to convert humanity to their religion and the latter seeking to emigrate to Earth with promises to defeat Godzilla with Mechagodzilla , should humanity accept them . However , the Bilusaludo were unable to activate Mechagodzilla , which forced the aliens and humanity to abandon Earth and emigrate to Tau Ceti e . 20 years later and 11.9 light years away , Captain Haruo Sakaki locks himself in a shuttle , threatening to bomb the area unless the ship leaves Planet Tau - e and abandons the emigration project . Haruo believes the planet is uninhabitable and the emigration crew only consists of the elderly , including his grandfather , because he believes the ship 's committee are trying to reduce the population due to limited resources . Haruo fails , is arrested and thrown in a cell where he witnesses the emigration shuttle exploding upon leaving the planet . Metphies , an Exif priest , visits Haruo , where he hands him classified data regarding Godzilla . Haruo anonymously publishes an essay detailing Godzilla 's weak points , which convinces the central committee to return to Earth after concluding that finding another habitable planet seems unlikely . Upon returning to Earth , the ship sends recon drones to scout the Earth but reveal that Godzilla is still alive after all these years . Metphies explains to the committee that they can not co-exist with Godzilla and suggests killing it . He also explains that the anonymous essay was the result of a thorough investigation and is sound , promising to reveal the author under the condition that Haruo is released . Haruo is released on bail and explains to the committee that a certain unknown organ in Godzilla 's body can emit a high frequency electromagnetic pulse that generates an asymmetrical permeable shield . Haruo proposes shoving an EMP probe within the cracked organ before it regenerates so Godzilla can implode . However , Haruo stresses that close quarters combat would be needed for accurately coordinated attacks in order to find its weak organ , as well as 600 people . The committee reluctantly accepts and upon landing two battalions on Earth , discovering that 20,000 years have passed and that Godzilla 's presence has radically altered Earth 's biosphere . They are attacked by a group of flying creatures called Servums and Leland , the company 's commander , orders a retreat but Metphies stresses that they would need to rendezvous with Companies D and E through a pass where Godzilla frequents . However , once the group mobilizes , they encounter Godzilla . Haruo proceeds with the original plan on his own and attacks Godzilla . Leland manages to provoke Godzilla to use its atomic breath , but at the cost of his life . Leland 's actions reveal that Godzilla 's weak point is its dorsal fins . Command falls to Metphies , who promotes Haruo to commander . In a speech , Haruo convinces the remaining survivors to continue with the plan and defeat Godzilla . The group attacks Godzilla and manage to trap it within a collapsed mountain pass . EMP probes are drilled into Godzilla 's dorsal fins which causes it to implode . Martin Lazzari , the group 's environmental biologist , theorizes that this Godzilla may be different from the one that drove humanity away , believing it to be an offspring . Subsequently , the original Godzilla , which has grown several times larger , surfaces from beneath a nearby mountain and destroys the remaining crew . Trapped beneath rubble , Haruo watches Godzilla leave , vowing to kill it . In a post-credits scene , Haruo wakes up in a secluded area , finding an indigenous girl next to him . Voice cast ( edit ) Characters Japanese English Haruo Sakaki Mamoru Miyano ( adult ) , Aya Suzaki ( young ) Chris Niosi ( adult ) , Rachelle Heger ( young ) Metphies Takahiro Sakurai Lucien Dodge Martin Lazzari Tomokazu Sugita Edward Bosco Mulu Elu Galu Gu Junichi Suwabe Jamieson Price Rilu - Elu Belu - be Kenta Miyake Rich Brown Yuko Tani Kana Hanazawa Cristina Vee Adam Bindewald Yūki Kaji Robbie Daymond Eliott Leland Daisuke Ono Ray Chase Unberto Mori Kenyu Horiuchi Keith Silverstein Halu - Elu Dolu - do Kazuya Nakai Doug Stone Endurphe Kazuhiro Yamaji Joe Ochman Production ( edit ) In August 2016 , Toho announced that an animated Godzilla film was being developed , targeted for a 2017 release . Gen Urobuchi was announced as the writer , Kobun Shizuno and Hiroyuki Seshita as the directors , and Polygon Pictures was announced as the studio that would animate the film . In January 2017 , Urobuchi announced the main cast on his Twitter account . On March 26 , 2017 , Toho announced that the film would be the first film in a new trilogy . About the production , co-director Shizuno stated , `` From the start , we had the blessing of Toho to not be constrained by previous entries in the franchise , and with the freedom of imagination offered by animation I feel we have come up with a cool new form for Godzilla . '' On Godzilla 's new design , co-director Seshita stated , `` With his masses of muscle fibers and unique body tissue to support his enormous bulk , this is an extraordinarily rugged - looking physique . It was an overwhelming presence that reverberated through the whole project , like a fearsome deity that even we who created it must prostrate ourselves before . That is our Godzilla . '' The English dub was produced by Post Haste Digital . Marketing ( edit ) A stage event for the film was held at AnimeJapan 2017 on March 26 , 2017 . The film 's directors are scheduled to attend the Annecy International Animation Film Festival to reveal more details regarding the film . In June 2017 , a new poster detailing Godzilla 's design was revealed with the tagline `` Despair Evolves '' . On August 16 , 2017 , a new trailer and poster were released with the tagline `` Who will go extinct -- humans , or Godzilla ? '' Release ( edit ) In March 2017 , it was announced that the film will be streamed in 190 countries via Netflix following the film 's Japanese theatrical release . Greg Peters , President of Netflix Japan stated , `` Working with the best creators such as Toho in bringing Godzilla to Netflix users in over 190 countries marks a major milestone for us '' . That same month , a teaser poster revealed that the film will be released theatrically in Japan on November 17 , 2017 . On January 7 , 2018 , Netflix announced that the film will be released worldwide on their platform on January 17 , 2018 . Box Office ( edit ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters reached # 3 at the box office on its opening weekend , earning ¥ 103 million from 71,200 admissions within two days and is projected to earn an additional ¥ 500 million . Critical reception ( edit ) Brian Ashcraft of the Kotaku website felt that the characters `` are n't all that interesting '' but did state that the `` anime version of Godzilla is surprisingly effective and frightening '' and that despite his complaints , the `` overall experience was good '' and `` It 's not a perfect picture , but it was a powerful proof of concept : Godzilla works as an anime . '' Matt Schley from The Japan Times praised the film 's CG animation , stating , `` even skeptics will admit the 3 - D version of the king of the monsters looks pretty darn cool '' but felt the film was n't `` nearly as thematically ambitious as its predecessor '' and concluded by stating , `` But still , with its impressive 3 - D animation and action sequences , ' Planet of the Monsters ' has the makings of something interesting . '' Home media ( edit ) In Japan , the film was released on DVD and Blu - ray by Toho Video on May 16 , 2018 . Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters is the first film in the anime trilogy . The second film in the trilogy , titled Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle was released on May 18 , 2018 . The third and final film in the trilogy , titled Gojira : Hoshi wo Kū Mono ( GODZILLA - 星 を 喰う 者 ) , translation vary from Godzilla : Planet Eater to Godzilla : Eater of Stars , is scheduled to be released in November 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knight , Rosie ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Godzilla Anime Reveals Radical Sequel Concept Art '' . Nerdist . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla : Monster Planet '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters Press Notes from Toho '' . SciFi Japan . July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters Now Streaming Worldwide on Netflix '' . SciFi Japan . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Muncy , Julie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Get Ready For the Ultimate Kaiju Battle With This Godzilla : Monster Planet Release Trailer '' . io9 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grebey , James ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Godzilla : Monster Planet ' Is an Anime First , Godzilla Movie ... Maybe Third '' . Inverse . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gen Urobuchi 's Godzilla Anime Film Reveals 6 Main Cast Members , Concept Art Image '' . Anime News Network . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla Anime Films Cast Daisuke Ono , Kenta Miyake , Kenyuu Horiuchi , Kazuya Nakai , Kazuhiro Yamaji '' . Anime News Network . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ suzaki_aya . `` Aya Suzaki Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ragone , August ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Toho Gears Up First Godzilla Anime Movie From the Makers of Gargantia & Sidonia '' . The Good , the Bad , and Godzilla . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Godzilla Anime Film Penned by Gen Urobuchi , Animated by Polygon Pictures '' . Anime News Network . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla Anime Is Film Trilogy Starring Mamoru Miyano '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julian , Mark ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` More Details About Netflix 's Godzilla Anime Trilogy To Be Unveiled At Upcoming Animation Film Festival '' . Anime Mojo . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Godzilla : Monster Planet '' 3rd Teaser Visual Shows The Biggest Godzilla in History `` . Crunchyroll . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Godzilla Anime Film 's Trailer Unveils New Head Design '' . Anime News Network . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix to Air Original Anime Movie , Godzilla '' . IGN . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla Anime Film to Stream on Netflix Globally This Year '' . Anime News Network . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` 2nd Teaser Visual , Story Setting for `` Godzilla : Monster Planet '' Anime Film Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muncy , Julie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Get Ready For the Ultimate Kaiju Battle With This Godzilla : Monster Planet Release Trailer '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Godzilla Anime Film Debuts at # 3 at Japanese Box Office '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The New Anime Godzilla Movie Is Pretty Good '' . Kotaku . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schley , Matt ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ' : Japan 's main mutant gets animated and goes global '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Toho Video Releasing ' Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ' On DVD & Blu - ray '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Toho to Make Second and Third ' Godzilla ' Animation Movies '' . Variety . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Godzilla Anime Film Teases Mechagodzilla Before May Debut '' . Anime News Network . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Posters Suggests Ghidorah Coming to Godzilla Anime '' . Dread Central . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters on IMDb Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Godzilla Toho films Shōwa series Godzilla ( 1954 ) Godzilla Raids Again ( 1955 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1962 ) Mothra vs. Godzilla ( 1964 ) Ghidorah , the Three - Headed Monster ( 1964 ) Invasion of Astro - Monster ( 1965 ) Ebirah , Horror of the Deep ( 1966 ) Son of Godzilla ( 1967 ) Destroy All Monsters ( 1968 ) All Monsters Attack ( 1969 ) Godzilla vs. Hedorah ( 1971 ) Godzilla vs. Gigan ( 1972 ) Godzilla vs. Megalon ( 1973 ) Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla ( 1974 ) Terror of Mechagodzilla ( 1975 ) Heisei series The Return of Godzilla ( 1984 ) Godzilla vs. Biollante ( 1989 ) Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah ( 1991 ) Godzilla vs. Mothra ( 1992 ) Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II ( 1993 ) Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla ( 1994 ) Godzilla vs. Destoroyah ( 1995 ) Millennium series Godzilla 2000 ( 1999 ) Godzilla vs. Megaguirus ( 2000 ) Godzilla , Mothra and King Ghidorah : Giant Monsters All - Out Attack ( 2001 ) Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla ( 2002 ) Godzilla : Tokyo S.O.S. ( 2003 ) Godzilla : Final Wars ( 2004 ) Current series Shin Godzilla ( 2016 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2017 ) Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) Gojira : Hoshi wo Kū Mono ( 2018 ) American films Adaptations Godzilla , King of the Monsters ! ( 1956 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1963 ) Godzilla 1985 ( 1985 ) TriStar Pictures Godzilla ( 1998 ) Legendary Pictures Godzilla ( 2014 ) Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) Television Ike ! Godman ( 1972 - 1973 ) Ike ! Greenman ( 1973 - 1974 ) Zone Fighter ( 1973 ) Godzilla ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Godzilla Island ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Godzilla : The Series ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Video games List of Godzilla games ( 1983 -- present ) Miscellaneous Godzilla in popular culture Comics Locations The Movie Monster Game Battle Soccer : Champions of the Field Godzilla Game Aliens Godzilla ( Scott Ciencin series ) Godzilla ( Marc Cerasini series ) Bambi Meets Godzilla Godzilla vs. Charles Barkley Gotengo Miki Saegusa Monsterland and Monster Island Monster Planet of Godzilla Super X Toho Oxygen Destroyer King Kong Godzilla ( song ) Main Theme Godzilla : The Album Godzilla March SciFi Japan TV MonsterVerse Kaiju Godzilla Anguirus Rodan Moguera Varan Mothra King Kong Manda Dogora King Ghidorah Baragon Frankenstein Gaira Sanda Ebirah Mechani - Kong Gorosaurus Kamacuras Kumonga Minilla Gezora Kamoebas Hedorah Gigan Megalon Jet Jaguar King Caesar Mechagodzilla Titanosaurus Biollante Mecha - King Ghidorah Battra Godzilla Junior Bagan SpaceGodzilla Destoroyah Dagahra Orga Megaguirus Kiryu Zilla Monster X Krystalak Obsidius MUTO Trilopod Magita Related films Rodan ( 1956 ) The Mysterians ( 1957 ) Varan the Unbelievable ( 1958 ) Battle in Outer Space ( 1959 ) Mothra ( 1961 ) Gorath ( 1962 ) Atragon ( 1963 ) Dogora ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) King Kong Escapes ( 1967 ) Latitude Zero ( 1969 ) Space Amoeba ( 1970 ) The War in Space ( 1977 ) Gunhed ( 1989 ) Yamato Takeru ( 1994 ) Rebirth of Mothra ( 1996 ) Rebirth of Mothra II ( 1997 ) Rebirth of Mothra III ( 1998 ) Chousei Kantai Sazer - X the Movie : Fight ! Star Warriors ( 2005 ) Always : Sunset on Third Street 2 ( 2007 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) See also Gamera Ultraman Ultra Series The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms Gojirasaurus Gorgo The Giant Behemoth Reptilicus Yongary : Monster from the Deep Jana of the Jungle Book Category Works by Gen Urobuchi Animated series Blassreiter ( 2008 ) Phantom ~ Requiem for the Phantom ~ ( 2009 ) Puella Magi Madoka Magica ( 2011 ) Psycho - Pass ( 2012 ) Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet ( 2013 ) Aldnoah. Zero ( 2014 ) Concrete Revolutio Season 2 ( 2016 ) Feature films Puella Magi Madoka Magica : Beginnings ( 2012 ) Puella Magi Madoka Magica : Eternal ( 2012 ) Puella Magi Madoka Magica : Rebellion ( 2013 ) Expelled from Paradise ( 2014 ) Garm Wars : The Last Druid ( 2014 ) Psycho - Pass : The Movie ( 2015 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2017 ) Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) Godzilla : Eater of Stars ( 2018 ) Visual novels Phantom of Inferno ( 2000 ) Kikokugai : The Cyber Slayer ( 2002 ) Saya no Uta ( 2003 ) Psycho - Pass : Mandatory Happiness ( 2015 ) Light novels Fate / Zero ( 2006 ) Black Lagoon ( 2008 ) Television series Kamen Rider Gaim ( 2013 ) Thunderbolt Fantasy ( 2016 ) Polygon Pictures Films Ultraman Cosmos 2 : The Blue Planet ( 2002 ) Ultraman Cosmos vs. Ultraman Justice : The Final Battle ( 2003 ) Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence ( 2004 ) The Sky Crawlers ( 2008 ) Oblivion Island : Haruka and the Magic Mirror ( 2009 ) Higanjima ( 2010 ) Kiiroi Zou ( 2013 ) Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising ( 2013 ) Ajin Part 1 : Shōdō ( 2015 ) Ajin Part 2 : Shōtotsu ( 2016 ) Ajin Part 3 : Shōgeki ( 2016 ) Blame ! 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The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)

The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Orlando Resort ) - wikipedia The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Orlando Resort ) Jump to : navigation , search The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle , which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Universal 's Islands of Adventure Status Operating Cost GBP £ 134 million USD $200 million Soft opening date June 1 , 2010 Opening date June 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 18 ) Replaced Merlinwood ( The Lost Continent ) Universal Studios Florida Status Operating Cost USD $256 million Soft opening date July 3 , 2014 Opening date July 8 , 2014 Replaced Jaws General statistics Attraction type Themed zone Designer Universal Creative Theme Harry Potter Size Phase 1 : 20 acres ( 8.1 ha ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is a themed area spanning two theme parks -- Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Florida -- at the Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando , Florida . The area is themed to the Harry Potter media franchise , adapting elements from the film series and novels by J.K. Rowling . The attraction was designed by Universal Creative from an exclusive license with Warner Bros. Entertainment . The first phase was officially announced for Islands of Adventure on May 31 , 2007 , and after a two - and - a-half - year construction period , the area officially opened to the public on June 18 , 2010 . The area 's flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . It takes riders on a journey through Harry Potter 's wizarding world . Other attractions include Dragon Challenge , a now - closed pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . The area also features a re-creation of Hogsmeade containing many gift shops and restaurants from the novels including Dervish and Banges , Honeydukes , Ollivanders , Zonko 's Joke Shop ( though it houses Honeydukes ) , the Three Broomsticks , and the Hog 's Head . The second phase was initially announced on December 6 , 2011 , as a significant expansion of the existing Wizarding World of Harry Potter . On May 8 , 2013 , it was officially announced that a substantial portion of phase two would be constructed in the adjacent Universal Studios Florida theme park with a full scale working replica of the Hogwarts Express taking guests between the two lands . This phase 's flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts , a 3D dark ride / simulator based on Gringotts Bank , the wizarding bank that appears in the book and film series . The attraction 's design is similar to Transformers : The Ride and the Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man rides but built on a roller coaster track . The remaining attractions are themed around London and Diagon Alley . Diagon Alley officially opened on July 8 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Previous attraction attempts 1.2 Rumors and official announcement 1.3 Phase 1 : Islands of Adventure 1.4 Phase 2 : Universal Studios Florida 2 Rides 3 Dining , shopping , and other attractions 3.1 Hogsmeade 3.2 Diagon Alley 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Previous attraction attempts ( edit ) A Harry Potter themed attraction at a Universal Studios park or a Disney park was rumored in 2003 . However , the rights to the Harry Potter franchise had been acquired by Warner Bros. , who denied all the rumors . In 2001 , Time Warner used this license to construct and operate the Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast , Australia . The attraction was a small indoor walkthrough featuring many re-creations of locations in the first two movies . After two years of operation this attraction was removed . The Walt Disney Company and Universal entered bidding negotiations with Warner Bros. and Rowling for the theme park rights to Harry Potter in the United States . In 2004 , Rowling signed a letter - of - intent with Disney , with the company intending to develop a Harry Potter section within the Magic Kingdom park at Walt Disney World . Ultimately , Disney pulled out of negotiations , citing that Rowling 's creative influence and the terms established by Warner Bros. was too stringent . Rumors and official announcement ( edit ) In January 2007 , About.com reported a rumor from a `` highly credible source '' that the Lost Continent area within Universal 's Islands of Adventure park was to be re-themed `` to the stories and characters of one of the most popular children 's franchises '' . Other sources followed up in the next few days with unofficial confirmation the new area would involve Harry Potter , and was being developed under the name `` Project Strong Arm '' in reference to the KUKA robotic arm technology it would utilise . Nikki Finke reported her own confirmation of the Potter park plans in April , followed shortly by a story in The Scotsman ; both reports were widely relayed by other media sources . On May 31 , 2007 , Universal ( in partnership with Warner Bros . ) officially announced the 20 - acre ( 8.1 ha ) addition recreating Hogwarts , the Forbidden Forest and Hogsmeade , with a planned opening in 2009 . Phase 1 : Islands of Adventure ( edit ) Themed billboards were located around the Wizarding World during the two - year construction period . Construction of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter began seven months after the official announcement , in January 2008 . By July , the Flying Unicorn and Enchanted Oak Tavern were closed . The Flying Unicorn then began an almost two - year refurbishment which transformed it into the Flight of the Hippogriff . The Enchanted Oak Tavern was later demolished . A bridge was built to connect The Lost Continent with Jurassic Park allowing guests to avoid the construction zone that was to become the Wizarding World . Construction progressed with the Hogwarts Castle slowly taking shape . By September 2008 , the Dueling Dragons entrance was moved to Jurassic Park to make room for construction of Hogsmeade . One month later , the old entrance was demolished . By September 2009 , the top shell of Hogwarts Castle was completed . On September 15 , an announcement was made detailing what was going to be included in the Wizarding World . In early 2010 , Universal increased its marketing of the area , which included newspaper advertisements , billboards and television commercials . The Dueling Dragons were closed for some maintenance before being transformed into the Dragon Challenge . Construction was completed by June 1 , 2010 , when the area began soft openings . A soft opening weekend was held for the media and reserved guests , starting on May 28 , 2010 . The park had two opening ceremonies that took place on June 16 and on June 18 , 2010 . The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 's grand opening ceremony took place on June 16 with book series author J.K. Rowling , and film series actors Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson , Michael Gambon , Robbie Coltrane , Tom Felton , Matthew Lewis , James and Oliver Phelps and Bonnie Wright , as well as Universal Orlando Resort officials , and representatives from the media . The ceremony , which was produced by Universal Orlando Events Production in conjunction with Thinkwell Group , concluded with a fireworks display and a performance by the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by original series ' composer John Williams . On June 18 , the second ceremony took place , which officially opened the Wizarding World of Harry Potter to the public . NBC 's Today Show and The Weather Channel broadcast segments live from the park . Phase 2 : Universal Studios Florida ( edit ) The opening of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter saw attendance at Islands of Adventure rise by as much as 36 % in 2010 . According to Jason Garcia of the Orlando Sentinel , this had resort executives pondering `` when to expand Wizarding World and how to keep business balanced between Islands and Universal Studios Florida '' . In April 2011 , Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times speculated that an expansion of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter would see attractions such as Diagon Alley and a Gringotts - themed dark ride replace Islands of Adventure 's Lost Continent themed area . Demolition of the Jaws ride and the surrounding Amity in March 2012 On December 6 , 2011 , Universal Parks & Resorts announced that they would be expanding The Wizarding World of Harry Potter . The expansion was described as `` significant '' by officials ; however , no further details were released at the time . The announcement came just four days after Universal Studios Florida announced the closure of the park 's Jaws attraction and surrounding Amity area on January 2 , 2012 . On January 25 , 2012 , the Los Angeles Times stated that the site of the former Jaws attraction would be used for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter expansion . These attractions would be complemented by a replica of the Hogwarts Express to move guests between the two parks . Demolition of the Jaws attraction and the Amity area began almost immediately after their closure . After the site was leveled , work began on land reclamation in the area 's former lagoon , as well as construction of a series of buildings including a large show building . Further details about the expansion of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter were announced on May 8 , 2013 . Officials confirmed that the expansion would be set predominantly in the adjacent Universal Studios Florida theme park , and would feature attractions themed after Diagon Alley and London . The rumored Hogwarts Express connection between the two parks was also confirmed . Officials stated the expansion should open in 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , officials announced the name of the flagship attraction would be Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts . They also indicated that a two - park pass would be necessary to ride the Hogwarts Express , which was set to connect Universal Studios Florida with the existing Harry Potter attraction at Universal 's Islands of Adventure . The official opening date of the Diagon Alley phase was announced at an exclusive and private press conference on June 17 , 2014 , for July 8 , 2014 . On June 18 , 2014 , the Diagon Alley red carpet premiere took place with Domhnall Gleeson , Bonnie Wright , Evanna Lynch , Matthew Lewis , James and Oliver Phelps , Tom Felton , Robbie Coltrane , Warwick Davis and Helena Bonham Carter attending . New photos of Diagon Alley were later released the same night and the official opening date was announced publicly by Universal Orlando 's president , Bill Davis . King 's Cross station opened on July 1 , 2014 , as well as the Hogwarts Express Hogsmeade Station at Islands of Adventure and soft openings of Diagon Alley began on July 3 , 2014 . Diagon Alley officially opened on July 8 , 2014 . Rides ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter has four rides . Three rides opened in 2010 as part of phase one . An additional two rides opened with phase two in 2014 . Entrance of Dragon Challenge , which has since been closed . Dragon Challenge was a roller coaster featuring two distinct tracks built to overlap and intertwine with each other . The ride was formerly in operation since the park 's 1999 opening under the name Dueling Dragons . The physical coaster is exactly the same , with some new decor . The attraction was renamed in homage to the first task of the Triwizard Tournament where Harry and the other contestants are each to duel with a dragon , depicted in chapter 20 of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The two sides of the coaster have been renamed `` Hungarian Horntail '' and `` Chinese Fireball '' , after two of the dragon breeds which appear in the book . It was the only chasing inverted roller coaster in the world . The queue for this ride features many Harry Potter relics , including the Goblet of Fire and the Triwizard Cup . In addition , the hike to the ride features the flying car featured in the second film , as well as Hagrid 's hut . On July 24 , 2017 , Universal Orlando officials announced that Dragon Challenge would close after September 4 , 2017 to make way for a new attraction based on the Harry Potter franchise that is scheduled to open in 2019 . Hogwarts Castle exterior of Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey as seen from the Herbology greenhouse queue Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a new attraction inside the replica of Hogwarts Castle , simulating a tour of the castle and its surrounding grounds . Visitors initially walk through the castle , interacting with various characters and props from the Potter series , including a speech from Dumbledore , and directions from Harry , Hermione and Ron , before boarding a `` magical bench '' ( controlled with a KUKA robotic arm system ) . Throughout the ride , guests are taken around the outside of the castle , using a combination of simulated flight as well as encountering realistic animatronic versions of the Whomping Willow , a horde of dementors , giant spiders , the Hungarian Horntail Dragon , and a Quidditch match . Flight of the Hippogriff is a steel roller coaster designed for families , located adjacent to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey . The ride opened in 2000 as the Flying Unicorn . Similar to the Dragon Challenge , this ride was re-themed prior to the opening of the Wizarding World . The roller coaster 's back - story is that Hogwarts 's Care of Magical Creatures professor , Hagrid , is teaching young wizards to fly on a hippogriff ( as Harry does in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ) by using a wicker replica of the creature . A recreation of Hagrid 's Hut is passed on the way for a lesson from Hagrid himself on how to properly approach a hippogriff . Gringotts Bank , which houses Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Diagon Alley 's flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts , 3 - D motion - based steel roller coaster dark ride based around Gringotts Bank , the wizarding bank in Diagon Alley . Riders enter the bank into the queue area where Bogrod greets visitors and instructs them to continue past him to travel deep into the vaults of the bank to open an account . Unlike Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , this ride is hosted by Bill Weasley , played by Domhnall Gleeson , reprising his role from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . A completely functioning full - scale replica of the Hogwarts Express was created for the Diagon Alley expansion , connecting King 's Cross Station at Universal Studios to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure , manufactured by Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in the form of a funicular railway people mover . The Hogwarts Express King 's Cross Station features a wall between Platforms 9 and 10 , where guests can `` walk through '' to get to Platform 93⁄4 , like in the first film . Dining , shopping , and other attractions ( edit ) Inside Ollivanders wand shop Other than the main rides , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is also home to gift shops , restaurants and other tourist attractions . Several of these are recreations of locations in the Harry Potter books while others have been created specifically for the park . A recreation of Hogsmeade is housed at Islands of Adventure while a recreation of Diagon Alley is housed at Universal Studios Florida . In the book series , Ollivanders wand shop is located in Diagon Alley , not Hogsmeade ; however , installations of the shop are present in both areas of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter . The Hogsmeade attraction recreated the shop as `` Ollivanders '' , portraying it as a branch of the original where Harry purchases his wand in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( known in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) . Unlike other shops in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , visitors are admitted in groups of 20 to experience the premise from the Potter series , that `` the wand chooses the wizard '' . Similar to the first film , the wand keeper and a selected guest test a variety of wands until the right one is found . Effects include flowers drying out or a thunderstorm erupting inside the shop . After experiencing the attraction , souvenir wands can be purchased . Hogsmeade ( edit ) A recreation of the Hogwarts Express locomotive greets guests when entering Hogsmeade A recreation of the Hogwarts Express lies at the entry to Hogsmeade . The recreation features `` billowing steam and an iconic whistle '' and is accompanied by the conductor of the train . In the Harry Potter series the Hogwarts Express is the train used to transport students from London to Hogwarts . The `` Owl Post '' is a working post office ( where postcards and letters will be delivered with an authentic Hogsmeade postmark ) that also sells stationery , writing implements , stamps , and owl - related gifts . Hogsmeade village as seen from Flight of the Hippogriff `` The Three Broomsticks '' , based on the inn and pub from the Harry Potter series , offers a variety of food and beverage items from the Harry Potter universe , including Butterbeer , pumpkin juice , strawberry - peanut butter ice cream ( as seen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ) , and chocolate Cauldron Cakes , in addition to a menu composed of traditional British fare ( Shepherd 's pie , fish and chips , etc . ) . The pub features many hidden references to the book , namely house elves and ghosts that roam the rafters . Butterbeer , which can be purchased with a souvenir mug , is offered as a non-alcoholic beverage and comes in both regular and frozen forms , found at the beginning of Hogsmeade fresh off the tap from the butterbeer cart . Similarly , The Hog 's Head is based on the pub from the Harry Potter series owned by Aberforth Dumbledore . Honeydukes is a sweet shop , based on Honeydukes Sweetshop in the Harry Potter series . The shop sells many items from the Harry Potter universe including Chocolate Frogs , Acid Pops , exploding bonbons , Cauldron Cakes , treacle fudge , Fizzing Whizzbees , Pepper Imps , and Bertie Bott 's Every Flavour Beans . Various Harry Potter merchandise items can be purchased from two different gift shops in Hogsmeade . Dervish and Banges is a store selling magical items , as well as Quidditch supplies , Hogwarts clothing , and other merchandise . The store is based on Dervish and Banges in the Harry Potter series . The second shop is Filch 's Emporium of Confiscated Goods . It is a general gift shop ( named for Hogwarts caretaker Argus Filch ) offering Hogwarts souvenirs ( such as clothing and stationery ) , replicas of props from the Harry Potter films , and other toys and souvenirs . The shop is at the exit to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , and is where guests can obtain photos of their ride experience . Diagon Alley ( edit ) Stairway located between the Magical Menagerie and Gringotts Bank Live attractions at Diagon Alley include the Knight Bus interactive show at the London waterfront ; `` The Fountain of Fair Fortune '' and `` The Tale of The Three Brothers , '' which are puppet shows enacting stories from The Tales of Beedle the Bard ; and live performances from musical group Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees ( mentioned briefly by Molly Weasley in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ) . Gringotts Money Exchange is able to exchange American currency for Wizarding bank notes . Diagon Alley features The Leaky Cauldron restaurant , The Hopping Pot , and Florean Fortescue 's Ice Cream Parlour , which specializes in Butterbeer - flavored ice cream . The Fountain of Fair Fortune is also a bar . Ollivander 's Wand Shop sells interactive wands that activate features all around Diagon Alley , Quality Quidditch Supplies , Weasleys ' Wizard Wheezes joke shop , Magical Menagerie , Madam Malkin 's Robes for All Occasions , Wiseacre 's Wizarding Equipment . Borgin and Burkes is the only shop located in Knockturn Alley . Reception ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter was well received by Harry Potter fans . Matt Blum of Wired stated `` every detail is finely crafted to enhance the experience '' . An Orlando Sentinel article stated `` muggles will love their Harry Potter adventure '' but identifies the need for the park to offer Universal Express Passes due to large crowds . It also stated Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a truly one - of - a-kind experience that can not easily be described . Lisa Minot , from The Sun , stated `` after a sneak peek , I can say it is the most faithful recreation of JK Rowling 's books and movies ever seen . Fans will be in heaven . '' Leigh Caldwell from Traveling Mamas noted that although The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is ideal for the whole family , it 's not designed for anyone under 3 years old . '' She went on to consolidate others ' comments about the area : `` there is no doubt that fans of the Harry Potter books and movies are going to enjoy the heck out of a visit to the Wizarding World '' . Boris Johnson , Mayor of London , criticized the fact that the park was chosen to be in Orlando , rather than in London , stating that it was `` utterly mad '' to leave it to the Americans `` to make money from a great British invention . '' See also ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Studios Japan ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Studios Hollywood ) Warner Bros. Studio Tour London , studio tour exhibiting original costumes , props and sets used in all eight films , including the Great Hall , and Diagon Alley , as well as the creation process employed in the filming . 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Jump up ^ Gworek , Don ( July 1 , 2012 ) . `` Soundstage 44 now fully demolished at Universal Studios Florida '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Armenia , Anthony ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` Photo Update : Transformers and rumored Grignotts Bank coaster buildings being enclosed at Universal Studios '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Armenia , Anthony ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Aerial view of the Jaws and Wizarding World areas at Universal '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Details on Expansion of Wizarding World of Harry Potter in Orlando Confirmed , Including Diagon Alley as Second Location '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Orlando : Harry Potter expansion to open spring and or summer of 2014 at Universal Studios '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bevil , Dewayne ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` 10 burning questions about Universal 's Harry Potter expansion '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Orlando announces new Harry Potter expansion with Diagon Alley , London '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Diagon Alley : Universal reveals new Harry Potter plans , Gringotts ride '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Susan ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Harry Potter 's Diagon Alley plans Escape from Gringotts ride , new stores '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` New details about Harry Potter Diagon Alley : Lots of shops , Gringotts ride gets name '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mirgoli , Nicholous . `` Diagon Alley to open July 8 , 2014 at the Wizarding World of Harry Potter in Universal Orlando Resort '' . www.ThemeParkOverload.net . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane . `` Dragon Challenge ( Universal Studios Islands of Adventure ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Theme Park Rides '' . Muggle Net . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Universal : Dragon Challenge to be replaced with new Harry Potter ride '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubersky , Seth ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Orlando announces new Harry Potter coaster replacing Dragon Challenge '' . Attractions Magazine . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Kristin ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Universal will replace Dragon Challenge with new Harry Potter coaster '' . Orlando Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey queue at the Wizarding World in Universal Orlando . Inside the Magic . May 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( YouTube video ) on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sangalang , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' movie stars help christen Wizarding World '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter Forbidden Journey POV ( YouTube video ) . bp1191 . June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane . `` Flight of the Hippogriff ( Universal Studios Islands of Adventure ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flight of the Hippogriff -- Queue ( HD ) . olduniversallover . June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flight of the Hippogriff ride POV with Hippogriff animatronic at the Wizarding World of Harry Potter . Inside the Magic . May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 2014 ) . `` What to Expect From the Wild New Harry Potter Ride , ' Escape From Gringotts ' '' . Wired . Archived from the original on 22 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` What may come to Wizarding World of Harry Potter 2.0 at Universal Orlando '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doppelmayr / Garaventa built the Hogwarts Express '' ( Press release ) . Doppelmayr Garaventa Group . July 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ollivanders shop at Universal Orlando 's Islands of Adventure '' . Universal Orlando . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three Broomsticks restaurant at Universal Orlando 's Islands of Adventure '' . Universal Orlando . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tasty - pasty World of Harry Potter '' . Muggle Net . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honeydukes shop at Universal Orlando 's Islands of Adventure '' . Universal Orlando . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dervish and Banges shop at Universal Orlando 's Islands of Adventure '' . Universal Orlando . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Filch 's Emporium of Confiscated Goods shop at Universal Orlando 's Islands of Adventure '' . Universal Orlando . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Blum , Matt ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Review : The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Will Stupefy Fans '' . Wired . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Muggles will love their Harry Potter adventure '' . Orlando Sentinel . August 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Minot , Lisa ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` First review of U.S. Potter park '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh . `` Wizarding World of Harry Potter is not for the little ones ( and that 's just fine ) '' . Travelling Mamas . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Hélène ( June 7 , 2010 ) . `` Boris Johnson urges Harry Potter fans to lobby JK Rowling for London theme park '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizarding World of Harry Potter . Official website The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Orlando Resort The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogsmeade Diagon Alley Attractions Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Live shows Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees Frog Choir The Knight Bus The Tales of Beedle the Bard Triwizard Spirit Rally Theme parks Universal Orlando Resort Universal Studios Japan Universal Studios Hollywood Related A Celebration of Harry Potter Harry Potter Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London See also Harry Potter in amusement parks Former attractions Dragon Challenge The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games Book Category Portal Islands of Adventure Former attractions Marvel Super Hero Island The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man Incredible Hulk Coaster Doctor Doom 's Fearfall Storm Force Accelatron Toon Lagoon Dudley Do - Right 's Ripsaw Falls Popeye and Bluto 's Bilge - Rat Barges Me Ship , the Olive Hogsmeade Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Jurassic Park Camp Jurassic Jurassic Park River Adventure Pteranodon Flyers Raptor Encounter Skull Island Skull Island : Reign of Kong The Lost Continent The Eighth Voyage of Sindbad The Mystic Fountain Poseidon 's Fury Seuss Landing The Cat in the Hat Caro - Seuss - el The High in the Sky Seuss Trolley Train Ride If I Ran the Zoo Oh , The Stories You 'll Hear One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish Annual events A Celebration of Harry Potter Grinchmas Halloween Horror Nights Upcoming Harry Potter - themed roller coaster Universal Studios Florida Former attractions Production Central Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit Shrek 4 - D Superstar Parade Transformers : The Ride Universal Music Plaza Stage New York The Blues Brothers Show Delancey Street Preview Center Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon Revenge of the Mummy Diagon Alley Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Hogwarts Express World Expo Men in Black : Alien Attack Fear Factor Live ( seasonal ) Springfield The Simpsons Ride Kang & Kodos ' Twirl ' n ' Hurl Woody Woodpecker 's Kidzone Curious George Goes to Town A Day in the Park with Barney E.T. Adventure Woody Woodpecker 's Nuthouse Coaster Hollywood Universal 's Horror Make - Up Show Annual events and festivities A Celebration of Harry Potter Halloween Horror Nights Macy 's Holiday Parade Mardi Gras Rock the Universe Upcoming attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Coordinates : 28 ° 28 ′ 22 '' N 81 ° 28 ′ 24 '' W  /  28.4728 ° N 81.4734 ° W  / 28.4728 ; - 81.4734 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_(Universal_Orlando_Resort)&oldid=830341369 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides by name Islands of Adventure Universal Studios Florida Universal Parks & Resorts attractions by name Amusement rides introduced in 2010 Amusement rides introduced in 2014 Harry Potter in amusement parks Licensed - properties at Universal Parks & Resorts Wizarding World Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use mdy dates from July 2017 Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 06 : 32 . 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Mark E. Brown

Mark E. Brown - wikipedia Mark E. Brown Jump to : navigation , search Mark Brown 58 Rogers , Arkansas , U.S. Occupation Chief Executive Officer Years active 1983 -- present Website http://markbrownstrategies.com Notes Best known for `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' campaign Mark E. Brown is an American businessman and former CEO of Zen Entertainment and a former vice president of The Howard Hughes Corporation . His company currently has partnership deals with ESPN Radio , Fox Sports Radio , NBCSports.com , Ultimate Fighting Championship , World Wrestling Entertainment , and casinos such as the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , Hard Rock Hotel . He is also the former Partner and President of R&R Partners , the ad agency which created the `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' advertising campaign for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . In addition , Brown is founder and director of Service 1st Bank of Nevada , valued in 2010 around $210 million , and previously served as the President of MBC Communications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 R&R Partners 2.2 Other Corporate Involvements 2.3 Zen Gaming 3 External links 4 References Early life and education ( edit ) He attended the University of Nevada , Reno and completed the Executive Program in Management for the John Anderson Graduate School of Management . He is currently a member of the Board of Trustees of the UNLV Foundation . Career ( edit ) Brown started out working as a senior legislative assistant on the staff of former Nevada Senator Chic Hecht . He spent five years in Washington , D.C. overseeing all of Hecht 's U.S. Senate Banking and Energy Committee assignments in the 1980s . After 1989 , he started and operated his own company called The Carrara Group , a government affairs and public relations company which was later acquired by Burson - Marsteller , the world 's largest public relations firm . Following the acquisition he got a job as the Executive Vice President of corporate and government relations and marketing for The Howard Hughes Corporation and from 1994 to 1999 , worked for the company , that is also an affiliate of The Rouse Company . Yet , by 1999 Brown began to transition into the world of Las Vegas casinos . He served as an Executive Vice President of government relations and corporate communications for Station Casinos , Inc. from 1999 to 2000 . R&R Partners ( edit ) Brown was the founder and owner of Brown & Partners in 2000 , which merged with R&R Partners in 2004 . The merger helped bring a $226 million in combined capital in 2005 , when the merger became effective . R&R Partners is considered Nevada 's largest public affairs , public relations and full - service advertising agency . After the merger Brown served as its President and Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2007 . The company R&R Partners , is best known for creating the advertising campaign slogan `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' for the City of Las Vegas . Its `` What happens here '' slogan is not new , see What happens on tour , stays on tour , yet the campaign brought Las Vegas a record - breaking 37.4 million visitors in 2004 . Since then the phrase has been used by many celebrities . Gambling fan Ben Affleck used it on Saturday Night Live . Billy Crystal used it to close the 2004 Oscars . It has been a clue on Wheel of Fortune . In 2004 on The Tonight Show when Jay Leno asked Laura Bush whether she had gambled or had seen a Chippendales show while visiting the Las Vegas Strip , the then First Lady got a big hand by replying , `` Jay , what happened in Vegas , stays in Vegas . '' In later years the phrase was used as the title for a 2008 movie ' What Happens in Vegas ' starring Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher . It has also been used in the 2009 blockbuster hit The Hangover . Other corporate involvements ( edit ) Medicor Ltd : Brown was also involved in Medicor Ltd. as its director in 2003 . The company was founded in 1999 and was based in Las Vegas , Nevada . Medicor , Ltd. , through its subsidiaries , engages in the development , manufacture , and marketing of breast implants and other implants primarily for the aesthetic , plastic , and reconstructive surgery markets worldwide . On June 29 , 2007 , MediCor Ltd , along with its affiliates , filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 in the US Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware . Service1 st Bank of Nevada : He was a founder of Service1 st Bank of Nevada . He has been a director of Service1st Bank of Nevada since January 2007 . Brown serves as a Director of Service1st . The bank 's capital was valued at the end of the first quarter of 2010 around $21 million and later bought by Western Liberty Bancorp and Forbes Lister Jason N. Ader the same year . YourBuyer Worldwide , Inc. : Brown served as the President of YourBuyer Worldwide , Inc. , a global purchasing company . Zen Gaming ( edit ) Brown heard about a social networking Web site proposal that would feature poker and be able to target ads to specific partners , he thought it sounded like a good idea . Thus , he started a holding company called Zen Gaming and acquired nlop.com , a successful online poker site Brown became the Chief Executive Officer of Zen Gaming in 2007 . The website purchased initially had problems in the US with the passing of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act , yet Brown 's combination of membership poker and paid advertising space online offered new potential . Zen Gaming is based out of Las Vegas with wholly owned subsidiary divisions that include NewPoker LLC and Advergaming LLC under which the acquired National League of Poker operates . The company developed and patented two new poker games , Royal hold ' em and No River Hold'em that have been approved by the Nevada Gaming Commission and already are being played in the poker rooms at Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , Hard Rock Hotel and O'Sheas on the Las Vegas Strip . Also , Stephens Media Group , owner of the Review - Journal , is one of Zen Gaming 's first partners . Using the company 's software , the Review - Journal launched a poker site , becoming the first newspaper in the country to offer online poker . Some of Zen Gaming 's other partners include Golden Gaming and Lotus Broadcasting , a radio company that owns the local affiliates for ESPN Radio and Fox Sports Radio , and pair of local rock and Spanish - language stations . It also has partnership deals with NBCSports.com since 2009 . The Zen Gaming 's software platform was selected by Poker Productions , Inc. under a continuing agreement with NBCsports.com to provide poker programming . Poker Productions provides executive production services for the National Heads - Up Poker Championship and the Poker After Dark programs seen on NBC . Brown later made partnerships with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to set up poker rooms at their events . The UFC Poker Rooms leveraged UFC 's massive fan base and tremendous brand equity with Zen 's advergaming platform that the UFC considers `` among the most robust , deeply analytical online Advergaming platforms in the world . '' External links ( edit ) Beneath The Brand - Articles by Mark E. Brown References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.lvrj.com/business/42869122.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-09-27-las-vegas-what-happens-here_N.htm ^ Jump up to : https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124217791927013441 ^ Jump up to : http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=326858&privcapId=11668769&previousCapId=3126261&previousTitle=PIRINATE%20Consulting%20Group%20LLC Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200409/ai_n8557992/ Jump up ^ USA Today , Advertising & Marketing . Michael McCarthy , `` Vegas goes back to its naughty roots , '' April 11 , 2005 . Retrieved on August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=MDCRQ:US Jump up ^ http://www.lvrj.com/business/lower-purchase-price-negotiated-for-service1st-bank-of-nevada-96815429.html Jump up ^ https://people.forbes.com/profile/jason-n-ader/37206 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/03/13/idUS191928+13-Mar-2008+BW20080313 Jump up ^ http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071204006035/en/Global-Purchasing-Company-YourBuyer-Worldwide-Opens-Pakistan Jump up ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-172064444.html Jump up ^ http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=48929940 Jump up ^ http://www.pocketfives.com/f7/news-national-league-poker-holds-winning-hand-legal-online-poker-play-19973/ Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/09/15/idUS193640+15-Sep-2008+PRN20080915 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/29/idUS257711+29-Apr-2009+GNW20090429 Jump up ^ http://www.ufc.com/news/UFC-Zen-Gaming-Inc-Announce-FreetoPlay-Online-UFC-Poker-Room Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_E._Brown&oldid=818609865 '' Categories : 1962 births University of Nevada alumni Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did what happens in vegas stays in vegas start

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Shot Heard 'Round the World (baseball)

Shot Heard ' Round the World ( baseball ) - wikipedia Shot Heard ' Round the World ( baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search The Shot Heard ' Round the World : Dotted line represents the approximate track of Thomson 's game - winning line drive home run In baseball , the `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' was a game - winning home run by New York Giants outfielder and third baseman Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds in New York City on October 3 , 1951 , to win the National League ( NL ) pennant . Thomson 's dramatic three - run homer came in the ninth inning of the decisive third game of a three - game playoff for the pennant in which the Giants trailed , 4 -- 2 . The game -- the first ever televised nationally -- was seen by millions of viewers across America and heard on radio by millions more , including thousands of American servicemen stationed in Korea , listening on Armed Forces Radio . The classic drama of snatching victory from defeat to secure a pennant was intensified by the epic cross-town rivalry between the Giants and Dodgers , and by a remarkable string of victories in the last weeks of the regular season by the Giants , who won 37 of their last 44 games to catch the first - place Dodgers and force a playoff series to decide the NL champion . The Giants ' late - season rally and 2 - to - 1 - game playoff victory , capped by Thomson 's moment of triumph , are collectively known in baseball lore as `` The Miracle of Coogan 's Bluff '' , a descriptor coined by the legendary sports columnist Red Smith . The phrase `` shot heard ' round the world '' is from the poem `` Concord Hymn '' ( 1837 ) by Ralph Waldo Emerson about the first clash of the American Revolutionary War . It later became popularly associated with Thomson 's homer and several other dramatic historical moments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The game 3 The broadcasts 3.1 Russ Hodges 3.2 Ernie Harwell 3.3 Red Barber 3.4 Gordon McLendon 3.5 Other 4 Aftermath 4.1 Controversy 5 Artifacts 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) The principal National League ( NL ) contenders in 1951 were the New York Giants , Brooklyn Dodgers , and Philadelphia Phillies . The Dodgers quickly pulled into first place , and widened their lead as the season progressed . On August 11 , with a 13 ⁄ - game lead over the second - place Giants , they appeared certain to face the New York Yankees in the World Series . `` Unless ( the Dodgers ) completely fold in their last 50 games '' , wrote an Associated Press writer , `` they 're in . '' The Phillies , 14 ⁄ games back , faded from contention ; but the Giants won 16 straight games from August 12 to August 27 , cutting the Dodgers ' lead to six games . By September 20 , they had pulled to within 4 ⁄ games , still a prohibitive margin with only ten days remaining in the season ; but the Giants won all of their final seven games , while the Dodgers lost six of their last ten . The two teams concluded the regular season deadlocked with 96 -- 58 records . The NL used a three - game playoff at that time to break ties for the pennant . The Dodgers won the coin toss to determine the playoff schedule ; they elected to play the first game at home and the second ( and third if needed ) at the Polo Grounds , reasoning that after a likely win in Brooklyn , they would need to win only one of two at the Giants ' park . Nevertheless , in game one at Ebbets Field , the Giants , with Jim Hearn on the mound , defeated the Dodgers ' Ralph Branca 3 -- 1 , thanks to home runs by Bobby Thomson and Monte Irvin . In game two at the Polo Grounds , with the Yankees team in attendance as spectators , the Dodgers tied the series , winning 10 -- 0 on home runs by Jackie Robinson , Gil Hodges , Andy Pafko , and Rube Walker , who was catching in place of an injured Roy Campanella . Clem Labine pitched a six - hit shutout against Sheldon Jones . The 1 -- 1 deadlock set up the deciding third game at the Polo Grounds on October 3 . The game ( edit ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 Brooklyn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 0 WP : Larry Jansen ( 23 -- 11 ) LP : Ralph Branca ( 13 -- 12 ) Home runs : BKN : None NYG : Bobby Thomson ( 32 ) For game three , Sal Maglie was on the mound for New York , while Brooklyn called on Don Newcombe . In the first inning , Robinson singled in Pee Wee Reese for the game 's first run . A Giants rally in the second inning , initiated by Whitey Lockman 's single , fizzled when Thomson , trying to stretch a single into a double , failed to notice that Lockman had not advanced to third base , and was tagged out by Robinson . The score remained 1 -- 0 through the sixth inning . In the seventh inning , Irvin led off with a double for the Giants . He was bunted over to third , and scored on a sacrifice fly by Thomson , tying the score at one run each . In the top of the eighth , the Dodgers came back with three runs . With Reese and Duke Snider on third and first after back - to - back singles , a Maglie wild pitch allowed Reese to score and Snider to advance to second . Robinson was walked intentionally to set up a double play , but Pafko 's ground ball to third bounced off the heel of Thomson 's glove ; Snider scored and Robinson took third . Billy Cox added another single to score Robinson , making the score 4 -- 1 in favor of the Dodgers . Newcombe set down the Giants in order in the bottom of the eighth , while Larry Jansen did the same in relief of Maglie in the top of the ninth . Newcombe had pitched a complete game on September 29 , four days earlier , in Philadelphia , followed by 52⁄3 innings in relief the following day during the last game of the regular season . According to some accounts , after eight innings on only two days ' rest he attempted to take himself out of the game , but Robinson demanded that he continue : `` You go out there and pitch until your arm falls off ! '' Newcombe himself insisted that he never asked to be relieved -- a version corroborated by Snider and Pafko . Giants shortstop Alvin Dark singled off Newcombe to start the bottom - ninth rally . At that point , the Dodgers made a crucial defensive mistake : With no outs , a runner on first , and a 3 - run lead , the normal strategy would be to position the infield for a possible double play ; but first baseman Gil Hodges played behind Dark -- apparently guarding against a highly unlikely steal attempt -- leaving a large gap on the right side of the infield . Don Mueller , batting left - handed , hit a single through that gap , advancing Dark from first to third . Instead of a rally - killing double play , the Dodgers found themselves facing the potential tying run at the plate with two runners on base , nobody out , and Irvin -- with 121 regular - season RBIs -- at bat ; but Newcombe got Irvin to chase an outside pitch and foul out to Hodges . ( Sportswriter Bud Greenspan and others have argued that , had the Dodger infield played Mueller at double - play depth , Irvin 's pop - up would in all likelihood have been the season - ending third out . ) Lockman followed with a double down the left field line , driving in Dark and advancing Mueller to third . Mueller slid awkwardly into the base , injuring his ankle , and was replaced by pinch runner Clint Hartung . With Thomson coming up , Dodgers manager Chuck Dressen finally pulled the exhausted Newcombe . In the bullpen , where Branca and Carl Erskine were warming up , coach Clyde Sukeforth noticed that Erskine -- who had been troubled by arm problems all season -- was bouncing his curve balls short of the plate , and advised Dressen to use Branca in relief . That decision has been continually second - guessed by fans , sportswriters , and baseball historians : Branca had lost six of his last seven decisions , and gave up a game - winning home run to Thomson in the first playoff game . Dressen 's options , however , were severely limited : the only other available pitchers with crucial - situation experience were Clyde King , who was sidelined with biceps tendonitis ; Preacher Roe , who was left - handed ; and Labine , who had pitched a complete game the day before . This was the second questionable decision that inning by Dressen . Thomson was now at bat , with first base open and Willie Mays ( soon to be named the NL Rookie of the Year ) on deck . Mays had gone 0 - for - 3 with two strikeouts against Branca in the first playoff game , but Dressen was unwilling to put the winning run on base , and worried that a veteran pinch hitter might be brought in to bat for Mays if he did so . In the third controversial decision , he elected to pitch to Thomson rather than walk him intentionally . Thomson later recalled that as he left the on - deck circle , Giants manager Leo Durocher turned to him and said , `` If you ever hit one , hit it now . '' Branca 's first pitch was a called strike on the inside corner . His second was a fastball high and inside , intended as a setup for his next , a breaking ball down and away ; but Thomson pulled the fastball down the left field line . The ball disappeared into the lower - deck stands near the left field foul line for a game - ending , three - run home run . Thomson ran the bases , then disappeared into a mob of jubilant teammates gathered at home plate . The stunned Dodger players began the long walk toward the visitors ' clubhouse under the center field bleachers ; Robinson turned to watch Thomson , making certain that he touched every base , before following his teammates off the field . Later , after the celebrations had calmed down , a delegation of Dodgers -- Reese , Snider , Roe , and Robinson -- visited the Giants ' locker room to offer their congratulations . `` I just want you to know that we did n't lose the pennant , '' Robinson told them . `` You guys won it . '' The broadcasts ( edit ) Several television and radio broadcasters captured the moment for baseball fans in the New York City area and nationwide . Russ Hodges ( edit ) The best known live description -- `` arguably the most famous call in sports '' -- was delivered by Russ Hodges , who was broadcasting the game on WMCA - AM radio for Giants fans . His call captured the suddenness and exultation of the home run : `` There 's a long drive ... it 's gon na be , I believe ... The Giants win the pennant ! The Giants win the pennant ! The Giants win the pennant ! The Giants win the pennant ! Bobby Thomson hits into the lower deck of the left - field stands ! The Giants win the pennant and they 're going crazy ! They 're going crazy ! I do n't believe it ! I do n't believe it ! I do not believe it ! Bobby Thomson hit a line drive into the lower deck of the left - field stands and this blame place is going crazy ! The Giants ! Horace Stoneham has got a winner ! The Giants won it by a score of 5 to 4 , and they 're picking Bobby Thomson up , and carrying him off the field ! '' Broadcasts were not routinely taped in 1951 , and no one at any of the local radio or television stations was recording the game . The WMCA call survives only because a Brooklyn - based fan named Lawrence Goldberg asked his mother to tape - record the last half - inning of the radio broadcast while he was at work . In later years , Hodges told interviewers that Goldberg was a Dodgers fan who made the tape `` so he could hear the voice of the Giants weep when Brooklyn won '' . In fact , Goldberg had been a Giants fan since childhood . Ernie Harwell ( edit ) Hodges ' broadcast partner , Ernie Harwell , called the game for the Giants ' television flagship WPIX ; the independent station 's broadcast was carried nationally on the NBC network , the first coast - to - coast live telecast of a Major League Baseball game . His description was not recorded ; he later recalled saying simply , `` It 's gone ! '' almost at the moment Thomson 's bat struck the ball -- and then watching in dismay as the ball began to sink . `` I said to myself , ' If that ball drops into Pafko 's glove , I 'm in deep trouble . ' '' As the ball disappeared into the lower deck , he recalled , no further commentary was necessary . `` The pictures took over . '' Red Barber ( edit ) Dodgers announcer Red Barber , calling the game for WMGM - AM radio , straightforwardly said , `` Branca pumps , delivers -- a curve , swung on and belted , deep shot to left field -- it is -- a home run ! And the New York Giants win the National League pennant and the Polo Grounds goes wild ! '' Barber was openly critical of Hodges ' famous call , labeling it `` unprofessional '' . Gordon McLendon ( edit ) Only local Giants fans heard the famous Hodges call live . Most listeners heard Gordon McLendon 's call on the Liberty Broadcasting System , which carried the game nationally . McLendon 's account ( complete with a similarly enthusiastic yell of `` The Giants win the pennant ! '' ) -- preserved on Harwell 's `` Audio Scrapbook '' -- remains the only professionally recorded broadcast account of the entire third game . Other ( edit ) The game was also called on radio by Al Helfer for the Mutual network , by Buck Canel and Felo Ramírez for a Spanish language network , and by Nat Allbright in a studio re-creation for the Dodgers ' secondary network in the South . Harry Caray , who had called St. Louis Cardinals games during the season , was in the WMCA booth with Hodges and may have also participated in broadcasting the game . Aftermath ( edit ) On October 4 , the New York Daily News ran a front - page game recap under the headline , `` The Shot Heard ' Round the Baseball World '' . The phrase quickly spread to other media , and `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' soon became the most popular epithet for Thomson 's homer . New York Herald Tribune sportswriter Red Smith titled his October 4 column `` The Miracle of Coogan 's Bluff '' , and began it with what has been called `` the greatest lede ever written '' : Now it is done . Now the story ends . And there is no way to tell it . The art of fiction is dead . Reality has strangled invention . Only the utterly impossible , the inexpressibly fantastic , can ever be plausible again . The Giants lost the ensuing World Series to the Yankees in six games . Sukeforth resigned his position as bullpen coach in January 1952 , after 19 years with the Dodgers . He denied that his role in the final inning of the Shot game had any bearing on his decision to leave . Some historians have since speculated otherwise , based on Dressen 's post-game reply to why he brought in Branca : `` Sukeforth said he was ready . '' Sukeforth told a journalist in 2000 -- the last year of his life -- that `` everybody knows the manager is responsible for decisions . '' He added , `` It did n't matter what anybody said ... Branca was the only one who could come in when that big guy ( Newcombe ) could n't go any further . '' Individual recollections of Thomson 's home run continued to emerge decades after the event . In the 1990s , Thomson received a letter from a Marine who had been stationed in Korea in 1951 : `` I was in a bunker in the front line with my buddy listening to the radio . It was contrary to orders , but he was a Giants fanatic . He never made it home and I promised him if I ever got back I 'd write and tell you about the happiest moment of his life . It 's taken me this long to put my feelings into words . On behalf of my buddy , thanks , Bobby . '' In the fall of 2001 , surviving members of the 1951 Giants and Dodgers , including Thomson and Branca , met at Coogan 's Bluff , overlooking the site of the long since demolished ballpark , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the game . Thomson 's baseball legacy rests almost completely on the Shot , despite his other notable accomplishments , such as eight 20 - home run seasons and three All Star selections . `` It was the best thing that ever happened to me '' , he told a reporter toward the end of his life . `` It may have been the best thing that ever happened to anybody . '' Controversy ( edit ) In ensuing years , rumors began to circulate that during the second half of the 1951 season , the Giants engaged in the systematic stealing of signs -- the finger signals transmitted from catcher to pitcher that determine the pitch to be thrown . The Associated Press reported the rumor in 1962 , but with no specifics , and based on an anonymous source . In 2001 , many of the 21 Giants players still alive at the time , and one surviving coach , told the Wall Street Journal that beginning on July 20 , the team used a telescope in the Giants clubhouse behind center field , manned by infielder Hank Schenz and later by coach Herman Franks , to steal the finger signals of opposing catchers . Stolen signs were relayed via a buzzer wire connected from the clubhouse to telephones in the Giants dugout and bullpen -- one buzz for a fastball , two for an off - speed pitch . `` Every hitter knew what was coming , '' said pitcher Al Gettel . `` Made a big difference . '' Joshua Prager , the author of the Journal article , outlined the evidence in greater detail in a 2006 book . Although backup catcher Sal Yvars told Prager that he relayed Rube Walker 's fastball sign to Thomson from the bullpen , Thomson repeatedly insisted that he was concentrating on the situation , and did not take the sign . Branca made no public comment at the time . `` I made a decision not to speak about it , '' he said . `` I did n't want to look like I was crying over spilled milk . '' Later he told The New York Times , `` I did n't want to diminish a legendary moment in baseball . And even if Bobby knew what was coming , he had to hit it ... Knowing the pitch does n't always help . '' In another interview , Branca pointed out that luck and circumstance were involved as well ; had the coin toss gone the other way , Thomson 's Shot would not have been a home run at Ebbets Field -- nor would the game - winner he hit in the first playoff game have been a homer at the Polo Grounds . Whether the telescope - and - buzzer system contributed significantly to the Giants ' late - season 37 -- 7 win streak remains a subject of debate . Prager notes in his book that sign stealing was not specifically forbidden by MLB rules at the time and , moral issues aside , `` ... has been a part of baseball since its inception '' . Sign stealing using optical or other mechanical aids was outlawed by MLB in 1961 . Artifacts ( edit ) Some of the artifacts from the historic moment have been preserved . Thomson 's game bat and shoes are the centerpieces of an exhibit dedicated to the Shot at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . The exhibit is one of the Hall 's most popular attractions , according to curators . Thomson 's game jersey is most likely in the collection of Dan Scheinman , a collector who owns a small minority stake in the Giants . In 2005 , he bought two 1951 jerseys -- one home and one road -- from Thomson , who told him that he had worn them in the World Series , but could not remember whether he had worn the home jersey for the Shot game . Scheinman has said that he is `` about 90 percent '' confident that the home jersey is indeed the one Thomson was wearing when he hit the Shot : The Giants almost certainly wore the same uniforms for the Series -- which began the day after the Shot game -- that they used during the second half of the season ( as did the Yankees ) , and Scheinman 's jersey displays distinct puckering around the numbers , probably as a result of steam pressing , that is visible in photos of Thomson taken during and immediately after the Shot game . According to a professional textile conservator , such puckering can not be mimicked or reproduced , and would not repeat itself in exactly the same pattern on a different jersey . The location of the ball is unknown . Documentary filmmaker and author Brian Biegel attempted unsuccessfully to authenticate a vintage baseball , autographed by several 1951 Giants , that his father had purchased at a thrift store for four dollars , and believed to be Thomson 's home run ball . He chronicled the project in his 2011 book Miracle Ball , followed by a documentary film of the same name . Legacy ( edit ) The Shot game placed second on ESPN 's SportsCentury ranking of the Ten Greatest Games of the 20th Century , behind the 1958 NFL Championship Game . Sports Illustrated ranked Thomson 's home run fifteenth on its list of the 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Regan , Becky ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` No. 756 takes Giants back to 1951 '' . MLB.com . ^ Jump up to : Smith , R. `` Miracle of Coogan 's Bluff '' . New York Herald Tribune , October 4 , 1951 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Concord Hymn by Ralph Waldo Emerson . poetryfoundation.org archive . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 The Shot Heard ' Round the World '' . thisgreatgame.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Seeking Info On Opponent '' . Lawrence Journal - World . August 10 , 1951 . p. 10 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Hits Homer , Keeps Team In Race '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . October 1 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reds Defeat Polo Grounders , 3 -- 1 , Routing Hearn in 3 - Run Eighth '' . The New York Times . September 21 , 1951 . p. 38 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Reichler , Joe ( October 1 , 1951 ) . `` Larry Jansen Fires 3 -- 2 Win For Amazing Giants '' . Lewiston Daily Sun . p. 12 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fimrite , R. Side By Side . Sports Illustrated , September 16 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Giants Meet Brooklyn in 1st Playoff '' . Youngstown Vindicator . October 1 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 1 , 1951 : New York Giants at Brooklyn Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Idle Yankees Watch Rivals Clash Today '' . The Altus Times - Democrat . Associated Press . October 2 , 1951 . p. 4 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sheldon Jones To Go Against Clem Labine '' . The Portsmouth Times . October 2 , 1951 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` October 2 , 1951 : Brooklyn Dodgers at New York Giants Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reichler , Joe ( October 4 , 1951 ) . `` Maglie And Newcombe In Last Of Playoffs Today '' . Times Daily . p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retrosheet Boxscore : New York Giants 5 , Brooklyn Dodgers 4 '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 3 , 1951 : Brooklyn Dodgers at New York Giants Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , A . The Giants and the Dodgers : Four Cities , Two Teams , One Rivalry . McFarland ( 2003 ) , pp. 110 -- 12 . ISBN 0786416408 Jump up ^ Greenspan , B. Play It Again , Bud ! New York , Ballantine Books ( 1974 ) , pp. 78 -- 83 . ISBN 0345241967 Jump up ^ Goldblatt ( 2003 ) , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt ( 2003 ) , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Regan , B. ( August 9 , 2007 ) . No. 756 takes Giants back to 1951 . MLB.com archive . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bobby Thomson launches `` The Shot Heard ' Round The World '' & `` The Giants Win The Pennant ! '' ^ Jump up to : Halberstam , D. ( October 3 , 2001 ) . Called Shot May Have Set Tone for the Future . Los Angeles Times archive . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The shot heard round the world '' . The History Channel . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( October 1 , 2001 ) . `` THE SHOT HEARD ' ROUND THE WORLD ; A Call Is Born , And Saved By a Mom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Steve ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` The man who taped baseball 's `` shot heard ' round the world '' `` . CNN.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longtime Tigers broadcaster Harwell dies at 92 . ( May 4 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Ernie Harwell 's Audio Scrapbook Jump up ^ Prager , Joshua ( 2006 ) . The Echoing Green . Pantheon Books . pp. 195 -- 196 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42154 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heller , Dick ( March 10 , 2003 ) . `` Nat Allbright was the Dodgers to many fans in the ' 50s '' . Washington Times . Jump up ^ Prager ( 2006 ) , p. 251 Jump up ^ Petchesky , Barry ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Stories That Do n't Suck : The Shot Heard ' Round The World And The Greatest Lede Ever Written '' . Deadspin.com . Jump up ^ 1951 World Series . Baseball Almanac , retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sukeforth Quits as Dodger Coach in Surprise Move . '' Nashua Telegraph , January 10 , 1952 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , B. Play It Again , Bud ! New York , Ballantine Books ( 1974 ) , p. 83 . ISBN 0345241967 Jump up ^ `` Late Shot : Brooklyn Bullpen Coach Sukeforth May Not Have Deserved the Heat '' October 3 , 2001 . Los Angeles Times archive Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bobby Thomson obituary ( August 19 , 2010 ) . telegraph.co.uk archive . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prager , Joshua Harris ( January 31 , 2001 ) . `` Inside Baseball : Giants ' 1951 Comeback , The Sport 's Greatest , Was n't All It Seemed '' . Wall Street Journal . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , Volume 133 , No. 24 ( December 27 , 2010 ) . Page 70 . ^ Jump up to : Was the ' 51 Giants Comeback a Miracle , Or Did They Simply Steal the Pennant ? Wall Street Journal , January 31 , 2001 ( behind subscription wall ) , retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prager , Joshua : The Echoing Green : The Untold Story of Bobby Thomson , Ralph Branca and The Shot Heard Round the World . New York : Pantheon Books , 2006 . ISBN 0375421548 . ^ Jump up to : Sal Yvars Dies at 84 ; Revealed Baseball Scheme . New York Times ( December 11 , 2008 ) , retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://poststar.com/sports/f9840904-aa7a-11df-93d9-001cc4c03286.html Jump up ^ `` Bobby Thomson '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prager ( 2006 ) , p. 162 ^ Jump up to : Wilkie , Jim ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Passionate quest for ' Miracle Ball ' '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lukas , Paul ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Did collector unearth Thomson history ? '' . Page 2 . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , Michael ( ed . ) . ESPN SportsCentury ( 1951 National League Playoff ) . New York : Hyperion ESPN Books . p. 171 . Jump up ^ The Shot Heard ' Round the World . si.com archive , retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Biegel , Brian , with Peter Thomas Fornatale. ( 2009 ) . Miracle Ball : My Hunt for the Shot Heard ' Round the World . New York : Crown Publishing . ISBN 0 - 307 - 45268 - 9 . Branca , Ralph , with David Ritz. ( 2011 ) . A Moment in Time : An American Story of Baseball , Heartbreak , and Grace . New York : Scribner . ISBN 1 - 451 - 63687 - 3 . Kahn , Roger . ( 1972 ) . The Boys of Summer . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 060 - 12239 - 0 . Prager , Joshua . ( 2006 ) . The Echoing Green : The Untold Story of Bobby Thomson , Ralph Branca and the Shot Heard Round the World . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42154 - 8 . Robinson , Ray . ( 2011 ) . The Home Run Heard ' Round the World : The Dramatic Story of the 1951 Giants - Dodgers Pennant Race . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 48058 - 5 . Thomson , Bobby , with Lee Heiman and Bill Gutman. ( 1991 ) . `` The Giants Win the Pennant ! The Giants Win the Pennant ! '' : The Amazing 1951 National League Season and the Home Run that Won It All . New York : Zebra Books . ISBN 0 - 821 - 73437 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Bobby Thomson 's pennant - winning home run 1951 . According to the description at Cleveland Public Library 's site : `` 45 ? min. , recorded on tape with Luke Sewell interview / Between 1973 and 1987 historian Eugene Converse Murdock interviewed 76 former baseball players in 22 states . Most had been active in the 1930 's . Murdock was chairman of the history department at Marietta College from 1972 until his retirement in 1986 . The interviews were not professionally recorded , and the audio quality is variable . 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where did the shot heard around the world happen

-7433457213824344231

Area code 708

Area code 708 - Wikipedia Area code 708 This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Area code 708 , in lavender . Telephone area code 708 covers western and southern Cook County and eastern and southern Will County in the state of Illinois , USA . Area code 708 was split off from area code 312 on November 11 , 1989 , and once covered almost all of the suburbs of Chicago . In 1996 , area code 847 and area code 630 were broken off from 708 . Area code 464 is being reserved as an overlay area code for 708 to provide additional numbering options for this area . Area code 708 was Illinois ' first new area code since 309 was created in 1957 and the second new code for the state since the NANP went online in 1947 . See also ( edit ) List of NANP area codes List of Illinois area codes External links ( edit ) Map of Illinois area codes at North American Numbering Plan Administration 's website List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com , 708 Area Code Illinois area codes : 217 , 224 / 847 , 309 , 312 , 331 / 630 , 618 , 708 , 773 , 779 / 815 , 872 North : 847 / 224 , 773 West : 815 / 779 , 630 / 331 area codes 708 East : 219 , 773 / 872 South : 815 / 779 Indiana area codes : 219 , 260 , 317 , 574 , 765 , 812 / 930 Coordinates : 41 ° 30 ′ 24 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W  /  41.5066667 ° N 87.6416667 ° W  / 41.5066667 ; - 87.6416667 This Illinois state location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_code_708&oldid=849735530 '' Categories : Area codes in the United States Area codes in Illinois Telecommunications - related introductions in 1989 Illinois geography stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2011 All articles lacking sources Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 00 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where is area code 708 located in the usa

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Sean Rowe

Sean Rowe - wikipedia Sean Rowe For the bishop , see Sean W. Rowe . Sean Rowe Birth name Sean Rowe ( 1975 - 02 - 16 ) February 16 , 1975 ( age 43 ) Origin Troy , New York , United States Genres Folk , alternative Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter , guitarist Instruments Vocals , guitar Years active 2009 -- present Labels Collar City Records ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ANTI - ( 2010 -- ) Website www.seanrowe.net Sean Rowe ( born in Troy , New York ) is an alternative folk singer - songwriter and musician . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Nature 3 Career 4 Discography 4.1 Albums 4.1. 1 Mudfunk 4.1. 2 Solo 4.1. 3 Live 4.1. 4 EPs 4.2 Singles 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Born and raised in Troy , New York , Rowe started playing music at an early age . He received a bass guitar from his father on his 12th birthday and performed in a local band . After receiving an acoustic guitar as a gift from his uncle , Rowe began playing solo . He wrote his first song at the age of seven on a Fisher - Price typewriter after listening to Survivor 's `` Eye of the Tiger . '' Rowe started seriously writing songs when he was 18 . The first complete song that he wrote was called `` Turtle , '' which was inspired by his friend and singer - songwriter Jeanne French . At the age of 17 , Rowe discovered Otis Redding and his song `` Open The Door '' , which inspired him to begin singing . Nature ( edit ) An avid naturalist , Rowe often speaks of his fascination with the woods and his connection to the land . After reading The Tracker by Tom Brown at the age of 18 , Rowe started a blog about his experiences in the wilderness . He later took courses at Tom Brown 's Wilderness Survival School in Asbury , NJ . In 2006 , Rowe studied for a year at Hawk Circle Wilderness Education in Cherry Valley , NY , and completed a 24 - day solo survival quest after his training . Rowe also studied under wild food author and expert , Samuel Thayer , and has partnered with Kawing Crow Awareness Center as a guest instructor for wilderness survival workshops and wild edible plant foraging . Since 2009 , Rowe has contributed as a blogger to the Albany Times Union on topics concerning nature , wildlife and his music career . Career ( edit ) Since 2003 , Rowe played locally in his hometown at open mics , bars and cafes . He began playing with percussionist Marco Haber , who played on a few tracks on his first album `` 27 '' . Shortly thereafter they began playing under the name Mudfunk and recorded a live album , Live at the Grind , as well as a single of `` Wrong Side of the Bed . '' The latter would be re-recorded for Sean 's solo album , Magic , without Haber and with different instrumentation . He recorded his album , Magic , at Collar City Sound and released it through Collar City Records on April 21 , 2009 . In 2009 , Rowe was asked to open for Noah and the Whale in the United Kingdom . Soon after , Sean signed with ANTI - Records , which re-released Magic on February 22 , 2011 , and released The Salesman and the Shark on August 28 , 2012 . On March 4 , Sean played his new release , `` Downwind '' , on Jimmy Kimmel Live . The movie The Accountant with actor Ben Affleck ( 2016 ) features Sean Rowe 's song `` To Leave Something Behind '' Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Mudfunk ( edit ) 2006 : Live at the Grind Solo ( edit ) 2004 : 27 2009 : Magic 2011 : Magic re-release 2012 : The Salesman and the Shark 2014 : Madman 2017 : New Lore Live ( edit ) 2011 : Live Morning Becomes Eclectic -- KCRW 2012 : Live Mercury Lounge , NYC , NY USA EPs ( edit ) 2015 : Her Songs 2016 : All We Can Do Singles ( edit ) 2006 : Mudfunk -- `` Wrong Side of the Bed '' 2012 : `` Downwind '' 2013 : `` To Leave Something Behind '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Times Union Jump up ^ No Depression ^ Jump up to : The Rumpus ^ Jump up to : WNYC Jump up ^ Huffington Post ^ Jump up to : Times Union Bio Jump up ^ Village Voice Jump up ^ NPR Jump up ^ ANTI - Records Archived September 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Collar City Records External links ( edit ) Sean Rowe Website Sean Rowe Facebook Sean Rowe Blog Sean Rowe Twitter ANTI - Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sean_Rowe&oldid=840361461 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people American folk singers Singers from New York ( state ) American folk guitarists American male guitarists American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters Musicians from Troy , New York Songwriters from New York ( state ) Guitarists from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Euskara Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 11 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who sings i'm trying to leave something behind

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Tropical Storm Washi

Tropical Storm Washi - wikipedia Tropical Storm Washi This article is about the 2011 tropical storm . For the 2005 tropical storm , see Tropical Storm Washi ( 2005 ) . Severe Tropical Storm Washi ( Sendong ) Severe tropical storm ( JMA scale ) Tropical storm ( SSHWS ) Severe Tropical Storm Washi approaching Mindanao on December 16 Formed December 13 , 2011 Dissipated December 19 , 2011 Highest winds 10 - minute sustained : 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) 1 - minute sustained : 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) Lowest pressure 992 hPa ( mbar ) ; 29.29 inHg Fatalities 2,546 total Damage $97.8 million ( 2011 USD ) Areas affected Micronesia , Palau , Philippines Part of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season Severe Tropical Storm Washi , known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Sendong , was a late - season tropical cyclone that caused catastrophic damage in the Philippines in late 2011 . Washi , which means Aquila in Japanese , made landfall over Mindanao , a major island in the Philippines , on December 16 . Washi weakened slightly after passing Mindanao , but regained strength in the Sulu Sea , and made landfall again over Palawan on December 17 . Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Impact 3 Aftermath 4 International aid and assistance 5 Retirement 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Meteorological history ( edit ) Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale On December 12 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) noted that a developing area of low pressure had persisted about 945 km ( 585 mi ) south - southeast of Guam . Situated along the southern edge of a subtropical ridge , the system tracked steadily westward towards the Philippines . Located within a region of good diffluence and moderate wind shear , deep convection was able to maintain itself over the circulation . Development of banding features and improvement of outflow indicated strengthening was likely . Further development over the following day prompted the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert early on December 13 . Less than six hours later , both the JTWC and the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the system as a tropical depression , with the former assigning the identifier 27W . Maintaining a westward track , the depression was forecast to intensify slowly over the following three days . For much of December 13 , a slight increase in shear displaced thunderstorm activity from the center of the depression , delaying intensification . By December 14 , convection redeveloped over the low and the JTWC subsequently assessed the system to have attained tropical storm status . Early on December 15 , the system crossed west of 135 ° E and entered the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration 's ( PAGASA ) area of responsibility . Upon doing so , PAGASA began issuing advisories and assigned the cyclone with the local name Sendong . Shortly thereafter , the storm passed close to or over Palau . By 0600 UTC , the JMA upgraded the system to tropical storm status , at which time they assigned it with the name Washi . Maintaining a rapid westward track , Washi slowly became more organized , with low - level inflow improving during the latter part of December 15 . On December 16 , Washi reached its peak strength as a severe tropical storm and made its first landfall along the east coast of Mindanao . After passing Mindanao , Washi weakened due to land interaction , but the storm quickly regained its strength , in the Sulu Sea . Late on December 17 , Washi crossed Palawan and arrived in the South China Sea , and the system moved out of the PAR on December 18 . Washi weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated on December 19 , because of cool , dry air , in association with the Northeast Monsoon . Impact ( edit ) Tropical Storm Washi in the Sulu Sea on December 17 Across the Cagayan de Oro river basin , a localized heavy rain event occurred during Tropical Storm Washi 's passage . Onshore flow from the Macajalar Bay , which the Cagayan de Oro river drains into , ran into the steep terrain of Mount Makaturing , Mount Kalatungan , and Mount Kitanglad , resulting in orographic enhancement of precipitation . A weather station in Capehan located along the Bubunawan river , a tributary of the Cagayan de Oro river , recorded 475 mm ( 18.7 in ) over a 24 ‐ hour span . The rainfall event itself amounted to a 1 - in - 20 year event for much of Misamis Oriental . In the span of 24 hours , 180.9 mm ( 7.12 in ) of rain fell at Lumbia which equates to more than 60 percent of their average December precipitation . Estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission jointly run by NASA and JAXA indicated that accumulations around the Cagayan de Oro river exceeded 400 mm ( 16 in ) . Observations from Talakag captured the sheer intensity of rainfall associated with Washi , with hourly accumulations peaking at 60.6 mm ( 2.39 in ) . Similar amounts , though less anomalous in magnitude , fell farther east on Mindanao . Satellite estimates indicated accumulations of 200 to 250 mm ( 7.9 to 9.8 in ) along coastal areas near where Washi made landfall . A total of 180.4 mm ( 7.10 in ) was observed in Hinatuan . Satellite estimated rainfall from Severe Tropical Storm Washi over the Philippines . The areas in red indicate where more than 400 mm ( 16 in ) of rain may have fallen . Starting in tributaries and later reaching the main Cagayan de Oro , Iponan , and Mandulog rivers , flash flooding manifested at a dramatic pace . In some locations , flood waters rose by 3.3 m ( 11 ft ) in less than an hour . Alongside the effects from rainfall , high tide at Macajalar Bay further enhanced the flood event and allowed water to inundate areas that would have otherwise safe at low tide . The rivers crested at 7 to 9 m ( 23 to 30 ft ) , amounting to a 75 - year flood event in some areas , with catastrophic results . This was also far higher than the previous flood event following Tropical Depression Auring in January 2009 . Located outside the main `` typhoon belt , '' residents in the affected areas suffered from a false sense of security with tropical cyclone related disasters . Flooding from the rivers struck at approximately 2 : 30 a.m. local time , when most people were asleep and unable to hear warnings from PAGASA . Hardest hit were the cities of Cagayan de Oro and Iligan where tremendous loss of life occurred . Within Cagayan de Oro , the barangay of Macasandig was virtually wiped out . Between the two cities , 1,147 people lost their lives while a further 1,993 sustained injury . Residents affected by these flood waters were forced to seek refuge on their roofs amidst 90 km / h ( 55 mph ) winds . The mayor of Iligan regarded the floods as the worst in the city 's history . Throughout the affected areas , nearly 40,000 homes were damaged of which 11,463 were destroyed . Nearly 700,000 people were affected by the storm . Total casualties attributed to the event are uncertain , with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council 's final report in February 2012 stating 1,268 fatalities , 181 people missing , and 6,071 injuries . A later report by the World Meteorological Organization in December of that year indicated 1,292 deaths , 1,049 missing , and 2,002 injured . The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies stated a total of 2,546 deaths in their final report on August 21 , 2013 . Damage directly related to the storm amounted to ₱ 2.068 billion ( 2012 PhP , $48.4 million USD ) . Over half of the damage was due to damaged roads and bridges . Total socio - economic losses amounted to US $97.8 million . Aftermath ( edit ) Mindanao following the aftermath of Tropical Storm Washi Flooding from Tropical Storm Washi A massive relief operation involving the evacuation of 100,000 people occurred on the morning of December 17 , 2011 . Approximately 20,000 soldiers were mobilized to assist in recovery efforts and evacuations . The Philippine Coast Guard was dispatched to search for missing people after villages were reported to have been swept out to sea . Sixty people were rescued off the coast of El Salvador , Misamis Oriental and another 120 in the waters near Opol township . President Benigno Aquino III visited Cagayan de Oro and Iligan on December 20 , 2011 , and declared a state of national calamity in the affected provinces . The President also appealed to its citizens to help the victims in their way of celebrating Christmas in his Christmas Message . A leptospirosis outbreak in the immediate aftermath infected more than 400 people and killed 22 . Additional fatalities from suicide took place in evacuation centers , though exact numbers are unknown . In the three years following Washi , ₱ 2.57 billion ( US $58 million ) was allocated to build 30,438 shelters , designed to withstand winds of 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) , in eight regions . Less than half of this total had been built by December 2014 , though construction in Cagayan De Oro and Iligan was largely complete . International aid and assistance ( edit ) Overseas humanitarian aid is pouring in for victims of Severe Tropical Storm Sendong ( Washi ) in Northern Mindanao , in the Philippines . Australia The Australian government provided A $1 million ( $1.01 million USD ) in financial aid . Denmark The Danish government provided 300,000 DKK ( $53,000 USD ) in emergency funds for relief items such as food , water , sanitation materials , mattresses and blankets . European Union The European Commission allocated € 3 million ( $3.9 million ) to provide emergency relief to tens of thousands of people affected by the storm . France The French Government provided € 50,000 ( $65,000 USD ) in emergency funds . Indonesia The Government of Indonesia provided $50,000 in financial aid and offered to send search and rescue teams and medical teams . Japan The Japanese government provided 25 million yen ( $320,000 USD ) worth of relief goods , such as water tanks and generators , for victims of the storm . Malaysia The Government of Malaysia provided $100,000 in financial assistance for relief and rehabilitation . People 's Republic of China The Chinese government provided $1.1 million in financial aid . Singapore The Government of Singapore provided S $50,000 ( $39,000 USD ) in funds and S $27,800 ( $22,000 USD ) worth of relief goods . South Korea The Government of South Korea provided $500,000 in financial aid . Switzerland Six members of the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit were sent to Mindanao to ensure access to clean drinking water . United Kingdom The British Red Cross provided £ 140,000 ( $220,000 USD ) in funds to support relief efforts . United Nations On December 21 , the United Nations Emergency Relief Agency released $3 million in funds to improve water and sanitation . On December 22 , the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs announced a plan to raise $26.8 million in aid for victims of Severe Tropical Storm Washi . United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon sympathized with the Philippine Government and stated `` the ( United Nations ) would extend whatever help is needed by those who were affected by the disaster . '' The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees also pledged to send 42 metric tons of aid to the country . The United Nations Children 's Fund also appealed for $4.2 million to be sent to the Philippines . United States The United States provided $100,000 in funds to support relief efforts . The country 's ambassador , Harry K. Thomas Jr. , expressed his `` heartfelt condolences and sympathies '' to those affected by the storm . Immediate assistance was to be provided by the United States Agency for International Development 's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance . Non-food items such as hygiene kits , water purification tablets , and containers were to be sent to the Philippines . Retirement ( edit ) Due to its high death toll , PAGASA announced that the name , Sendong , would be stricken off their tropical cyclone naming lists . In February 2012 , the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee announced that Washi will also be retired on its naming lists and was replaced with the name Hato . In June 2012 , PAGASA selected the name Sarah to replace Sendong for the 2015 season . However , due to fewer tropical cyclones entering the area that season , it is now next scheduled to be used in the 2019 season . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal Typhoon Tembin ( 2017 ) 2011 Southeast Asian floods Other Philippine tropical cyclones that have claimed more than 1,000 lives Typhoon Bopha ( Pablo , 2012 ) Typhoon Fengshen ( Frank , 2008 ) Typhoon Durian ( Reming , 2006 ) Tropical Depression Winnie , 2004 Tropical Storm Thelma ( Uring , 1991 ) Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda , 2013 ) , deadliest tropical cyclone to strike the Philippines in recent recorded history Other significant Philippine tropical cyclones Typhoon Angela ( Rosing , 1995 ) Typhoon Ketsana ( Ondoy , 2009 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Oceans '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` High Seas Forecast '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Depression 27W Advisory Number 001 '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm 27W Advisory Number 005 '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Depression Sendong Advisory One '' . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . December 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Depression 27W Advisory Number 008 '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Washi Tropical Cyclone Advisory '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm 27W ( Washi ) Advisory Number 011 '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Final Report on the Effects and Emergency Management re Tropical Storm `` Sendong '' ( Washi ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Olavo Rasquinho ; Jae Hyun Shim ; Yun Tae Kim ; Jae Chan Ahn ; Chi Hun Lee ; In Sung Jung ; Gmma Dalena ; Preminda Joseph Fernando ; Susan R. Espinueva ; Socrates F. Paat Jr. ; Nivagine Nievares & Tess Pajarillo ( December 2012 ) . Assessment Report of the Damages Caused by Tropical Storm Washi ( PDF ) ( Report ) . ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee . ISBN 978 - 99965 - 817 - 6 - 2 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Initial Assessment of the Development of Tropical Storm Sendong ( Washi ) over the Philippines ( PDF ) ( Report ) . DHI Water & Environment . December 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Gutro ; Steve Lang ; Zhong Liu & Hal Pierce ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Hurricane Season 2011 : Tropical Storm Washi ( Western North Pacific Ocean ) '' . NASA . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Storm - triggered floods ravage southern Philippines , kill at least 436 '' . Associated Press . The Washington Post . December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hundreds die as tropical storm Washi sweeps across Philippines '' . Associated Press . The Telegraph . December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Emergency appeal final report - Philippines : Tropical Storm Washi ( PDF ) ( Report ) . International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Padua , David M ( 2011 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Logs : Sendong ( Washi ) 2011 '' . Typhoon 2000 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Benito T. Final Report on the Effects and Emergency Management re Tropical Storm `` Sendong '' ( Washi ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Storms pound Philippines in the thick of night , kill at least 436 '' . MSNBC . December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sun. Star : Aquino declares state of national calamity Jump up ^ `` PNoy airs Christmas aid call for Sendong victims '' . Foreign aid pours in for disaster victims . abs-cbnNEWS.com . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More than 12,700 shelter units built for survivors of ' Sendong ' despite challenges '' . Government of the Philippines . ReliefWeb . December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Noemi M. Gonzales & Johanna Paola D. Poblete ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` UN issues $28.6 - million international appeal for victims '' . Business World Online . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark sends emergency aid to disaster areas in the Philippines '' . ScandAsia . December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EC mobilizes funds to help ' Sendong ' victims '' . Inquirer . December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roy C. Mabasa ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` UN launches revised aid program '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland sends experts to the Philippine disaster area '' . Government of Switzerland . ReliefWeb . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British Red Cross sends funds to support typhoon stricken Philippines '' . British Red Cross . ReliefWeb . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` $4.2 million UNICEF appeal for Philippine flood victims '' . Agence France - Presse . Inquirer . December 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. provides aid to support Tropical Storm Sendong relief efforts '' . United States Department of State . ReliefWeb . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Government will no longer use Sendong to name typhoons '' . Sun Star Manilla. 2011 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Fourth Session of Typhoon Committee '' ( PDF ) . Typhoon Committee . February 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tropical Storm Washi . JMA General Information of Severe Tropical Storm Washi ( 1121 ) from Digital Typhoon RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center Best Track Data of Severe Tropical Storm Washi ( 1121 ) ( in Japanese ) Best Track Data ( Graphics ) of Severe Tropical Storm Washi ( 1121 ) Best Track Data ( Text ) JTWC Best Track Data of Tropical Storm 27W ( Washi ) 27W. WASHI from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Retired Pacific typhoon names Pre 2000 's Lucille ( 1960 ) , Ophelia ( 1960 ) , Karen ( 1962 ) , Bess ( 1974 ) , Bess ( 1982 ) , Ike ( 1984 ) , Roy ( 1988 ) , Mike ( 1990 ) , Mireille ( 1991 ) , Thelma ( 1991 ) , Omar ( 1992 ) 2000s 2001 : Vamei 2002 : Chataan , Rusa , Pongsona 2003 : Yanyan , Imbudo , Maemi 2004 : Sudal , Tingting , Rananim 2005 : Matsa , Nabi , Longwang 2006 : Chanchu , Bilis , Saomai , Xangsane , Durian 2009 : Morakot , Ketsana , Parma 2010s 2010 : Fanapi 2011 : Washi 2012 : Vicente , Bopha 2013 : Sonamu , Utor , Fitow , Haiyan 2014 : Rammasun 2015 : Soudelor , Mujigae , Koppu , Melor 2016 : Meranti , Sarika , Haima , Nock - ten 2017 : Hato , Kai - tak , Tembin Typhoon names retired by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration 1960s Dading Welming 1970s Pitang Sening Titang Yoling Wening Didang Atang Kading 1980s Nitang Undang Sisang Herming Unsang Yoning 1990s Ruping Uring Rosing Iliang Loleng 2000s Gloria Harurot Unding Violeta Winnie Milenyo Reming Cosme Frank Ondoy Pepeng 2010s Juan Katring Bebeng Juaning Mina Pedring Sendong Pablo Labuyo Santi Yolanda Glenda Jose Mario Ruby Seniang Lando Nona ( Nonoy ) Karen Lawin Nina Urduja Vinta Tropical cyclones of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season TD 01W TD Amang TS Aere TY Songda TD TD TS Sarika TD TD TS Haima STS Meari TD Goring TY Ma - on TS Tokage TD TD TD TD STS Nock - ten TY Muifa TD Lando STS Merbok TD TD TD 13W TD TD TD TD TY Nanmadol STS Talas TS Noru TS Kulap TY Roke TY Sonca TD TD TY Nesat TS Haitang TY Nalgae TS Banyan TD TD TD 24W TD 25W TD 26W STS Washi TD TD TD TD Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Storm_Washi&oldid=862560557 '' Categories : 2011 Pacific typhoon season Western Pacific severe tropical storms 2011 disasters in the Philippines 2011 in the Philippines Typhoons in the Philippines Mindanao Retired Pacific typhoons December 2011 events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Română Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did sendong enter the philippine area of responsibility

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The Godfather

The Godfather - wikipedia The Godfather Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1972 film . For the novel on which the film is based , see The Godfather ( novel ) . For male godparent in many Christian traditions , see Godfather . The Godfather Theatrical release poster Directed by Francis Ford Coppola Produced by Albert S. Ruddy Screenplay by Mario Puzo Francis Ford Coppola Based on The Godfather by Mario Puzo Starring Marlon Brando Al Pacino James Caan Richard S. Castellano Robert Duvall Sterling Hayden John Marley Richard Conte Diane Keaton Music by Nino Rota Cinematography Gordon Willis Edited by William Reynolds Peter Zinner Production company Alfran Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 15 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 15 ) ( Loew 's State Theatre ) March 24 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 177 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 -- 7 million Box office $245.1 million The Godfather is a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Albert S. Ruddy , based on Mario Puzo 's best - selling eponymous novel . It stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino as the leaders of a fictional New York crime family . The story , spanning 1945 to 1955 , chronicles the family under the patriarch Vito Corleone ( Brando ) , focusing on the transformation of Michael Corleone ( Pacino ) from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss . Paramount Pictures obtained the rights to the novel for the price of $80,000 , before it gained popularity . Studio executives had trouble finding a director ; their first few candidates turned down the position . They and Coppola disagreed over who would play several characters , in particular , Vito and Michael . Filming was done on location and completed earlier than scheduled . The musical score was composed primarily by Nino Rota with additional pieces by Carmine Coppola . The film was the highest - grossing film of 1972 and was for a time the highest - grossing film ever made . It won the Oscars for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Brando ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( for Puzo and Coppola ) . Its seven other Oscar nominations included Pacino , James Caan , and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor and Coppola for Best Director . The Godfather is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in world cinema and one of the most influential , especially in the gangster genre . It was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 1990 , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and is ranked the second - greatest film in American cinema ( behind Citizen Kane ) by the American Film Institute . It was followed by sequels The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) and The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Direction 3.2. 1 Coppola and Paramount 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 4.3. 1 American Film Institute recognition 5 Cinematic influence 5.1 Popular culture and legacy 5.2 Television 6 Home media 6.1 The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration 6.2 Video game 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1945 , at his daughter Connie 's wedding , Vito Corleone hears requests in his role as the Godfather , the Don of a New York crime family . Vito 's youngest son , Michael , who was a Marine during World War II , introduces his girlfriend , Kay Adams , to his family at the reception . Johnny Fontane , a famous singer and Vito 's godson , seeks Vito 's help in securing a movie role ; Vito dispatches his consigliere , Tom Hagen , to Los Angeles to persuade the obnoxious studio head , Jack Woltz , to give Johnny the part . Woltz refuses until he wakes up in bed with the severed head of his prized stallion . Shortly before Christmas , drug baron Virgil `` The Turk '' Sollozzo , backed by the Tattaglia crime family , asks Vito for investment in his narcotics business and protection through his political connections . Wary of involvement in a dangerous new trade that risks alienating political insiders , Vito declines . Suspicious , Vito sends his enforcer , Luca Brasi , to spy on them . However , a Tattaglia button man garrotes Brasi during Brasi 's first meeting with Bruno Tattaglia and Sollozzo . Later Sollozzo has Vito gunned down in the street , then kidnaps Hagen . With Corleone first - born Sonny in command , Sollozzo pressures Hagen to persuade Sonny to accept Sollozzo 's deal , then releases him . The family receives fish wrapped in Brasi 's bullet - proof vest , indicating that Luca `` sleeps with the fishes . '' Vito survives , and at the hospital Michael thwarts another attempt on his father ; Michael 's jaw is broken by NYPD Captain Marc McCluskey , Sollozzo 's bodyguard . Sonny retaliates with a hit on Bruno Tattaglia . Michael plots to murder Sollozzo and McCluskey : on the pretext of settling the dispute , Michael agrees to meet them in a Bronx restaurant . There , retrieving a planted handgun , he kills both men . Despite a clampdown by the authorities , the Five Families erupt in open warfare and Vito 's sons fear for their safety . Michael takes refuge in Sicily and Fredo is sheltered by Moe Greene in Las Vegas . Sonny attacks his brother - in - law Carlo on the street for abusing his sister and threatens to kill him if it happens again . When it does , Sonny speeds to their home , but is ambushed at a highway toll booth and riddled with submachine gun fire . While in Sicily , Michael meets and marries Apollonia Vitelli , but a car bomb intended for him takes her life . Devastated by Sonny 's death , Vito moves to end the feuds . Realizing that the Tattaglias are controlled by the now - dominant Don Emilio Barzini , Vito assures the Five Families that he will withdraw his opposition to their heroin business and forgo avenging his son 's murder . His safety guaranteed , Michael returns home to enter the family business and marry Kay , who gives birth to two children by the early 1950s . With his father at the end of his career and his brother too weak , Michael takes the family reins , promising his wife the business will be legitimate within five years . To that end , he insists Hagen relocate to Las Vegas and relinquish his role to Vito because Tom is not a `` wartime consigliere '' ; Vito agrees Tom should `` have no part in what will happen '' in the coming battles with rival families . When Michael travels to Las Vegas to buy out Greene 's stake in the family 's casinos , their partner derides the Corleones for being run out of New York ; Michael is dismayed to see that Fredo has fallen under Greene 's sway . Vito suffers a fatal heart attack . At the funeral , Tessio , a Corleone capo , asks Michael to meet with Don Barzini , signalling the betrayal that Vito had forewarned . The meeting is set for the same day as the christening of Connie 's baby . While Michael stands at the altar as the child 's godfather , Corleone assassins murder the other New York dons and Moe Greene . Tessio is executed for his treachery and Michael extracts Carlo 's confession to his complicity in setting up Sonny 's murder for Barzini . A Corleone capo , Clemenza , garrotes Carlo with a wire . Connie accuses Michael of the murder , telling Kay that Michael ordered all the killings . Kay is relieved when Michael finally denies it , but , when the capos arrive , they address her husband as Don Corleone , and she watches as they close the door on her . Cast ( edit ) Al Pacino as Michael Corleone Marlon Brando as Vito Corleone Marlon Brando , in the title role , is Vito Corleone ( born Vito Andolini ) , the Don of the Corleone crime family . A native Sicilian , he is married to Carmela Corleone and the father of Tom ( adoptive ) , Sonny , Fredo , Michael , and Connie . Al Pacino as Michael Corleone , the Don 's third son , recently returned from World War II . The only college - educated family member , he is initially steered from the family business . His progression from the family 's last - born son to its ruthless boss is the main subject matter of the film . James Caan as Santino `` Sonny '' Corleone , Don Corleone 's hot - headed eldest son . As underboss , he is the heir - apparent to succeed his father as head of the Corleone family . Robert Duvall as Tom Hagen , Don Corleone 's informally adopted son , he is the family lawyer and consigliere . Unlike the Corleones , he is of German - Irish descent , not Sicilian . Diane Keaton as Kay Adams - Corleone , Michael 's non-Italian girlfriend and his second wife and mother of his two children . John Cazale as Frederico `` Fredo '' Corleone , the middle son of the Corleone family . Deeply insecure and not very bright , he is considered the weakest Corleone brother . Talia Shire as Constanzia `` Connie '' Corleone , the youngest child and only daughter of the Corleone family . Her wedding reception begins the film . Gianni Russo as Carlo Rizzi , Connie 's abusive husband . Introduced to the Corleone family by Sonny , whom he ultimately betrays to the Barzini family . Richard S. Castellano as Peter Clemenza , a caporegime for the Corleone family . He is an old friend of Vito Corleone and Salvatore Tessio . Abe Vigoda as Salvatore Tessio , a caporegime for the Corleone family . He is an old friend of Vito Corleone and Peter Clemenza . Al Lettieri as Virgil `` The Turk '' Sollozzo , a heroin dealer associated with the Tattaglia family . He seeks both financial investment and the protection of the Tattaglia family 's narcotics business through Don Corleone 's political connections . Sterling Hayden as Captain Mark McCluskey , a corrupt NYPD police captain on Sollozzo 's payroll . Lenny Montana as Luca Brasi , Vito Corleone 's enforcer . Richard Conte as Emilio Barzini , Don of the Barzini family . Al Martino as Johnny Fontane , a world - famous singer and Vito 's godson . The character is loosely based on Frank Sinatra . John Marley as Jack Woltz , a powerful Hollywood producer . Alex Rocco as Moe Greene , a longtime associate of the Corleone family who owns a Las Vegas hotel . The character is based on Bugsy Siegel . Morgana King as Carmela Corleone , Vito 's wife and mother of Sonny , Fredo , Michael , and Connie , and adoptive mother to Tom Hagen . Salvatore Corsitto as Amerigo Bonasera , a mortician who , in the opening scene , asks Don Corleone for revenge against two boys who severely beat and attempted to rape his daughter . Corrado Gaipa as Don Tommasino , an old friend of Vito Corleone , who shelters Michael during his exile in Sicily . Franco Citti as Calò , Michael 's bodyguard in Sicily . Angelo Infanti as Fabrizio , Michael 's bodyguard in Sicily . He helped set up the assassination attempt on Michael that kills Apollonia . Johnny Martino as Paulie Gatto , a soldier under Peter Clemenza and Vito 's driver . He is executed for his part in the assassination attempt on Vito . Victor Rendina as Philip Tattaglia , Don of the Tattaglia family . Tony Giorgio as Bruno Tattaglia , Philip Tattaglia 's son and underboss of the Tattaglia family . Sonny Corleone has him assassinated in retaliation for the shooting of Vito Corleone . Simonetta Stefanelli as Apollonia Vitelli - Corleone , a young woman Michael meets and marries while in Sicily . She is killed a few months later in an assassination attempt on Michael . Rudy Bond as Don Cuneo , head of the New York - based Cuneo family . Louis Guss as Don Zaluchi , Don of the Zaluchi family of Detroit . Tom Rosqui as Rocco Lampone , a soldier under Clemenza who eventually becomes a caporegime in the Corleone family . Joe Spinell as Willi Cicci , a soldier in the Corleone family . Richard Bright as Al Neri , Michael Corleone 's personal bodyguard and hitman who eventually becomes a caporegime . Julie Gregg as Sandra Corleone , Sonny 's wife and later widow , and the mother of their four children . Jeannie Linero as Lucy Mancini , Sonny 's mistress . Sofia Coppola ( uncredited ) as infant Michael Francis Rizzi , the nephew and godson of Michael Corleone . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film is based on Mario Puzo 's The Godfather ; a novel that remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 67 weeks and sold over nine million copies in two years . Published in 1969 , it became the best selling published work in history for several years . Paramount Pictures originally found out about Puzo 's novel in 1967 when a literary scout for the company contacted then Paramount Vice President of Production Peter Bart about Puzo 's sixty - page unfinished manuscript . Bart believed the work was `` much beyond a Mafia story '' and offered Puzo a $12,500 option for the work , with an option for $80,000 if the finished work were made into a film . Despite Puzo 's agent telling him to turn down the offer , Puzo was desperate for money and accepted the deal . Paramount 's Robert Evans relates that , when they met in early 1968 , it was he who offered Puzo the $12,500 deal for the 60 - page manuscript titled Mafia after the author confided in him that he urgently needed $10,000 to pay off gambling debts . In March 1967 , Paramount announced that they backed Puzo 's upcoming work in the hopes of making a film . In 1969 , Paramount confirmed their intentions to make a film out of the novel for the price of $80,000 , with aims to have the film released on Christmas Day in 1971 . On March 23 , 1970 , Albert S. Ruddy was officially announced as the film 's producer , in part because studio executives were impressed with his interview and because he was known for bringing his films in under budget . Direction ( edit ) Francis Ford Coppola was selected as director , as Paramount wanted the picture to be directed by an Italian American to make the film `` ethnic to the core '' . Evans wanted the picture to be directed by an Italian American to make the film `` ethnic to the core '' . Paramount 's latest mafia based movie , The Brotherhood , had been a box office bomb ; Evans believed that the reason for its failure was its almost complete lack of cast members or creative personnel of Italian descent ( the director Martin Ritt and star Kirk Douglas were both Jewish ) . Sergio Leone was Paramount 's first choice to direct the film . Leone turned down the option to work on his own gangster film Once Upon a Time in America . Peter Bogdanovich was then approached but he also declined the offer because he was not interested in the mafia . In addition , Peter Yates , Richard Brooks , Arthur Penn , Costa - Gavras , and Otto Preminger were all offered the position and declined . Evans ' chief assistant Peter Bart suggested Francis Ford Coppola , as a director of Italian ancestry who would work for a low sum and budget after the poor reception of his latest film The Rain People . Coppola initially turned down the job because he found Puzo 's novel sleazy and sensationalist , describing it as `` pretty cheap stuff '' . At the time Coppola 's studio , American Zoetrope , owed over $400,000 to Warner Bros. for budget overruns with the film THX 1138 and when coupled with his poor financial standing , along with advice from friends and family , Coppola reversed his initial decision and took the job . Coppola was officially announced as director of the film on September 28 , 1970 . Paramount had offered twelve other directors the job with The Godfather before Coppola agreed . Coppola agreed to receive $125,000 and six percent of the gross rentals . Coppola and Paramount ( edit ) Before The Godfather was in production , Paramount had been going through an unsuccessful period . In addition to the failure of The Brotherhood , the studio had usurped their budget for their recent films : Darling Lili , Paint Your Wagon , and Waterloo . The budget for the film was originally $2.5 million but as the book grew in popularity Coppola argued for and ultimately received a larger budget . Paramount executives wanted the movie to be set in then modern - day Kansas City and shot in the studio backlot in order to cut down on costs . Coppola objected and wanted to set the movie in the same time period as its eponymous novel , the 1940s and 1950s ; Coppola 's reasons included : Michael Corleone 's Marine Corps stint , the emergence of corporate America , and America in the years after World War II . The executives eventually agreed to Coppola 's wish as the novel became increasingly successful . The studio heads subsequently let Coppola film on location in New York City and Sicily . Gulf & Western executive Charles Bluhdorn was frustrated with Coppola over the number of screen tests he had performed without finding a person to play the various roles . Production quickly fell behind because of Coppola 's indecisiveness and conflicts with Paramount , which led to costs being around $40,000 per day . With the rising costs , Paramount had then Vice President Jack Ballard keep a close eye on production costs . While filming , Coppola stated that he felt he could be fired at any point as he knew Paramount executives were not happy with many of the decisions he had made . Coppola was aware that Evans had asked Elia Kazan to take over directing the film , because he feared that Coppola was too inexperienced to cope with the increased size of the production . Coppola was also convinced that the film editor , Aram Avakian , and the assistant director , Steve Kestner , were conspiring to get him fired . Avakian complained to Evans that he could not edit the scenes correctly because Coppola was not shooting enough footage . Evans however was satisfied with the footage being sent to the west coast , and authorized Coppola to fire them both . Coppola later explained : `` Like the godfather , I fired people as a preemptory strike . The people who were angling the most to have me fired , I had fired . '' Brando threatened that he would quit if Coppola were fired . Paramount wanted The Godfather to appeal to a wide audience and threatened Coppola with a `` violence coach '' to make the film more exciting . Coppola added a few more violent scenes to keep the studio happy . The scene in which Connie smashes crockery after finding out Carlo has been cheating was added for this reason . Writing ( edit ) On April 14 , 1970 , it was revealed that Puzo was hired by Paramount for $100,000 , along with a percentage of the film 's profits , to work on the screenplay for the film . Working from the book , Coppola wanted to have the themes of culture , character , power , and family at the forefront of the film , whereas Puzo wanted to retain aspects from his novel and his initial draft of 150 pages was finished on August 10 , 1970 . After Coppola was hired as director , both Puzo and Coppola worked on the screenplay , but separately . Puzo worked on his draft in Los Angeles , while Coppola wrote his version in San Francisco . Coppola created a book where he tore pages out of Puzo 's book and pasted them into the book . There , he made notes about each of the book 's fifty scenes , which related to major themes prevalent in the scene , whether the scene should be included in the film , along with ideas and concepts that could be used when filming to make the film true to Italian culture . The two remained in contact while they wrote their respective screenplays and made decisions on what to include and what to remove for the final version . A second draft was completed on March 1 , 1971 , and was 173 pages long . The final screenplay was finished on March 29 , 1971 , wound up being 163 pages long , 40 pages over what Paramount had asked for . When filming , Coppola referred to the notebook he had created over the final draft of the screenplay . Screenwriter Robert Towne did uncredited work on the script , particularly on the Pacino - Brando garden scene . Despite finishing the third draft , some scenes in the film were still not written yet and were written during production . The Italian - American Civil Rights League wanted all uses of the words `` mafia '' and `` Cosa Nostra '' to be removed from the script , in addition to feeling that the film emphasized stereotypes about Italian - Americans . The league also requested that all the money earned from the premiere be donated to the league 's fund to build a new hospital . Coppola claimed that Puzo 's screenplay only contained two instances of the word `` mafia '' being used , while `` Cosa Nostra '' was not used at all . Those two uses were removed and replaced with other terms , which Coppola felt did not change the story at all . The league eventually gave its support for the script . Casting ( edit ) Al Pacino ( pictured above in The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel ) was chosen to portray Michael Corleone Puzo was first to show interest in having Marlon Brando portray Don Vito Corleone by sending a letter to Brando in which he stated Brando was the `` only actor who can play the Godfather . '' Despite Puzo 's wishes , the executives at Paramount were against having Brando play the part due to the poor success of his recent films and his short temper . Coppola favored Brando or Laurence Olivier for the role , but Olivier 's agent refused the role claiming Olivier was sick ; however , Olivier went on to star in Sleuth later that year . The studio mainly pushed for Ernest Borgnine to receive the part . Other considerations were George C. Scott , Richard Conte , Anthony Quinn , and Orson Welles . After months of debate between Coppola and Paramount over Brando , the two finalists for the role were Borgnine and Brando , the latter of which Paramount president Stanley Jaffe required to perform a screen test . Coppola did not want to offend Brando and stated that he needed to test equipment in order to set up the screen test at Brando 's California residence . For make - up , Brando stuck cotton balls in his cheeks , put shoe polish in his hair to darken it , and rolled his collar . Coppola placed Brando 's audition tape in the middle of the videos of the audition tapes as the Paramount executives watched them . The executives were impressed with Brando 's efforts and allowed Coppola to cast Brando for the role if Brando accepted a lower salary and put up a bond to ensure he would not cause any delays in production . From the start of production , Coppola wanted Robert Duvall to play the part of Tom Hagen . After screen testing several other actors , Coppola eventually got his wish and Duvall was awarded the part of Tom Hagen . Al Martino , a then famed singer in nightclubs , was notified of the character Johnny Fontane by a friend who read the eponymous novel and felt Martino represented the character of Johnny Fontane . Martino then contacted producer Al Ruddy , who gave him the part . However , Martino was stripped of the part after Coppola became director and then awarded the role to Italian singer Vic Damone . Damone eventually dropped the role because he did not want to play an anti-Italian American character , in addition to being paid too little . According to Martino , after being stripped of the role , he went to his godfather and crime boss Russ Bufalino who then orchestrated the publication of various news articles that talked of how Coppola was unaware of Ruddy giving Martino the part ; that , when coupled with pressure from the mafia who felt Martino deserved the role , led Damone to quit as Fontane . Either way , the part of Johnny Fontane ended up with Martino . James Caan ( pictured in 1976 ) was chosen to play Sonny Corleone Robert De Niro originally was given the part of Paulie Gatto . A spot in The Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight opened up after Al Pacino quit the project in favor of The Godfather , which led De Niro to audition for the role and leave The Godfather after receiving the part . After De Niro quit , Johnny Martino was given the role of Gatto . Coppola cast Diane Keaton for the role of Kay Adams due to her reputation for being eccentric . John Cazale was given the part of Fredo Corleone after Coppola saw him perform in an Off Broadway production . Gianni Russo was given the role of Carlo Rizzi after he was asked to perform a screen test in which he acted out the fight between Rizzi and Connie . Nearing the start of filming on March 29 , Michael Corleone had yet to be cast . Paramount executives wanted a popular actor , either Warren Beatty or Robert Redford . Producer Robert Evans wanted Ryan O'Neal to receive the role in part due to his recent success in Love Story . Pacino was Coppola 's favorite for the role as he could picture him roaming the Sicilian countryside , and wanted an unknown actor who looked like an Italian - American . However , Paramount executives found Pacino to be too short to play Michael . Dustin Hoffman , Martin Sheen , and James Caan also auditioned . Caan was well received by the Paramount executives and was given the part of Michael initially , while the role of Sonny Corleone was awarded to Carmine Caridi . Coppola still pushed for Pacino to play Michael after the fact and Evans eventually conceded , allowing Pacino to have the role of Michael as long as Caan played Sonny . Evans preferred Caan over Caridi because Caan was seven inches shorter than Caridi , which was much closer to Pacino 's height . Despite agreeing to play Michael Corleone , Pacino was contracted to star in MGM 's The Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight , but the two studios agreed on a settlement and Pacino was signed by Paramount three weeks before shooting began . Coppola gave several roles in the film to family members . He gave his sister , Talia Shire , the role of Connie Corleone . His daughter Sofia played Michael Francis Rizzi , Connie 's and Carlo 's newborn son . Carmine Coppola , his father , appeared in the film as an extra playing a piano during a scene . Coppola 's wife , mother , and two sons all appeared as extras in the picture . Several smaller roles , like Luca Brasi , were cast after the filming had started . Filming ( edit ) Before the filming began , the cast received a two - week period for rehearsal , which included a dinner where each actor and actress had to assume character for its duration . Filming was scheduled to begin on March 29 , 1971 , with the scene between Michael Corleone and Kay Adams as they leave Best & Co. in New York City after shopping for Christmas gifts . The weather on March 23 predicted snow flurries , which caused Ruddy to move the filming date forward ; however snow never materialized and a snow machine was used . Principal filming in New York continued until July 2 , 1971 . Coppola asked for a three - week break before heading overseas to film in Sicily . Following the crew 's departure for Sicily , Paramount announced that the release date would be moved from December to spring 1972 . The Don Barzini assassination scene was filmed on the steps of the New York Supreme Court building on Foley Square in Manhattan Cinematographer Gordon Willis initially turned down the opportunity to film The Godfather because the production seemed `` chaotic '' to him . After Willis later accepted the offer , he and Coppola agreed to not use any modern filming devices , helicopters , or zoom lenses . Willis and Coppola chose to use a `` tableau format '' of filming to make it seem if it was viewed like a painting . He made use of shadows and low light levels throughout the film to showcase psychological developments . Willis and Coppola agreed to interplay light and dark scenes throughout the film . Willis underexposed the film in order to create a `` yellow tone . '' The scenes in Sicily were shot to display the countryside and `` display a more romantic land , '' giving these scenes a `` softer , more romantic '' feel than the New York scenes . 1941 Packard Super Eight featured in The Godfather One of the film 's most shocking moments involved an actual , severed , horse 's head . Coppola received some criticism for the scene , although the head was obtained from a dog - food company from a horse that was to be killed regardless of the film . On June 22 , the scene where Sonny is killed was shot on a runway at Mitchel Field in Mineola , where three tollbooths were built , along with guard rails , and billboards to set the scene . Sonny 's car was a 1941 Lincoln Continental with holes drilled in it to resemble bullet holes . The scene took three days to film and cost over $100,000 . Coppola 's request to film on location was observed ; approximately 90 percent was shot in New York City and its surrounding suburbs , using over 120 unique locations . Several scenes were filmed at the Filmways Studio in East Harlem . The remaining portions were filmed in California , or on - site in Sicily , except for the scenes set in Las Vegas because there were insufficient funds to travel there . Savoca and Forza d'Agrò were the Sicilian towns featured in the film . The opening wedding scene was shot in a Staten Island neighborhood using almost 750 locals as extras . The house used as the Corleone household and the wedding location was at 110 Longfellow Road in the Todt Hill neighborhood of Staten Island . The wall around the Corleone compound was made from styrofoam . Scenes set in and around the Corleone olive oil business were filmed on Mott Street . After filming had ended on August 7 , post-production efforts were focused on trimming the film to a manageable length . In addition , producers and director were still including and removing different scenes from the end product , along with trimming certain sequences . In September , the first rough cut of the film was viewed . Of the scenes removed from the film , many were centered around Sonny because they did not advance the plot . By November , Coppola and Ruddy finished the semifinal cut . Debates over personnel involved with the final editing remained even 25 years after the release of the film . The film began to be shown to Paramount staff and exhibitors in late December and going into the new year . Music ( edit ) See also : The Godfather ( soundtrack ) Love theme from The Godfather The famous theme , composed by Larry Kusic and Nino Rota . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Coppola hired Italian composer Nino Rota to create the underscore for the film , including the main theme , `` Speak Softly Love '' . For the score , Rota was to relate to the situations and characters in the film . Rota synthesized new music for the film and took some parts from his Fortunella score , in order to create an Italian feel and evoke the tragic film 's themes . Paramount executive Evans found the score to be too `` highbrow '' and did not want to use it ; however , it was used after Coppola managed to get Evans to agree . Coppola believed that Rota 's musical piece gave the film even more of an Italian feel . Coppola 's father , Carmine , created some additional music for the film , particularly the music played by the band during the opening wedding scene . There are a total of nine instances within the film where incidental music can be heard . There was a soundtrack released for the film in 1972 in vinyl form by Paramount Records , on CD in 1991 by Geffen Records , and digitally by Geffen on August 18 , 2005 . The album contains over 31 minutes of music coming from the movie , with most being composed by Rota , along with a song from Coppola and one by Johnny Farrow and Marty Symes . Allmusic gave the album five out of five stars , with editor Zach Curd saying it is a `` dark , looming , and elegant soundtrack . '' An editor for Filmtracks believed that Rota did a great job of relating the music to the core aspects of the film , which the editor believed to be `` tradition , love , and fear . '' Release ( edit ) The world premiere for The Godfather took place in New York City on March 14 , 1972 , almost three months after the planned release date of Christmas Day in 1971 , with profits from the premiere donated to The Boys Club of New York . Before the film premiered , the film had already made $15 million from rentals from over 400 theaters . The following day , the film opened in New York at five theaters . Next was Los Angeles at two theaters on March 22 . The Godfather was commercially released on March 24 , 1972 , throughout the rest of the United States . The film reached 316 theaters around the country five days later . Box office ( edit ) The Godfather was a blockbuster , breaking many box office records to become the highest grossing film of 1972 . It earned $81.5 million in theatrical rentals in the USA & Canada during its initial release , increasing its earnings to $85.7 million through a reissue in 1973 , and including a limited re-release in 1997 it ultimately earned an equivalent exhibition gross of $135 million . It displaced Gone with the Wind to claim the record as the top rentals earner , a position it would retain until the release of Jaws in 1975 . News articles at the time proclaimed it was the first film to gross $100 million in North America , but such accounts are erroneous since this record in fact belongs to The Sound of Music , released in 1965 . The film repeated its native success overseas , earning in total an unprecedented $142 million in worldwide theatrical rentals , to become the highest net earner . Profits were so high for The Godfather that earnings for Gulf & Western Industries , Inc. , which owned Paramount , jumped from 77 cents per share to $3.30 a share for the year , according to a Los Angeles Times article , dated December 13 , 1972 . To date , it has grossed between $245 million and $286 million in worldwide box office receipts , and adjusted for ticket price inflation in North America , ranks among the top 25 highest - grossing films . Critical response ( edit ) The Godfather has received critical acclaim and is seen as one of the most influential films of all time , particularly in the gangster genre . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 99 % rating based on 85 reviews with an average rating of 9.2 / 10 and the site 's critical consensus reads , `` One of Hollywood 's greatest critical and commercial successes , The Godfather gets everything right ; not only did the movie transcend expectations , it established new benchmarks for American cinema '' . Metacritic assigned the film an average score of 100 % based on 14 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be `` universal acclaim '' . The film is ranked at the top of Metacritic 's top 100 list , and is ranked 7th on Rotten Tomatoes ' all - time best list ( 100 % `` Certified Fresh '' ) . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times praised Coppola 's efforts to follow the storyline of the eponymous novel , the choice to set the film in the same time as the novel , and the film 's ability to `` absorb '' the viewer over its three - hour run time . While Ebert was mainly positive , he criticized Brando 's performance , saying his movements lacked `` precision '' and his voice was `` wheezy . '' The Chicago Tribune 's Gene Siskel gave the film four out of four stars , commenting that it was `` very good . '' The Village Voice 's Andrew Sarris believed Brando portrayed Vito Corleone well and that his character dominated each scene it appeared in , but felt Puzo and Coppola had the character of Michael Corleone too focused on revenge . In addition , Sarris stated that Richard Castellano , Robert Duvall , and James Caan were good in their respective roles . Desson Howe of The Washington Post called the film a `` jewel '' and wrote that Coppola deserves most of the credit for the film . Writing for The New York Times , Vincent Canby felt that Coppola had created one of the `` most brutal and moving chronicles of American life '' and went on to say that it `` transcends its immediate milieu and genre . '' Director Stanley Kubrick thought the film had the best cast ever and could be the best movie ever made . Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote negatively of the film in a contemporary review , claiming that Pacino `` rattles around in a part too demanding for him , '' while also criticizing Brando 's make - up and Rota 's score . Previous mafia films had looked at the gangs from the perspective of an outraged outsider . In contrast , The Godfather presents the gangster 's perspective of the Mafia as a response to corrupt society . Although the Corleone family is presented as immensely rich and powerful , no scenes depict prostitution , gambling , loan sharking or other forms of racketeering . Some critics argue that the setting of a criminal counterculture allows for unapologetic gender stereotyping , and is an important part of the film 's appeal ( `` You can act like a man ! '' , Don Vito tells a weepy Johnny Fontane ) . Remarking on the fortieth anniversary of the film 's release , film critic John Podhoretz praised The Godfather as `` arguably the great American work of popular art '' and `` the summa of all great moviemaking before it '' . Two years before , Roger Ebert wrote in his journal that it `` comes closest to being a film everyone agrees ... is unquestionably great . '' Accolades ( edit ) The Godfather was nominated for seven awards at the 30th Golden Globe Awards : Best Picture -- Drama , James Caan for Best Supporting Actor , Al Pacino and Marlon Brando for Best Actor -- Drama , Best Score , Best Director , and Best Screenplay . When the winners were announced on January 28 , 1973 , the film had won the categories for : Best Screenplay , Best Director , Best Actor - Drama , Best Original Score , and Best Picture -- Drama . The Godfather won a record five Golden Globes , which was not surpassed until 2017 . Rota 's score was also nominated for Grammy Award for Best Original Score for a Motion Picture or TV Special at the 15th Grammy Awards . Rota was announced the winner of the category on March 3 at the Grammys ' ceremony in Nashville , Tennessee . When the nominations for the 45th Academy Awards were revealed on February 12 , 1973 , The Godfather was nominated for eleven awards . The nominations were for : Best Picture , Best Costume Design , Marlon Brando for Best Actor , Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola for Best Adapted Screenplay , Pacino , Caan , and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor , Best Film Editing , Nino Rota for Best Original Score , Coppola for Best Director , and Best Sound . Upon further review of Rota 's love theme from The Godfather , the Academy found that Rota had used a similar score in Eduardo De Filippo 's 1958 comedy Fortunella . This led to re-balloting , where members of the music branch chose from six films : The Godfather and the five films that had been on the shortlist for best original dramatic score but did not get nominated . John Addison 's score for Sleuth won this new vote , and thus replaced Rota 's score on the official list of nominees . Going into the awards ceremony , The Godfather was seen as the favorite to take home the most awards . From the nominations that The Godfather had remaining , it only won three of the Academy Awards : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Picture . Brando , who had also not attended the Golden Globes ceremony two months earlier , boycotted the Academy Awards ceremony and refused to accept the Oscar , becoming the second actor to refuse a Best Actor award after George C. Scott in 1970 . Brando sent American Indian Rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather in his place , to announce at the awards podium Brando 's reasons for declining the award which were based on his objection to the depiction of American Indians by Hollywood and television . In addition , Pacino boycotted the ceremony . He was insulted at being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor award , noting that he had more screen time than his co-star and Best Actor winner Brando and thus he should have received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . The Godfather had five nominations for awards at the 26th British Academy Film Awards . The nominees were : Pacino for Most Promising Newcomer , Rota for the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music , Duvall for Best Supporting Actor , and Brando for Best Actor , the film 's costume designer Anna Hill Johnstone for Best Costume Design . All of The Godfather 's nominations failed to win except for Rota . Awards and nominations received by The Godfather Award Category Nominee Result 45th Academy Awards Best Picture Albert S. Ruddy Won Best Director Francis Ford Coppola Nominated Best Actor ( refused ) Marlon Brando Won Best Supporting Actor James Caan Nominated Robert Duvall Nominated Al Pacino Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Mario Puzo , Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Costume Design Anna Hill Johnstone Nominated Best Film Editing William Reynolds , Peter Zinner Nominated Best Sound Bud Grenzbach , Richard Portman , Christopher Newman Nominated Best Original Dramatic Score Nino Rota Revoked 26th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor Marlon Brando ( Also for The Nightcomers ) Nominated Best Supporting Actor Robert Duvall Nominated Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Al Pacino Nominated Best Film Music Nino Rota Won Best Costume Design Anna Hill Johnstone Nominated 25th Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Francis Ford Coppola Won 30th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture - Drama Won Best Director - Motion Picture Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Motion Picture Actor - Drama Marlon Brando Won Al Pacino Nominated Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture James Caan Nominated Best Screenplay Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Original Score Nino Rota Won 15th Grammy Awards Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or TV Special Nino Rota Won 25th Writers Guild of America Awards Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola Won 1990 Selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . 1998 Time Out conducted a poll and The Godfather was voted the best film of all time . 1999 Entertainment Weekly named it the greatest film ever made . 2002 Sight & Sound polled film directors voted the film and its sequel as the second best film ever ; the critics poll separately voted it fourth . 2002 The Godfather was ranked the second best film of all time by Film4 , after Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back . 2005 Named one of the 100 greatest films of the last 80 years by Time magazine ( the selected films were not ranked ) . 2006 The Writers Guild of America , West agreed , voting it the number two in its list of the 101 greatest screenplays , after Casablanca . 2008 Voted in at No. 1 on Empire magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . 2012 The Motion Picture Editors Guild listed The Godfather as the sixth best - edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership . American film Institute recognition ( edit ) 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 3 2001 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 11 2005 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` I 'm going to make him an offer he ca n't refuse . '' -- # 2 2006 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 5 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 2 2008 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 1 Gangster Film Cinematic influence ( edit ) Although many films about gangsters preceded The Godfather , Coppola 's heavy infusion of Italian culture and stereotypes , and his portrayal of mobsters as characters of considerable psychological depth and complexity was unprecedented . Coppola took it further with The Godfather Part II , and the success of those two films , critically , artistically and financially , opened the doors for numerous other depictions of Italian Americans as mobsters , including films such as Martin Scorsese 's Goodfellas and TV series such as David Chase 's The Sopranos . A comprehensive study of Italian American culture on film , conducted from 1996 to 2001 by the Italic Institute of America , showed that close to 300 movies featuring Italian Americans as mobsters ( mostly fictitious ) have been produced since The Godfather , an average of nine per year . Popular culture and Legacy ( edit ) The Godfather epic , encompassing the original trilogy and the additional footage Coppola incorporated later , is by now thoroughly integrated into American life and , together with a succession of mob - theme imitators , has led to a highly stereotyped concept of Italian American culture . The first film had the largest impact and , unlike any film before it , its depiction of Italians who immigrated to the United States in the early decades of the 20th century is perhaps attributable to the Italian American director , presenting his own understanding of their experience . The films explain through their action the integration of fictional Italian American criminals into American society . Though the story is set in the period of mass immigration to the U.S. , it is rooted in the specific circumstances of the Corleones , a family that lives outside of the law . Although some critics have refashioned the Corleone story into one of universality of immigration , other critics have posited that it leads the viewer to identify organized crime with Italian American culture . Released in a period of intense national cynicism and self - criticism , the American film struck a chord about the dual identities inherent in a nation of immigrants . The Godfather increased Hollywood 's negative portrayals of immigrant Italians in the aftermath of the film and was a recruiting tool for organized crime . The concept of a mafia `` Godfather '' was an invention of Mario Puzo 's and the film 's effect was to add the fictional nomenclature to the language . Similarly , Don Vito Corleone 's unforgettable `` I 'm gon na make him an offer he ca n't refuse '' -- voted the second-most memorable line in cinema history in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes by the American Film Institute -- was adopted by actual gangsters . In the French novel Le Père Goriot , Honoré de Balzac wrote of Vautrin telling Eugene : `` In that case I will make you an offer that no one would decline . '' Real - life gangsters responded enthusiastically to the film , with many of them feeling it was a portrayal of how they were supposed to act . Salvatore `` Sammy the Bull '' Gravano , the former underboss in the Gambino crime family , stated : `` I left the movie stunned ... I mean I floated out of the theater . Maybe it was fiction , but for me , then , that was our life . It was incredible . I remember talking to a multitude of guys , made guys , who felt exactly the same way . '' According to Anthony Fiato after seeing the film , Patriarca crime family members Paulie Intiso and Nicky Giso altered their speech patterns closer to that of Vito Corleone 's . Intiso would frequently swear and use poor grammar ; but after the movie came out , he started to articulate and philosophize more . Television ( edit ) John Belushi , appearing in a Saturday Night Live sketch as Vito Corleone in a therapy session expressing his inner feelings towards the Tattaglia Family , says , `` Also , they shot my son Santino 56 times '' . In the television show The Sopranos , Tony Soprano 's topless bar is named Bada Bing , echoing the line in The Godfather when Sonny Corleone says , `` You 've got ta get up close like this and bada - bing ! You blow their brains all over your nice Ivy League suit . '' The film has been parodied several times on the animated television series The Simpsons . In the season three episode `` Lisa 's Pony '' Lisa wakes up to find a horse in her bed and starts screaming . The music and the scene itself resemble the famous `` horse 's head '' scene in The Godfather . In the season four episode `` Mr. Plow '' , the scene in which Sonny Corleone is shot at the tollbooth is mimicked when Bart Simpson is pelted with snowballs . The scene is again parodied in the season sixteen episode `` All 's Fair in Oven War '' , which includes James Caan as himself in a guest voice role . In the season eighteen episode `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' , the film 's final scene is mimicked with a door being closed on Lisa Simpson . Home Media ( edit ) The theatrical version of The Godfather debuted on American network television on November 16 , 1974 , on NBC , and again two days later , with only minor edits . The television airings attracted a large audience and helped generate anticipation for the upcoming sequel . The next year , Coppola created The Godfather Saga expressly for American television in a release that combined The Godfather and The Godfather Part II with unused footage from those two films in a chronological telling that toned down the violent , sexual , and profane material for its NBC debut on November 18 , 1977 . In 1981 , Paramount released the Godfather Epic boxed set , which also told the story of the first two films in chronological order , again with additional scenes , but not redacted for broadcast sensibilities . The Godfather Trilogy was released in 1992 , in which the films are fundamentally in a chronological order . The Godfather Family : A Look Inside was a 73 - minute documentary released in 1991 . Directed by Jeff Warner , the film featured some behind the scenes content from all three films , interviews with the actors , and screen tests . The Godfather DVD Collection was released on October 9 , 2001 , in a package that contained all three films -- each with a commentary track by Coppola -- and a bonus disc containing The Godfather Family : A Look Inside . The DVD also held a Corleone family tree , a `` Godfather '' timeline , and footage of the Academy Award acceptance speeches . The Godfather : the Coppola restoration ( edit ) During the film 's original theatrical release , the original negatives were worn down due to the reel being printed so much to meet demand . In addition , the duplicate negative was lost in Paramount archives . In 2006 Coppola contacted Steven Spielberg -- whose studio DreamWorks had recently been bought out by Paramount -- about restoring The Godfather . Robert A. Harris was hired to oversee the restoration of The Godfather and its two sequels , with the film 's cinematographer Willis participating in the restoration . Work began in November 2006 by repairing the negatives so they could go through a digital scanner to produce high resolution 4K files . If a negative were damaged and discolored , work was done digitally to restore it to its original look . After a year and a half of working on the restoration , the project was complete . Paramount called the finished product The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration and released it to the public on September 23 , 2008 , on both DVD and Blu - ray Disc . Dave Kehr of The New York Times believed the restoration brought back the `` golden glow of their original theatrical screenings '' . As a whole , the restoration of the film was well received by critics and Coppola . The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration contains several new special features that play in high definition , along with additional scenes . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Godfather ( 2006 video game ) The game is based upon this film and tells the story of an original character , Aldo Trapani , whose rise through the ranks of the Corleone family intersects with the plot of the film on numerous occasions . Duvall , Caan , and Brando supplied voiceovers and their likenesses , but Pacino did not . Francis Ford Coppola openly voiced his disapproval of the game . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1972 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sources disagree on the date where Paramount confirmed their intentions to make Mario Puzo 's novel The Godfather into a feature - length film . Harlan Lebo 's work states that the announcement came in January 1969 , while Jenny Jones ' book puts the date of the announcement three months after the novel 's publication , in June 1969 . Jump up ^ Sources disagree on both the amount of the original budget and the final budget . The starting budget has been recorded as $1 million , $2 million , and $2.5 million , while the final budget has been named at $5 million , $6 million , and $6.5 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE GODFATHER ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 31 , 1996 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Godfather ( 1972 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Von Gunden 1991 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lebo 2005 , p. 5 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Godfather '' Turns 40 `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc . March 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lebo 2005 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips 2004 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Jack O'Brian ( January 25 , 1973 ) . `` Not First Lady on TV '' . The Spartanburg Herald . p . A4 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael L. Geczi and Martin Merzer ( April 10 , 1978 ) . `` Hollywood business is blockbuster story '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 11B . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hillel Italie ( December 24 , 1990 ) . `` ' Godfather ' films have their own saga '' . The Daily Gazette . Associated Press . p . A7 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones 2007 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips 2004 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Seal ( March 2009 ) . `` The Godfather Wars '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Phillips & Hill 2010 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Fristoe . `` Sergio Leone Profile '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Cowie 1997 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Nate Rawlings ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Anniversary You Ca n't Refuse : 40 Things You Did n't Know About The Godfather '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cowie 1997 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Godfather '' Turns 40 `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc . March 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Phillips & Hill 2010 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Coppola Mimics Hollywood Life in ' Somewhere ' '' . NPR . NPR . December 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowie 1997 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 87 - 88 . Jump up ^ Santopietro 2012 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 1997 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 184 . 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The Independent . Independent Digital News and Media Limited . April 26 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Fred Ferretti ( March 23 , 1971 ) . `` Corporate Rift in ' Godfather ' Filming '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 28 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lebo 2005 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Cowie 1997 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 1997 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 192 , 194 - 196 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 1997 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 197 - 198 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips 2004 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Welsh , Phillips & Hill 2010 , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 1997 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2004 , p. 355 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 618 - 0 . Since The Godfather had earned over $85 million in U.S. - Canada rentals ( the worldwide box - office gross was $285 million ) , a sequel , according to the usual formula , could be expected to earn approximately two - thirds of the original 's box - office take ( ultimately Godfather II had rentals of $30 million ) . 1997 re-release : `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . North America : $1,267,490 Total : `` The Godfather '' . Boxoffice . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Worldwide Gross : $245,066,411 Jump up ^ `` All TIme Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` The Mafia in Popular Culture '' . History . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Godfather '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( 1972 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic : Best Reviewed Movies '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies Of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Ebert ( January 1 , 1972 ) . `` The Godfather '' . Roger Ebert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gene Siskel ( October 15 , 1999 ) . `` The Movie Reviews '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . 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Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roberta Flack Is Big Winner In Awarding Of ' Grammys ' '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Associated Press . March 5 , 1973 . p. 11 - A. Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Edward W. Coker Jr . ( March 9 , 1973 ) . `` Roberta Flack Is Big Winner In Awarding Of ' Grammys ' '' . The Spokesman - Review . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Russell ( February 13 , 1973 ) . `` ' Godfather ' Gets 11 Oscar Nominations '' . Toledo Blade . Reuters . p . P - 2 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godfather Gets 11 Oscar Nominations '' . The Michigan Daily . United Press International . February 14 , 1971 . p. 3 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 45th Academy Awards ( 1973 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Oscars . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Godfather ' Song Used Before '' . Daytona Beach Morning Star . 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Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Only the most talented actors have the nerve to tackle roles that push them to their physical and mental limits '' . The Irish Independent . November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grobel ; p. xxi ^ Jump up to : `` BAFTA Awards Search '' . BAFTA . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Films Selected to The National Film Registry , 1989 - 2010 '' . National Film Preservation Board . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Films ( Readers ) '' . AMC Filmsite.org . American Movie Classics Company LLC . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty . The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time . Time - Life Books . ISBN 1 - 883013 - 68 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 100 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . 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American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Top 10 Gangster '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Offer Hollywood Ca n't Refuse '' . CBS News . March 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.italic.org Jump up ^ `` Italian Culture on Film , Image Research Project , Italic Institute of America '' . Italic.org . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather : A Cultural Phenomenon '' . University of Pennsylvania . 2005 . Jump up ^ Gambino , Megan ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` What is The Godfather Effect ? '' . Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . AFI.com . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Father Goriot , page 104 in Chapter 1 ) ; `` Dans ces conjonctures , je vais vous faire une proposition que personne ne refuserait . Honoré de Balzac , Œuvres complètes de H. de Balzac ( 1834 ) , Calmann - Lévy , 1910 ( Le Père Goriot , II . L'entrée dans le monde , pp. 110 - 196 ) ; viewed 10 - 2 - 2014 . Jump up ^ Sifakis , Carl ( 1987 ) . The Mafia Encyclopedia . New York City : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 1856 - 1 . Jump up ^ De Stefano 2006 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , John L. ( July 7 , 2004 ) . `` In mob world , life often imitates art of Marlon Brando 's ' Godfather ' '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Top five John Belushi moments '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maria Newman , How Much for That ' Sopranos ' Stripper Pole ? NYTimes August 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Reardon , Jim ( 2004 ) . The Simpsons Season 4 DVD commentary for the episode `` Mr. Plow '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Clarisse Loughrey ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` The Simpsons ' film parodies seen side - by - side with their references '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Iverson ( 7 September 2006 ) . `` The Simpsons : `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and His Homer '' Advance Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Lebo 2005 , p . XIV . ^ Jump up to : Alice Duncan . `` The Godfather Family : A Look Inside ( 1991 ) '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alice Duncan ( October 9 , 2001 ) . `` The Godfather DVD Collection '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Snider ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` ' Godfather ' films finally restored to glory '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Kaplan ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Your DVD Player Sleeps With the Fishes '' . Slate . Graham Holdings Company . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Kehr ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` New DVDs : ' The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration ' '' . The New York Times . New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Phipps ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration '' . The AV Club . Onion Inc . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Noller ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Godfather Collection : The Coppola Restoration '' . Slant . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Slagle ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` ' Godfather ' is the offer you ca n't refuse '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 13E . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Victor Godinez ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Game Reviews '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 13E . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Slagle ( May 20 , 2005 ) . `` Gameplay makes certain titles rock '' . Gadsden Times . p . C4 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Coppola Angry over Godfather Video Game `` , April 8 , 2005 '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . New York , New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . Cowie , Peter ( 1997 ) . The Godfather Book . London , England : Faber and Faber Limited . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19011 - 1 . De Stefano , George ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Don Corleone Was My Godfather '' . An Offer We Ca n't Refuse : The Mafia in the Mind of America . New York : Faber and Faber . pp. 94 -- 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 21157 - 9 . OCLC 60420173 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Gelmis , Joseph ( August 23 , 1971 ) . `` Merciful Heavens , Is This The End of Don Corleone ? '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC. 4 ( 34 ) . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jones , Jenny M. ( 2007 ) . The Annotated Godfather : The Complete Screenplay . New York , New York : Black Dog & Leventhal . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5791 - 2739 - 8 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Lebo , Harlan ( 1997 ) . The Godfather Legacy : The Untold Story of the Making of the Classic Godfather Trilogy . London , England : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780684836478 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Lebo , Harlan ( 2005 ) . The Godfather Legacy : The Untold Story of the Making of the Classic Godfather Trilogy Featuring Never - Before - Published Production Stills . London , England : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8777 - 7 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Phillips , Gene D. ( 2004 ) . Godfather : The Intimate Francis Ford Coppola . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 4671 - 3 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Santopietro , Tom ( 2012 ) . The Godfather Effect : Changing Hollywood , America , and Me . New York , New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 0513 - 7 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Stanley , Timothy ( 2014 ) . Citizen Hollywood : How the Collaboration Between LA and DC Revolutionized American Politics . New York , New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 3249 - 2 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Williams , Joe ( 2012 ) . Hollywood Myths : The Shocking Truths Behind Film 's Most Incredible Secrets and Scandals . Minneapolis , Minnesota : MBI Pub. Co. and Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 3249 - 2 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Welsh , James M. ; Phillips , Gene D. ; Hill , Rodney F. ( 2010 ) . The Francis Ford Coppola Encyclopedia . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7651 - 4 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Von Gunden , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern Auteurs : Coppola , Lucas , De Palma , Spielberg and Scorsese . McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8995 - 0618 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Godfather Official website The Godfather on IMDb The Godfather at the American Film Institute Catalog The Godfather at Box Office Mojo The Godfather at Rotten Tomatoes The Godfather at Metacritic The Godfather Novels The Godfather The Sicilian The Godfather Returns The Godfather 's Revenge The Family Corleone Films The Godfather The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Video games The Godfather ( 1991 ) The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) Corleone family Vito Corleone Michael Corleone Tom Hagen Sonny Corleone Fredo Corleone Carmela Corleone Kay Adams - Corleone Connie Corleone Anthony Corleone Mary Corleone Vincent Corleone Sandra Corleone Family allies Genco Abbandando Luca Brasi Peter Clemenza Al Neri Frank Pentangeli Salvatore Tessio Family enemies Don Altobello Emilio Barzini Don Fanucci Johnny Ola Hyman Roth Louie Russo Joey Zasa Others Amerigo Bonasera Cardinal Lamberto Lucy Mancini Danny Shea Mickey Shea Billy Van Arsdale Aldo Trapani Albert Volpe Music The Godfather ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) `` Speak Softly , Love '' `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' Miscellaneous List of minor characters in The Godfather series Mario Puzo Mark Winegardner Edward Falco Five Families Corleone The Godfather Effect The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions The Godfather Saga The Last Don Omertà Book Category Francis Ford Coppola Films directed The Bellboy and the Playgirls ( 1962 ) Tonight for Sure ( 1962 ) Battle Beyond the Sun ( 1962 ) Dementia 13 ( 1963 ) You 're a Big Boy Now ( 1966 ) Finian 's Rainbow ( 1968 ) The Rain People ( 1969 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ; Redux , 2001 ) One from the Heart ( 1982 ) The Outsiders ( 1983 ) Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) Gardens of Stone ( 1987 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Without Zoë '' , 1989 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Jack ( 1996 ) The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) Youth Without Youth ( 2007 ) Tetro ( 2009 ) Twixt ( 2011 ) Written only Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) This Property Is Condemned ( 1966 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) Produced only American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Junky 's Christmas ( 1993 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Don Juan DeMarco ( 1995 ) Lani Loa -- The Passage ( 1998 ) The Florentine ( 1999 ) The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) Enterprises American Zoetrope Zoetrope : All - Story Rubicon Estate Winery Francis Ford Coppola Presents Works by Mario Puzo Novels The Dark Arena ( 1955 ) The Fortunate Pilgrim ( 1965 ) The Runaway Summer of Davie Shaw ( 1966 ) Six Graves to Munich ( 1967 , as Mario Cleri ) The Godfather ( 1969 ) Fools Die ( 1978 ) The Sicilian ( 1984 ) The Fourth K ( 1991 ) The Last Don ( 1996 ) Omertà ( 2000 ) The Family ( 2001 , with Carol Gino ) Screenplays The Godfather ( 1972 ) Earthquake ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Superman II ( 1980 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Christopher Columbus : The Discovery ( 1992 ) Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions ( 1972 ) Inside Las Vegas ( 1977 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - 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Big One (roller coaster)

Big One ( roller coaster ) - wikipedia Big One ( roller coaster ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Big One The Big One Blackpool Pleasure Beach Coordinates 53 ° 47 ′ 21 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 19 '' W  /  53.78917 ° N 3.05528 ° W  / 53.78917 ; - 3.05528 Coordinates : 53 ° 47 ′ 21 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 19 '' W  /  53.78917 ° N 3.05528 ° W  / 53.78917 ; - 3.05528 Status Operating Opening date May 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 28 ) Cost £ 12 million General statistics Type Steel Manufacturer Arrow Dynamics Designer Ron Toomer Model Hyper Coaster Lift / launch system Chain lift hill Height 213 ft ( 65 m ) Drop 205 ft ( 62 m ) Length 5,497 ft ( 1,675 m ) Speed 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) Duration 3 : 00 Max vertical angle 65 ° Capacity 1,800 riders per hour G - force 3.5 Height restriction 52 in ( 132 cm ) Trains 3 trains with 5 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 30 riders per train . The Big One at RCDB Pictures of The Big One at RCDB The Big One , formerly known as Pepsi Max Big One , is a steel roller coaster located at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in Blackpool , Lancashire in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Statistics 3 Records 4 Incidents 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The updated design of the trains on The Big One The Big One was manufactured by Arrow Dynamics . Construction of the ride began in September 1993 and lasted just over seven months . The tubular track and supports were airlifted from Bolton to Blackpool and stored at nearby Blackpool Airport . During the start of the construction of the ride , the south of Blackpool promenade was closed and pieces of the structure were stored on the road adjacent to the Pleasure Beach . The first pieces to be fitted were the large foundations that would follow on from the main supports . Once all the supports were fitted , the tubular track was fitted followed by additional supports on the turnaround and the mid course brake section . The ride opened to the public on 28 May 1994 . For the first five years of its life , it was sponsored by the makers of the UK version of the soft drink Pepsi Max ; until 1999 . when the sponsorship ran out and the name was shortened to Big One and all traces of Pepsi Max were gone . Statistics ( edit ) The ride is the second Hyper Coaster to be built by Arrow Dynamics , the first being Magnum XL - 200 at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . At its highest point , the ride reaches 235 feet ( 72 m ) above sea level , but only stands 213 feet ( 65 m ) above the ground with the first drop measuring 205 feet ( 62 m ) . These numbers were later confirmed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics . The first drop has an incline angle of 65 degrees and the usual maximum speed for the ride is 74 miles per hour ( 119 km / h ) . The ride lasts approximately three minutes and during this time riders normally experience positive g - forces of up to 3.5 g and negative g - forces of up to 0.5 g . Blackpool Pleasure Beach advertises the ride as rising 235 feet ( 72 m ) , but that is above sea level and not the actual height of the ride . The ride is capable of running three trains at any one time . Each train has five cars with six passengers to a car , enabling each train to carry 30 riders two - abreast in total . This gives Big One a capacity of 1,800 people per hour . The colour scheme for each train is the same : a blue base with two coloured bands around the side and front ( red and white ) showing the Union Jack logo . Each train is numbered at the back of the fifth car , and each car is numbered according to the back of each section . During testing , sand bags are used to weigh the train down . This is a safety mechanism and is common practice on roller coasters of a certain height . Before the ride was granted a certificate to operate , Blackpool Pleasure Beach had to appeal to Blackpool Airport which is one mile from the park . Due to the ride 's height , warning beacons had to be installed on the peaks of the first two hills , including the main drop , before the ride was given the all clear to operate . Records ( edit ) When it opened on 28 May 1994 , Big One was both the tallest and steepest roller coaster in the world . It was also one of the longest out - and - back roller coasters , measuring 5,497 feet ( 1,675 m ) . With a 205 - foot drop and 74 mph top speed , it was second only to Steel Phantom at Kennywood in West Mifflin , Pennsylvania in speed , but it was the fastest coaster in Europe . The Big One lost its height record to Fujiyama in Japan in 1996 , though it remained the tallest and fastest roller coaster in Europe until 2002 , when Silver Star opened at Europa - Park in Germany . The ride still remains the tallest in the United Kingdom , although Stealth in Thorpe Park is the fastest . It is also the second longest in the UK , losing only to Lightwater Valley 's Ultimate . Richard Rodriguez completed a 112 - day endurance record on the roller coaster in 2012 . This broke the world record for the most consecutive days on a rollercoaster . This attempt was only during operating hours ( approximately six hours a day ) as opposed to 24 hours a day . He also had his own row of seating assigned only for him during the record . Incidents ( edit ) Main article : Incidents at European amusement parks In May 1994 during the ride 's inaugural season , 26 people were injured when the computer system failed to completely stop a train returning to the station . The result of this brake failure was a collision with a train parked inside the ride 's station . Another train collision occurred in August 2000 , caused by another computer failure and injured 16 people . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ When Desperado opened three months later , Big One became the third fastest . Though not standing as tall as Big One , Steel Phantom and Desperado both had longer drops ( 225 feet ) and therefore achieved greater speeds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammond , Kip ( 1994 ) . `` Nevada Jackpot '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . Chicago , Illinois : American Coaster Enthusiasts. 16 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 16 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Kip ( 1994 ) . `` Nevada Jackpot : The Numbers Game '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . 16 ( 1 ) : 12 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Chris ( 2000 - 09 - 01 ) . `` 20 hurt in crash on Blackpool rollercoaster '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Roberts , J.M. ( November 1 , 1994 ) . `` The ' Pepsi Max Big One ' rollercoaster - Blackpool Pleasure Beach '' . The Structural Engineer . Institution of Structural Engineers . 72 ( 21 ) : 345 -- 349 . External links ( edit ) Pleasure Beach Blackpool , Pepsi Max Big One Official Site Pics of the Pepsi Max Big One and a front seat ride Preceded by Magnum XL - 200 World 's Tallest Complete Circuit Roller Coaster May 1994 -- July 1996 Succeeded by Fujiyama ( hide ) Blackpool Pleasure Beach rides Roller coasters Avalanche Big Dipper Big One Blue Flyer Grand National Icon ( opening 2018 ) Infusion Nickelodeon Streak Revolution Steeplechase Other attractions Ghost Train Ice Blast : The Ride Nickelodeon Land Pleasure Beach Express Valhalla Wallace & Gromit 's Thrill - O - Matic Former attractions Beaver Creek Big Apple Bling Cyclone Morgan 's Circus Clown Coaster Scenic Railway Space Invader 2 Tokaydo Express Trauma Towers Velvet Coaster Vikingar Virginia Reel Wild Mouse Related articles Blackpool Pleasure Beach railway station Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_One_(roller_coaster)&oldid=828238028 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 1994 Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Arrow Dynamics Hypercoasters Blackpool Pleasure Beach Roller coasters in the United Kingdom PepsiCo buildings and structures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 10 : 53 . 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Philadelphia Eagles

Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 3 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 1.5. 3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL . 1976 -- 1984 In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes . In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest . On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL . Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 . Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 . Season records Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular season record ( all - time ) : 568 -- 594 -- 26 Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries New York Giants Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade Devotion Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems . Current roster Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld 11 Carson Wentz Running backs 36 Jay Ajayi 30 Corey Clement 34 Donnel Pumphrey 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 19 Rashard Davis 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 16 Bryce Treggs -- Mike Wallace 89 Greg Ward Jr . -- Dom Williams -- Marquess Wilson Tight ends 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz -- Joshua Perkins -- Adam Zaruba Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 78 Darrell Greene G -- Taylor Hart T 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 71 Jason Peters T 73 Isaac Seumalo G -- Jon Toth C 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 96 Derek Barnett DE -- Michael Bennett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT -- Winston Craig DT 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE -- Haloti Ngata DT 98 Elijah Qualls DT -- Aziz Shittu DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB -- Corey Nelson OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB Defensive backs -- De'Vante Bausby CB -- Elie Bouka CB 41 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB -- Randall Goforth CB 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 35 D.J. Killings CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 42 Chris Maragos FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 49 Tre Sullivan S -- Daryl Worley CB Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K -- Cameron Johnston P 45 Rick Lovato LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 24 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 67 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors Retired numbers Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 - 2008 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Bert Bell Owner / Founder 1933 -- 1940 1963 Wayne Millner Assistant Coach 1951 1968 Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 1969 Mike McCormack Head Coach 1973 -- 1975 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 -- 1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 1948 NFL Championship team 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 33 Carson Wentz 2017 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , Rushing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions Other Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) 0 Total Return Yds 4,997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 - - Coaches of note Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Strength and Conditioning Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates . City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 . In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . See also Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com . Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Sources Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - 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Inner core

Inner core - wikipedia Inner core Jump to : navigation , search For the cores of other planetary bodies , see Planetary core . For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Earth core . The internal structure of Earth The Earth 's inner core is the Earth 's innermost part . It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres ( 760 miles ) , which is about 70 % of the Moon 's radius . It is composed of an iron -- nickel alloy and some light elements . The temperature at the inner core boundary is approximately 5700 K ( 5400 ° C ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Composition 3 Temperature and pressure 4 Dynamics 5 History 6 See also 7 References Discovery ( edit ) The Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its liquid outer core in 1936 , by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann , who deduced its presence by studying seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand . She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth 's surface . This boundary is known as the Bullen discontinuity , or sometimes as the Lehmann discontinuity . A few years later , in 1940 , it was hypothesized that this inner core was made of solid iron ; its rigidity was confirmed in 1971 . The outer core was determined to be liquid from observations showing that compressional waves pass through it , but elastic shear waves do not -- or do so only very weakly . The solidity of the inner core had been difficult to establish because the elastic shear waves that are expected to pass through a solid mass are very weak and difficult for seismographs on the Earth 's surface to detect , since they become so attenuated on their way from the inner core to the surface by their passage through the liquid outer core . Dziewonski and Gilbert established that measurements of normal modes of vibration of Earth caused by large earthquakes were consistent with a liquid outer core . It has recently been claimed that shear waves have been detected passing through the inner core ; these claims were initially controversial , but are now gaining acceptance . Composition ( edit ) Based on the relative prevalence of various chemical elements in the Solar System , the theory of planetary formation , and constraints imposed or implied by the chemistry of the rest of the Earth 's volume , the inner core is believed to consist primarily of a nickel - iron alloy . Pure iron was found to be denser than the core by approximately 3 % , implying the presence of light elements in the core ( e.g. silicon , oxygen , sulfur ) in addition to the probable presence of nickel . Further , if the primordial and mostly fluid ( still forming ) earth contained any significant mass ( es ) of elements denser than iron and nickel , namely the white ( appearance ) precious metals ( and a few others ) except silver , specifically the siderophile elements then these would necessarily have differentiated to the very center of the core into concentric nested spheres by Planetary differentiation . The most dense ( and stable , i.e. platinum , iridium , and osmium , ( etc . ) in order of density ) of these forming the innermost spheroid ( s ) . While unstable elements of such trans - iron / nickel density would have mostly decayed to iron / nickel / lead by the time the earth formed a discrete core . See also : Densities of the elements ( data page ) It then necessarily follows that all , or almost all , of these denser elements we have mined ( or are even able to ) at the surface ( or near surface , or even at all `` above '' the core ) have been delivered later as part of impact objects / masses . Temperature and pressure ( edit ) The temperature of the inner core can be estimated by considering both the theoretical and the experimentally demonstrated constraints on the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core ( about 330 GPa ) . These considerations suggest that its temperature is about 5,700 K ( 5,400 ° C ; 9,800 ° F ) . The pressure in the Earth 's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores : it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals ( 3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm ) . Iron can be solid at such high temperatures only because its melting temperature increases dramatically at pressures of that magnitude ( see the Clausius -- Clapeyron relation ) . A report published in the journal Science concludes that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary is 6230 ± 500 K , roughly 1000 K higher than previous estimates . Dynamics ( edit ) The Earth 's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth 's interior ( about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years ) . Many scientists had initially expected that the inner core would be found to be homogeneous , because the solid inner core was originally formed by a gradual cooling of molten material , and continues to grow as a result of that same process . Even though it is growing into liquid , it is solid , due to the very high pressure that keeps it compacted together even if the temperature is extremely high . It was even suggested that Earth 's inner core might be a single crystal of iron . However , this prediction was disproved by observations indicating that in fact there is a degree of disorder within the inner core . Seismologists have found that the inner core is not completely uniform , but instead contains large - scale structures such that seismic waves pass more rapidly through some parts of the inner core than through others . In addition , the properties of the inner core 's surface vary from place to place across distances as small as 1 km . This variation is surprising , since lateral temperature variations along the inner - core boundary are known to be extremely small ( this conclusion is confidently constrained by magnetic field observations ) . Recent discoveries suggest that the solid inner core itself is composed of layers , separated by a transition zone about 250 to 400 km thick . If the inner core grows by small frozen sediments falling onto its surface , then some liquid can also be trapped in the pore spaces and some of this residual fluid may still persist to some small degree in much of its interior . Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth 's solid mantle , the possibility that it rotates slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained . In the 1990s , seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades , using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves faster in some directions . Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year . Growth of the inner core is thought to play an important role in the generation of Earth 's magnetic field by dynamo action in the liquid outer core . This occurs mostly because it can not dissolve the same amount of light elements as the outer core and therefore freezing at the inner core boundary produces a residual liquid that contains more light elements than the overlying liquid . This causes it to become buoyant and helps drive convection of the outer core . The existence of the inner core also changes the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core as it grows and may help fix the magnetic field since it is expected to be a great deal more resistant to flow than the outer core liquid ( which is expected to be turbulent ) . Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal deformation patterns . This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others . Because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable , any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior . S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes , and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time . There is an East -- West asymmetry in the inner core seismological data . There is a model which explains this by differences at the surface of the inner core -- melting in one hemisphere and crystallization in the other . The western hemisphere of the inner core may be crystallizing , whereas the eastern hemisphere may be melting . This may lead to enhanced magnetic field generation in the crystallizing hemisphere , creating the asymmetry in the Earth 's magnetic field . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Earth Based on rates of cooling of the core , it is estimated that the current solid inner core started solidifying approximately 0.5 to 2 billion years ago out of a fully molten core ( which formed just after planetary formation ) . If true , this would mean that the Earth 's solid inner core is not a primordial feature that was present during the planet 's formation , but a feature younger than the Earth ( the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old ) . See also ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth Geodynamics Iron meteorite Structure of the Earth Travel to the Earth 's center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Monnereau , Marc ; Calvet , Marie ; Margerin , Ludovic ; Souriau , Annie ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lopsided Growth of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 328 ( 5981 ) : 1014 -- 1017 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328.1014 M. PMID 20395477 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1186212 Jump up ^ E.R. Engdahl ; E.A. Flynn & R.P. Massé ( 1974 ) . `` Differential PkiKP travel times and the radius of the core '' . Geophys . J.R. Astron . Soc. 40 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 463 . Bibcode : 1974GeoJI ... 39 ... 457E . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1974. tb05467. x . ^ Jump up to : D. Alfè ; M. Gillan & G.D. Price ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` Composition and temperature of the Earth 's core constrained by combining ab initio calculations and seismic data '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . Elsevier . 195 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 91 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2002E&PSL. 195 ... 91A . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 01 ) 00568 - 4 . Jump up ^ Edmond A. Mathez , ed. ( 2000 ) . EARTH : INSIDE AND OUT . American Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ John C. Butler ( 1995 ) . `` Class Notes -- The Earth 's Interior '' . Physical Geology Grade Book . University of Houston . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Although another discontinuity is named after Lehmann , this usage still can be found : see for example : Robert E Krebs ( 2003 ) . The basics of earth science . Greenwood Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31930 - 8 . , and From here to `` hevean , '' or the D layer , About.com Jump up ^ Hung Kan Lee ( 2002 ) . International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology ; volume 1 . Academic Press . p. 926 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 440652 - 1 . Jump up ^ William J. Cromie ( 1996 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Putting a New Spin on Earth 's Core '' . Harvard Gazette . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ A.M. Dziewonski ; F. Gilbert ( 1971 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Solidity of the Inner Core of the Earth inferred from Normal Mode Observations '' . Nature . 234 ( 5330 ) : 465 -- 466 . Bibcode : 1971Natur. 234 ... 465D . doi : 10.1038 / 234465a0 . Jump up ^ Robert Roy Britt ( 2005 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Finally , a Solid Look at Earth 's Core '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , Lars ; Wasserman , Evgeny ; Cohen , Ronald E. ( 1997 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Composition and temperature of Earth 's inner core '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . 102 ( B11 ) : 24729 -- 24739 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . doi : 10.1029 / 97JB02125 . Jump up ^ `` core -- National Geographic Society '' . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Precious Metals Could Be From Meteorites and Asteroids '' . Jump up ^ David . R. Lide , ed. ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 87th ed . ) . pp. j14 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Anneli Aitta ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Iron melting curve with a tricritical point '' . Journal of Statistical Mechanics : Theory and Experiment . iop. 2006 ( 12 ) : 12015 -- 12030 . Bibcode : 2006JSMTE ... 12 ... 015A . arXiv : cond - mat / 0701283 . doi : 10.1088 / 1742 - 5468 / 2006 / 12 / P12015. or see preprints http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0701283 , http://arxiv.org/pdf/0807.0187 . Jump up ^ S. Anzellini ; A. Dewaele ; M. Mezouar ; P. Loubeyre & G. Morard ( 2013 ) . `` Melting of Iron at Earth 's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction '' . Science . AAAS. 340 ( 6136 ) : 464 -- 466 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1233514 . Jump up ^ J.A. Jacobs ( 1953 ) . `` The Earth 's inner core '' . Nature . 172 ( 4372 ) : 297 -- 298 . Bibcode : 1953Natur. 172 ... 297J . doi : 10.1038 / 172297a0 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( 1995 - 04 - 04 ) . `` The Core of the Earth May Be a Gigantic Crystal Made of Iron '' . NY Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robert Sanders ( 1996 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Earth 's inner core not a monolithic iron crystal , say UC Berkeley seismologist '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jephcoat ; Keith Refson ( 2001 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Earth science : Core beliefs '' . Nature . 413 ( 6851 ) : 27 -- 30 . PMID 11544508 . doi : 10.1038 / 35092650 . Jump up ^ Kazuro Hirahara ; Toshiki Ohtaki & Yasuhiro Yoshida ( 1994 ) . `` Seismic structure near the inner core - outer core boundary '' . Geophys . Res . Lett . American Geophysical Union . 51 ( 16 ) : 157 -- 160 . Bibcode : 1994GeoRL ... 21 ... 157K . doi : 10.1029 / 93GL03289 . Jump up ^ Aaurno , J.M. ; Brito , D. ; Olson , P.L. ( 1996 ) . `` Mechanics of inner core super-rotation '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 23 ( 23 ) : 3401 -- 3404 . Bibcode : 1996GeoRL ... 23.3401 A . doi : 10.1029 / 96GL03258 Jump up ^ Xu , Xiaoxia ; Song , Xiaodong ( 2003 ) . `` Evidence for inner core super-rotation from time - dependent differential PKP traveltimes observed at Beijing Seismic Network '' . Geophysical Journal International . 152 ( 3 ) : 509 -- 514 . Bibcode : 2003GeoJI. 152 ... 509X . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2003.01852. x Jump up ^ G Poupinet ; R Pillet ; A Souriau ( 1983 ) . `` Possible heterogeneity of the Earth 's core deduced from PKIKP travel times '' . Nature . 305 : 204 -- 206 . doi : 10.1038 / 305204a0 . Jump up ^ T. Yukutake ( 1998 ) . `` Implausibility of thermal convection in the Earth 's solid inner core '' . Phys . Earth Planet . Inter. 108 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . Bibcode : 1998PEPI ... 108 ... 1Y . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9201 ( 98 ) 00097 - 1 . Jump up ^ S.I. Yoshida ; I. Sumita & M. Kumazawa ( 1996 ) . `` Growth model of the inner core coupled with the outer core dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . 101 : 28085 -- 28103 . Bibcode : 1996JGR ... 10128085Y . doi : 10.1029 / 96JB02700 . Jump up ^ S.I. Karato ( 1999 ) . `` Seismic anisotropy of the Earth 's inner core resulting from flow induced by Maxwell stresses '' . Nature . 402 ( 6764 ) : 871 -- 873 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 402 ... 871K . doi : 10.1038 / 47235 . Jump up ^ Alboussière , T. ; Deguen , R. ; Melzani , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Melting - induced stratification above the Earth 's inner core due to convective translation '' . Nature . 466 ( 7307 ) : 744 -- 747 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 466 ... 744A . PMID 20686572 . arXiv : 1201.1201 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09257 . Jump up ^ `` Figure 1 : East -- west asymmetry in inner - core growth and magnetic field generation . '' from Finlay , Christopher C. ( 2012 ) . `` Core processes : Earth 's eccentric magnetic field '' . Nature Geoscience. 5 : 523 -- 524 . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1516 . Jump up ^ Labrosse , Stéphane ; Poirier , Jean - Paul ; Le Mouël , Jean - Louis ( 2001 - 08 - 15 ) . `` The age of the inner core '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 190 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 111 -- 123 . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 01 ) 00387 - 9 . ( hide ) Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Gutenberg ( mantle -- core ) Lehmann ( core ) Arguments Plate tectonics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inner_core&oldid=805538151 '' Categories : 1936 in science Structure of the Earth Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 01 : 27 . 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List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha

List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha - wikipedia List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Member of Parliament ( India ) . As per the Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) of the Constitution of India , 12 members are nominated by President for term of six years for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . Current nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . No . Name Field Affiliation Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Oct - 2016 03 - Oct - 2022 Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07 - Jun - 2016 03 - May - 2022 Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 5 Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 6 Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 7 Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 8 K.T.S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25 - Feb - 2014 24 - Feb - 2020 9 K. Parasaran Law Nominated 09 - Jun - 2012 28 - Jun - 2018 10 Rekha Art Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 11 Sachin Tendulkar Sport Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 12 Anu Aga Business Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 Complete list of nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . Sr. No . Image Name Tenure -- Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer 1952 -- 1953 Satyendranath Bose 1952 -- 1960 Prithviraj Kapoor 1952 -- 1960 -- Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa 1952 -- 1954 5 -- Kalidas Nag 1952 -- 1954 6 Rukmini Devi Arundale 1952 -- 1962 7 -- N.R. Malkani 1952 -- 1962 8 -- Sahib Singh Sokhey 1952 -- 1956 9 -- Zakir Hussain 1952 -- 1962 10 -- Maithili Sharan Gupt 1952 -- 1964 11 -- Kakasaheb Kalelkar 1952 -- 1964 12 -- Radha Kumud Mukherjee 1952 -- 1958 13 P.V. Kane 1953 -- 1964 14 -- Moturi Satyanarayana 1954 -- 1966 15 -- Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia 1954 -- 1966 16 -- Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar 1956 -- 1968 17 -- Tara Chand 1956 -- 1968 18 -- Ajudhia Nath Khosla 1958 -- 1964 19 -- K.M. Panikkar 1959 -- 1966 20 -- Jairamdas Daulatram 1959 -- 1976 21 -- Mohanlal Saksena 1959 -- 1964 22 -- Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay 1960 -- 1966 23 -- V.T. Krishnamachari 1961 -- 1967 24 -- R.R. Diwakar 1962 -- 1968 25 -- Gopal Singh 1962 -- 1968 26 -- M. Ajmal Khan 1964 -- 1972 27 -- Satyavrata Siddhantalankar 1964 -- 1968 28 Shakuntala Paranjpye 1964 -- 1970 29 -- Badri Nath Prasad 1964 -- 1970 30 -- G. Ramachandran 1964 -- 1970 31 -- M.N. Kaul 1964 -- 1972 32 -- Harivanshrai Bachchan 1966 -- 1972 33 -- Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil 1966 -- 1972 34 -- M.C. Setalvad 1966 -- 1972 35 G. Sankara Kurup 1968 -- 1972 36 Joachim Alva 1968 -- 1974 37 S. Nurul Hasan 1968 -- 1974 38 -- K. Ramiah 1968 -- 1974 39 -- Ganga Sharan Sinha 1968 -- 1974 40 -- Maragatham Chandrasekhar 1970 -- 1988 41 -- Umashankar Joshi 1970 -- 1976 42 -- Rasheeduddin Khan 1970 -- 1982 43 -- Vidya Prakash Dutt 1971 -- 1980 44 -- Abu Abraham 1972 -- 1978 45 -- Pramathanath Bishi 1972 -- 1978 46 -- C.K. Daphtary 1972 -- 1978 47 -- Habib Tanvir 1972 -- 1978 48 -- Krishna Kriplani 1974 -- 1980 49 Lokesh Chandra 1974 -- 1986 50 -- Scato Swu 1974 -- 1986 51 -- B.N. Banerjee 1976 -- 1982 52 -- Malcolm Adiseshiah 1978 -- 1984 53 -- Fathema Ismail 1978 -- 1984 54 -- Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav 1978 -- 1984 55 -- Bhagwati Charan Varma 1978 -- 1984 56 Nargis Dutt 1980 -- 1986 57 Khushwant Singh 1980 -- 1986 58 -- Asima Chatterjee 1982 -- 1990 59 Sivaji Ganesan 1982 -- 1986 60 -- Hayatullah Ansari 1982 -- 1988 61 -- Madan Bhatia 1982 -- 1994 62 -- V.N. Tiwari 1982 -- 1984 63 -- Ghulam Rasool Kar 1984 -- 1987 64 -- Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy 1984 -- 1990 65 -- H.L. Kapur 1985 -- 1988 66 Salim Ali 1985 -- 1988 67 -- Purushottam Kakodkar 1985 -- 1991 68 Ela Bhatt 1986 -- 1988 69 -- Amrita Pritam 1986 -- 1992 70 M.F. Husain 1986 -- 1992 71 R.K. Narayan 1986 -- 1992 72 Ravi Shankar 1986 -- 1992 73 -- Syeda Anwara Taimur 1988 -- 1990 74 -- Sat Paul Mittal 1988 -- 1994 75 -- Bishambhar Nath Pande 1988 -- 1994 76 -- Mohammad Yunus 1989 -- 1995 77 Prakash Ambedkar 1990 -- 1996 78 Jagmohan 1990 -- 1996 79 -- Bhupinder Singh Mann 1990 -- 1996 80 -- Russi Karanjia 1991 -- 1997 81 -- Mahendra Prasad 1993 -- 1994 82 -- M. Aram 1993 -- 1999 83 Vyjayantimala Bali 1993 -- 1999 84 -- B.B. Dutta 1993 -- 1999 85 -- Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani 1993 -- 1999 86 Nirmala Deshpande 1997 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2010 87 Shabana Azmi 1997 -- 2003 88 -- P. Selvie Das 1997 -- 2003 89 -- Kartar Singh Duggal 1997 -- 2003 90 Kuldip Nayyar 1997 -- 2003 91 -- Raja Ramanna 1997 -- 2003 92 C. Narayana Reddy 1997 -- 2003 93 Mrinal Sen 1997 -- 2003 94 -- Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav 1997 -- 2003 95 -- Nanaji Deshmukh 1999 -- 2005 96 Lata Mangeshkar 1999 -- 2005 97 -- Fali Nariman 1999 -- 2005 98 -- Cho Ramaswamy 1999 -- 2005 99 Hema Malini 2003 -- 2009 100 -- Bimal Jalan 2003 -- 2009 101 K. Kasturirangan 2003 -- 2009 102 -- Narayan Singh Manaklao 2003 -- 2009 103 -- Vidya Niwas Misra 2003 -- 2009 104 -- Chandan Mitra 2003 -- 2009 105 Dara Singh 2003 -- 2009 106 Kapila Vatsyayan 2006 -- 2012 107 Ram Jethmalani 2006 -- 2009 108 -- Shobhana Bhartia 2006 -- 2012 109 Shyam Benegal 2006 -- 2012 110 M.S. Swaminathan 2007 -- 2013 111 -- C. Rangarajan 2008 -- 2010 112 -- H.K. Dua 2009 -- 2015 113 -- Ashok Sekhar Ganguly 2009 -- 2015 114 -- Mani Shankar Aiyar 2010 -- 2016 115 Javed Akhtar 2010 -- 2016 116 B. Jayashree 2010 -- 2016 117 Ram Dayal Munda 2010 -- 2011 118 -- Bhalchandra Mungekar 2010 -- 2016 119 -- Mrinal Miri 2012 -- 2016 120 -- Anu Aga 2012 -- 2018 121 -- K. Parasaran 2012 -- 2018 122 Rekha 2012 -- 2018 123 Sachin Tendulkar 2012 -- 2018 124 -- K.T.S. Tulsi 2014 - 2020 125 Subramanian Swamy 2016 - 2022 126 MC Mary Kom 2016 - 2022 127 Narendra Jadhav 2016 - 2022 129 Suresh Gopi 2016 - 2022 130 -- Swapan Dasgupta 2016 - 2022 131 -- Sambhaji Raje 2016 - 2022 132 -- Roopa Ganguly 2016 - 2022 References ( edit ) Nominated Members since 1952 Narender Kumar Current list of Nominated Members Specific Jump up ^ `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise Retirement '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominated_members_of_Rajya_Sabha&oldid=808657810 '' Categories : Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 08 : 08 . 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who was nominated first woman for rajya sabha

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List of Malayalam-language newspapers

List of Malayalam - language newspapers - wikipedia List of Malayalam - language newspapers Rajyasamacharam was the first newspaper in Malayalam . This was started for religious propagation by Hermann Gundert under the Christian missionaries of Basel Mission in June 1847 from Illikkunnu in Thalassery . Pashchimodayam was the second newspaper in Malayalam . It started in October 1847 from Thalasseri . Deepika , the oldest Malayalam newspaper now in circulation , was established in 1887 . Malayala Manorama , Madhyamam , Mathrubhumi , Deshabhimani , Kerala Kaumudi and Janayugom are the other major newspapers in Malayalam . Malayala Manorama holds the record for the largest selling regional language newspaper in India . It is also the 11th most circulating newspaper in the world . Contents 1 List of newspapers ( in circulation ) 2 List of newspapers ( defunct ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List of newspapers ( in circulation ) ( edit ) Name Areas of Publication Established Aksharanadam Kottayam 1995 Chandrika Kannur , Malappuram , Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , kottayam , Kozhikode , Doha , Dubai , Riyadh , Jeddah , Dammam , Bahrain 1934 Deepika Kottayam , Kochi , Kannur , Thrissur , Thiruvananthapuram , Kozhikode 1877 Deshabhimani Kannur , Malappuram , Thiruvananthapuram , Kottayam , Thrissur , Kochi , Kozhikode , Bangalore , Bahrain , Kollam , Palakkad 1942 General Thrissur 1976 Janayugom Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi , Kozhikode , Kannur , Kollam 1953 Janmabhumi Kochi , Kottayam , Kannur , Thrissur , Thiruvananthapuram , Kozhikode 1977 Kerala Kaumudi Thiruvananthapuram , Kollam , Alappuzha , Kottayam , Kochi , Thrissur , Kozhikode , Kannur , Bangalore 1911 Kerala Kaumudi Flash Thiruvananthapuram , Kollam , Alappuzha , Kottayam , Kochi , Thrissur , Kozhikode , Kannur , Malappuram 2006 Madhyamam Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , Kannur , Malappuram , Kottayam , Thrissur , Kozhikode , Bangalore , Mangalore , Mumbai , Bahrain , Dubai , Qatar , Kuwait , Jeddah , Riyadh , Dammam , Abha , Oman Malayala Manorama Kottayam , Kozhikode , Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , Palakkad , Kannur , Kollam , Thrissur , Malappuram , Pathanamthitta , Alappuzha , Chennai , Bangalore , Delhi , Mangalore , Bahrain , Dubai 1888 Mangalam Kottayam , Kozhikode , Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , Thrissur , Idukki , Kannur 1969 Mathrubhumi Kozhikode , Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , Kottayam , Palakkad , Kannur , Kollam , Thrissur , Malappuram , Alappuzha , Chennai , Mumbai , Bangalore , Delhi , Bahrain 1923 Pravasi Express Singapore 2012 Siraj Daily Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi , Kannur , Kozhikode , Bangalore , Dubai , Oman , Qatar 1984 Thejas Kozhikode , Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi , Kannur , Kottayam , Riyadh , Jeddah , Dammam , Doha 2006 List of newspapers ( defunct ) ( edit ) Al - Ameen ( edited and published by Mohammed Abdul Rahiman ; 1929 - 1939 ) Bharath Vilasam Deenabandhu ( edited by V.R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan ; 1941 - 1962 ) Kerala Mithram ( edited by Kandathil Varghese Mappila and published by Devji Bhimji ) Kerala Pathrika ( edited by Chengalathu Kunhirama Menon ; estd. 1885 ) Kerala Sanchari ( edited by Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar and published by the Spectator Press , Calicut ) Kerala Tribune ( edited by Mathews K. Lukose ) Kesari ( edited by Kesari Balakrishna Pillai , otherwise known as Thekkan Kesari ) Malabar Mail ( edited by Fr . Thomas Veluthedathu and M.M. Varkey ; published by Mar Augustine Kandathil ) Mithavadhi ( edited by Moorkkoththu Kumaran and later by C. Krishnan ; 1913 - 1938 ) Pashchimodayam ( Hermann Gundert ; estd. 1847 ) People Tribune ( edited by Mathews K. Lukose ) Powradhwani ( edited by Aniyan Athikayam ; 1932 - 2003 ) Prathibhavam ( edited by Sathish Kalathil ; 2000 ) Rajyasamacharam ( Hermann Gundert ; 1847 - 1850 ) Sahodharan ( edited by Sahodaran Ayyappan ) Swadeshabhimani ( edited by Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai and published by Vakkom Abdul Khadir Moulavi ) See also ( edit ) List of Malayalam - language periodicals List of newspapers in India List of newspapers in the world by circulation References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) List of Malayalam newspapers Top 10 Malayalam newspaper websites Links to Malayalam newspapers and magazines Malayalam journalism Newspapers Chandrika Deepika Deshabhimani General Janayugom Janmabhumi Kerala Kaumudi Madhyamam Malayala Manorama Mangalam Mathrubhumi Pravasi Express Siraj Daily Thejas Periodicals Balabhumi Balamangalam Balarama Bhashaposhini Bobanum Moliyum Chandrika Weekly Chithrabhumi Cinema Mangalam Deshabhimani Weekly Eureka India Today Kalakaumudi Kanyaka Kerala Kaumudi Weekly Keraleeyam Labour India Madhyamam Weekly Mangalam Weekly Manorama Weekly Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly Poompatta Risala Weekly Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika Vanitha Vellinakshatram Radio All India Radio Asianet Radio 657AM Best FM 95 Big FM 92.7 Club FM 94.3 Hit FM 96.7 Oxygen FM 102.4 Radio Asia 1269 AM Radio DC Radio Dum Dum Radio Joy Alukkas Radio Mango 91.9 Radio Me 95.3 FM Radio Mirchi 98.3 Red FM 93.5 TV channels Amrita TV Asianet ACV Asianet Movies Asianet News Athmeeya Yathra DD Malayalam Flowers JaiHind TV Janam TV Jeevan TV Kairali TV Kappa TV Kaumudy TV Manorama News Mathrubhumi News Mazhavil Manorama MediaOne TV News18 Kerala People TV Reporter TV Safari TV Shalom TV Surya Movies Surya TV We TV Yes Indiavision Defunct newspapers Al - Ameen Bharath Vilasam Deenabandhu Kerala Mithram Kerala Pathrika Kerala Sanchari Kerala Tribune Malabar Mail Mithavadhi Pashchimodayam People Tribune Powradhwani Prathibhavam Rajyasamacharam Sahodharan Swadeshabhimani Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malayalam-language_newspapers&oldid=866007637 '' Categories : Malayalam - language newspapers Malayalam - related lists Lists of Indian media Lists of newspapers by language Lists of newspapers in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 17 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

which is the first news paper in malayalam

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It's My Life (Bon Jovi song)

It 's My Life ( Bon Jovi song ) - wikipedia It 's My Life ( Bon Jovi song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` It 's My Life '' Single by Bon Jovi from the album Crush Released May 23 , 2000 Format CD single Recorded 2000 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 44 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Max Martin Producer ( s ) Luke Ebbin Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Bon Jovi singles chronology `` Real Life '' ( 1999 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 2000 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 2000 ) `` Real Life '' ( 1999 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 2000 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 2000 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` It 's My Life '' ( official ) on YouTube Alternative cover `` It 's My Life '' is Bon Jovi 's first single from the album Crush . It was released on May 23 , 2000 . It was written by Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora , and Max Martin . The song charted in the top 10 across several countries ( although it only reached number 33 in the US ) . Though the band had moved away from the glam - oriented sound with 1992 's Keep the Faith , it has the distinction of making Bon Jovi one of the only bands once classified as 1980s glam metal to reach the top 40 in the 2000s , a testament to how the song managed to introduce the band to a new , younger fanbase . The song is arguably their most well known post-1980s hit single and it has been performed live at almost all shows since its release . This song appeared on Mitsubishi Motors promotional video in 2001 - 2004 Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Response from fans 3 Music video 4 Track listings and versions 5 Official versions and remixes 5.1 Acoustic version 6 Awards 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Annual charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 All - time charts 7.5 Certifications 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The song has many classic Bon Jovi features , such as Sambora 's use of the talk box , and a line in the second verse `` For Tommy and Gina , who never backed down '' refers to Tommy and Gina , a fictional working class couple that Bon Jovi and Sambora first wrote about in their 1986 hit `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' . `` It 's My Life '' is also notable for its line referencing fellow New Jerseyan Frank Sinatra : `` My heart is like an open highway / Like Frankie said / I did it ' My Way ' . '' Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora apparently had a disagreement over those lines , with Bon Jovi recalling : I had just come home from making U-571 and I said `` Sinatra made 16 movies and toured ' til he was 80 . This is my role model '' . He ( Sambora ) said , `` You ca n't write that damn lyric . Nobody cares about Frank Sinatra but you . '' And I wrote it anyway . Response from fans ( edit ) `` Nobody had anticipated the song ' It 's My Life ' , '' noted Jon Bon Jovi in 2007 . `` Except us . We knew we had a hit . '' The song became an anthem that appealed to many fans . As Bon Jovi later stated : : `` I thought I was writing very self - indulgently about my own life and where I was in it . I did n't realize that the phrase ' It 's My Life ' would be taken as being about everyone -- by teenagers , by older guys , mechanics , whatever . ' It 's my life , and I 'm taking control . ' Everyone kind of feels that way from time to time . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Wayne Isham . Will Estes ( as Tommy ) and Shiri Appleby ( as Gina ) are the two main characters . At the beginning , Tommy is watching a video of a Bon Jovi concert on his computer when he is ordered by his mother to take out the trash . Suddenly , Gina calls , and Tommy starts running down to his apartment and obediently takes out the trash . He then runs through the streets of Los Angeles up to the concert , getting chased by dogs , running a marathon , posing for pictures , and jackknifing a truck . The video was inspired by the film , Run Lola Run . Jon Bon Jovi met Will Estes on the set of U-571 and chose him to be in the video . The music video features the 2nd Street Tunnel as one of the main settings . It is the most viewed video for Bon Jovi , with over 530 million views as of January 2018 . Track listings and versions ( edit ) Major formats released for `` It 's My Life '' : German CD Single Pt. 1 ( 562754 ) ( Released : May 23 , 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Main version ) -- 3 : 46 `` Hush '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` You Ca n't Lose at Love '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 44 `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Recorded live at the Sanctuary II , New Jersey Web Concert on February 10 , 1999 . Directed by Tony Bongiovi . UK CD Single Pt. 1 ( 562752 ) ( Released : 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Main version ) -- 3 : 46 `` Hush '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` You Ca n't Lose at Love '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 44 Includes Poster . Australian CD Single ( 562756 ) ( Released : May 23 , 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Main version ) -- 3 : 46 `` Hush '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` You Ca n't Lose at Love '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 44 `` I Do n't Want to Live Forever '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 27 `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Recorded live at the Sanctuary II , New Jersey Web Concert on February 10 , 2000 . Directed by Tony Bongiovi . German CD Single Pt. 2 ( 562755 ) ( Released : May 23 , 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Dave Bascombe Mix ) -- 3 : 44 `` Temptation '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` I Do n't Want to Live Forever '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 27 `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Recorded live at the Sanctuary II , New Jersey Web Concert on February 10 , 2000 . UK CD Single Pt. 2 ( 562768 ) ( Released : 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Dave Bascombe Mix ) -- 3 : 44 `` Temptation '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` I Do n't Want to Live Forever '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 27 `` It 's My Life '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Dutch CD Single ( 9815274 ) ( Released : January 26 , 2004 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Acoustic version ) -- 3 : 41 `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 42 `` Joey '' ( Live version ) -- 5 : 03 Recorded live on January 19 , 2003 in Yokohama Arena , Japan . 4 . `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Official versions and remixes ( edit ) The following versions and remixes were commercially released . Main version -- 3 : 46 Acoustic version -- 3 : 41 Dave Bascombe Mix -- 3 : 44 Acoustic version ( edit ) A much slower , acoustic ballad version of the song is featured on Bon Jovi 's 2003 album This Left Feels Right , a collection of their greatest hits that were adapted into new formats . This version was also released as a single . Awards ( edit ) Won : `` Video of the Year '' at the VH1 My Music Awards Chosen as one of the greatest songs of the year at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards Nominated : `` Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal '' at the 43rd Grammy Awards , but lost to U2 's `` Beautiful Day '' Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 01 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 54 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 17 European Hot 100 Singles Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 33 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 40 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 Annual charts ( edit ) Country Position Weeks on chart Australia 24 16 Austria 34 Belgium ( Flanders ) 8 21 Belgium ( Wallonia ) 19 19 France 29 38 Germany 5 31 Sweden 5 21 Switzerland 33 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Year ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position German Singles Chart 53 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australia ( ARIA ) 743 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 381 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/readers-poll-10-best-bon-jovi-songs-w448920/its-my-life-w448926 Jump up ^ `` AllMusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) Billboard singles '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Jon Bon Jovi recalls `` It 's My Life '' `` . The Rock Radio . October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Blake , Mark ( August 2007 ) . `` My brilliant career : Jon Bon Jovi '' . Q # 253 . p. 68 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Popularity Soars in Germany '' . Deutsche Welle . October 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alex Gernandt : Bon Jovi , 2 . edition , Goldmann , München 2001 , ISBN 3 - 442 - 42851 - 3 , p 261 Jump up ^ `` Creed , Hill Lead My VH1 Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard magazine ( 2000 ) . `` Billboard charts '' . All Music Guide . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( July 10 , 2000 ) . `` Corrs Bump Eminem From Top Of U.K. Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi : It 's My Life '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 25 , 2000 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World - Spain '' . Billboard : 67 . July 15 , 2000 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian year - end chart '' . ARIA. 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hit Parade ( 2000 ) . `` International charts '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Austrian Charts ( 2000 ) . `` Austrian Annual Chart '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ultra Top ( 2000 ) . `` Flemish Annual Chart '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ultra Top ( 2000 ) . `` Walloon Annual Chart '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique ( 2000 ) . `` French Annual Chart '' . Disque En France . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Universität Würzburg ( 2000 ) . `` German Annual Chart '' . ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mariah - Charts ( 2000 ) . `` Weekly Charts '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sverigetopplistan ( 2000 ) . `` Swedish charts '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hit Parade ( 2000 ) . `` Swiss Annual Chart '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Die ultimative Chart Show Hits des neuen Jahrtausends Download '' . RTL.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ewige Bestenliste - Singles '' . Hitparade ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Enter Bon Jovi in the field Interpret . Enter It 's My Life in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2000 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications - Bon Jovi - 2000 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bon Jovi ; ' It 's My Life ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - Jaargang nummer 32 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi - It 's My Life '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bon Jovi ; ' It 's My Life ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Enter It 's My Life in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Bon Jovi -- Official Website . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears `` Vamos a Bailar ( Esta Vida Nueva ) '' by Paola & Chiara Italian FIMI Singles Chart number - one single May 18 , 2000 - June 15 , 2000 June 22 , 2000 - July 6 , 2000 Succeeded by `` Vamos a Bailar ( Esta Vida Nueva ) '' by Paola & Chiara Preceded by `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears Dutch Singles Chart number - one single May 20 , 2000 - June 10 , 2000 Succeeded by `` Jij bent de zon '' by Jop Swiss Singles Chart number - one single May 28 , 2000 - June 4 , 2000 Succeeded by `` Freestyler '' by Bomfunk MC 's Preceded by `` Ich vermiss ' dich ... ( wie die Hölle ) '' by Zlatko Austrian Singles Chart number - one single June 4 , 2000 - June 18 , 2000 Preceded by `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears Eurochart Hot 100 Singles number - one single June 24 , 2000 - July 22 , 2000 Succeeded by `` The Real Slim Shady '' by Eminem Preceded by `` Freestyler '' by Bomfunk MC 's Belgium ( Flemish ) Singles Chart number - one single June 24 , 2000 - July 22 , 2000 Succeeded by `` They Stood Up for Love '' by Live Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Box sets 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Tony Bongiovi Bruce Fairbairn Desmond Child Bob Rock Peter Collins Aldo Nova Luke Ebbin Billy Falcon Andreas Carlsson Patrick Leonard John Shanks Rick Parashar Dann Huff Bobby Bandiera Jeff Kazee Lorenza Ponce Matt O'Ree Everett Bradley Book Bon Jovi singles discography Bon Jovi `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Breakout '' ( promo single ) 7800 ° Fahrenheit `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` The Price of Love '' ( Japan only ) Slippery When Wet `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' New Jersey `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' Keep the Faith `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' Cross Road `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' These Days `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' Crush `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You For Loving Me '' `` Save the World '' ( promo single ) One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 `` One Wild Night ( 2001 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( Live ) '' Bounce `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) This Left Feels Right `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong `` The Radio Saved My Life Tonight '' ( Japan only ) Have a Nice Day `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` I Want to Be Loved '' ( promo single ) Lost Highway `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' The Circle `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` Work for the Working Man '' ( promo single ) Greatest Hits `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) What About Now `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' Burning Bridges `` We Do n't Run '' `` Saturday Night Gave Me Sunday Morning '' This House Is Not for Sale `` This House Is Not for Sale '' `` Knockout '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Born Again Tomorrow '' `` Roller Coaster '' Other singles `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' ( Disorderlies soundtrack ) `` Good Guys Do n't Always Wear White '' ( `` The Cowboy Way '' soundtrack ) `` Wedding Day '' ( promo single ) `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Real Life '' ( EDtv soundtrack ) Book : Bon Jovi Category : Bon Jovi Portal : Rock music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_My_Life_(Bon_Jovi_song)&oldid=825130055 '' Categories : Bon Jovi songs 2000 singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi Songs written by Max Martin Songs written by Richie Sambora 2000 songs Island Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 17 : 41 . 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Omnivore

Omnivore - wikipedia Omnivore Jump to : navigation , search Examples of omnivores . From left to right : Humans , dogs , pigs , walking catfish , American crow , gravel ant . Omnivore / ˈɒmnivɔːr / is a consumption classification for animals that have the capability to obtain chemical energy and nutrients from materials originating from plant and animal origin . Often , omnivores also have the ability to incorporate food sources such as algae , fungi , and bacteria into their diet as well . Omnivores come from diverse backgrounds that often independently evolved sophisticated consumption capabilities . For instance , dogs evolved from primarily carnivorous organisms ( Carnivora ) while pigs evolved from primarily herbivorous organisms ( Artiodactyla ) . What this means is that physical characteristics are often not reliable indicators of whether an animal has the ability to obtain energy and nutrients from both plant and animal matter . Owing to the wide range of entirely unrelated organisms independently evolving the capability to obtain energy and nutrients from both plant and animal materials , no generalizations about the anatomical features of all omnivores can realistically be made . The variety of different animals that are classified as omnivores can be placed into further categories depending on their feeding behaviors . Frugivores include maned wolves and orangutans ; insectivores include swallows and pink fairy armadillos ; granivores include large ground finches and humans . ( This is due to the average human diet mainly consisting of grains , with rice , maize and wheat comprising two - thirds of human food consumption ) . All of these animals are omnivores , yet still fall into special niches in terms of feeding behavior and preferred foods . Being omnivores gives these animals more food security in stressful times or makes possible living in less consistent environments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and definitions 1.1 Classification , contradictions and difficulties 2 Omnivorous species 2.1 General 2.2 Omnivorous mammals 2.3 Other species 3 See also 4 References Etymology and definitions ( edit ) The word omnivore derives from the Latin omnis ( all ) , and vora , from vorare , ( to eat or devour ) , having been coined by the French and later adopted by the English in the 1800s . Traditionally the definition for omnivory was entirely behavioral by means of simply `` including both animal and vegetable tissue in the diet . '' In more recent times , with the advent of advanced technological capabilities in fields like gastroenterology , biologists have formulated a standardized variation of omnivore used for labeling a species ' actual ability to obtain energy and nutrients from materials . This has subsequently conditioned two context specific definitions . Behavioral : This definition is used to specify if a species or individual is actively consuming both plant and animal materials . ( e.g. `` vegans do not participate in the omnivore based diet . '' ) Physiological : This definition is often used in academia to specify species that have the capability to obtain energy and nutrients from both plant and animal matter . ( e.g. `` humans are omnivores due to their capability to obtain energy and nutrients from both plant and animal materials . '' ) The taxonomic utility of omnivore 's traditional and behavioral definition is limited , since the diet , behavior , and phylogeny of one omnivorous species might be very different from that of another : for instance , an omnivorous pig digging for roots and scavenging for fruit and carrion is taxonomically and ecologically quite distinct from an omnivorous chameleon that eats leaves and insects . The term `` omnivory '' is also not always comprehensive because it does not deal with mineral foods such as salt licks and the consumption of plant and animal material for medical purposes which would not otherwise be consumed ( i.e. zoopharmacognosy ) within non-omnivores . Classification , contradictions and difficulties ( edit ) Though Carnivora is a taxon for species classification , no such equivalent exists for omnivores , as omnivores are widespread across multiple taxonomic clades . The Carnivora order does not include all carnivorous species , and not all species within the Carnivora taxon are carnivorous . It is common to find physiological carnivores consuming materials from plants or physiological herbivores consuming material from animals , e.g. felines eating grass and deer eating birds . From a behavioral aspect , this would make them omnivores , but from the physiological standpoint , this may be due to zoopharmacognosy . Physiologically , animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous . Thus , such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification . For instance , it is well documented that animals such as giraffes , camels , and cattle will gnaw on bones , preferably dry bones , for particular minerals and nutrients . Felines , which are usually regarded as obligate carnivores , occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestibles ( e.g. hair , bones ) , aid with hemoglobin production , and as a laxative . Occasionally , it is found that animals historically classified as carnivorous may deliberately eat plant material . For example , in 2013 , it was considered that American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis ) may be physiologically omnivorous once investigations had been conducted on why they occasionally eat fruits . It was suggested that alligators probably ate fruits both accidentally but also deliberately . `` Life - history omnivores '' is a specialized classification given to organisms that change their eating habits during their life cycle . Some species , such as grazing waterfowl like geese , are known to eat mainly animal tissue at one stage of their lives , but plant matter at another . The same is true for many insects , such as beetles in the family Meloidae , which begin by eating animal tissue as larvae , but change to eating plant matter after they mature . Likewise , many mosquito species in early life eat plants or assorted detritus , but as they mature , males continue to eat plant matter and nectar whereas the females ( such as those of Anopheles , Aedes and Culex ) also eat blood to reproduce effectively . Omnivorous species ( edit ) General ( edit ) Although cases exist of carnivores eating plant matter and herbivores eating meat , the classification `` omnivore '' refers to the adaptations and main food source of the species in general , so these exceptions do not make either individual animals or the species as a whole omnivorous . For the concept of `` omnivore '' to be regarded as a scientific classification , some clear set of measurable and relevant criteria would need to be considered to differentiate between an `` omnivore '' and other categories , e.g. faunivore , folivore , and scavenger . Some researchers argue that evolution of any species from herbivory to carnivory or carnivory to herbivory would be rare except via an intermediate stage of omnivory . Omnivorous mammals ( edit ) Various mammals are omnivorous in the wild , such as species of pigs , badgers , bears , coatis , civets , hedgehogs , opossums , skunks , sloths , squirrels , raccoons , chipmunks , mice , and rats . Hominidae , including humans and chimpanzees , are also omnivores . Most bear species are omnivores Most bear species are omnivores , but individual diets can range from almost exclusively herbivorous to almost exclusively carnivorous , depending on what food sources are available locally and seasonally . Polar bears are classified as carnivores , both taxonomically ( they are in the order Carnivora ) , and behaviorally ( they subsist on a largely carnivorous diet ) . Depending on the species of bear , there is generally a preference for one class of food , as plants and animals are digested differently . Wolf subspecies ( including wolves , dogs , dingoes , and coyotes ) have a general preference and are evolutionarily geared towards meat , but also will voluntarily eat plant material like fruits , vegetables , and grasses , and can live on such indefinitely . Also , the maned wolf is a canid whose diet is naturally 50 % plant matter . While most mammals may display `` omnivorous '' behavior patterns depending on conditions of supply , culture , season and so on , they will generally prefer a particular class of food , to which their digestive processes are adapted . Like most arboreal species , most squirrels are primarily granivores , subsisting on nuts and seeds . But like virtually all mammals , squirrels avidly consume some animal food when it becomes available . For example , the American eastern gray squirrel has been introduced by humans to parts of Britain , continental Europe and South Africa . Where it flourishes , its effect on populations of nesting birds is often serious , largely because of consumption of eggs and nestlings . Other species ( edit ) Various birds are omnivorous , with diets varying from berries and nectar to insects , worms , fish , and small rodents . Examples include cassowaries , chickens , crows and related corvids , keas , rallidae , and rheas . In addition , some lizards , turtles , fish ( such as piranhas and catfish ) , and invertebrates are also omnivorous . Quite often , mainly herbivorous creatures will eagerly eat small quantities of animal food when it becomes available . Although this is trivial most of the time , omnivorous or herbivorous birds , such as sparrows , often will feed their chicks insects while food is most needed for growth . On close inspection it appears that nectar - feeding birds such as sunbirds rely on the ants and other insects that they find in flowers , not for a richer supply of protein , but for essential nutrients such as cyanocobalamin that are absent from nectar . Similarly , monkeys of many species eat maggoty fruit , sometimes in clear preference to sound fruit . When to refer to such animals as omnivorous , or otherwise , is a question of context and emphasis , rather than of definition . See also ( edit ) Consumer - resource systems Evolution ( biology ) Food chain Food energy Ingestion Mesocarnivore Productivity ( ecology ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beasley , DeAnna ; Koltz , Amanda ; Lambert , Joanna ; Fierer , Noah ; Dunn , Rob ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` The Evolution of Stomach Acidity and Its Relevance to the Human Microbiome '' . PLOS ONE . pp. e0134116 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0134116 . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Dewey , T. & Bhagat , S. ( 2002 ) . `` Canis lupus familiaris '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Alina ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Reference : Omnivores : Facts About Flexible Eaters '' . Livescience . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omnivore '' . National Geographic Education . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McArdle , John . `` Humans are Omnivores '' . Vegetarian Resource Group . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why Your Dog 's Pedigree Goes Back 40 Million Years '' . About.com Education . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Evolutionary History of Pigs -- Domesticating Wilbur '' . blogs.lt.vt.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Order Cetartiodactyla - Even - toed ungulates ( and whales ) '' . www.ultimateungulate.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` omnivore biology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Motta - Junior , J.C. ; Talamoni , S.A. ; Lombardi , J.A. ; Simokomaki , K. ( 1996 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Diet of the maned wolf , Chrysocyon brachyurus , in central Brazil '' . Journal of Zoology. 240 ( 2 ) : 277 -- 284 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1996. tb05284. x . ISSN 1469 - 7998 . Jump up ^ Galdikas , Biruté M.F. ( 1988 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Orangutan diet , range , and activity at Tanjung Puting , Central Borneo '' . International Journal of Primatology. 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 35 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02740195 . ISSN 0164 - 0291 . Jump up ^ McCarty , John P. ; Winkler , David W. ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Foraging Ecology and Diet Selectivity of Tree Swallows Feeding Nestlings '' . The Condor. 101 ( 2 ) : 246 -- 254 . doi : 10.2307 / 1369987 . JSTOR 1369987 . Jump up ^ Superina , Mariella ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Husbandry of a pink fairy armadillo ( Chlamyphorus truncatus ) : case study of a cryptic and little known species in captivity '' . Zoo Biology . 30 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 231 . doi : 10.1002 / zoo. 20334 . ISSN 1098 - 2361 . Jump up ^ `` Dimensions of need - Contents '' . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` For Most Of Human History , Being An Omnivore Was No Dilemma '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` omnivore : definition of omnivore in Oxford dictionary ( American English ) ( US ) '' . www.oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Collocott , T.C. ( ed . ) ( 1974 ) . Chambers Dictionary of science and technology . Edinburgh : W. and R. Chambers . ISBN 0 - 550 - 13202 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Omnivore - Biology - Online Dictionary '' . www.biology-online.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` omnivore - definition of omnivore in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . www.oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of OMNIVORE '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` omnivore Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary '' . dictionary.cambridge.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Clarys , Peter ; Deliens , Tom ; Huybrechts , Inge ; Deriemaeker , Peter ; Vanaelst , Barbara ; De Keyzer , Willem ; Hebbelinck , Marcel ; Mullie , Patrick ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan , Vegetarian , Semi-Vegetarian , Pesco - Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet '' . Nutrients. 6 ( 3 ) : 1318 -- 1332 . doi : 10.3390 / nu6031318 . ISSN 2072 - 6643 . PMC 3967195 . PMID 24667136 . Jump up ^ `` Animals : Carnivore , Herbivore or Omnivore ? '' . science made simple . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Reece , Jane ( November 10 , 2013 ) . Campbell Biology ( 10th Edition ) . Boston : Pearson . pp. Chapter 55 . ISBN 978 - 0321775658 . Jump up ^ Ewer , R.F. ( 1973 ) . The Carnivores . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 99564 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Why Dogs Eat Grass ~ Dr. Richard Orzeck '' . www.worldsvet.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` White - tailed deer shown to raid nests , eat eggs and baby birds , USGS reports '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hutson , Jarod M. ; Burke , Chrissina C. ; Haynes , Gary ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Osteophagia and bone modifications by giraffe and other large ungulates '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 40 ( 12 ) : 4139 -- 4149 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2013.06. 004 . Jump up ^ petMD . `` Why do cats eat grass ? '' . petMD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Platt , S.G. ; Elsey , R.M. ; Liu , H. ; Rainwater , T.R. ; Nifong , J.C. ; Rosenblatt , A.E. ; Heithaus , M.R. ; Mazzotti , F.J. ( 2013 ) . `` Frugivory and seed dispersal by crocodilians : an overlooked form of saurochory ? '' . Journal of Zoology. 291 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 99 . doi : 10.1111 / jzo. 12052 . ISSN 1469 - 7998 . Jump up ^ `` Omnivore '' . www.eoearth.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Gordon Lindsay ( 1993 ) . Roberts ' Birds of Southern Africa . Publisher : New Holland . ISBN 978 - 0620175838 . Jump up ^ Skaife , S.H. ( 1953 ) . African Insect Life . Pub . Longmans , Green & Co. , London . Jump up ^ `` Anopheles Male Vs. Female '' . animals.mom.me . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michael S. ; Bernays , Elizabeth A. ( 2003 ) . `` Understanding Omnivory Needs : A Behavioral Perspective '' . Ecology. 84 ( 10 ) : 2532 -- 2537 . doi : 10.1890 / 02 - 0397 . Jump up ^ `` Omnivores ' ancestors primarily ate plants , or animals , but not both '' . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Brent Huffman . `` Family Suidae ( Pigs ) '' . UltimateUngulate.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Squirrels '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Chipmunk '' . Wonder Club . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Mouse '' . United States Fauna . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Rat '' . Science Daily . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Robert E.C. Wildman , Denis M. Medeiros ( 2000 ) . Advanced Human Nutrition . CRC Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0849385660 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert Mari Womack ( 2010 ) . The Anthropology of Health and Healing . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 243 . ISBN 0759110441 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Food and Diet '' . bearsmart.com . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Wolves '' . Wolf Park . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Halle , S. & Stenseth , N. ( 2000 ) . Activity patterns in small mammals : an ecological approach . Berlin ; Heidelberg , Germany ; New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Annex : Towards a Forestry Commission England Grey Squirrel Policy ( PDF ) , UK : Forestry Commission , 22 Jan 2006 , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Moller , H. ( 1983 ) . `` Food and foraging behaviour of red ( Scirus vulgaris ) and grey ( Scirus carolinensis ) squirrels '' . Mammal Review 13 : 81 - 98 . Jump up ^ Seattle Audubon Society . `` Family Corvidae ( Crows / Ravens ) '' . BirdWeb.org . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Capinera , John ( 2010 ) . Insects and Wildlife . Publisher : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3300 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Jack ( 2005 ) . Monkeys Are Made of Chocolate . Publisher : Pixyjack Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9658098 - 1 - 8 . Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - 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an animal that eat both plants and animals

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Christopher Robin (film)

Christopher Robin ( film ) - wikipedia Christopher Robin ( film ) This article is about the 2018 film . For the 2017 film starring Domhnall Gleeson , see Goodbye Christopher Robin . Christopher Robin Theatrical release poster Directed by Marc Forster Produced by Brigham Taylor Kristin Burr Screenplay by Alex Ross Perry Tom McCarthy Allison Schroeder Story by Greg Brooker Mark Steven Johnson Based on Characters from : Disney 's Winnie the Pooh Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne E.H. Shepard Starring Ewan McGregor Hayley Atwell Jim Cummings Brad Garrett Music by Geoff Zanelli Jon Brion Cinematography Matthias Koenigswieser Edited by Matt Chessé Production company Walt Disney Pictures 2DUX2 Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) ( Burbank ) August 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70 - $75 million Box office $115.6 million Christopher Robin is a 2018 American fantasy comedy - drama film directed by Marc Forster and written by Alex Ross Perry , Tom McCarthy and Allison Schroeder , from a story by Greg Brooker and Mark Steven Johnson . The film is inspired by A.A. Milne and E.H. Shepard 's book Winnie - the - Pooh and is a live - action / CGI extension of the Disney franchise of the same name . The film stars Ewan McGregor as the titular character alongside Hayley Atwell , as well as the voices of Jim Cummings and Brad Garrett . The plot follows Christopher Robin as he has grown up and lost his sense of imagination , only to be reunited with his old stuffed bear friend , Winnie - the - Pooh . Plans of a live - action Winnie the Pooh adaptation were announced in April 2015 , and Forster was confirmed as director in November 2016 . McGregor signed on as Christopher Robin in April 2017 and principal photography began in August of that year in the United Kingdom , lasting until November . Christopher Robin had its premiere in Burbank , California on July 30 , 2018 . Released in the United States on August 3 , 2018 , by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , the film has grossed over $115 million worldwide and received mostly positive reviews from critics . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Visual effects 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Christopher Robin is leaving for boarding school , so his friends from the Hundred Acre Wood -- Winnie the Pooh , Tigger , Piglet , Eeyore , Kanga , Roo , Owl , and Rabbit -- throw a goodbye party . Christopher comforts Pooh and tells him that he will never forget him . Christopher goes to boarding school , after which he grows up , meets and marries architect Evelyn , with whom he has daughter Madeline . He serves in the British Army during World War II . After the war , he works as an efficiency expert at Winslow Luggages . He neglects his family due to his demanding job and plans on sending Madeline to boarding school . With the company hitting hard times , Giles Winslow Jr. tells Christopher to decrease expenditures by 20 % , largely by choosing which employees to lay off , and to present his plan on Monday . This causes Christopher to reluctantly miss joining his family at their countryside cottage in Sussex for a summer - ending weekend . When Pooh awakens and is unable to find his friends , he decides to travel through Christopher 's door and finds himself in London . He reunites with Christopher , who is shocked to see Pooh , but takes him back to his London home . After a night and morning of chaos ( including Pooh knocking down all of his kitchen shelves in search of honey ) , Christopher escorts the bear back to Sussex on the next train . After sneaking past Christopher 's cottage , the two enter the Hundred Acre Wood . Christopher becomes exasperated by Pooh 's absent - mindedness and fear of Heffalumps and Woozles . Christopher angrily tells Pooh that he is not a child anymore , before the two get separated in the fog . Christopher discovers Eeyore and Piglet , who lead him to the others , hiding in a log out of fear of a Heffalump . Unable to persuade his friends that he is truly Christopher Robin , he pretends to defeat a Heffalump to convince them . Finally believing that it is Christopher Robin , they joyfully greet him . When they reunite with Pooh at their meeting spot , Christopher apologizes for getting upset earlier . Christopher tells Pooh how lost he feels , but Pooh reminds him that they have found each other and comforts him with a hug . The next morning , Christopher , realising how late he is , rushes from the Hundred Acre Wood to make his presentation . He encounters his family and , unable to tell them about his old friends in the Hundred Acre Wood , leaves . Pooh realizes that Tigger removed Christopher 's paperwork when drying his briefcase , so Pooh , Tigger , Piglet and Eeyore decide to travel to London to give it back . They meet Madeline , who recognizes them from her father 's drawings . She joins them , wanting to dissuade her father about boarding school ; Evelyn follows after discovering a note Madeline left . At the meeting , Christopher discovers that his briefcase contains items from the woods that Tigger left for him . Evelyn arrives and Christopher joins her to search London for Madeline . Madeline 's group stow away in Winslow company crates , but Tigger , Eeyore and Piglet are accidentally thrown out , and they encounter Christopher and Evelyn in the process . Madeline and Pooh arrive near the Winslow building and reunite with Christopher 's group , but Madeline accidentally trips on the stairs and loses all but one of the papers , upsetting her and Pooh . Christopher assures Madeline of her importance to him and that he will not send her to boarding school . Christopher improvises a plan involving reducing the prices of luggage , giving employees paid leave , and selling their luggage to everyday people to increase demand . Winslow Jr. , who instead proposed firing some of the staff , dismisses the idea ; Winslow Sr. warms to it and agrees to the plan . Winslow Jr. is humiliated as Christopher points out that he contributed nothing to the plan , having been golfing all weekend . Christopher finally takes his family into the Hundred Acre Wood to meet the rest of his friends . In a mid-credits scene , the employees of Winslow 's are seen having fun at the beach while Richard M. Sherman performs `` Busy Doing Nothing '' on a piano . Pooh , Piglet , Eeyore and Tigger are relaxing on beach chairs with Eeyore saying `` Thank you for noticing me '' . Cast ( edit ) Ewan McGregor as Christopher Robin , a businessman working as a efficiency expert at Winslow Luggages who was once an imaginative boy . Orton O'Brien as young Christopher Robin Hayley Atwell as Evelyn Robin , Christopher 's wife who works as an architect . Bronte Carmichael as Madeline Robin , Christopher 's daughter . Elsa Minell Solak portrays a 3 - year old Madeline Mark Gatiss as Giles Winslow Jr. , Christopher 's boss at Winslow Luggages . Oliver Ford Davies as Old Man Winslow , the father of Giles Winslow Jr . Ronke Adekoluejo as Katherine Dane Adrian Scarborough as Hal Gallsworthy Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Ralph Butterworth Ken Nwosu as Paul Hastings John Dagleish as Matthew Leadbetter Amanda Lawrence as Joan MacMillan Katy Carmichael as Christopher Robin 's Mother Tristan Sturrock as Christopher Robin 's Father Paul Chahidi as Cecil Hungerford Matt Berry as Policeman Bobby Simon Farnaby as Taxi Driver Mackenzie Crook as Newspaper Seller Voices ( edit ) Jim Cummings as Winnie the Pooh , a honey - loving plush toy bear who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood . Tigger , a toy tiger who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood who loves to bounce on his tail like a spring . Brad Garrett as Eeyore , a toy donkey in the Hundred Acre Wood who always loses his tail and talks with a deep depressing voice and tone . Nick Mohammed as Piglet , a diminutive toy pig in the Hundred Acre Wood who is afraid of everything but has a big heart . Peter Capaldi as Rabbit , a rabbit who is a neat freak and a vegetable farmer in the Hundred Acre Wood . Sophie Okonedo as Kanga , a toy kangaroo in the Hundred Acre Wood who is the mother of Roo . Sara Sheen as Roo , a toy joey in the Hundred Acre Wood who is the child of Kanga . Toby Jones as Owl , the wise owl of the Hundred Acre Wood . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On April 2 , 2015 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action adaptation based on the characters from the Winnie the Pooh franchise was in development which would take a similar pattern to 2010 's Alice in Wonderland , 2014 's Maleficent , and 2015 's Cinderella . Alex Ross Perry was hired to write the script and Brigham Taylor hired to produce the film , about an adult Christopher Robin returning to the Hundred Acre Wood to spend time with Pooh and the gang . On November 18 , 2016 , it was reported that the studio had hired Marc Forster to direct the film , titled Christopher Robin , and the project would have `` strong elements of magical realism as it seeks to tell an emotional journey with heartwarming adventure . '' On March 1 , 2017 , Tom McCarthy was hired to rewrite the existing screenplay . Casting ( edit ) On April 26 , 2017 , Ewan McGregor was announced to play the title character while Allison Schroeder was recruited to do additional work on the script . On June 22 , 2017 , it was revealed that Gemma Arterton had been in negotiations to portray the wife of the title character but , ultimately , she passed on the role . In August and September 2017 , Hayley Atwell and Mark Gatiss were cast as Evelyn , Christopher Robin 's wife and Giles Winslow , Christopher Robin 's boss , while Brad Garrett and Nick Mohammed were cast as Eeyore and Piglet with Jim Cummings reprising his roles as both Winnie the Pooh and Tigger . In January 2018 , Peter Capaldi , Sophie Okonedo and Toby Jones were cast as Rabbit , Kanga and Owl respectively . Chris O'Dowd was originally announced as the voice of Tigger , but later stepped down from the role after audiences in test screenings reacted negatively towards how he voiced the character and was replaced by Cummings . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began in early August 2017 , in the United Kingdom , and concluded on November 4 , 2017 . Much of the filming of the Hundred Acre Wood scenes took place at Ashdown Forest , which was the original inspiration for the setting , as well as Windsor Great Park . Music ( edit ) Jóhann Jóhannsson was hired to score the film , shortly before his death on February 9 , 2018 . The film is dedicated to his memory . Klaus Badelt was announced as taking over composing duties for Jóhannsson , but the score was ultimately written by Geoff Zanelli and Jon Brion . At an Academy event , songwriter and Disney Legend Richard Sherman revealed that the film would feature the iconic `` Winnie the Pooh '' theme , and that he was working on three new songs for the film , titled `` Goodbye Farewell '' , `` Busy Doing Nothing '' and `` Christopher Robin '' , with the first one being performed by the voice cast , and the last two by Sherman . `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' and `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' are also included in the film . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects studios Framestore and Method Studios , are leading the animation for the Hundred Acre Wood characters , with Overall Vfx Supervisor Chris Lawrence and Animation Supervisor Michael Eames leading the teams . Release ( edit ) Christopher Robin premiered in Burbank , California on July 30 , 2018 , and was released on August 3 , 2018 by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film was denied release in China , as some have speculated it was due to Chinese netizens have drawn comparisons between Winnie the Pooh and Chinese leader Xi Jinping since mid 2017 . Other industry insider speculates it was likely due to other reasons such as the film 's size and the presence of other Hollywood films in the market . Marketing ( edit ) The first teaser poster of the film was released on March 5 , 2018 , and the first teaser trailer was unveiled the following day . On May 24 , 2018 , it was announced that the full trailer would premiere the following day during McGregor 's appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of August 28 , 2018 , Christopher Robin has grossed $79.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $36.4 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $115.6 million . In the United States and Canada , Christopher Robin was released alongside The Spy Who Dumped Me , The Darkest Minds , and Death of a Nation : Can We Save America a Second Time ? . The film made $9.5 million on its first day , including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $24.6 million , finishing second at the box office behind holdover Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . The film fell 47 % to $13 million in its second weekend , finishing third behind The Meg and Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend , the film declined 31 % to $8.9 million , finishing in sixth place . The movie retained its sixth place position during its fourth weekend and grossed $6.3 million , dropping 29 % . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 191 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Christopher Robin may not equal A.A. Milne 's stories -- or their animated Disney adaptations -- but it should prove sweet enough for audiences seeking a little childhood magic . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 4.5 out of 5 stars . Ben Kenigsberg of the New York Times reviewed the film this way : `` Once Christopher Robin softens its insufferable , needlessly cynical conception of the title character , it offers more or less what a Pooh reboot should : a lot of nostalgia , a bit of humor and tactile computer animation . '' And David Sims of The Atlantic wrote , `` It 's an odd , melancholic experience that at times recalls Terrence Malick as it does A.A. Milne , but there will certainly be some viewers in its exact wheelhouse . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and said , `` Pooh 's wisdom and kindness can not be denied . The same impulses worked for the two Paddington movies , God knows . Christopher Robin is n't quite in their league , but it 's affecting nonetheless . '' Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair gave the film a positive review and heavily praised the voice performance from Cummings , calling it `` Oscar - worthy '' . Overall , he said , `` As Winnie the Pooh ( and Tigger too ) , the veteran voice actor gives such sweet , rumpled , affable life to the wistful bear of literary renown that it routinely breaks the heart . Cummings 's performance understands something more keenly than the movie around it ; he taps into a vein of humor and melancholy that is pitched at an exact frequency , one that will speak to child and adult alike . His Pooh is an agreeable nuisance and an accidental philosopher , delivering nonsensical ( and yet entirely sensible ) adages in a friendly , deliberate murmur ringed faintly with sadness . I wanted to ( gently ) yank him from the screen and take him home with me , his fuzzy little paw in mine as we ambled to the subway , the summer sun fading behind us . He 's a good bear , this Pooh . '' Conversely , Alonso Duralde of TheWrap called the film `` slow and charmless '' and wrote , `` What we 're left with is a Hook - style mid-life crisis movie aimed at kids , designed to shame parents who spend too much time at the office and not enough with their families . '' Sarah Melton from Exclaim ! gave the film a rating of 5 / 10 , calling it a `` sickly sweet tale '' with a predictable ending . Helen O'Hara of Empire magazine gave the film a 2 out of 5 stars and said `` Everyone 's trying hard , but they ca n't quite live up to the particularly gentle , warm tone of Pooh himself . Unlike the bear of very little brain , this is a film pulled in different directions with entirely too many thoughts in its head '' . The performance of Ewan McGregor as Christopher Robin was particularly well received . David Fear of Rolling Stone said , `` He 's an actor who can roll with this movie 's punches , whether it requires him to be light on his feet or dragged down by existential despair , exhilarated by childlike play or exasperated by a house - wrecking creature who says things like , ' People say nothing is impossible , but I do nothing every day ' . '' Adam Forsgren for East Idaho News wrote , `` First and foremost is McGregor 's performance in the title role . The guy sells being the put - upon , overburdened office drone so well that it 's a treat to see him begin to rediscover his younger self and let himself play ... McGregor is the glue that holds this whole movie together . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time stated , `` But it 's doubtful the movie would work at all if not for McGregor : He turns Christopher 's anxiety into a haunting presence , the kind of storm cloud that we can all , now and then , feel hovering above us . Yet McGregor is also an actor capable of expressing unalloyed delight . And when , as Christopher Robin , he finally does , some of that delight rubs off on us too . '' Brian Lowry also noted in his review for CNN , `` Give much of the credit to McGregor in the thankless task of playing opposite his adorably furry co-stars , ably handling the comedy derived from the fact that he does n't dare let others see them . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Christopher Robin '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' Wins More Cuddles Than ' Christopher Robin ' With $35 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Cruises Past ' Christopher Robin ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Robin '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Christopher Robin '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios . May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Robin Premiere , LA '' . Average Socialite . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Express Web Desk ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin review roundup : This Disney film receives mostly positive reviews '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The DisInsider ( @ TheDisInsider ) ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Orton O'Brien will play a young Christopher Robin . In Disney 's live action adaptation of Winnie The Pooh starring Ewan McGregor '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Brad Garrett to Voice Eeyore in Disney 's `` Christopher Robin '' Movie Starring Ewan McGregor `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin Official Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin trailer brings out Winnie the Pooh 's pals '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . As for the residents of Hundred Acre Wood , there 's Jim Cummings voicing Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Jump up ^ Rosseboom , Matt ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Journey back into the Hundred Acre Wood with ' Christopher Robin ' and voice - acting legend Jim Cummings '' . Attractions Magazine . Dream Together Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr. ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Sets Live - Action ' Winnie The Pooh ' Film ; Alex Ross Perry To Write '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Forster to Direct Live - Action Movie About Winnie the Pooh 's Pal , ' Christopher Robin ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spotlight 's ' Tom McCarthy to Re-Write Disney 's Live - Action ' Christopher Robin ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ewan McGregor Will Headline Disney 's Christopher Robin Movie '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Star in Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Gemma Arterton No Longer In Talks to Join ' Christopher Robin ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agent Carter ' Star Hayley Atwell Joins Ewan McGregor in Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Christopher Robin : Winnie the Pooh , Eeyore & More Possibly Cast '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Casts Piglet For Live - Action Christopher Robin Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C , Jake ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Chris O'Dowd Is No Longer Playing Tigger In Disney 's ' CHRISTOPHER ROBIN ' -- Here 's Why . ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Discussing Film . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mescobar , Aaron ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Chris O'Dowd Replaced As Tigger In ' Christopher Robin ' By Original Voice Actor Jim Cummings '' . We are Geeks of Color . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Christopher Robin starts filming in the UK '' . KFTV . Media Business Insight . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Callum ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Disney is shooting a film in Dover and you could be a paid extra '' . Kent Live . Local World . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forster , Marc ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` # thatsawrap on # christopherrobin Thank you to my outstanding cast and crew for truly one of the most amazing filmmaking experiences of my life '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Robin Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Johann Johannsson 's Death Leaves Friends Shocked , Questions Unanswered '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's Christopher Robin Trailer Arrives '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Walt Disney 's favorite composers , the Sherman brothers , get a star - filled film academy salute '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Christopher Robin ' Trailer Reveals Extensive Look At Animation '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Moves To Dec. 2019 , Disney 's Christopher Robin Project Opens Next August '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' Wo n't Get China Release Amid Pooh Crackdown ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reuters Staff ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` China denies entry to Disney 's Winnie the Pooh film : source '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Crystal ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Casting and New Poster for Disney 's Christopher Robin Are Here '' . Oh My Disney . Disney . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin Official Teaser Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Disney ( @ Disney ) ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Sooner or later , the past catches up to you . Tune in to @ TheEllenShow tomorrow for the new trailer for Disney 's # ChristopherRobin '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Can Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' Top ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' ? '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tom Cruise 's $34 M ' Mission ' Takes Out ' Christopher Robin ' -- Saturday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Box - office top 20 : ' Fallout ' cruises past Winnie - the - Pooh '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Meg ' Devours Competition , Debuting with a Monster $146.9 M Globally '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 19 , 2018 ) . `` Crazy Rich Asians Wins the Weekend with $25 Million Debut '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Crazy Rich Asians ' scores again '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Robin Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kenigsberg , Ben ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Review : In ' Christopher Robin , ' the Hundred Acre Wood Grows Up '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin Is as Deeply Weird as It Is Charming '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' review : Winnie the Pooh reminds a middle - age workaholic the joys of doing nothing '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` There 's an Oscar - Worthy Performance in Disney 's Christopher Robin '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Film Review : A.A. Milne 's Young Hero Has a Hundred - Acre Mid-Life Crisis '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Melton , Sarah ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Review : Stuffed Animals in Real World Lack Magic '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin '' . Empire . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fear , David ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Review : Ewan McGregor , Meet a Bear Named Pooh '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Forsgren , Adam ( August 4 , 2018 ) . `` '' Christopher Robin '' nearly buries best qualities under blanket of nostalgia `` . East Idaho News . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Is as Much a Movie For Adults as It Is For Kids '' . Time . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' serves up sweet take on Winnie the Pooh '' . CNN Entertainment . CNN . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Christopher Robin ( film ) Official website Christopher Robin on IMDb Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Winnie the Pooh ( Disney franchise ) Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Kanga Roo Heffalumps Gopher Soyuzmultfilm featurettes Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Disney featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Disney shorts Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Disney feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Disneytoon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action continuation Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards ) Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! The Brain of Pooh Disney franchise Hundred Acre Wood The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction More Songs from Pooh Corner Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Poohsticks Return to Pooh Corner The Tao of Pooh The Te of Piglet Eeyore 's Birthday Party Winnipeg the Bear A Bear Named Winnie Goodbye Christopher Robin The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Films directed by Marc Forster Everything Put Together ( 2000 ) Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) Stay ( 2005 ) Stranger than Fiction ( 2006 ) The Kite Runner ( 2007 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Machine Gun Preacher ( 2011 ) World War Z ( 2013 ) All I See Is You ( 2016 ) Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Robin_(film)&oldid=857139247 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s fantasy films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American children 's fantasy films American comedy - drama films American fantasy - comedy films Children 's comedy - drama films Disney film remakes Films about families Films about friendship Films based on adaptations Films based on children 's books Films based on multiple works Films directed by Marc Forster Films scored by Jon Brion Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in London Films set in England Films shot in East Sussex Films shot in Kent Films with live action and animation Magic realism films Midlife crisis films Screenplays by Mark Steven Johnson Winnie - the - Pooh films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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who plays the little girl in christopher robin

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Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah - Wikipedia Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Jump to : navigation , search Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Promotional Poster Genre Sitcom Created by Asit Kumarr Modi Based on ' Duniya Ne Oondha Chashma ' by Taarak Mehta Written by Raju Odedra Rajen Upadhyay Manish Mehta Niren Bhatt Jitendra Parmar Ashok Parmar Abhishek Makwana Abbas Hirapurwala Directed by Dharmesh Mehta Harshad Joshi Malav Suresh Rajda Starring see ( list of characters ) Opening theme Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 2,475 ( as of May 25 , 2018 ) Production Producer ( s ) Neela Asit Modi Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 20 minutes Production company ( s ) Neela Tele Films Distributor Neela Tele Films Release Original network SAB TV Picture format 576i HDTV 1080i Original release 28 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 28 ) -- present External links Website Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah ( English : Taarak Mehta 's Different Perspective ) is India 's longest running sitcom serial . It is produced by Neela Tele Films Private Limited . The show went on air on July 28 , 2008 . It airs from Monday to Friday on SAB TV . Reruns of the show started on Sony Pal on November 2 , 2015 . The show is based on the column Duniya Ne Undha Chashma written by columnist and journalist Taarak Mehta for Gujarati weekly magazine Chitralekha . It is the longest running scripted show in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 The Tapu Sena 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production and promotion 4 Reception and impact 5 Special episodes 6 Awards 6.1 Indian Television Academy Awards 6.2 Indian Telly Awards 6.3 Star Guild Awards 6.4 Other awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Gokuldham Society is a residential society in Powder Galli , Goregaon , Mumbai with four wings : A Wing , B Wing , C Wing and D Wing . Although the society has more than 50 flats , the show revolves around the lives of eight families : Jethalal Champaklal Gada , an electronics shop - owner from Kachchh district , Gujarat , and his wife Daya , father Champaklal Jayantilal Gada and son Tipendra ( Tapu ) . Residents of B Wing . The narrator , Taarak Mehta , a column - writer and his wife Anjali , a disciplined dietician who are from Gujarat ) ) . Residents of B Wing . The society 's secretary , Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide , a home tutor from Ratnagiri , Maharashtra , his wife Madhavi , a business woman and daughter Sonalika ( Sonu ) . Residents of A Wing . Dr. Hansraj Hathi , the resident doctor from Uttar Pradesh , his wife Komal and son Gulabkumar ( Goli ) . Residents of A Wing . Roshan Singh Sodhi , a car mechanic from Amritsar , Punjab and his Parsi wife , also named Roshan and their son Gurucharan ( Gogi ) . Residents of A Wing . Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer , a Tamil scientist from Chennai , Tamil Nadu and his Bengali wife Babita from Kolkata , West Bengal . Residents of C Wing . Popatlal Pandey , a newspaper journalist working for Toofan Express and from Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh . Residents of C Wing . Pankaj Diwan Sahay also called Pinku , part of the Tapu sena and resides in another society ( gulmohar apartments ) There are also other recurring characters including Sundarlal ( brother of Jethalal 's wife Daya , from Ahmedabad , Gujarat ) and his friends . Abdul , the shopkeeper of the provisions store located outside the society entrance , reporter Rita Shrivastav from ' Kal Tak ' a news channel , Inspector Chalu Pandey , Asit Kumarr Modi as himself , Jethalal 's shop assistants - Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala ( Natu Kaka ) and his nephew Baagheshwar Dadu Udhaiwala ( Baagha ) , who are often bent on doing the wrong job , and Baagha 's fiancée Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria . The members of the society and other characters have a good psychological bond of love and sympathy for one another that makes them live like members of one family . They are often seen celebrating festivals and participating in events together . Although they are shown to live the lives of typical Indian families , the characters , more often than not Jethalal Gada , tend to find themselves in trouble , cropping up from routine activities that intensify in a comical manner . The quirks of the individual characters seek to enhance the humour quotient of the show . Whatever the nature of the problem that a member of the society encounters , all the other members stand by them to extend every possible help . In an episode , the resolution of the problem that a character faces is usually followed by a moral message at the end by Taarak Mehta , which is meant for all the characters of the show as well as the viewers . The Tapu Sena ( edit ) The Tapu Sena is a five - member group of children residing in Gokuldham Society : Tapu ( the leader of Tapu Sena ) , Goli , Gogi , Pinku and Sonu . These children have played significant roles , providing a fun young tone to the show . Usually , the group becomes a nuisance for the other members of the society because of their mischief , while at other times , it draws praises from the members by doing something laudable . The society secretary , Atmaram Tukaram Bhide is especially annoyed with the Tapu Sena for playing cricket in the society compound as sometimes they break the window glasses , or just cause a problem as shown in some episodes . Since the beginning of the show , the Tapu Sena has , with their childlike activities , characterized the typical frolicsome Indian children . As the children grow up and mature , the stories are tailored to suit their ages . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters Main ( edit ) Dilip Joshi as Jethalal Champaklal Gada Disha Vakani as Daya Jethalal Gada Bhavya Gandhi as Tipendra Jethalal Gada ( Tapu ) ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Raj Anadkat as Tipendra Jethalal Gada ( Tapu ) ( 2017 -- present ) Amit Bhatt as Champaklal Jayantilal Gada Shailesh Lodha as Taarak Mehta Neha Mehta as Anjali Taarak Mehta Tanuj Mahashabde as Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer Munmun Dutta as Babita Krishnan Iyer Mandar Chandwadkar as Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide Sonalika Joshi as Madhvi Aatmaram Bhide Jheel Mehta as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide ( Sonu ) ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Nidhi Bhanushali as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide ( Sonu ) ( 2012 -- present ) Gurucharan Singh as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi ( 2008 -- 2013 , 2014 -- present ) Laad Singh Maan as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi ( 2008 -- 2013 , 2016 -- present ) Dilkhush Reporter as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Samay Shah as Gurcharan Singh Roshan Singh Sodhi ( Gogi ) Nirmal Soni as Dr. Hansraj Hathi ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Azad Kavi as Dr. Hansraj Hathi ( 2009 -- present ) Ambika Ranjankar as Komal Hansraj Hathi Kush Shah as Gulabkumar Hansraj Hathi ( Goli ) Shyam Pathak as Popatlal Pandey Sharad Sankla as Abdul Recurring ( edit ) Tarun Uppal as Pinku ( Pankaj Diwan Sahay ) Ghanashyam Nayak as Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala Nattu Kaka ( Nattukaka ) Tanmay Vekaria as Bagheshwar Dadukh Udhaiwala ( Bagha ) Monika Bhadoriya as Bawree Dhondulal Kanpuria Mayur Vakani as Sundarlal Priya Ahuja Rajda as Reporter Rita Shrivastav Daya Shankar Pandey as Inspector Chalu Pandey Production and promotion ( edit ) The major part of the shooting is done in Mumbai . However , some parts of the show have also been shot in places such as Gujarat , New Delhi , Goa and in foreign locations such as London , Brussels , Paris and Hong Kong . To celebrate Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah completing 1,000 episodes on 6 November 2012 , the director `` decided to shoot the film on a different canvas as he does not want the audience to feel that they are watching yet another episode of the serial . '' In October 2013 , Joshi and Vakani participated in a promotional event held in New Jersey at the Expo Center . In February 2015 , Joshi , Vakani , and Lodha hosted the red carpet at the 60th Britannia Filmfare awards to promote the ' Clean India ' campaign . Reception and impact ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2010 , the show beat Balika Vadhu to become the most watched television programme in India . The show has constantly achieved high ratings throughout its run , irrespective of the Indian Premiere League . In the first week of 2017 , the show stood in fourth position with 6,004 TVT ratings . In the fourth week , the show entered the top five and stood in fifth position with 6,059 TVT ratings . In March 2017 , the show remained within the top five shows urban rural metrics . In the 25th week of 2017 , the show stood at the top spot with 6,092 TVT ratings . In the 26th week of 2017 , the show stood at third spot with 6,049 TVT ratings . It is the longest running scripted show on Indian television.In the 1st week of 2018 the show topped the trp chart with 6961 tvt ratings . Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and National Heritage , Piotr Glinski visited the sets of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah in February 2016 . Special episodes ( edit ) C.I.D. on Sony TV and SAB TV . The Episodes were named as Mahasangam . Awards ( edit ) Indian Television Academy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2008 Best Actress - Comedy Disha Vakani Won 2009 Best Actress - Comedy Won Best Serial -- Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Serial - Comedy Won 2012 Best Actor - Comedy Dilip Joshi Won 2013 The ITA Scroll Of Honour Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2014 Best Actor - Comedy Dilip Joshi Won Best Actress - Comedy Disha Vakani Won 2015 Best Show - Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2016 Best Serial - Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Indian Telly Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2009 Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Sitcom Writer Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Won Most Popular Child Artist ( Male ) Bhavya Gandhi Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Sitcom Writer Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay Won 2012 Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Best Actress in a Comic Role ( Jury ) Disha Vakani Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2013 Actress in a Comic Role ( Jury ) Disha Vakani Won Best Director ( Sitcom ) Harshad Joshi and Malav Rajda Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role Dilip Joshi Won Best Sitcom / Comedy Program Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Star Guild Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2011 Best Actor in a Drama Series Dilip Joshi Won 2013 Best Comedy Series Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Other awards ( edit ) Year Award Category Result 2011 Global Honours Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Won See also ( edit ) List of Hindi comedy shows References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah : A Special Brand Of Humour '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MUNMUN DUTTA OPENS UP ABOUT THE CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING TAARAK MEHTA KA OOLTAH CHASHMAH ; COMES OUT IN SUPPORT OF GURCHARAN SINGH ( SODHI ) '' . Jump up ^ `` TMKOC Tapu Sena '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TMKOC Tapu Sena '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Shruti Jambhekar ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Gujarat comes alive on TV '' . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Awaasthi , Kavita ( 24 October 2012 ) . `` Taarak Mehta ... completes 1,000 episodes '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film version of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah set to roll next year '' . DNA India . 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah goes to New Jersey ! - Rediff.com Movies '' . Rediff.com. 2013 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta 's team brings Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan to the red carpet - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.barcindia.co.in/statistic.aspx Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm ^ Jump up to : `` The Tenth Indian Telly Awards '' . Tellyawards.indiantelevision.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/winners.php ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/winners.php Jump up ^ ards - winners. html Archived 12 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah . Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah on IMDb ( hide ) Programmes currently broadcast by SAB TV Currently broadcast Sictom Series Jijaji Chhat Par Hai Partners - Trouble Ho Gayi Double Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Tenali Rama See list of former shows / ref > style = `` background : # 99FF99 ; color : black ; vertical - align : middle ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` yes table - yes2 '' Won - Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taarak_Mehta_Ka_Ooltah_Chashmah&oldid=843632787 '' Categories : SAB TV television series Indian television series 2008 Indian television series debuts Indian television sitcoms 2000s Indian television series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Esperanto ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी தமிழ் اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 15 . 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taarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah sonu original name

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Gwen Stacy

Gwen Stacy - wikipedia Gwen Stacy For the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) . For the comic - book series starring the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Gwen . For the Christian metalcore band , see Gwen Stacy ( band ) . Gwen Stacy 250x450px Gwen Stacy on the cover of The Spectacular Spider - Man vol. 2 , # 23 ( March 2005 ) Art by Greg Land Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko In - story information Full name Gwendolyn Maxine Stacy Supporting character of Spider - Man Ultimate Spider - Man Dead Girl Notable aliases Spider - Gwen Gwendolyne Maxine `` Gwen '' Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man . A college student , she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin ( Norman Osborn ) . Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter 's `` one true love '' is Gwen Stacy or Mary Jane Watson ( Peter 's later girlfriend and wife ) . Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart . The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . In the upcoming 2018 film Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse , the character will be voiced by Hailee Steinfeld . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early history 2.2 Death 2.3 Clones 2.4 `` Sins Past '' 2.5 Dead No More : The Clone Conspiracy 3 Other versions 3.1 `` Age of Apocalypse '' 3.2 Gwenpool 3.3 `` House of M '' 3.4 Marvel Adventures 3.5 Marvel Zombies Return 3.6 Powerless 3.7 Spider - Gwen 3.8 Spider - Punk 3.9 Spider - Man : Fairy Tales 3.10 Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane 3.11 Spider - Man Unlimited 3.12 Ultimate Marvel 3.13 What If 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.2. 1 Sam Raimi series 4.2. 2 Marc Webb series 4.2. 3 Animation 4.3 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko , Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) In her initial appearances , Peter Parker met Gwen while both were studying as undergraduates at Empire State University , but with Aunt May in the hospital , Peter was troubled and ignored her advances . She dated both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn to make Peter jealous . Gradually , however , a romance developed ; Gwen , a science major , appreciated Peter 's intellect . Their relationship began almost immediately after Peter stopped going out with Mary Jane Watson , whom he began to see as shallow and self - absorbed . Later issues introduced Gwen 's father , NYPD Captain George Stacy . Though her father was both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter - ego Spider - Man , he ultimately strained Peter 's relationship with Gwen after being killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider - Man and Doctor Octopus . Gwen blamed Spider - Man for his death , and left for Europe to cope with her loss . She wanted Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay , but his guilt stopped him from proposing . Gwen 's feelings for Peter eventually prompted her to return to New York , and their relationship was rekindled . According to Lee , who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point , the original intent was for Gwen Stacy to be Spider - Man 's central love interest , `` but no matter how we ( i.e. Lee and his artist / co-plotter collaborators ) wrote it , Mary Jane always seemed more interesting ! '' Death ( edit ) Main article : The Night Gwen Stacy Died Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas succeeded Stan Lee as writer and editor , respectively , of The Amazing Spider - Man . Together with inker John Romita , Sr. , they came to the decision to have Gwen Stacy killed off . It was Romita who first suggested the idea , during a plotting session with Conway when Romita was still penciller on The Amazing Spider - Man . Conway later said his contribution to the decision was motivated by a desire to bring Mary Jane Watson to the forefront , as he shared Lee 's feeling that she was a more interesting character than Gwen Stacy : `` ( Mary Jane ) had n't lost the edge that made her an interesting character . Gwen did n't have an edge . She was just a nice person . '' The Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen Stacy and throws her off the George Washington Bridge in The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 ( June 1973 ) . Both the decision to kill Gwen and the method in which Marvel implemented it remain controversial among fans because some believe that Peter himself was the one who caused her death . The death became a pivotal point in both Spider - Man 's history and in American comic books in general . Many point to Gwen 's death as the end of the Silver Age of Comics . Before her death , except possibly as part of an origin story , superheroes did not fail so catastrophically , nor did the hero 's loved ones die so suddenly and without warning . In his book The Physics of Superheroes , physicist James Kakalios writes that , consistent with Newton 's laws of motion , the sudden stop would have killed Gwen Stacy . The comic book Civil War : Casualties of War : Captain America / Iron Man ( 2007 ) concurred that the proximate cause of death was the sudden stop during a high - speed fall . An issue of Peter Parker / Spider - Man revisits the issue , and further confirms Gwen died of a broken neck due to the use of the webbing . On the other hand , in the 1987 edition of the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe , Gwen 's death is attributed to the fall , not to Spider - Man 's webbing . Within the Marvel Comics , Gwen Stacy 's death has enormous repercussions . Mary Jane Watson feels the loss of Gwen deeply and becomes a more mature , compassionate person . Gwen 's death also draws Peter and Mary Jane into a closer friendship , and eventually to romance . Miles Warren , one of Gwen 's professors , was secretly in love with her . Following her death , Warren goes insane and adopts the persona of the Jackal . In the fourth and final issue of the miniseries Marvels ( April 1994 ) , photographer Phil Sheldon befriends Gwen Stacy , who has absolved Spider - Man of any blame for her father 's death . Gwen 's simple faith in heroes convinces Sheldon of the purpose of the `` Marvels '' ( i.e. , superheroes ) -- to protect innocents such as Gwen . He resolves to write a book to praise the heroes and what they should mean to humanity . When the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage to bait Spider - Man , Sheldon frantically follows the resulting chase in a taxi and witnesses her death . While it is reported that she died from the shock of the fall , Sheldon thinks it looks like something else . Sheldon 's faith in the Marvels is shattered . Clones ( edit ) Following the publication of The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 , Stan Lee ( who had since become Marvel 's publisher ) was frequently criticized by fans during his public appearances for killing off Gwen Stacy . Lee , who had also found the character 's death objectionable , insisted that Conway write a story bringing her back . Conway strongly objected since he felt any sort of resurrection would break the plausibility of the stories , but ultimately gave in under the condition that after reviving Gwen , he could write her out of the book as soon as he wanted . He decided that cloning would be the best means to bring the character back . In the resulting story , set approximately two years after Gwen Stacy 's death , `` Gwen '' reappears , perfectly healthy but with no memory of the time since her death . This story , published in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 ( May 1975 ) , initiated the original Clone Saga . At the end of that story , Gwen 's clone , a creation of Spider - Man villain the Jackal , leaves to find a new life for herself , coming to accept that she is not really the same person who had a relationship with Peter Parker . In the 1988 crossover `` The Evolutionary War '' , the High Evolutionary , who had once been Miles Warren 's teacher , captures Gwen 's clone . He is dismayed to learn that Miles Warren has perfected the art of cloning and thus lies to the New Men that it was nothing more than a genetic construct created by a virus that he injected into his apprentice , Joyce Delaney . During the second `` Clone Saga '' , Gwen Stacy 's clone , now married to a clone of Professor Warren named Warren Miles , sees a copy of Peter Parker 's book of Spider - Man photos , Webs , and remembers ( to an extent ) her real history . She returns to New York City . During this storyline , she again disappears from Spider - Man 's life . It was revealed the Gwen Stacy clone introduced in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 was in fact the second Gwen clone Miles Warren created and has been living in London under the name Joyce Delaney . This clone is murdered by the Gwen Stacy clone known as Abby - L . Another Gwen clone appears in The Amazing Spider - Man # 399 ( March 1995 ) . This clone believes she is the real Gwen . She dies from clone degeneration in Spider - Man # 56 ( March 1995 ) , the next issue of the story arc . A further Gwen clone appears in the `` Sibling Rivalry '' crossover storyline between Superior Spider - Man Team - Up and Scarlet Spider . She joins the Jackal ( alongside Carrion and a regular Miles Warren clone ) in capturing Superior Spider - Man and Kaine . She is sympathetic towards `` Peter '' and Kaine , but at the same time utterly loyal to the Jackal . When the Spiders break free , Superior Spider - Man disarms and attempts to kill her , but is stopped by Kaine . When the Jackal 's lab is engulfed in flames , Kaine offers to save her , but she refuses , and is seemingly consumed by the fire . `` Sins Past '' ( edit ) The story arc `` Sins Past '' by J. Michael Straczynski in The Amazing Spider - Man # 509 -- 514 ( August 2004 -- January 2005 ) reveals Norman Osborn , the Green Goblin 's alter ego , fathered twins , a boy and a girl , with Gwen Stacy , to whom she gave birth while in France shortly before her death . She vowed she would raise them with Peter ( despite the fact that he was not aware of Gwen 's infidelity ) and refused to allow Norman access to them . Seeing her as a threat to his potential heirs , the Green Goblin killed Gwen . Norman Osborn then raised Gwen 's two children , a boy and a girl named Gabriel and Sarah . Straczynski later stated he originally wanted to make Peter Parker the father of Gwen 's kids but the editors vetoed the idea . They felt it would age Peter Parker too much if he had two adult children . The whole creative and editorial team then decided Norman Osborn would be the father . In an e-mail to the comic book website Newsarama , Straczynski claimed he regretted the version of `` Sins Past '' that went to press , and he had hoped to `` retcon '' it out of continuity during the events of the then - recent `` One More Day '' storyline : `` I wanted to retcon the Gwen twins out of continuity , which was something I always assumed I could do at the end of my run . I was n't allowed to do this , and yes , it pissed me off . '' In the original plans for `` One More Day '' , the story would have ended with Gwen Stacy being resurrected by Mephisto 's reality - warping spell along with Harry Osborn , but it was eventually decided to let her remain dead . Her son , Gabriel , has reappeared in subsequent stories . Dead no more : the clone Conspiracy ( edit ) In the Clone Conspiracy storyline , a flashback revealed that Gwen Stacy was conscious during Spider - Man and Green Goblin 's battle on the bridge , and as she was falling to her death . She overheard their conversation and discovered Peter is Spider - Man . She was angry at Peter for keeping this secret and for his involvement in her father 's death . In the present , Gwen is supposedly revived by the Jackal with his clones . The Jackal claims that this one is not a clone but the real Gwen who was harvested from her remains and still has all her memories , including those of her death . The Jackal offers Gwen the opportunity to be his business partner as he tries to change the world with his new technology . Gwen is hesitant about this new life at first but accepts it when the Jackal shows that he has reanimated the clone of her father , who is much better than he was before he died . When Spider - Man arrives at the incorporation and discovers the Jackal 's experiments , he is surprised by Gwen 's presence and notes that unlike the other people the Jackal revived , who were all clones , Gwen does not trigger his spider - sense , making him wonder if she was the real one . He is attacked by the `` reborn '' Doctor Octopus before he can question the issue further . After the Jackal breaks up the fight and shows Spider - Man around the New U , George Stacy clone recognizes something off about Gwen 's face and points his gun at her . It was revealed that the Gwen clone was actually her Earth - 65 counterpart Spider - Woman who assists Spider - Man in escaping . The real Gwen is kidnapped by Kaine and taken to Parker Industries to be studied . Kaine reveals that he and Spider - Woman came to this Earth to assist Spider - Man because they saw that Spider - Man allying with the Jackal 's offer on other worlds results in a global disaster . Rhino and Electro are sent to retrieve Gwen after attacking the staff , but Gwen tells them to take Kaine with him too because the condition could help with Jackal 's experiments . Anna Maria Marconi also volunteers to come with because she has studied both Kaine and the drug . When Spider - Man is taken to Haven , he catches up with Gwen in the household in the facility , where she tries to convince him to support New U Technologies . Peter still has a hard time believing she is the real Gwen given his other experiences with clones . Gwen tries justifying her existence by telling Peter her memories , including how she overheard the Green Goblin talking to Spider - Man before her death . Peter thinks she died hating him , but Gwen said that she did not hate him , but rather died feeling betrayed . Peter again still has doubts towards Gwen not being a clone . She tries kissing him , to no avail which only pushes him to put the mask back on . Gwen witnesses Jackal order the villains clone to kill Spider - Man and wants to help . Doctor Octopus pulls a switch that activates the Carrion Virus in all of the revived , including Gwen and George , and causes them to start rapidly decaying . After Gwen 's father deteriorates in her arms , she assists Spider - Man by helping him get to the lab . When the villains clone get to the lab doors , Gwen locks Spider - Man inside the lab and sacrifices herself towards the villains to give him more time . Following the Carrion Virus being thwarted , Spider - Man and Anna check the building and see that Gwen has been reduced to dust . Other versions ( edit ) `` Age of Apocalypse '' ( edit ) In the two - issue mini-series X-Universe , which details what happened to the rest of the Marvel Universe during the `` Age of Apocalypse '' storyline , the Green Goblin never killed Gwen Stacy . Instead she became the bodyguard of Donald Blake , who , in this reality , had never become the Mighty Thor . Sometime later in the mainstream universe in X-Man # 37 , the Age of Apocalypse version of Gwen is pulled from her reality to the mainstream Earth 's George Washington Bridge , much to Spider - Man 's shock . Gwenpool ( edit ) Main article : Gwenpool Due to the popularity of Spider - Gwen , in June 2015 Marvel published variant covers for 20 of their current series , which saw Gwen Stacy re-imagined as other Marvel characters , such as Doctor Strange , Groot and Wolverine . One of those variants , for `` Deadpool 's Secret Secret Wars # 2 '' , featured an amalgam of Gwen Stacy and Deadpool dubbed `` Gwenpool '' , which turned out to be especially popular with the fans . As the result , Marvel produced two stories featuring Gwenpool as a character , a backup story in the series `` Howard the Duck '' , and a one - shot `` Gwenpool Holiday Special # 1 '' . A retcon in the Howard the Duck # 1 backup it was revealed her name is actually `` Gwen Poole '' , not Gwen Stacy , or even an alternate version of Gwen Stacy . Following the publication of the one - shot , an ongoing series titled The Unbelievable Gwenpool by the same creative team was announced , starting in April 2016 . `` House of M '' ( edit ) In the reality seen in the `` House of M '' storyline , in which the Scarlet Witch alters reality to make mutants the ruling class over humans , Gwen was never killed . Instead , she married Peter Parker , and the couple had a young son . She had become a scientist , a savvy businesswoman , and a peace activist -- and had a decidedly hostile relationship with chemical weapon developer Norman Osborn . Mary Jane Watson , a popular actress in this reality , played Gwen Stacy in the film adaptation of Spider - Man 's life story . Gwen and her father read textual accounts of their deaths in the main universe , though they believe this simply to be the morbid imaginings of Peter Parker , who is suffering from mental health issues . Marvel Adventures ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 53 as a new student of Midtown High . She had transferred from her previous school after the Torino Gang , a powerful New York mob , began harassing her in an attempt to keep her father , police captain George Stacy , from arresting members of their gang . However , the Torinos continued to harass Gwen at Midtown , prompting Spider - Man to help the police take down the gang . Like her father , Gwen believes Spider - Man is a hero . She subsequently began participating in a `` Spider - Man Appreciation Society '' designed to foster better public opinion of Spider - Man . Gwen is also attracted to Spider - Man 's alter ego Peter Parker ; although she openly flirted with him , Peter began dating a different girl , Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval , which made Gwen very unhappy . Later , Gwen was brainwashed by Emma Frost into believing she was dating Peter . Gwen 's brainwashing wore off ( or was undone by Emma ) , but Gwen now believes her relationship with Peter ended when he chose Chat over her , causing her to treat Chat very coldly . She has since warmed to Chat , however . Recently , Gwen began a close friendship with Carter Torino who is the grandson of the head of the Torino Gang . Their relationship is complicated by the fact Gwen 's father is still trying to take down Carter 's criminal family . Marvel Zombies return ( edit ) In the limited series , Marvel Zombies Return , Gwen of ' Earth Z ' is still a college student out with her friends Mary Jane and Harry Osborn . The zombified Spider - Man travels to this earth and , despite his best intentions , turns the Sinister Six . They then slay and partly consume Gwen and her friends . To stop the spread of the virus , Spider - Man obliterates the bodies . Powerless ( edit ) In the Powerless mini-series , Gwen Stacy again appears as the girlfriend of Peter Parker . Norman Osborn again kidnaps and attempts to kill her as a part of a plan to intimidate Peter . In a twist , the powerless Peter ( with a limb crippled from a spider bite ) manages to save Gwen from falling to her death . Spider - Gwen ( edit ) Gwen Stacy as Spider - Woman ( nicknamed `` The White Widow '' by cosplayers ) in an alternate universe . Named `` Spider - Gwen '' by the fans and authors . Main article : Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) In the alternate reality designated Earth - 65 , Gwen Stacy is the one bitten by the radioactive spider , and becomes a superhero going by the name of Spider - Woman . She is also a member of a band fronted by Mary Jane Watson , simply called the Mary Janes . Shortly after Gwen begins fighting crime , Peter Parker attempts to exact revenge on those who bullied him , becoming this universe 's version of the Lizard . Gwen subdues him , but Peter dies towards the end of the battle due to the chemical he used . Spider - Woman is blamed for his death , causing an outcry for her arrest , led by J. Jonah Jameson . Her father , who is also a police chief in this world , begins a hunt for her . This follows Gwen into college , where she is still a member of the Mary Janes . At a gig of theirs , an assassin is sent after Gwen 's father , who is in the audience . Gwen defeats the assassin , the audience and band clearing out during the battle . While they are alone , Captain Stacy holds Spider - Woman at gun point , with Gwen taking off her mask to reveal who she is . Shocked upon learning Spider - Woman 's identity , he tells her to run before he changes his mind . In the distance , the Captain Britain from Earth - 833 , called Spider - UK , is watching , saying that Gwen will `` do quite nicely . '' Gwen is recruited by Spider - UK to team up with other Spider - Totems across the multiverse , and next appears on Earth - 616 with Old Man Spider - Man of Earth - 4 and Spider - Man of Earth - 70105 ( who in that reality is Bruce Banner ) to rescue Kaine , who was under attack by the Inheritors . Marvel - 616 Peter is hesitant to put Gwen in action and she is told by the others of how he failed to save her in his world . However he does recruit her for a mission and they both agree to look out for each other . Gwen is sent to recruit an alternate version of Peter Parker who is driven insane after he failed to save the Gwen Stacy in his dimension , killed the Green Goblin , and became the Hobgoblin . She tells him that he can become the man he once was if he joins them , but they are attacked by the Inheritors . Hobgoblin sacrifices himself to save Gwen . After the events of Spider - Verse , Gwen returns to her home of Earth - 65 where she continues her career as Spider - Woman in her own solo series , Spider - Gwen . She first saves George Stacy from mercenary Aleksei Sytsevich who was sent by Wilson Fisk and his lawyer Matt Murdock to target him . Then she begins a hunt for the Vulture who has been terrorizing the city in her absence . She appears as one of the main characters in the Secret Wars Spider - Verse event with Spider - Ham , Spider - Girl , Spider - UK , Spider - Man Noir , and Spider - Man India in a Battleworld called Archania ruled by Norman Osborn . They eventually form a team called the Web Warriors where they help other Spider - Men and Women in various dimensions . A child version of her also appears in Giant Size Little Marvel Avengers vs X-Men as a new kid that Tony Stark tries to ask out on a date . She rejects him because he 's a kid with a goatee and mustache . Another version of her is a member of Arcadia's 's A-Force . On Earth - 8 , she is married to Miles Morales and they have two children with Spider Powers . Spider - punk ( edit ) In an issue of Web Warriors , Spider - Punk mentions that the Gwen Stacy in his dimension was a musical icon . Spider - Man : fairy Tales ( edit ) Issue # 1 of Spider - Man : Fairy Tales follows the fairy tale of Little Red Riding Hood , reimagined with Mary Jane Watson as the titular character . Gwen Stacy has been previously killed by the wolf . Issue # 4 is an adaption of Cinderella with Gwen as Princess Gwendolyn . She falls in love with the masked `` Prince of Arachne , '' who is revealed to be Peter Parker , servant to Sir Osborn , but is killed during a fight between Osborn and Parker . Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appears at the end of Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 5 . She is the new girl at school and quickly becomes close friends with Peter Parker . In Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 9 , Peter and Gwen take their relationship to the next level by sharing a tender kiss , much to the dismay of Mary Jane . They date for a time , though Gwen breaks up with Peter when she learns Mary Jane is the girl he truly loves . MJ , attempting to fix this , breaks up with Peter and reunites with Harry . Peter can not commit to Gwen . She is unwilling to accept him as a friend and not a boyfriend . Spider - Man Unlimited ( edit ) In the fourth issue of the comic book based on the Spider - Man Unlimited animated series , Spidey encounters a Counter-Earth version of Gwen Stacy . She helps him escape a hidden paradise known as `` The Haven '' . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Ultimate Spider - Man . In the Ultimate Marvel continuity , Gwen Stacy first appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 14 ( December 2001 ) as a teenage girl at Peter 's high school . In this continuity , Gwen , whose rendition by artist Mark Bagley was inspired by an early - career Madonna , has amber eyes , wears punk - style clothing , and harbors a rebellious personality . In her first appearance she gives a rousing speech on ' super powers ' ; in the next issue she pulls a knife on Kong , a classmate who was bullying Peter . She is suspended from school temporarily . Gwen becomes friends with Peter , which leads Mary Jane Watson to believe Gwen is vying for his affections . Gwen is later taken in by Aunt May after her father , police captain John Stacy , is killed by a burglar wearing a Spider - Man costume . Her estranged mother does not want to take her in . Her living in the Parker house creates more tension between Peter and Mary Jane , and leads to their temporary break - up . Peter 's relationship with Gwen is further complicated by her hatred of Spider - Man , whom she blames for her father 's death . When Peter finds his friend Eddie Brock , Gwen confides in him about her feelings of isolation . Eddie then tries to kiss her . Gwen is shocked . When she eventually learns Peter is Spider - Man , the angry Gwen pulls her father 's gun on him . Fortunately , he manages to convince her he is not to blame for her father 's death . Gwen runs off but returns , explaining she is just really mad at everything at the moment . She would n't have really shot him , a fact Peter already knew because his spider sense did n't go off despite Gwen 's wrath . Gwen then agrees to keep his secret . Gwen Stacy dies in Ultimate Spider - Man # 62 . Before her death , she made peace with Mary Jane and assured her she never had romantic feelings for Peter . She considered him just as a friend . She is killed by Carnage , a vampiric monster made by the splicing of genetic material from Peter Parker , his father , and Dr. Curt Connors . Although Peter is not in the area when she dies , he still feels some responsibility for her death , as he allowed Dr. Connors to use his genetic material for experimentation . His guilt makes him decide to retire as Spider - Man for a while . Eventually , he takes up his hero identity when his responsibility for the innocent becomes too great to overlook . At the end of the arc , there was an issue that dealt with Gwen 's death . Flash Thompson makes an off - color remark about Gwen 's passing . It infuriates MJ to the point where she physically attacks Flash . It is revealed Flash had a crush on Gwen all along . A girl seeming to be Gwen Stacy appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 98 . Says Ultimate artist Mark Bagley , `` Gwen 's return is integral to the Clone storyline and is basically a way to rock Peter 's world ... again . '' In this issue `` Gwen '' appears to have no memory of her `` death '' and believes she was in a hospital , from which she has escaped . In issue # 100 , after a raft of revelations , the stress of the situation enrages `` Gwen '' . She transforms into what appears to be Carnage before leaping out the window . In the next issue , `` Richard Parker '' claims `` Gwen '' should not have met Peter at all , and was merely an experiment in stem cell research . This Gwen / Carnage fights with the Fantastic Four , Nick Fury , and the Spider - Slayer drones , until she is knocked unconscious by a beam of light , and taken into custody . In issue # 113 , Norman Osborn as the Green Goblin causes a massive prison break from the Triskelion . An inmate appearing to be ' Gwen ' walks out amidst the chaos , disappearing in the shadows . It has been revealed the creature posing as Gwen Stacy is still the original Ultimate Carnage Spider - Man faced earlier in its run . After `` devouring '' Gwen , this incarnation of Carnage has gone on to mimic her `` essence '' and now believes itself to be Gwen Stacy . During the `` War of the Symbiotes '' storyline , Gwen / Carnage 's back story in the Triskelion is revealed . It is shown Gwen has been taking some form of therapy with Tony Stark . However , when the Green Goblin broke out of the Triskelion , Gwen escaped and went to Peter Parker 's house in a confused and terrified state , with Carnage 's face on her body . During an exchange between Peter and Gwen , Eddie Brock attempts to attack Aunt May and retake his symbiote . In a rage , Spider - Man engages Venom on a nearby rooftop . During the fight , Gwen is shown to be able to use her symbiote to fight off Eddie but Eddie reabsorbs his symbiote along with the Carnage symbiote rendering Gwen Stacy an average girl . After SHIELD intervenes , SHIELD Director Danvers states Gwen will remain in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . Peter and May argue for her to come back to live with them , with Tony Stark supporting the Parkers . In Ultimate Spider - Man # 129 , the Parkers are now helping to rebuild Gwen 's life . Her ghastly experience with the Carnage symbiote also causes her to develop a death anxiety she gradually controls . Six months after the `` Ultimatum '' storyline , in Ultimate Comics Spider - Man # 1 , Gwen is living with the Parkers again and seems to be dating Peter . However , circumstances involving the Chameleon made Gwen realize she made a mistake dating Peter . She breaks up with him , but still lives with the Parkers due to Gwen and Aunt May has become close in a surrogate mother - daughter fashion . After Peter 's death , Gwen and May re-located in France , but returned to New York after hearing about the re-emergence of a new Spider - Man . Afterwards , they meet the Peter Parker of the Earth - 616 continuity after he was accidentally and briefly sent to the Ultimate universe , with Gwen being intrigued to learn about her counterpart ( although she is not informed that her other self dead , Gwen also `` neglecting '' to tell Peter that she had died and revived ) , as she also attempts to tell Mary Jane about the other Peter 's arrival in their world . When Green Goblin escapes custody after S.H.I.E.L.D. was shut down , he arrives at the front yard of Aunt May 's house and confronts the new Spider - Man . Gwen and Aunt May are inside watching the television where the battle of the new Spider - Man and Green Goblin was being broadcast . Soon , Spider - Man emerges to aid the new Spider - Man in the fight , to the surprise of Gwen and Aunt May . Green Goblin flees at his arrival and the two Spider - Men depart . Gwen is unsure of the identity of the original Spider - Man , however , Aunt May assures her that his motives show that it him . Later , Gwen and Aunt May walk over to Mary Jane 's house and overhear Peter 's unknown resurrection . Gwen sprints over and joyfully reunites with him . After the two Spider - Men defeat Green Goblin , Peter tells Gwen that he intends to go on a quest to find out the truth of his mystery resurrection . Early in the series , Ultimate Spider - Man # 25 ( October 2002 ) paid homage to Gwen Stacy 's death in the Earth - 616 continuity , although Gwen herself was not involved . The Green Goblin tossed Mary Jane off the Queensboro Bridge . Spider - Man caught her leg with his webbing , just as with Gwen . The issue ended with a cliffhanger : when Spider - Man pulled Mary Jane up , she appeared to be either unconscious or dead . The cliffhanger was resolved in the next issue when Mary Jane awoke in # 26 , uninjured . What if ( edit ) In `` What if Gwen Stacy had lived ? '' , Peter saves Gwen by jumping after her rather than catching her with a web - line . In doing this , he cushions her from the impact as they hit the water and subsequently gives her CPR . After regaining consciousness , Gwen sees him without his mask . After explaining himself to her , Peter proposes to Gwen , and she accepts . Meanwhile , the Green Goblin mails to J. Jonah Jameson proof of Spider - Man 's real identity . On the day of Peter 's wedding to Gwen , Jonah has published the expose and uses it to acquire a warrant for Peter 's arrest . Peter escapes from the police moments after his wedding to Gwen , but the issue ends with Peter on the run from the law and pondering his uncertain future . As the issue ends , Gwen departs with Joe ' Robbie ' Robertson , who promises Gwen they will do whatever they can to help Peter and quits the Bugle . In `` What If Spider - Man Had Kept His Six Arms ? '' , Spider - Man ( whose six - arms mutation was permanent here ) is able to prevent Gwen Stacy 's death . At the very end of Peter David 's one - shot `` What If : The Other , '' Peter Parker ( now calling himself `` Poison '' ) uses part of the Venom symbiote attached to him in the resurrection of Gwen Stacy . She takes the appearance of Carnage . In other media ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in The Spectacular Spider - Man . Bryce Dallas Howard as Gwen Stacy in Spider - Man 3 . Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man . Television ( edit ) Gwen Stacy was deliberately excluded from the 1990s Spider - Man animated series as the creators felt they could neither allow her to live nor deliberately include a character who was going to die . An alternate version of the character did appear in the series finale , voiced by Mary Kay Bergman . The fiancée of Spider - Man 's high - tech armored counterpart in this parallel universe , the primary version of Spider - Man meets Gwen for the first time . Gwen plays a role in help defeating Spider - Carnage . Gwen Stacy appears as a central character in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Lacey Chabert . Depicted as a teenager , this version is friends with Peter Parker and Harry Osborn and is the daughter of George Stacy . She has hidden romantic feelings for Peter , being hurt several times when he expressed interest in other girls . Throughout season one , she becomes concerned when Harry become addicted to Gobulin Green . At the end of season one , she kisses Peter , leaving them in an awkward standing in season two . Despite their feeling for each other , Peter begins dating Liz Allan and she dates Harry . In the series finale , `` Final Curtain '' , she and Peter acknowledge how they feel about each other , and agree to break up with Harry and Liz . However , after Norman Osborn 's apparent death , Gwen stays in a relationship with Harry because she would be the only one to care for him . A variation of Spider - Gwen , native to Miles Morales ' dimension shows up in the final part of Return to the Spider - verse in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. the Sinister Six , voiced by Dove Cameron . This version does n't have Spider powers and instead relies on tech stolen from her father 's robot program to become Spider - Woman , with the help of her world 's Aunt May after Miles was transported to the alternate dimension early in the season . She is a big help in the final battle against Peter Parker 's villainous counterpart Wolf - Spider . Gwen also stated she was a friend of her dimension 's Peter Parker before his death . Gwen Stacy as Spider - Gwen appears in the 2017 series Spider - Man , voiced by Laura Bailey . This version is one of Peter 's classmates at Horizon High and specializes in DNA formulas . She was inspired to pursue science by her uncle , Raymond Warren , later revealed to be the villainous Jackal . In the `` Spider Island '' event , she becomes Spider - Gwen after being exposed to the Jackal 's chemicals and assists Spider - Man as a hero , but is later mutated into a giant spider as the experiment starts affecting the rest of New York ( similar to Carlie Cooper 's role in the original story ) . She is later cured in the climax of the story . Film ( edit ) Sam raimi series ( edit ) A student in Peter Parker 's university class in Spider - Man 2 , portrayed by Ellen Pompeo , is identified as Gwen Stacy in the film 's novelization . Gwen Stacy is portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider - Man 3 . She is a potential new love interest for Peter Parker , serving as an unintended rival to Mary Jane Watson . Gwen is a classmate and lab partner of Peter Parker and Spider - Man rescues her early in the film from a construction crane accident . She kisses an upside - down Spider - Man in similar fashion to how Mary Jane did in Spider - Man which causes Mary Jane to become angry and hurt . As Peter is at the top of Dr. Connors 's quantum mechanics class , he tutors her . She considers Peter a genius and is very fond of him . She is also friends with Eddie Brock as he took pictures of her so Gwen could be a model . Brock 's relationship is short - lived , as Peter , under the influence of the symbiote , steals her from Eddie . He dances with her at the same jazz club where Mary Jane works , but Gwen realizes Peter is doing this to make Mary Jane jealous . Gwen , upset about this , approaches Mary Jane , apologizes , and storms out of the club , leaving Peter behind . She is later present at Harry Osborn 's funeral . Bryce Dallas Howard said she would love to be a part of any continuation of the film franchise , while acknowledging her character 's opportunity may have passed , especially after Spider - Man 3 ended with Peter and Mary Jane once again in each other 's arms . In May 2007 , actor James Cromwell , who played Captain Stacy in the film stated he thought the natural progression for the character would be for both to die early in Spider - Man 4 , mirroring the comics . Howard said a death would not have bothered her . The film was ultimately unmade , although Stacy was in the draft . Marc webb series ( edit ) Emma Stone portrays Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man as Peter Parker 's love interest . She works as an assistant at Dr. Curt Connors 's laboratory at Oscorp , where Peter is bitten by a genetically - engineered spider . She subsequently develops a crush on him , and he soon reveals his secret identity as Spider - Man to her . Gwen plays an important role in the Lizard 's defeat , by helping Peter develop an antidote for the serum that mutates people into reptilian hybrids through cross-species genetics , using her own scientific background . Unfortunately , her father is killed by the Lizard before Peter can defeat the villain . George begs Peter to keep Gwen out of his dangerous life . Peter honors that vow without telling Gwen immediately ; this affronts Gwen until she realizes what her father did , and subsequently forgives Peter . However , when Peter later wonders if he should keep that promise , she just smiles . Emma Stone reprises her role as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Gwen continues to work at Oscorp , which is owned by Harry Osborn , Peter 's best friend . By now , Peter and Gwen have decided to keep their relationship platonic , but Peter 's romantic feelings for her are rekindled when she tells him that she is going to England to study medicine at Somerville College , Oxford University . When Oscorp employee Max Dillon suffers an industrial accident and becomes the villain Electro , Gwen starts asking questions ; Donald Menken , a high ranking and mutinous Oscorp board member , decides that she is a threat , fires her and targets her for elimination . When Electro attacks the city 's electricity supply , Gwen and Spider - Man work together to stop him . Just then , the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage atop of the power plant 's clock tower , intent on drawing Spider - Man out . The Green Goblin throws Gwen through the tower 's glass rooftop , but Spider - Man saves her by shooting a web for her to grab onto . The web eventually breaks , however , and Gwen falls to the ground far below . Spider - Man catches her with another web an instant too late , as her head hits the concrete floor , killing her instantly . Gwen 's death sends Peter into a deep depression , and he decides to give up being Spider - Man . Five months later , he watches a video of Gwen 's graduation speech , in which she tells her class that hope is what makes life worth living , even in the darkest of times . Inspired , Peter decides to once again become Spider - Man . As viral marketing for the film , a Tumblr page was created for the character . In both films , Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy ( Gwen 's mom ) , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy , and Simon Stacy ( Gwen 's younger brothers ) respectively . Animation ( edit ) Gwen Stacy will appear in Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse , voiced by Hailee Steinfeld . Video games ( edit ) Gwen Stacy is briefly mentioned in Spider - Man : Edge of Time . When a futuristic version of Peter Parker reveals his plans to Spider - Man 2099 , he mentions he can save the lives of Uncle Ben , Gwen Stacy , George Stacy and countless others . Gwen Stacy appears in The Amazing Spider - Man voiced by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy makes her debut as a playable character in the Lego game Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced again by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy / Spider - Gwen is a playable character in Kabam 's Android / iOS mobile game , Marvel : Contest of Champions . Gwen Stacy is playable once again in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 , but this time she can switch to her Spider - Gwen persona . See also ( edit ) The Night Gwen Stacy Died Spider - Man supporting characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy 's full first name was given in Amazing Spider - Man # 62 as `` Gwendolyn '' and in # 90 as `` Gwendolyne . '' Both issues were written by Stan Lee . ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy states her full name as `` Gwen Maxine Stacy '' in Ultimate Spider - Man # 127 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Cowsill , Alan ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . London , England : Dorling Kindersley . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . This monumental issue saw the first appearances of Peter 's upcoming love interest Gwen Stacy , prospective best friend , Harry Osborn , and even the future super villain known as the Jackal . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City . New York City : Pocket Books . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 90 Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 55 : `` Captain George Stacy had always believed in Spider - Man and had given him the benefit of the doubt whenever possible . So in Spider - Man 's world , there was a good chance that he would be destined to die . '' Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 98 Jump up ^ Fisch , Sholly ( September 1987 ) . `` The Wedding of the Year '' . Marvel Age ( 54 ) . Marvel Comics . pp. 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 32 . ^ Jump up to : Conway , Gerry ( June 1995 ) . `` Foreword '' . Spider - Man : Clone Genesis . Marvel Comics . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0158 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Veronese , Keith ( October 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : The Beginnings of the Clone Saga '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 69 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Karen ( October 2010 ) . `` Gwen , the Goblin , and the Spider - Fans '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold T. ( Fall 2003 ) . `` ' The Night Gwen Stacy Died : ' The End of Innocence and the Birth of the Bronze Age '' . Reconstruction. 3 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1970s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . In June ( 1973 ) , Marvel embarked on a story that would have far - reaching effects . The Amazing Spider - Man artist John Romita , Sr. suggested killing off Spider - Man 's beloved Gwen Stacy in order to shake up the book 's status quo . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 68 : `` This story by writer Gerry Conway and penciler Gil Kane would go down in history as one of the most memorable events of Spider - Man 's life . '' Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Running Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0762437723 . The idea of beloved supporting characters meeting their deaths may be standard operating procedure now but in 1973 it was unprecedented ... Gwen 's death took villainy and victimhood to an entirely new level . Jump up ^ Inventing Tomorrow ( University of Minnesota Institute of Technology magazine ) , Spring 2002 : `` Jim Kakalios enlists the aid of costumed crimefighters to teach critical thinking in an imaginative freshman seminar '' by Paul Sorenson Archived 2006 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - man # 129 Jump up ^ Marvels # 4 Jump up ^ `` SpiderFan.org - Comics : Giant - Size Spider - Man # 5 '' . www.spiderfan.org . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 149 Jump up ^ Spider - Island Deadly Foes # 1 Jump up ^ Superior Spider - Man Team - Up # 2 Jump up ^ Scarlet Spider ( Vol. 2 ) # 20 Jump up ^ SBC.com ( no date ) : All the Rage ( column ) -- `` Do n't Panic '' , by Blair Marnell & John Voulieris Archived 2005 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ J. Michael Straczynski rebuttal to OMD Archived 2010 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 1 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 2 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 3 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 4 # 23 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 4 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 5 Jump up ^ `` GWEN TAKES OVER '' . Marvel. 14 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` And Finally ... Has Marvel Noticed That Gwenpool Is A Thing Now ? R '' . Bleeding Cool . Jump up ^ `` MARVEL ANNOUNCES `` GWENPOOL HOLIDAY SPECIAL , '' `` HOWARD THE DUCK '' BACKUP STORIES `` . Comicbookresources . September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel announces new Gwenpool series '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : House of M # 1 - 3 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 55 . Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 54 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 1 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 6 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 5 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Marvel Zombies Return '' # 1 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 9 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 3 # 11 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Verse Team - Up # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 1 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 2 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 18 Jump up ^ Web Warriors # 7 Jump up ^ Spider - Man Unlimited Vol. 2 # 4 Jump up ^ Brucie , Dylan ( March 2007 ) . `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' . Wizard Xtra ! . p. 110 . Jump up ^ In an interview in Wizard Magazine # 180 ( 2006 ) , Mark Bagley remarked there were some `` coloring issues '' in Gwen 's first appearances . He did not intend her eyes to be yellow . Jump up ^ `` '' . Wizard Universe . Archived January 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Spider - Man Pictures Full Size '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 11 Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 13 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 3 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 3 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 6 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 7 Jump up ^ What If ? # 24 Jump up ^ What If ? Volume 2 # 42 Jump up ^ What If : The Other Jump up ^ Rey , Leo ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` SPIDER - MAN 2017 CARTOON WILL FEATURE VENOM , SPIDER - GWEN , AND MILES MORALES '' . Nerdspan . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` The # MarvelAnimation panel is underway , and the cast of `` Marvel 's # SpiderMan '' has just been announced ! 1 / 3 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ http://missgwen-stacy.tumblr.com/ Jump up ^ Nyrem , Erin ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Into the Spider Verse ' Casts Hailee Steinfeld , Mahershala Ali and Lily Tomlin '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Marvel Comics Database The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Physics of Superheroes 1 - Death of Gwen Stacy Spiderfan.org -- Gwen Stacy Spider - Man characters Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Spider - Woman Scarlet Spider By public identity Peter Parker Otto Octavius Ben Reilly Miguel O'Hara Miles Morales Billy Braddock Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Jessica Drew Cindy Moon Gwen Stacy Supporting characters Main support Liz Allan Aunt May Betty Brant Black Cat Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. 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List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes

List of Keeping up with the Kardashians episodes - wikipedia List of Keeping up with the Kardashians episodes Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series . Its premise was originated with Ryan Seacrest , who additionally serves as an executive producer . The series focuses on sisters Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé Kardashian . It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian , their mother Kris Jenner , their step - parent Bruce Jenner ( now known as Caitlyn Jenner ) , their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner , and Kourtney 's now ex-boyfriend , Scott Disick . Khloé 's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season , though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons , and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé . Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine . In seasons eight and nine , Caitlyn 's children Brody and Brandon , and Brandon 's wife , Leah became recurring cast members . Keeping Up with the Kardashians is often criticized for emphasizing the `` famous for being famous '' concept and appearing to fabricate aspects of its storyline . The series has produced the spin - offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami , Kourtney and Kim Take New York , Khloé & Lamar , Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons , Dash Dolls , I Am Cait , Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian , Rob & Chyna , and Life of Kylie . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2007 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2008 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2009 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 2.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 2.11 Season 11 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.12 Season 12 ( 2016 ) 2.13 Season 13 ( 2017 ) 2.14 Season 14 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.15 Season 15 ( 2018 ) 3 Specials 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) 11 March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) 12 March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) 11 November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) February 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) 5 12 August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) 6 16 June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) December 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) 7 19 May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 8 21 June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 9 20 January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) 10 17 March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 11 13 November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 12 21 May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 13 14 March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 14 19 October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 15 TBA August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) TBA 16 TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` I 'm Watching You '' October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) Bruce and Kris Jenner celebrate their anniversary . Kim And Tommy Davis buys them a stripper pole as a gift , and the youngest Jenner plays on it . Kim appears on The Tyra Banks Show . Kourtney deals with relationship drama . `` Managing Mom '' October 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) Kim and Kris , her manager , argue over the management of Kim 's appearances and schedule . Meanwhile , Kris hires a nanny , Bree , who is not as appropriate and nanny - decent as she hoped . `` Brody in the House '' October 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 28 ) Kourtney , Kim and Khloé go to Mexico for a Girls Gone Wild photo shoot without telling Bruce , afraid that he would disapprove . When he finds out , he leaves his son Brody Jenner to look after Kylie and Kendall while he heads to Mexico to confront them . Unfortunately , leaving Brody with his daughters creates even more chaos . `` Birthday Suit '' November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) Playboy magazine contacts Kris , asking her to tell Kim that they want her to be on the cover of their December 2007 issue . Kim is hesitant at first , but Kris encourages her . To show Kris what a difficult decision it is , Kim proposing trading places and plays Kris ' manager and setting her mom up for a semi-nude shoot . Kim gets the skimpiest outfit she can . Kris 's best picture is her topless , in an American flag towel / blanket . Kris enjoys the shoot , surprising Kim . 5 5 `` Remembering Dad '' November 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 11 ) The family remembers Robert Kardashian on his death anniversary . Khloé , not dealing well with the anniversary , gets drunk and ends up arrested for a DUI . 6 6 `` You Are So Pregnant Dude '' November 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) Kourtney , Kim and Khloé are about to leave for Las Vegas when Kourtney has a pregnancy scare . Meanwhile , Kendall and Kylie ask their dad for a puppy , which causes a disagreement between their parents . 7 7 `` Helping Hand '' November 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 25 ) Rob gets set up on a date but catches his sisters spying on him . Khloé and Kourtney find out that a homeless man , Shorty , is living behind their store D-A-S-H , and clean up his appearance . 8 8 `` The Price of Fame '' December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) Scandalous photos of Kourtney surface , scaring and humiliating Kim , who already feels like she really messed up with her sex tape . Season 2 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 9 `` Kim becomes a Diva '' March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) The family think that Kim is slowly becoming a diva . Kourtney finds shocking texts in Scott 's Blackberry . 10 `` Rob 's New Girlfriend '' March 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) Rob falls in love with pop star Adrienne Bailon , a Cheetah Girl , but is left depressed when she leaves for India for three months to shoot a film . After consulting a nutritionist , Kris decides to build a chicken coop so the family will have healthier eggs from chickens they raise themselves . 11 `` Khloé Wants to Act '' March 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) Despite Kim 's disapproval , Khloé decides to pursue an acting career . Meanwhile , Bruce receives a fashion makeover . 12 `` Kris the Cheerleader '' March 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) Members of the Old School Crew contact Kris : they want her to be a cheerleader . Kris is worried about auditioning , especially after a knee injury . Meanwhile , Khloé has a woman - to - woman talk with Kendall , with help from Kim , Kourtney , and Kylie . 13 5 `` Khloé 's Blind Dates '' April 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) Kim and Kourtney , worried about Khloé being single , start an online - dating profile for her . Khloé gets angry but goes along with the speed dates . Meanwhile , Bruce teaches Kendall about doing chores and earning her own money but Kendall hires a handyman and takes the money and the credit for his work . 14 6 `` Learning Self - Defense '' April 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) After D-A-S-H is vandalized , Kourtney , Kim and Khloé take self - defense classes . Rob considers dropping out of USC to pursue professional modeling . 15 7 `` Kardashian Civil War '' April 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) Kim battles against Kourtney and Khloé after she purchases a Bentley . Kris gets drunk with a friend and gets a tattoo . Bruce experiences a mid-life crisis . 16 8 `` Kardashian Family Vacation '' May 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 04 ) Bruce thinks a family ski - trip to Colorado will ease some of the family chaos , but first it intensifies his midlife crisis as he spends time with guys who are Rob 's age . Meanwhile , the family gangs up on Kim , claiming she 's not joining in the family quality time . Kim , feeling hurt , leaves Colorado , but an apology message from Khloé persuades her to return . The clan enjoys the rest of their vacation together . 17 9 `` Kim 's Calendar for Reggie '' May 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) Kim shoots a sexy calendar for Reggie , but Kris distributes it for public sale . Kim gets back at her mom by selling the nude poster from Season 1 . Bruce hopes to inspire Kourtney and Khloé , and earn their respect , by taking them to one of his motivational speeches . 18 10 `` New Perspective in New Orleans '' May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) When the girls visit New Orleans for a charity pool tournament organized by Reggie , they meet a family devastated by Hurricane Katrina . Meanwhile , Kris ' cousin CiCi crashes Bruce 's plans for a romantic weekend . 19 11 `` Junk in the Trunk '' May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob share their favorite moments and outtakes from the series . Season 3 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 20 `` Free Khloé '' March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) Kris is furious at Khloé when she goes to jail for violating her probation . Kris believes her meltdown might have something to do with the upcoming anniversary of Robert Kardashian 's death . Kris talks to her mom about her feelings and visits her late ex-husband's grave . 21 `` Kourt 's First Cover '' March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) Kourtney hires Kris as her manager after 944 Magazine asks her to do a cover shoot . However , Kris does not do well managing both Kourtney and Kim , who must go to Comic - Con and promote her new film , Disaster Movie . Rob and Adrienne encounter problems when they move in together . 22 `` I 'd Rather Go Naked ... Or Shopping '' March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) Khloé faces pressure about her weight when she decides to do PETA 's `` I 'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur '' campaign . Kris and Kourtney confront Kim about her shopping addiction . 23 `` Pussycat Vision '' March 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) Kim gets LASIK eye surgery after struggling to see herself in a mirror at a dance rehearsal with Pussycat Dolls creator Robin Antin . Bruce is anxious to talk to Kendall and Kylie about his colonoscopy . Kim performs with the Pussycat Dolls on the Las Vegas Strip . 24 5 `` All for One and One for Kim '' April 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 05 ) Kim 's perfume line causes friction with Kris , Khloé , and Kourtney . Kris , not feeling so connected to Bruce anymore , searches for a common interest with him . 25 6 `` Cinderella Story '' April 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) Khloé gets a DNA test to see if Kris is her real mother , which upsets Kris . After Rob borrows Kim 's car and gets a new tattoo , his unusual behavior causes concern among the family . 26 7 `` The Two Year Itch '' April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) Kourtney and Scott get in another argument after she accuses him of cheating again . Meanwhile , Khloé secretly gets a biopsy for skin cancer , which scares Kris after she finds out . 27 8 `` Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder '' May 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 03 ) Khloé goes to New York to host a fashion show and becomes interested in moving there to open a second D-A-S-H store . Kim 's focus on her career forces her to choose between it and Reggie . 28 9 `` Leaving the Nest '' May 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 10 ) Khloé looks for apartments in New York , which upsets Kris , who does not want her to leave L.A. Kourtney and Kim get Kris a chimpanzee after she expresses a desire to have another baby . 29 10 `` Meet the Kardashians '' May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) The family goes on a camping trip to meet Adrienne 's family . Meanwhile , Bruce undergoes plastic surgery to fix the mistakes that were made during his treatments in earlier years to fix injuries that occurred during his sporting career . 30 11 `` What 's Yours is Mine '' May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) Kourtney borrows Kim 's personal belongings without her permission . Bruce struggles with Kylie wearing `` grownup '' clothes and too much makeup for her age . Rob breaks up with Adrienne and moves in with Kim . 31 12 `` Double Trouble '' May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) Khloé 's new boyfriend Rashad McCants cheats on her . Kourtney catches Scott with another girl and starts to think that Scott may not be the best guy for her . Season 4 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 32 `` The Wedding '' November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) Khloé and Lamar Odom get married . Rob attempts to rekindle his relationship with his ex-girlfriend Adrienne Bailon . Kim realizes she misses her boyfriend Reggie Bush , and Kourtney and Scott try to improve their relationship . 33 `` Scott on the Rocks '' December 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 13 ) Kourtney and Scott find themselves pitted against her family , especially Khloé , because they disapprove of him . 34 `` Hot Cup of Love '' December 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 20 ) When Khloé slaps Scott , Kourtney will not talk to her until she takes an anger - management class . A friend gives Kris a male - enhancement drug and she tries it on Bruce by slipping it into his coffee but Rob accidentally gets that coffee cup and lands in the hospital because of what follows . 35 `` Baby Blues '' December 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 27 ) Khloé gets excited when she thinks she 's pregnant , but it turns out that she is not . When Kim lies to everyone to get out of doing things , Kris and Bruce get upset , but she may learn a lesson when she lies to Kendall and Kylie . 36 5 `` Shape Up or Ship Out '' January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) Scott fails to take Kourtney 's pregnancy seriously , so she threatens to end their relationship . Kris upsets Bruce by not letting him buy a helicopter toy or make any financial decisions . Khloé pays Bruce to do jobs for her . Kris buys a $4000 dress for 1 event and Kim , Khloé , and Bruce play `` scavenger hunt '' by hiding the dress until Kris gives Bruce his ATM card to buy the helicopter toy . Rob tries to rekindle his relationship with Adrienne after seeing her at Khloé 's wedding , seeming to stalk her by calling her 24 / 7 . When he plans to visit her in New York , he receives an e-mail from her new boyfriend that informs him that it 's over between them . He 's heartbroken but decides to try to move on . 37 6 `` Must Love Dogs '' January 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 10 ) Dog - non-lover Kim finds herself taking in , and loving , a stray Chihuahua until she must give up `` Princess '' because of medical problems . Bruce pressures Rob to move out of the house , and he gets a job developing his own skin - care line with Kourtney 's help . 38 7 `` Body Blows '' January 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) Bruce goes to a charity event for the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé were set to attend , but to his disappointment , they do not show . He decides to hold a charity boxing event for the American Heart Association and the people they fight turn out to be harmful for them . When Kourtney babysits for a friend , she realizes she is not prepared to have her own baby . 39 8 `` Weekend From Hell '' January 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé take a weekend trip to Santa Barbara , California to have one final trip before the baby arrives , but Kim and Khloé leave Kourtney out of everything and get drunk , upsetting Kourtney , who must abstain from alcohol . Meanwhile , Kendall signs a modeling contract and Kylie gets jealous . 40 9 `` I Want Your Sex '' February 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 14 ) Khloé makes a `` love tape '' for husband Lamar Odom while he 's on the road . Scott and Rob saw the tape with Lamar which made Khloé embarrassed . Kourtney misses intimacy with Scott , but is afraid to have sex because she does not want to hurt the baby . She later takes a Sex During Pregnancy class with Scott 41 10 `` Blame It on The Alcohol '' February 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) During the one - hour special , the family travels to Las Vegas to celebrate Kim 's birthday and attend an important business meeting . Kim bothered her mother for not caring about her birthday , while Scott gets violently drunk . He subsequently gets into a scuffle with his buddy , Rob Kardashian , who is also drunk . Their unruly behavior sets the tone for the remainder of the night . After Kris is able to break up the fight , she and Kourtney think that they are able to subdue Scott and leave him in the hotel room to sober up . To everyone 's surprise , Scott shows up to the dinner where his boss is present . After using foul language , embarrassing himself and making everyone in attendance uncomfortable , Scott gets in an argument with the waiter and shoves a $100 bill in his mouth . The drama continues to unfold as Kourtney ends her relationship with Scott because of his unforgivable actions . 42 11 `` Delivering Baby Mason '' February 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) Scott returns to the house to apologize to Kris , but she refuses to give him another chance . Worried about never seeing Kourtney again and possibly never meeting his child , he frantically sends text and voice - mail messages until Kourtney grants him a chance to explain himself in person . She finally reconciles with him , and the whole family comes back together at her baby shower . Kim faints from exhaustion and takes 2 weeks off , deciding that when she does resume working , she will not take on so many responsibilities . After Kourtney delivers her son , Mason Dash Disick , she announces that she will be returning to Miami to hire new girls at the store , as only 2 are currently working there . Khloé says she will go too although she would rather stay in L.A. with Lamar ; she compromises that she will not be there 24 / 7 . Scott is also going , to visit friends and open a nightclub . Kris is upset that Kourtney and Scott will be taking Mason along , and Bruce tells Khloé her marriage is more important than going to Miami . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Kim 's House Party '' August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) 4.67 Kim buys a new house after her split with Reggie Bush . Kris thinks Kim is acting too protective of her house , so she decides to throw a house party to break Kim 's house in much to Kim 's chagrin . Meanwhile , Khloé and Kourtney disagree on whether Scott is welcome in Khloé and Lamar 's house after his awful stunts from last season . 44 `` Blind Date '' August 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) 3.57 Kris sets up a blind date for Kim with an Armenian professional athlete . Khloé 's family pesters her for Laker - game tickets , which upsets her . When none of them get tickets , they watch the game from the comfort of Khloé 's home . 45 `` The Missing Ring '' September 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 05 ) 2.87 Khloé loses her 7 - carat engagement ring and worries that Lamar will freak out , but Rob finds it . Meanwhile , Bruce and Kris fight about the new garage : Bruce feels Kris is taking over `` his '' only space in the house ; she thinks he does not appreciate all the work she has put into their home . The friction makes Kendall and Kylie worry that their parents will divorce , but the parents manage to resolve their petty issues and end up sleeping in the garage together . 46 `` My Bodyguard '' September 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 2.60 Kim develops a schoolgirl crush on her new Australian bodyguard despite the fact that they both wanted to keep the relationship strictly professional . Kim drinks a little too much and kisses her bodyguard goodnight . Later she tries to fix the problem to make things less awkward around them . Meanwhile , Khloé teaches Lamar how to swim . 45 5 `` Botox and Cigarettes '' September 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 12 ) 2.92 Kim receives another round of Botox injections after Kris says she has lines around her eyes . Khloé goes along for moral support , and Kim suffers the side effects of Botox : the skin around her eyes start turning purple . After this incident , Kim swears that she will never get another injection . Meanwhile , Kris is discovered smoking and Kourtney , Kendall , and Kylie try to get her to quit ; Kourtney plots to make Kris think that Kendall is smoking because of her example . Kourtney buys nicotine - free cigarettes ( honey and marshmallow ) and Kris decides to stop smoking . 48 6 `` Kourt Goes A.W.O.L. '' September 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 19 ) 3.77 When nobody in Kourtney 's family makes an effort to attend Scott 's birthday party in Las Vegas , Kourtney house - hunts in New York City . Her family soon finds out , and Kris plots a belated surprise party for Scott . Meanwhile , Bruce struggles with getting Kim 's dog , Rocky , neutered . 49 7 `` Match Made in Hell '' September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 3.43 When Khloé constantly jokes that Rob is dating her best friend Malika , they decide to pretend that they are . Meanwhile , Kris ponders managing the pop band BG5 , and after she decides , she wonders if she made the wrong decision . 50 8 `` No Boys Allowed '' October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 3.43 As Mason goes in for his 6 - month check - up , Kourtney realizes she wants another baby so her kids will be close in age like she and Kim were , but when she obsesses about getting pregnant , Scott thinks she 's taking all the fun out of the process of trying . Meanwhile , Bruce has a hard time accepting that 12 - year - old Kylie has male friends , and there 's tension when she breaks the rule about inviting a boy up to her room . 51 9 `` Kris `` The Cougar '' Jenner '' October 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 3.09 Unhappy about getting older , Kris hires a personal trainer , Storm , to help her get back into shape . Bruce becomes concerned when Storm arrives at the house and starts hitting on Kris , but Kris dismisses his feelings until others point out that she might be going too far with Storm . Kim 's competitive nature gets her into trouble when she loses to Kourtney during poker night and is forced to serve her needs for a day . 52 10 `` Dash No More '' October 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 2.90 Kim meets football star Miles Austin . Kourtney thinks about expanding D-A-S-H by moving to New York but her sisters are against the idea . Meanwhile Scott and Bruce bond , but Bruce still insists on behaving like a rodent to Scott , despite Scott trying his best to change his ways . 53 11 `` The Kardashians Take NYC '' October 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 4.06 Khloé celebrates her birthday in New York City with her family and friends , while Kourtney continues to weigh the pros and cons of opening up a new store there . Meanwhile , Kris decides she 's fed up with Bruce 's homebody attitude and leaves him behind in Los Angeles , but Rob gets him to let loose during a night out in a club with his friends and the BG5 girls . Bruce later gets earrings and a haircut . Also , Kim parties with football player Miles Austin ( with the paparazzi not far behind ) , and her ex Reggie Bush becomes jealous when he finds out that she has moved on . Miles later breaks up with Kim at the end of the episode . 54 12 `` Junk in the Trunk 2 '' December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) N / A The Kardashians look back at their favorite moments from the series and view some previously - unaired footage . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 55 `` Family VS Money '' June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.50 Khloé is not happy with Kim 's new boyfriend ( Kris Humphries ) . Kourtney gets the family together and things do not go as planned 56 `` Kim Becomes A Stage Mom '' June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.75 Kim tries to help Kendall with her modeling career , but pushes her too hard . Meanwhile , Kris , Kourtney , and Scott butt heads over a house key . 57 `` The Former Mrs. Jenner '' June 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 26 ) 2.70 Kris decides to change her last name back to Kardashian , much to Bruce 's dismay . Kim takes action to prove that her butt is real . 58 `` Out of Wedlock '' July 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 10 ) 2.60 Kourtney contemplates having another child out of wedlock . Kris acts as the minister for her minister 's wedding . 59 5 `` Thicker Than Water '' July 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) 3.14 Kris thinks Bruce is losing his hearing . Rob admits to Kourtney why they do n't hang out anymore , which is because of Scott . 60 6 `` Kendall Goes on Birth Control '' July 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 24 ) 2.79 Bruce is concerned when he discovers Kendall is taking birth control . Kim develops a rash on her body , and realizes she has inherited psoriasis from her mother . 61 7 `` The Have and Have Nots '' July 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 31 ) 2.74 Bruce tries to get his daughters to see how blessed they are . Kris ' toilet troubles affects her family , mainly Kourtney . 62 8 `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' August 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 07 ) 3.15 Scott goes to Vegas , and Kourtney is afraid that he will return to his old ways . Kylie and Kendall think their mother Kris is meddling in their lives . 63 9 `` Talk to My Agent '' August 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) 3.16 Kris gets mad at Scott when he tries to become Kylie and Kendall 's manager , and Kim does not know how to dance so she gets embarrassed . 64 10 `` The Family Vacation '' August 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 21 ) 3.62 Kris and Bruce take a vacation to Bora Bora to renew vows and also as a family vacation . 65 11 `` Getting to Know You '' August 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 28 ) 2.88 Kris has self - image issues that threaten the anniversary celebration in Bora Bora ; and Kourtney tries to get Scott and Rob to reconcile . Kourtney learns the truth about Scott 's drinking . 66 12 `` Trouble in Paradise '' September 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 04 ) 3.53 Rob feels insecure about not having a career and it causes him to lash out at Kim while they are in Bora Bora . Meanwhile , Kourtney gives Scott an ultimatum and Kris asks Bruce for his stepdaughter Kim 's hand in marriage . 67 13 `` The Proposal '' September 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 05 ) 3.30 Kris Humphries plans to ask Kim to marry him , but an argument between the two makes him wonder if he is proceeding too quickly . 68 14 `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event -- Part 1 '' October 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 09 ) 4.39 Preparations for Kim and Kris ' wedding are featured , with a whole lot of drama . 69 15 `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event -- Part 2 '' October 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) 3.98 Khloé and Kim get into an argument , and Kim disinvites Khloé to the wedding . Kim thinks that Khloé is taking it too seriously , then Kim receives a surprise from her in Las Vegas . The wedding of Kim and Kris is shown . Guest includes Demi Lovato , Ciara , The - Dream , Lindsay Lohan , NBA players , Eva Longoria , Avril Lavigne , George Lopez , Larsa Pippen , and Mario Lopez . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 71 `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 2.85 Kris decides to pursue a DNA test to prove Khloé 's paternity . Kourtney angers Kim when she takes over relocating DASH & Bruce goes to extremes to get the family 's attention . 72 `` Momager Dearest '' May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 1.76 Kourtney takes her grudge against Kris to a new level . Kim wants payback after Bruce forces her to overcome her fear of spiders , and Kendall and Kylie start working for Seventeen magazine . 73 `` Everybody 's Wigging Out '' May 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 28 ) 2.21 Kim starts wearing wigs ; Rob hurts Bruce 's feelings when he says he never had a male role model growing up ; Kris gives in to road rage . 74 `` The Family That Plays Together '' June 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 10 ) 2.03 Bruce tries to get Kris to sign his son , Brandon , to her music - management company ; Kourtney rebuffs Scott 's romantic gestures ; Kris attempts to get the whole family to play tennis . 75 5 `` The Man In The Memoir '' June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 2.51 Kris runs into the man she had an affair with more than 20 years ago and considers arranging a meeting with him . Meanwhile , Kim and Scott hang out together , much to Kourtney 's dismay ; and Kendall and Kylie ruin their mom 's carpet . 76 6 `` The Dominican Republic -- Part 1 '' June 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 24 ) 3.48 The family 's Dominican Republic vacation gets off to a rocky start when Kourtney causes herself , Kim and Scott to miss their flight . Meanwhile , Bruce is still at odds with Scott for ditching him at the race track . 77 7 `` The Dominican Republic -- Part 2 '' July 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 01 ) 3.67 While still in the Dominican Republic , Kris wakes up with a mysterious medical condition , and Scott begins to feel like an outcast . Meanwhile , Kendall and Kylie decide to film a family music video . 78 8 `` Sometimes You Need to Adjust -- Part 1 '' July 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) 2.52 Khloé returns to Los Angeles and deals with increasing demands from her family to spend time with them . Meanwhile , Scott tries to behave when he attends a sweet 16 birthday party in New York ; and Bruce tries to reconnect with Kendall and Kylie . 79 9 `` Sometimes You Need to Adjust -- Part 2 '' July 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 09 ) 2.59 Kim is reluctant to talk about her relationship with Kanye West ; Khloé continues to feel pressure from her family and must decide whether to travel to New York and attend the opening of Scott 's restaurant . 80 10 `` The Royal Treatment '' July 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 15 ) 2.92 Scott wants to become royalty on a trip to London and believes he has become a Lord -- but fails to realize if he wants respect , he has to give respect . Meanwhile , Kim fills her time in London with public appearances and starts to neglect her bestie Jonathan -- who finally confronts her . Plus , Bruce reveals a darker side of his personality when he , Kris and Khloé take a trip to Boston . 81 11 `` Affairs of the Everhart '' July 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 22 ) 2.53 Rob moves back in with Khloé and Lamar . Kris thinks Bruce is cheating on her . Rob and Khloé have a fight over him storing his things at her place . Kris decides to meet up with Todd Waterman . 82 12 `` Parent Trapped '' July 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 29 ) 3.03 Kris can not prove her innocence to Bruce after meeting up with Todd Waterman . After years of not going Khloé makes Lamar go to the dentist and Lamar ends up wanting to go to the dentist every day . Rob thinks he is losing his hair so he buys a laser hair growth tool . 83 13 `` Mothers And Daughters '' August 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 05 ) 3.00 The girls urge Kris to visit her sick mother in San Diego . Kourtney investigates water birth . Bruce checks into a sleep clinic . 84 14 `` Tales From the Kardashian Krypt '' August 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 19 ) 2.74 Kim and Khloé buy Mason a fish . Kris tells the family that she wants to plan her funeral . Kim gets upset when she finds out that Khloé would be Mason 's guardian if anything happened to Kourtney and Scott . 85 15 `` Kardashian Therapy -- Part 1 '' August 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 26 ) 3.37 Oprah comes to the house to interview the family . Kim 's desire to explore life as an individual threatens her sisters . Rob breaks down during a family therapy session . 86 16 `` Kardashian Therapy -- Part 2 '' September 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 02 ) 2.54 Conclusion . Kim tries to work out issues with her sisters . Kendall and Kylie ask to be homeschooled . Kim joins Khloé and Lamar on a trip to Queens . 87 17 `` Cuts Both Ways '' September 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 09 ) 3.03 Kris goes to get her breast implants replaced while Scott considers a vasectomy after finding out Kourtney wants more children . Kim and Khloé visit a fertility clinic . 88 18 `` Baby , Baby , Baby '' September 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 3.56 In the Season Finale , the family welcomes Kourt 's new baby into the world ; Khloé looks into why she can not conceive . Kim freezes her eggs . 89 19 `` Dishing It Out '' October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 1.46 The Kardashians show never before seen footage and share some of their favorite moments from the series . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 90 `` We 're Having a Baby '' June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 3.02 In the season eight premiere , Kim learns the sex of her baby . 91 `` Enough is Enough '' June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 2.46 Rumors surrounding Kris has risen , which leads Khloé , Kim and Kourtney to help their mother through it all . Rob has gained some weight , and Kim steps in to assist him in slimming down . Brody begins to open up about his issues with Bruce . 92 `` Agree to Disagree '' June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) 2.13 While working out the details of her divorce , Kim is rushed to the hospital with a health issue . Bruce and Kris disagree regarding having guns in the home . 93 `` Papa , Can You Hear Me ? '' June 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) 2.28 Bruce deals with his hearing loss . Scott learns of a woman with cancer who wants to meet him . Khloé and Lamar bring a puppy to the family and Kris is concerned that she might have a stalker . 94 5 `` I Will Fix You '' June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) 2.34 Kris notices the difference in Rob and works to fix things . Khloé acts as the mediator to try and fix Kylie and Kendall 's relationship . Scott faces his fears in order to advance his racing career . 95 6 `` Some Moms Just Wanna Have Fun '' July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) 2.55 Kim and Kourtney spend time discussing babies , which leaves Khloé feeling left out . Leah encounters some issues while completing her and Brandon 's newest single . Kris deals with more problems regarding her bladder . Kris and Khloé tee - pee Kim 's house . 96 7 `` Home Is Where Your Mom Is '' July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) 2.54 Kim learns that the renovation on her new home will not be complete by the time her baby is born . Bruce and Brandon get competitive . Scott offers to help Kim prepare for her baby , which bothers Kourtney . 97 8 `` Greece Is The Word '' July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) 2.67 Brody and Kris disagree over some things , which threatens to ruin the family trip to Greece . Khloé and Scott concoct a surprise for Kourtney . Kim receives more news regarding her divorce . 98 9 `` Greece Him Up '' July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) 2.82 While in Greece , Kris gets overly - friendly with Brody , who finally confronts her about unfinished business . Meanwhile , Khloé and Kourtney decide to face their fears and make the vacation one to remember . 99 10 `` Opa ! '' August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 2.78 Scott arrives to the vacation with only one day remaining . Kendall becomes tired of feeling left out . Back in Calabasas , Bruce has an idea of installing a putting green at the house . 100 11 `` Life 's a Beach ( House ) '' August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) 2.85 Brody and Brandon begin constructing the putting green at the house . Khloé does a acrobatic latex photoshoot for her husband . Kris shuts down Kendall 's idea of renting a beach house for the summer . 101 12 `` Kris 's Mother - In - Law '' August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) 2.74 After visiting Bruce 's mother , Kris begins to worry . Kim helps Kylie start her fashion blog . The family collaborates on a surprise for Kris . 102 13 `` The Kardashian Chainsaw Massacre '' August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) 2.24 Kim plans to get back at her judgmental family by secretly attempting to feed them placenta . Rob shocks everyone when he takes up chainsaw art in Khloé 's backyard . Jimmy Fallon 's jokes get under Bruce 's skin . 103 14 `` Backdoor Bruiser '' September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 2.31 Kris is confused when Kendall starts spending more time with the Jenner side of the family . The kids attempt to embarrass Bruce by recreating his and Kris 's lost sex tape . Khloé tries to figure out her memory issues . 104 15 `` Baby Shower Blues '' September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 1.79 Khloé and Kourtney are surprised when Kim reveals that she does not want to have a baby shower . Kylie and Kris devise a plan to get Bruce 's gun out of the house . Khloé feels self - conscious about her body . 105 16 `` More to the Story '' October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 2.26 After Khloé 's numerous attempts to conceive a child , Kim discusses the possibility of adoption with her . Kris thinks that Scott sold a scooter that she gave to him as a gift . Bruce trains Khloé 's dog without her knowledge . 106 17 `` Paparazzi & Papas '' October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 2.18 Growing tired of the constant presence of the paparazzi , Kim creates a plan to throw them off her trail once she goes into labor . Kourtney and Khloé attempt to set up a blind date for their grandma . 107 18 `` All Signs Point to North '' October 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 2.28 Kim learns that she will be giving birth sooner than she thought . Kris continues to prepare for the baby . Bruce receives some wise words from Brody and Khloé attempts to restore peace within the family . 108 19 `` Close Encounters of the Kardashian Kind '' November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 1.94 Bruce takes the family out for a camping trip , and Khloé uses the trip to hunt for aliens . Kris is preparing to launch her talk show and asks for everyone 's support . 109 20 `` Kylie 's Sweet 16 '' November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 2.33 Kris is tasked with babysitting a pig . After Kris becomes overly controlling with Kylie 's birthday planning , this causes drama between the two and Kylie plans her birthday by herself . Rob and Khloé talk about their current living situation . 110 21 `` A Very Merry Christmas '' December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 1.96 The family celebrates Christmas by gathering together for the annual photo holiday card , and exchanging gifts . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 111 `` Loving and Letting Go '' January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 2.56 Bruce and Kris discuss their future while Khloé and Lamar 's relationship continues to decline . Kris and Bruce decide to separate , but not divorce , and the Jenner and Kardashian children acknowledge the effect that the separation will have on Kendall and Kylie . 112 `` How To Deal '' January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 2.14 Scott starts taking karate lessons . Khloé is displeased with an interview that took her words out of context . Kris tries to get Jonathan away from Kim . 113 `` And All That Jazzzzzzz '' January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 1.72 Rob tells Khloé that she has the option of moving in with him . Kris thinks about going on Broadway . Scott leaves for Las Vegas for a business trip , but when Kourtney sees an advertisement that says he 's hosting a party at a club in Las Vegas , she surprises him by traveling there , and finds out that he was lying about the business trip . Scott learns that while she does not expect a lot , Kourtney expects him to be honest . 114 `` A Surprise Engagement -- Part 1 '' February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 2.37 Kanye 's assistant tells Kris that Kanye has a surprise for Kim 's birthday . Kris is tired of having Kim take over her house , and Kendall and Kylie are tired of Kim making changes to the many comforts in it , and they confront Kim about it when they find out that she will be staying with them for months more , because the house will not be ready soon . Kourtney and Khloé get some revenge on Kim when she continues criticizing them on what they wear . 115 5 `` A Surprise Engagement -- Part 2 '' February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) 2.57 The family flies to San Francisco , where Kanye has set up a birthday surprise for Kim at AT&T Park . Everyone is shocked once Kanye proposes to Kim . Scott deals with his mother 's deteriorating health . 116 6 `` 2 Birthdays and A Yard Sale '' February 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) 2.07 Kourtney wants to have a Kardashian yard sale . Kendall starts planning for her 18th birthday celebration and Kris and Bruce clash when Kendall expresses her desire on moving out . Bruce feels that his upcoming birthday does not need to be acknowledged . 117 7 `` The Courage to Change '' March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 2.32 Khloé decides that she has to choose where she wants her relationship with Lamar to go . After having to deal with the news of his mother , Kourtney plans a vacation for her and Scott to help him with his parents ' deaths . Rob gets himself checked out from the doctor after his weight concerns the family . 118 8 `` Let It Go '' June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 2.42 The family begins to worry as Kourtney is showing a lack of emotions . Khloé 's house has sold and it 's time for her to move out . Kris tries to show Kim that she still has what it takes to be a good mom and manager . 119 9 `` Color Me Lonely '' June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 2.19 Now that Kris and Bruce do not live under the same roof , Kris reaches out to him because she feels he is getting lonely . Kourtney learns that Scott 's late parents have left a painting , which is thought to be an original Modigliani . 120 10 `` Doggy Blu 's '' June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) 2.19 Scott sets up his own mobile office . Kendall finding her way in the modeling world by traveling finds it hard to take care of her dog , who ends up in Kris ' care . Khloé notices her negative influence towards her younger sisters and mother and tries to change . 121 11 `` The Vienna Incidents '' June 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) 2.06 Kris and Kim arrive in Vienna . Kourtney wants the moving date to their new house to be as delayed as it can be . 122 12 `` Playing Dirty '' July 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 06 ) 2.34 Khloé and Kim get competitive by taking part in a mud - run . Scott recruits in his helicopter plans , which are to put a helipad in his brand new house 's backyard . 123 13 `` Move It or Lose It '' July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 2.30 While Khloé anticipates her move , she realizes that she has been burglarized . Bruce encourages Brody for a golf tournament . Kourtney , Kim and Khloé head to the Big Apple to do a surprise DASH drop - by . 124 14 `` A Thailand Vacation -- Part 1 '' July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 2.29 Kourtney , Rob and Scott decide to miss the family vacation . Brody is put in an awkward situation because of Kim . Bruce and Kris find it hard to bond . 125 15 `` A Thailand Vacation -- Part 2 '' July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) 2.50 Khloé becomes annoyed with the family . Kendall and Kylie prank their family by being ' missing ' . Brody seeks some revenge after the family continuously teases him . 126 16 `` A Thailand Vacation -- Part 3 '' August 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 2.36 The family travels to a local orphanage , where Kim becomes close with a young girl . Brandon and Brody work to improve Khloé 's mood . 127 17 `` Design For Disaster '' August 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) 2.20 Kris hopes to end her mother 's crucial pains by giving her Medical cannabis . Scott ends up drunk yet again while on a trip to Miami . Khloé is willing to let Kourtney be her interior designer , but changes her mind once she realizes that her sister designs at a high price . 128 18 `` Secrets of a Double Life '' August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) 2.43 When Kourtney and Kim discover that Khloé has been hanging out with a new crowd , they intend to dig deeper into her life . Kris and Kim 's arguments about Kim 's wedding causes her to move out and live with Kourtney . 129 19 `` Rocking the Cradle '' August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 ) 2.84 Kendall and Kylie published their new book `` Rebels '' . Kourtney tells Scott that she is pregnant again . Kris throws Kim a surprise wedding shower . 130 20 `` Kim 's Journey To The Altar '' September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) 2.10 Kim prepares for her wedding to Kanye with friends and family . A problem arises with the bridesmaid dresses for Kourtney , Khloé , Kendall , and Kylie . The family travel to Paris and Florence , however , Rob decides not to attend the wedding , causing tension among the family . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 131 `` The New Normal '' March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 2.55 The Kardashian family struggle to cope with Kris and Bruce 's divorce , which is made even more difficult when a rumor that Bruce is rebounding with one of Kris 's best friends . 132 `` Someone Over The Cuckoo 's Nest '' March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 2.08 Kris finds it hard to be back in the dating scene after 25 years . Khloé has to deal with the aftermath of a controversial Instagram post . Kim fights fire with fire once she plans to recruit Kourtney for her video game . 133 `` The Carfather '' March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 1.89 Kris is concerned she 's made a mistake by putting Kourtney in charge of her living will . Scott is accused of acting shady . Kim helps Bruce spend his money wisely . 134 `` No Retreat '' April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) 1.84 Rob is in crisis and the family intervenes , but when Rob refuses help , Kris is at the end of her rope ; Khloé leads a Dash teambuilding retreat ; Kim learns that getting pregnant again might not be in the cards . 135 5 `` On The Road '' April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 1.79 Malika finds herself in the crossfire when Khloé ends her relationship with French Montana . After week of fighting , Kris forces Kylie to go on a mother - daughter bonding trip to San Diego . Kim talks at a Silicon Valley tech conference to prove that her skills extend beyond the world of beauty and fashion 136 6 `` Do n't Panic ! '' April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 2.22 Kim goes undercover to spy on the DASH , New York store in order to solve a theft problem . Kourtney does a photoshoot before it 's time for baby no . 3 . Scott convinces Kris to celebrate her birthday at a nightclub . 137 7 `` Special Delivery '' April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 2.07 Kim travels to Miami to promote her paper magazine cover shoot . Scott has to deal with anxiety over whether he is emotionally stable enough to deal with everything going on in his life . Kris 's suspicions about a stalker following the Kardashian family around is no longer a suspicion , but a fact . 138 8 `` Buggy Boo '' May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 1.93 Now that Kourtney has given birth to Reign , Scott spirals out of control which leads Khloé to get Bruce on his case . Kim and Khloé teach Kylie about all of the responsibilities that come with being a homeowner when she considers purchasing a $2.7 million mansion . 139 9 `` Lip Service '' May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 2.09 Kylie launches her first solo project , her hair extension line , but when the media asks her about her lips ; Kylie feels insecure when she reveals she had temporary lip fillers . Kim and Khloé decide to go to the doctors . When Scott hires Kourtney as an interior designer for the homes he is selling , he soon worries that he made a mistake when the lines between work and pleasure get blurred . 140 10 `` About Bruce -- Part 1 '' May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 2.92 Caitlyn opens up about becoming a woman to her family , Kris , Khloé and Kendall have a meltdown about her transition . Kourtney worries about how it will affect her kids . 141 11 `` About Bruce -- Part 2 '' May 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) 2.55 The family supports Caitlyn on her decision to transition into a woman , especially Kim . 142 12 `` Moons Over Montana '' May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 1.87 Kim plans a ski trip to Montana for the younger Kardashian clan . However when Kylie insists to be alone , Khloé attempts to connect with Kylie by doing all the athletic activities that Kylie usually does with Caitlyn . 143 13 `` In The Blink Of An Eye ... '' May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 2.37 The family prepares to look forward to Caitlyn 's transition to become a woman . Kris and Kendall make their way to France . 144 14 `` Mother Armenia '' September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 1.29 Khloé and Kim go on a trip to Armenia to learn more about their ancestors . Kourtney wants to discover why Kylie is acting distant . 145 15 `` It Feels Good To Be Home '' September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 1.66 Kanye plays a surprise public concert to say thank you to Armenia ; Kim arranges to have North baptized in Israel 's oldest Armenian Church ; Back in LA , everyone responds differently to having Caitlyn in their lives , with Kris taking it the hardest . 146 16 `` Vanity Unfair '' October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 1.61 Caitlyn comes out in her first big magazine interview and states things the family considers hurtful , Kim does her best to pick up the pieces ; Khloé has to decide how much emotional support she can afford to give to Lamar . 147 17 `` The Last Straw '' October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 1.70 In this season finale , Kourtney attempts to keep it together as Scott 's behavior spins out of control ; Khloé decides to meet face to face with Caitlyn to try to salvage their relationship ; Kris finally gives Corey boyfriend status . Season 11 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 148 `` That Was Then This Is Now '' November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 2.48 Kourtney and Scott break up ; the sisters try to find ways to deal with the aftermath of Caitlyn 's transition . Khloé does a very revealing photoshoot ... 149 `` The Price You Pay '' November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 1.55 Kourtney attempts to find a new status quo with Scott ; a business trip to Australia has Khloé thinking twice about how much she does for her sisters ; Kim and Kanye prepare to move back in with Kris . 150 `` Rites of Passage '' November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 1.98 Kris decides to throw an extra-special graduation party for Kendall and Kylie ; Kim 's pregnancy cravings take her halfway around the world , but it could be putting her at risk ; Khloé responds to a presence in her house by getting in touch with her psychic side . 151 `` All Grown Up '' December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 2.31 Kris has a reason to meet Caitlyn for the first time at Kylie 's 18th birthday ; Kim takes over Kris 's home in preparation for baby number two ; Khloé takes steps to move forward . 152 5 `` Lions and Tigers and Texts '' December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) 2.05 After moving forward with her divorce , Khloé seeks solace in Mexico City at the big cat rescue foundation with Kendall ; Kris has on her own separate correspondence with Lamar ; Kylie makes her first appearance as an adult in a club in Montreal . 153 6 `` Non-Bon Voyage '' December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) 1.89 The family flies to St. Barths to forget their troubles , but drama follows them ; Kourtney gets disturbing news about Scott ; Kendall has beef with Kylie for bringing her boyfriend Tyga ; Kris struggles to get back on Kim and Khloe 's good side . 154 7 `` Return From Paradise '' January 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 03 ) 2.54 Kendall feels neglected when Kylie continues to give Tyga all her attention . Kim and Khloe make it their mission to make Kourtney feel good . An unexpected visit from Scott triggers a whirlwind of emotions when the family finally sits down with Scott to discuss the mistakes he made . 155 8 `` The Big Launch '' January 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) 2.05 The Kardashian and Jenner girls travel to New York to launch their new apps . 156 9 `` Fear of the Unknown '' January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 2.15 Kris wants the girls to take a genetic test to know their risks for cancer , but not everyone is on board ; Kendall has a hard time finding a balance in her relationship with Caitlyn ; the family helps Scott as he hits a low point . 157 10 `` Miscommunication '' January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 1.99 Kris decides the family needs Communication Therapy ; Kylie is ready to celebrate her new home but her family 's bossy ways get in the way of her plans ; Khloé struggles to finish her book . 158 11 `` The Great Kris '' January 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.89 Kim leads the planning for a grand 60th birthday party for Kris but is afraid she may have taken on too much at nine months pregnant ; Scott finally goes into rehab , but only time will tell if he is ready to change . 159 12 `` Family First '' February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 1.69 The girls remake a legendary family video for Kris 's epic 60th birthday bash ; Khloé has a hard time finding a balance between supporting Lamar and returning to her daily life ; Kendall gets an amazing opportunity . 160 13 `` Unforeseen Future '' February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 1.90 Kim learns that her house construction is delayed even further , leaving her living situation in limbo ; Scott comes back from rehab ready to prove he is a changed man ; Kylie confronts Kendall about being a team . Season 12 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 161 `` Out With the Old , In With the New '' May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 3.19 News that Rob is dating Tyga 's ex is met with shock from the family . Meanwhile , Khloé rearranges her life to make sure that Lamar has proper care and a house of his own ; Scott hopes some lifestyle changes could win Kourtney back ; at the same time , Kourtney tries to embrace this new chapter of her life . 162 `` A New York Family Affair '' May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 1.56 Kanye takes some of the whole family to New York for the launch of Yeezy Season 3 . Lamar decides to go with the family making his first public outing . He is met with cheers from the crowd . Khloé and Caitlyn start to resolve their feud . 163 `` Significant Others and Significant Brothers '' May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 1.77 Khloé is shocked when she learns Rob has a house of his own and questions Kris into whether she was responsible for buying it . Rob returns and moves into his new home with support from the rest of the family except Khloé . The family start to notice Kourtney 's diva ways especially since appearing on the cover of Architectural Digest . Kim also notices her budding friendship with Corey and confronts her about it . 164 `` All About Meme '' May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 1.55 The girls start to make peace with Rob 's new relationship , but feelings get hurt when Rob starts making jokes on social media . Meanwhile Kris and Kim reach their breaking points as housemates and Kendall struggles with feeling left out . 165 5 `` Fake It ' Til You Make It '' June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 1.78 Kendall , Kylie and Khloé get prosthetic makeovers in hopes of having a normal day out ; Scott feels insecure about his place in the family ; Kris resists Corey 's idea of fun . 166 6 `` The Kardashian Curse '' June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 1.53 Khloé travels to Napa with Kourtney and Kris , where she needs to make a decision about her divorce ; Scott tries to rid himself of the alleged Kardashian Curse . 167 7 `` Snow You Did n't -- Part 1 '' June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 1.27 Kris surprises the family with a Vail , Colo. vacation ; the family learns that Rob has proposed to Blac Chyna ; Kourtney worries about Scott 's behavior . 168 8 `` Snow You Did n't ! -- Part 2 '' June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 1.23 The family continues their vacation in Vail , while taking in the news of Rob 's engagement ; Scott tries to stay on his best behavior for the rest of the trip . 169 9 `` Oh Baby ! '' July 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) 1.51 After the announcement of his engagement , Rob has another piece of news that will change the family forever ; Kylie struggles with anxiety from being in the spotlight . 170 10 `` Iced Out '' July 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) 1.44 Kim feels like she is being pulled in different directions as she tries to cater to both her sister and her husband during a trip ; Scott tries to decide if he should surprise Kourtney by showing up in Iceland . 171 11 `` Got MILF ? '' July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 1.37 Kim feels that Kanye is constantly misunderstood and unfairly vilified and ca n't decide whether to publicly take a stand for him ; Kim prepares for her sexy cameo in Fergie 's music video . 172 12 `` Havana Good Day '' July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 1.39 The girls head off on an unforgettable trip to the once - restricted country of Cuba ; Kourtney fights with family members ; Kris loses it when she ca n't speak to the girls overseas . 173 13 `` Havana Good Night '' August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 1.17 The Kardashian trip to Cuba continues . A disagreement results from Kim 's commitment to her work engagements on Mother 's Day ; Scott comes down with a major case of FOMO ; and tensions rise over Kylie 's Puma endorsement . 174 14 `` The Digital Rage '' August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 1.43 Drama between Rob and the family flares up when Chyna launches an app they find questionable ; Scott is on a mission to prove that Kourtney 's allergies are n't real . 175 15 `` Blood , Sweat , and Fears '' August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 0.866 When Kris sees Khloé is struggling , she urges Rob to reconnect with his sister ; Kourtney worries that she will give Scott mixed messages ; Kris pushes herself too far in order to keep up with her daughters ' workouts . 176 16 `` Love at First Fight '' September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 1.52 When Rob and Chyna get in a fight , it 's up to the sisters to help repair their relationship ; the family tries to give Khloé a good birthday ; and Kourtney is nervous when she has to do a press tour all by herself . 177 17 `` Khloé 's New Breast Friends '' October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 1.45 Kim upsets her mother after helping Cait get ready for the ESPY awards ; Khloe tests out her new features ; Scott finds a healthier way to keep himself busy . 178 18 `` Lord Disick Returns '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 1.10 MJ 's birthday is celebrated , but Rob does n't show up and disappears after a fight with Chyna ; The Kardashians want Scott to have more fun , which leads to the return of `` Lord Disick '' ; Kim has trouble doing North 's hair . 179 19 `` Lord of the Cougars '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 1.12 Kendall 's sleep paralysis takes a toll on work and travel ; Kim tries to control her anxiety ; Scott becomes friends with Kris and her girlfriends . 180 20 `` Controversies & Legacies '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 1.22 Kim is trying anything for a third child ; Kendall is afraid of backlash from supporting stricter gun control ; Kris has a hard time realizing her mother wo n't be around forever . She sets up an interview where she and her kids ask her mother questions . Kris breaks down . 181 21 `` No Good Deeds '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 1.14 A baby shower is planned for Rob and Chyna , but a fight ruins the occasion ; Kris gets in a car accident . Season 13 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 182 `` Time to Dash '' March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 1.48 During a trip to Miami , a major department store makes an offer to purchase Dash ; Kourtney struggles to enjoy herself while in Scott 's presence ; Khloe keeps Kim in the dark about her new relationship . 183 `` Paris '' March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 1.58 Kourtney is eager to experience Paris Fashion Week with Kim and see Kendall walk the runway for the first time , but their trip to the city of light takes a dark turn when Kim is robbed at gunpoint . 184 `` The Aftermath '' March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 1.41 In the aftermath of Paris , Kim struggles to cope with frightening reminders of the robbery , Kendall wrestles with her decision to prosecute an unstable trespasser and Kris makes it her mission to heighten security for the entire family . 185 `` Kim 's Last Ditch Effort '' April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 1.16 Kim undergoes one final procedure on her uterus in an attempt to carry another baby , but suffers from dangerous complications ; Khloe worries about her business successes ; Rob must learn to ignore criticism from his family . 186 5 `` When It Rains , It Pours -- Part 1 '' April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 1.26 Kim begins to ease back into her public life , but is blindsided by some upsetting news about Kanye ; Khloe is pressured to mend her strained relationship with Cait ; the family speculates about Kourtney and Scott ; Rob welcomes his first baby . 187 6 `` When It Rains , It Pours -- Part 2 '' April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 1.17 After receiving some troubling news about Kanye while in New York for the Angel Ball , Kim rushes home to his aid ; Kendall worries that a bad review from Vogue could jeopardize her modeling career ; Khloe clashes with Malika over priorities . 188 7 `` The Ex Files '' April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 1.47 After a fight between Rob and Chyna , the sisters feel a duty to protect their brother ; Kris tries to rebuild her relationship with Cait ; Kim tries to convince Khloe to hold onto her old mementos by making an ex-box 189 8 `` Guilt Trip '' April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 1.34 Scott becomes devasted when he hears a rumor about Kourtney ; Kim returns to work and fears she might not be cut out for her public lifestyle ; Kendall gets upset with Caitlyn when her efforts to spend time with her dad are taken for granted . 190 9 `` Family Trippin ' -- Part 1 '' May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 1.25 The family is surprised that Kourtney is allowing Scott on the family trip to Costa Rica , but when the sisters discover Scott has invited a girl to join him in Costa Rica , they decide it 's about time for Kourtney to confront the father of her children . 191 10 `` Family Trippin ' -- Part 2 '' May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 1.37 After the family confronts Scott about his unwelcome guest in Costa Rica , Kourtney must inform him that he 's ruined any chance of them ever getting back together . Meanwhile , Khloe is fed up with her family 's bad attitude . 192 11 `` Classic Cars and Vintage Eggs '' May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 1.33 Kim and Kourtney force Khloe to take a sentimental sister trip to Palm Springs to relive some of their fondest childhood memories . Meanwhile , Rob meets with a life coach to save his failing relationship ; and Kris receives an outrageous proposition from a royal family for her eggs . 193 12 `` Decisions , Decisions '' May 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.97 Rob struggles to find a way to be civil with Chyna for the sake of their daughter ; Khloe puts Kourtney through a series of silly tests in hopes of curing her indecisiveness ; and Kim jets to New York with Kylie for Kanye 's Yeezy fashion show . 194 13 `` Loyalties and Royalties '' June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 1.43 Kim becomes torn over maintaining a relationship with Cait ; she confirms that her mom 's reasons for cutting ties is valid ; Kendall introduces her sisters to the first openly gay royal ; Rob implements his own time of the month . 195 14 `` Sister Surrogacy '' June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 1.40 Khloe explores the possibility of becoming Kim 's surrogate but receives some shocking news in the process ; the sisters pressure Kourtney to step up her flirting game ; Rob threatens to bail on his 30th birthday . Season 14 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 196 `` Cleveland Show '' October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1.44 Kim and Kourtney finally get a glimpse into Khloé 's private life in Cleveland . Kendall receives some harsh feedback on a recent project . The family is blindsided when Cait reveals some shocking news . 197 `` MILFs Gone Wild '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1.40 Scott gets jealous when Kourtney goes on a girls trip to Mexico for her birthday . Meanwhile Kim feels violated when some unflattering photos of her in Mexico surface on the Internet . 198 `` Cheers To That '' October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1.26 Kim struggles to regain her confidence after her trip to Mexico . Khloé 's spirits sour when Kris becomes too busy for mother - daughter bonding . Kourtney acts sneaky about her dating life . 199 `` Clothes Quarters '' October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 1.13 Kourtney is distracted during a sister getaway with Kendall . Kim stages an unwelcome intervention on Khloé 's wardrobe . 200 5 `` Catch Me If You Cannes '' October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 0.89 Scott threatens to ruin Kourtney 's trip to Cannes with her new romantic interest . Kim struggles to set clear boundaries with her assistant . The girls get educated about Planned Parenthood . 201 6 `` Fan - Friction '' November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.15 Khloé fears that Cleveland fans may turn on her family during a trip to see Tristan . The girls wonder how to treat Scott after his bad behavior in Cannes . Kim gets fed up with her lack of willpower and makes a drastic lifestyle change . 202 7 `` Beauty Queen '' November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1.01 Kim anxiously preps for the launch of her new KKW Beauty line . Kourtney tries to adopt a new positive attitude . Khloé scrambles to make arrangements for Tristan 's upcoming move to LA . 203 8 `` Close To Home '' November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 0.77 Kim is shocked to learn about the rising rate of homelessness in LA and sets out to bring awareness to the growing crisis . Meanwhile Kris hires a scribe to document her every word . 204 9 `` Dog Tired '' December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 0.96 Khloé and Kendall consider getting guns for protection . Kris imposes strict guidelines for her mom to follow in her new condo . Kim ca n't handle her rambunctious new puppy . 205 10 `` Baby One More Time '' December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 1.06 Kim gets some big news about the future of her family . The girls wonder if Kourtney sees a future with her current beau . Kim and Khloé compete to win Kris 's affection . 206 11 `` Press Pass '' December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 1.03 Khloé and Kourtney butt heads over the design of their fitness line . Kim thinks the family needs media training to learn to handle controversial topics . 207 12 `` My Mother 's Keeper '' January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1.05 Khloé struggles to keep her explosive temper under control . Kris plants a secret tracking device on her mother and Kim wonders if Kourtney 's gluten - free diet is truly healthy . 208 13 `` Mime Over Matter '' January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1.44 A guilt - ridden Kourtney must decide whether to take a trip to Egypt without her kids . Khloé recognizes that the stress of dealing with six kids is weighing on Kris , so she hires a mime to cheer her mom up . 209 14 `` Bun In The Oven '' January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 1.33 Khloé has some big news to share with her family , but her strained relationship with Corey threatens to overshadow the big reveal . Kris gets a complex about her sagging earlobes . 210 15 `` Diamonds Are Forever '' January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1.16 Scott 's behavior takes a turn for the worse after he learns that Kourtney has a boyfriend . Kourtney struggles to find her career passion . Kris comes up with a creative way to preserve her memory long after she 's gone . 211 16 `` A Tangled Web '' February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) 1.14 Kim fears for her surrogate 's safety when sources begin exposing her personal information . Kris keeps a watchful eye on Scott during Fashion Week . Kourtney deals with a scary infestation . 212 17 `` Kris Jenner 's Legacy '' February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) 1.05 Scott sets out to make Kris a commemorative legacy video . Kendall 's anxiety strikes again right before Milan Fashion week . Khloé attempts to rebuild her friendship with Malika after a falling out . 213 18 `` Trimester Trouble '' February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 1.01 Khloé attempts to keep her pregnancy a secret while dealing with some complications . Kourtney questions whether she is done having children . Kris debuts a loud new hairdo . 214 19 `` The Gender Reveal '' March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 1.29 The girls take one last sister getaway to San Francisco before their babies arrive , but they quickly tire of Kourtney 's bad attitude . Kim wants to include her family in the surrogacy process . Khloé anxiously awaits news of her baby 's gender . Season 15 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 215 `` Photo Shoot Dispute '' August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 1.36 A fight about the family Christmas card escalates into a major family feud . Scott feels guilty for moving on to a new relationship with Sofia Richie . 216 `` The Art of the Prank '' August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 1.27 Kim and Khloé try to get to the root of Kourtney 's bad attitude , which ignites another huge fight between the girls . Meanwhile Kim makes Kendall a promise she ca n't keep , and Khloe and Scott formulate an elaborate plan to prove Kris is n't the art expert she claims to be . 217 `` Drop Dead Gorgeous '' August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) 1.08 Kris worries that pregnant Khloe is taking her healthy lifestyle too far and putting her baby at risk . Meanwhile Scott 's business trip to Miami takes a wild turn , jeopardizing an exciting new business venture , and Kim takes her morbid fascination to the next level by studying mortuary cosmetology . 218 `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 1.03 After an intense few weeks of fighting with her sisters , Kourtney considers spending the holidays away from her family . Meanwhile , Khloé hides from the critical public eye until her pregnancy announcement , and Kris fears she 's being poisoned . 219 5 `` The Family Feud '' September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) 1.07 Kourtney is devastated when Scott introduces the kids to his girlfriend Sofia without her permission . Meanwhile the family is determined to redeem themselves on Celebrity Family Feud at all costs , and Kim encounters an issue with her selfie taking . 220 6 `` We Love Chicago '' September 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 16 ) 0.91 Kim prepares for the birth of her third child . Khloe struggles to choose a godparent for her baby and Kourtney makes her dancing debut in a flash mob . 221 7 `` The Perfect Stormi '' September 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 23 ) 1.08 Kourtney lashes out at Kris over stuff from the past , Khloe is devastated by an unexpected loss and Kylie gives birth to her 1st baby Stormi . 222 8 `` An American Model in Paris '' September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) 1.01 Kourtney is furious when Kim leaks some personal information about her to the family . Kim struggles to make Kanye a priority . Kendall lets loose on a whirlwind trip to Paris . 223 9 `` The Kardashians Take Japan '' October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) 0.81 Kim scrambles to shoot an entire Yeezy Season 7 campaign while in Japan , but worries that her sisters ' questionable fashion sense might jeopardize the debut of the line . Meanwhile , Kris gifts her best friend with a face lift , but worries she might have offended her in the process . 224 10 `` Let 's Play Ball '' October 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 14 ) 0.87 The Kardashians take on the Jacksons in a charity softball game . Kris pools her resources to renovate the Watts Empowerment Center . Khloe and Scott devise a clever plan to reveal Art Vandelay 's true identity . 225 11 `` The Lord & His Lady '' October 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 28 ) TBD Inspired by the March for Our Lives demonstration , Kim meets with the survivors of the Parkland shooting to learn about their movement . Scott revives his podcast with Khloé in Cleveland . Kylie feels insecure about her post-baby body . 226 12 `` The Betrayal '' November 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 04 ) TBD Khloé is blindsided by news about her relationship just days before her due date . Kim worries that Khloe 's delivery will fall on the day of her high - school reunion . Scott and Kendall team up to do some extreme sports . 227 13 TBA November 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 11 ) TBD Specials ( edit ) No. of special Season aired in Title Aired between / after Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Junk in the Trunk '' `` New Perspective in New Orleans '' `` Free Khloé '' May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) N / A Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob share their favorite moments and outtakes from the series . 5 `` Junk in the Trunk 2 '' December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) N / A The Kardashians look back at their favorite moments from the series and view some previously - unaired footage . 6 `` Kendall 's Sweet 16 '' December 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) 1.93 The Kardashians celebrate Kendall 's sweet 16 and Kendall gets her driver 's license . 7 `` Dishing It Out '' October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) N / A The Kardashians show never before seen footage and share some of their favorite moments from the series . 5 14 `` 10th Anniversary Special '' `` Sister Surrogacy '' `` Cleveland Show '' September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1.26 Ryan Seacrest sits down with Kris , Kourtney , Kimberly , Khloe , Kendall , Kylie and Scott to reflect back on the most monumental events in their lives . 6 14 `` A Very Kardashian Holiday '' `` Close To Home '' `` Dog Tired November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 1.04 The Kardashians prepare for the holiday season bigger and better than ever before . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer `` Khloé Kardashian Odom and Lamar Odom Are in Couples Therapy '' People.com , November 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , Rubicon , Mad Men , Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More Records for True Blood + The Glades , Rubicon , Mad Men & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Glades Down a Little ; Rubicon , Mad Men Moreso '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : Boise St. Vs. Va . Tech Dominates ; ' The Closer & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Get Bigger & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Sunday For Cable Ratings : True Blood , VMAs , Jersey Shore , Iron Chef , Kardashians & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Premieres ; ' Rubicon ' Still Struggling + The Glades , Mad Men , Kardashians & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Falls ; ' Rubicon ' Stays Low + Glades , Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Mostly Stable ; ' Rubicon ' Still Tiny ; Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Plunges ; ' Rubicon ' Up ; Mad Men , Kardashians , MLB Playoffs & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Kardarshians Lead ; ' Mad Men ' Finale Up ; ' Rubicon ' Finale Down ; ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Sonny with a Chance ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Kardashians Finale Way Up ; Boardwalk Empire , Dexter , Swamp People & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Returns to Ratings Slip '' . Hollywood Reporter . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' True Blood ' & ' Falling Skies , ' + ' Kardashians , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Bounces Back , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Women 's World Cup , ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Slips , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' The Glades ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Shark Week , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Kardashians , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' Jets - Texans , ' WWE RAW ' Top Night + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Warehouse 13 ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' Jets - Texans , ' WWE RAW ' Top Night + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Warehouse 13 ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals , ' Hatfields & McCoys ' ' WWE Raw ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , & More '' . 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Mad Men ' , ' Longmire ' , ' The Client List ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' + NASCAR & More '' . 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Glades ' & More '' . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' + ' True Blood ' , European Football , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' & More '' . 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Walking Dead Marathon ' & More '' . 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night , ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bunheads , ' ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' & More '' . 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Beats ' Breaking Bad ' Premiere , + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Very Funny News ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` True Blood '' Tops Demos , `` Longmire '' Leads Viewers - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Political Animals ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Fallling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Sunday 's Cable Ratings : HBO 's `` True Blood '' Wraps Season on Top - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : NASCAR Wins Night , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Leverage ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' , ' Married to Jonas ' , & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Archived 2012 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' Breaking Amish ' & More '' . 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Wins Night , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Leverage ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' & More '' . 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Archived 2012 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + Sprint Cup Racing , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Skywire Live ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Sprint Cup ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' & ' Megalodon : The Monster Shark Lives ' Win Night , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Low Winter Sun ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Dexter ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Video Music Awards ' Dominates + ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Big , ' Talking Bad ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Masters of Sex ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & ' Thursday Night Football : Special Edition ' Tie for Lead + ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Homeland , ' Boardwalk Empire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Witches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Rules Again + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Killing Kennedy ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Soul Train Awards ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , NBA All Star Game , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Penny Dreadful ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Leads Night + World Cup Soccer , ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Witches of East End ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Leads Night + NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Shark of Darkness : Wrath of Submarine ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Air Jaws ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , NCAA Basketball + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Going Clear ' , ' Killing Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : MLB Baseball & ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Top Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondologjy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.24. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' starts well for AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' rises with Glenn 's fate revealed , ' Into the Badlands ' down in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' gets a ' Walking Dead ' bump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Leftovers ' finale rises , ' Into the Badlands ' takes a hit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' on top , plus ' Jill & Jessa ' premiere , ' Kardashians ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Homeland ' rises with finale , ' Into the Badlands ' hits season low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' rises in week 2 , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' stays on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.31. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little lower , NBA All - Star Game up slightly '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' steady , ' RHOA ' and ' Shameless ' improve '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` 3 - Day Ratings : ' Survivor , ' ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Still Going Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.15. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.22. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.5. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.12. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.19. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.26. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.3. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.10. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Power ' Season 3 premiere sets a record for Starz '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.31. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Showbuzz Dailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 9.4. 2016 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' premiere kills it with second - highest ratings ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 10 30 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 11 6 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 11 13 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' rebounds a little , ' Feud ' slips '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower , but also higher '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high , ' Into the Badlands ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday cable originals - network finals 4 2 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Homeland ' ends with season high , ' Casey Anthony ' strong for ID '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' premiere improves , NBA playoffs dominate '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Silicon Valley ' suffers without ' Game of Thrones ' as lead - in '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' American Gods ' has decent premiere on Starz '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' tops a down day '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' ends on up note , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' premieres to series low '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ties low , ' Claws ' has decent premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' keeps improving , MLB playoffs on top '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale steady ( but also down ) , NCLS on top again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.03. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.19. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.26. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.9. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.16. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.23. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 2 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.30. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.7. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.14. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : 49ers / Steelers Powerful , Even With Outages + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' Ridiculousness , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episodes Spin - offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami ( 2009 ) Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011 ) Khloé & Lamar ( 2011 ) Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons ( 2014 ) Dash Dolls ( 2015 ) I Am Cait ( 2015 ) Rob & Chyna ( 2016 ) Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian ( 2017 ) Life of Kylie ( 2017 ) Related The Princes of Malibu ( 2005 ) Filthy Rich : Cattle Drive ( 2005 ) Bromance ( 2008 ) Kris ( 2013 ) Sex with Brody ( 2015 ) Kocktails with Khloé ( 2016 ) The Spin Crowd ( 2010 ) Kingin ' with Tyga ( 2015 ) Hollywood Divas ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians_episodes&oldid=866068158 '' Categories : Keeping Up with the Kardashians Lists of American reality television series episodes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 01 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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Mono no aware

Mono no aware - wikipedia Mono no aware Jump to : navigation , search For the organization , see Mono No Aware ( organization ) . Mono no aware ( 物 の 哀れ ) , literally `` the pathos of things '' , and also translated as `` an empathy toward things '' , or `` a sensitivity to ephemera '' , is a Japanese term for the awareness of impermanence ( 無常 , mujō ) , or transience of things , and both a transient gentle sadness ( or wistfulness ) at their passing as well as a longer , deeper gentle sadness about this state being the reality of life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Etymology 3 In contemporary culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins ( edit ) The term comes from Heian period literature , but was picked up and used by 18th century Edo period Japanese cultural scholar Motoori Norinaga in his literary criticism of The Tale of Genji , and later to other seminal Japanese works including the Man'yōshū . It became central to his philosophy of literature and eventually to Japanese cultural tradition . Etymology ( edit ) The phrase is derived from the Japanese word mono ( 物 ) , which means `` thing '' , and aware ( 哀れ ) , which was a Heian period expression of measured surprise ( similar to `` ah '' or `` oh '' ) , translating roughly as `` pathos '' , `` poignancy '' , `` deep feeling '' , `` sensitivity '' , or `` awareness '' . Thus , mono no aware has frequently been translated as `` the ' ahh - ness ' of things '' , life , and love . Awareness of the transience of all things heightens appreciation of their beauty , and evokes a gentle sadness at their passing . In his criticism of The Tale of Genji Motoori noted that mono no aware is the crucial emotion that moves readers . Its scope was not limited to Japanese literature , and became associated with Japanese cultural tradition ( see also sakura ) . In contemporary culture ( edit ) Notable manga artists who use mono no aware -- style storytelling include Hitoshi Ashinano , Kozue Amano , and Kaoru Mori . In anime , both Only Yesterday by Isao Takahata and Mai Mai Miracle by Sunao Katabuchi emphasize the passing of time in gentle notes and by presenting the main plot against a parallel one from the past . In addition , the Japanese director Yasujirō Ozu was well known for creating a sense of mono no aware , frequently climaxing with a character very understatedly saying `` Ii tenki desu ne ? '' ( いい 天気 です ね , `` Fine weather , is n't it ? '' ) , after a familial and societal paradigm shift , such as a daughter being married off , against the backdrop of a swiftly changing Japan . In his book about courtly life in ancient Japan , The World of the Shining Prince , Ivan Morris compares mono no aware to Virgil 's term lacrimae rerum , Latin for `` tears of things '' . Science fiction author Ken Liu 's short story , `` Mono no Aware '' , won the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Short Story . Inspired by works like the science fiction manga Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō , Liu sought to evoke an `` aesthetic primarily oriented towards creating in the reader an empathy towards the inevitable passing of all things '' , and to acknowledge `` the importance of memory and continuity with the past '' . Nobel - and Booker Prize - winning British novelist Kazuo Ishiguro ends many of his novels without any sense of resolution . The issues his characters confront are buried in the past and remain unresolved . Thus Ishiguro ends many of his novels on a note of melancholic resignation . His characters accept their past and who they have become , typically discovering that this realization brings comfort and an ending to mental anguish . This can be seen as a literary reflection of the Japanese idea of mono no aware . Films like Alain Resnais ' Hiroshima Mon Amour , Shohei Imamura 's Black Rain and Akira Kurosawa 's I Live in Fear have all been associated with the term . See also ( edit ) Melancholia Media and written works : In Search of Lost Time `` Ballade des dames du temps jadis '' Lost in Translation Last Life in the Universe Related terms with no direct translation in English : Han Lacrimae rerum Memento mori Mottainai Nine Changes Wabi - sabi Ubi sunt Weltschmerz Sehnsucht Saudade References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Choy Lee , Khoon . Japan : Between Myth and Reality. 1995 , page 142 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ivan I . The World of the Shining Prince : Court Life in Ancient Japan . 1994 , page 197 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Hugo Awards '' . Jump up ^ Mamatas , Nick . `` Q / A With Ken Liu ( and the return of Intern Kathleen ) '' . Haikasoru . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.crosscurrents.org/FeleppaSpring2004.htm External links ( edit ) `` Lecture notes '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2012 . from a Japanese culture class at Ohio State University Emotions ( list ) Emotions Adoration Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Anguish Annoyance Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Contempt Contentment Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Ecstasy Embarrassment Vicarious Empathy Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Fear Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hysteria Infatuation Insecurity Insult Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Loneliness Longing Love Lust Melancholy Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride hubris Rage Regret Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Sorrow Spite Stress Suffering Surprise Sympathy Tenseness Wonder Worry World views Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Death and mortality in art Themes Carpe diem Consolatio Danse Macabre Death and the Maiden Lamentation of Christ Macabre Memento mori Mono no aware Sic transit gloria mundi Ubi sunt Personifications of death Vanitas Forms Death mask Elegy Funerary art Funerary text Lament Memorial Post-mortem photography Requiem Tomb Tragedy Wreath Artwork Architecture Capuchin Crypt Sedlec Ossuary Film ( category ) The Seventh Seal Literature Ars moriendi Bardo Thodol Book of Job Book of the Dead Hamlet 's soliloquy The Masque of the Red Death Music ( category ) Danse macabre Der Erlkönig Der Tod und das Mädchen Totentanz Painting ( category ) Et in Arcadia ego Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May La Calavera Catrina Pyramid of Skulls Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette The Ambassadors Poetry ( category ) And death shall have no dominion Der Erlkönig Do not go gentle into that good night ( hide ) Japanese social concepts and values People Terms Senpai and kōhai ( 先輩 / 後輩 ) Freeter ( フリーター ) Kyōiku mama ( 教育 ママ ) Reki - jo ( 歴 女 ) Net cafe refugee ( ネット カフェ 難民 ) Parasite single ( パラサイト シングル ) Aesthetics Shibui ( 渋い ) Iki ( いき ) Yabo ( 野暮 ) Mono no aware ( 物 の 哀れ ) Wabi - sabi ( 侘 寂 ) Yūgen ( 幽玄 ) Ensō ( 円 相 ) Miyabi ( 雅 ) Kawaii ( かわいい ) Yawaragi ( 和らぎ ) Obligation Gimu ( 義務 ) Giri ( 義理 ) Giri choco ( 義理 チョコ ) Honmei choco ( 本命 チョコ ) Ninjō ( 人情 ) Other terms Mottainai ( もったいない ) Honne and tatemae ( 本音 / 建前 ) Wa ( 和 ) Miai ( 見合い ) Yamato - damashii ( 大和 魂 ) Ishin - denshin ( 以心伝心 ) Isagiyosa ( 潔 さ ) Hansei ( 反省 ) Amae ( 甘え ) Kotodama ( 言霊 ) Misc Japanese political values Shame and Japan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mono_no_aware&oldid=813199864 '' Categories : Japanese literary terminology Japanese philosophy Japanese aesthetics Japanese words and phrases Emotions Melancholia Words and phrases with no direct English translation Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 10 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what does mono no aware mean in japanese

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Somebody's Watching Me

Somebody 's Watching Me - wikipedia Somebody 's Watching Me For the album , see Somebody 's Watching Me ( album ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single Single by Rockwell from the album Somebody 's Watching Me B - side `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' Released January 14 , 1984 Format 7 '' single cassette single Genre Synth - funk Length 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) Label Motown M 1702 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Curtis Anthony Nolen Rockwell Rockwell singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song recorded by American singer Rockwell , released by the Motown label on January 14 , 1984 , as the lead single from his debut studio album of the same name . Rockwell 's debut single release , the song features guest vocals by brothers Michael Jackson ( in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a major commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain , and reaching the Top 5 in Canada , Germany , the Netherlands , New Zealand , South Africa , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States ( peaking at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . The song reached No. 6 in the United Kingdom , Rockwell 's only Top 40 hit there . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Music video 2.1 Plot 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Sales and certifications 4 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' 5 Beatfreakz version 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Chart performance 6 Other cover versions 7 Sampling 8 Appearances in other media 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featuring prominently on background vocals . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' was written in the key of C - sharp minor in time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C# to C# . Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael and Jermaine Jackson , with Alan Murray on percussion . Music video ( edit ) The music video to `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( which uses the radio edit instead of the album version ) underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . Plot ( edit ) The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that a newspaper in Chinese has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate . He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , coming to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human . Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) 31 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 28 France ( IFOP ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Cash Box 21 US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 France 354,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) Main article : Somebody Dance with Me DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single reached No. 1 in Sweden and Switzerland , and the Top 5 in Austria , Finland , Germany , the Netherlands and Norway . In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted on the Swiss Hitparade , reaching No. 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . Beatfreakz version ( edit ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Single by Beatfreakz Released 2006 Format CD single Length 2 : 48 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Beatfreakz Beatfreakz singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . This version was a Top 10 hit in Belgium , Finland , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . Track listing ( edit ) CD single Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Edit ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Club Mix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( E-Craig's 2006 Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( DeNnis Christopher Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Ian Carey Club Mix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other cover versions ( edit ) Electro / hip hop artist / DJ / producers , Mysto & Pizzi , recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials . Danish metal band , Raunchy , recorded a cover for their fourth album , Wasteland Discotheque . Sampling ( edit ) TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' . In 2001 , French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in `` Art de Rue '' . Canadian artist Virginia to Vegas sampled the chorus for his single `` Lights Out '' . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009 . The campaign , created by The Martin Agency , consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash , a stack of money with googly eyes , while the song is played in the background . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1984 List of number - one singles of 1984 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1984 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Rockwell -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth - funk single `` Somebody 's Watching Me . '' ^ Jump up to : Somebody 's Watching Me ( Media notes ) . Rockwell . Hollywood , California : Motown Records . 1984 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton , Raynoma ( 1990 ) . `` Super Three '' . Berry , Me and Motown ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Contemporary Books . pp. 297 -- 299 . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 4340 - 7 . As they finished mixing down the record , I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry . Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Watching Me By Rockwell -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Higginson , Cheryl ( May 1 , 1984 ) . `` Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts '' . Luddington Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 80 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rockwell - Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( R ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 24 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 03 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . March 10 , 1984 . pp. 22 , 57 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1984 '' . RPM . Vol. 41 no . 17 . January 5 , 1985 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1984 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1984 '' ( in German ) . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 12 - 22 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1984 . pp. 14 , TA -- 19 , TA -- 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beatfreakz : Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebodys Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Beatfreakz - Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Issue nr : 23 / 2006 ( 12 Iunie -- 18 Iunie 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 ... see last week position . Romanian Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO -- The Remake of Somebody 's Watching Me ... '' January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU 's I Always Feel Like ... sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Isleym : Premier album ' Où ça nous mène ' en 2014 '' . Evous ( in French ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John R ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia to Vegas Channels Rockwell In ' Lights Out ' '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parpis , Elefteria ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Kash Debuts for Geico '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Monster '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give / Toro Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` State of Independence '' `` Muscles '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Centipede '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls ( Part 2 ) '' `` All Eyez on Me '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody%27s_Watching_Me&oldid=854446983 '' Categories : 1984 songs 1984 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Halloween songs Michael Jackson songs Motown singles Debut singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Spain Rockwell ( musician ) songs Songs about loneliness Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Romanian - language external links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 12 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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who sings i always feel like someone is watching me

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Database schema

Database schema - wikipedia Database schema The database schema of a database system is its structure described in a formal language supported by the database management system ( DBMS ) . The term `` schema '' refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed ( divided into database tables in the case of relational databases ) . The formal definition of a database schema is a set of formulas ( sentences ) called integrity constraints imposed on a database . These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the schema . All constraints are expressible in the same language . A database can be considered a structure in realization of the database language . The states of a created conceptual schema are transformed into an explicit mapping , the database schema . This describes how real - world entities are modeled in the database . `` A database schema specifies , based on the database administrator 's knowledge of possible applications , the facts that can enter the database , or those of interest to the possible end - users . '' The notion of a database schema plays the same role as the notion of theory in predicate calculus . A model of this `` theory '' closely corresponds to a database , which can be seen at any instant of time as a mathematical object . Thus a schema can contain formulas representing integrity constraints specifically for an application and the constraints specifically for a type of database , all expressed in the same database language . In a relational database , the schema defines the tables , fields , relationships , views , indexes , packages , procedures , functions , queues , triggers , types , sequences , materialized views , synonyms , database links , directories , XML schemas , and other elements . A database generally stores its schema in a data dictionary . Although a schema is defined in text database language , the term is often used to refer to a graphical depiction of the database structure . In other words , schema is the structure of the database that defines the objects in the database . In an Oracle Database system , the term `` schema '' has a slightly different connotation . Contents 1 Ideal requirements for schema integration 2 Example of two schema integrations 3 Oracle database specificity 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Ideal requirements for schema integration ( edit ) See also : Database normalization The requirements listed below influence the detailed structure of schemas that are produced . Certain applications will not require that all of these conditions are met , but these four requirements are the most ideal . Overlap preservation Each of the overlapping elements specified in the input mapping is also in a database schema relation . Extended overlap preservation Source - specific elements that are associated with a source 's overlapping elements are passed through to the database schema . Normalization Independent entities and relationships in the source data should not be grouped together in the same relation in the database schema . In particular , source specific schema elements should not be grouped with overlapping schema elements , if the grouping co-locates independent entities or relationships . Minimality If any elements of the database schema are dropped then the database schema is not ideal . Example of two schema integrations ( edit ) Suppose we want a mediated ( database ) schema to integrate two travel databases , Go - travel and Ok - travel . Go - travel has two relations : Go - flight ( f - num , time , meal ( yes / no ) ) Go - price ( f - num , date , price ) ( f - num being the flight number ) Ok - travel has just one relation : Ok - flight ( f - num , date , time , price , nonstop ( yes / no ) ) The overlapping information in Ok - travel 's and Go - travel 's schemas could be represented in a mediated schema : Flight ( f - num , date , time , price ) Oracle database specificity ( edit ) In the context of Oracle Databases , a schema object is a logical data storage structure . An Oracle database associates a separate schema with each database user . A schema comprises a collection of schema objects . Examples of schema objects include : tables views sequences synonyms indexes clusters database links snapshots procedures functions packages On the other hand , non-schema objects may include : users roles contexts directory objects Schema objects do not have a one - to - one correspondence to physical files on disk that store their information . However , Oracle databases store schema objects logically within a tablespace of the database . The data of each object is physically contained in one or more of the tablespace 's datafiles . For some objects ( such as tables , indexes , and clusters ) a database administrator can specify how much disk space the Oracle RDBMS allocates for the object within the tablespace 's datafiles . There is no necessary relationship between schemas and tablespaces : a tablespace can contain objects from different schemas , and the objects for a single schema can reside in different tablespaces . See also ( edit ) Data element Data mapping Database design Entity -- relationship model Knowledge representation and reasoning Object - role modeling Schema matching Three - schema approach References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rybinski , H. ( 1987 ) . `` On First - Order - Logic Databases '' . ACM Transactions on Database Systems . 12 ( 3 ) : 325 -- 349 . doi : 10.1145 / 27629.27630 . Jump up ^ Imielinski , T. ; Lipski , W. ( 1982 ) . `` A systematic approach to relational database theory '' . Proceedings of the 1982 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data ( SIGMOD ' 82 ) . New York , NY : ACM : 8 -- 14 . doi : 10.1145 / 582353.582356 . ^ Jump up to : Pottinger , P. ; Berstein , P. ( 2008 ) . `` Schema merging and mapping creation for relational sources '' . Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Extending database technology : Advances in database technology ( EDBT ' 08 ) . New York , NY : ACM : 73 -- 84 . doi : 10.1145 / 1353343.1353357 . Jump up ^ Ashdown , Lance ; Kyte , Tom ( February 2010 ) . Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 2 ( 11.2 ) . et al. Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . A database schema is a logical container for data structures , called schema objects . Examples of schema objects are tables and indexes . Jump up ^ Oracle Database Concepts 10g Release 2 ( 10.2 ) Part Number B14220 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . A schema is a collection of logical structures of data , or schema objects . A schema is owned by a database user and has the same name as that user . Each user owns a single schema . Schema objects can be created and manipulated with SQL . Jump up ^ Ashdown , Lance ; Kyte , Tom ( February 2010 ) . Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 2 ( 11.2 ) . et al. Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Other types of objects are also stored in the database and can be created and manipulated with SQL statements but are not contained in a schema . These objects include database users , roles , contexts , and directory objects . External links ( edit ) Tip / Trick : Online Database Schema Samples Library Database Schema Samples Designing the Star Schema Database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Database_schema&oldid=851764365 '' Categories : Data management Data modeling Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 13 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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Groundhog Day

Groundhog Day - wikipedia Groundhog Day Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Groundhog Day ( disambiguation ) . Groundhog Day Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , U.S. Observed by United States Canada Type Cultural Significance Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring Celebrations Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow Date February 2 Frequency Annual Related to Candlemas Groundhog Day , ( Pennsylvania German : Grund'sau dåk , Grundsaudaag , Grundsow Dawg , Murmeltiertag ; Nova Scotia : Daks Day ) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2 . It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog ( Deitsch : Grundsau , Grunddax , Dax ) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather , it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks , and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness , spring will arrive early . While the tradition remains popular in modern times , studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring - like weather . The weather lore was brought from German - speaking areas where the badger ( German : dachs ) is the forecasting animal . This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter . The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania , centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil , has become the most attended . Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well . Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event . The 1993 film Groundhog Day helped boost recognition of the custom , and the celebration has spread even further afield . In 2009 , Quebec began to mark the day ( Canadian French : Jour de la Marmotte ) with its own groundhog . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Punxsutawney beginnings 1.2 Punxsutawney today 2 Other locations 3 Origins 3.1 Protestant Germany 3.1. 1 Groundhog as badger 3.2 Bear - rat 3.3 Simpler Candlemas lore 3.4 British Isles 4 Accuracy 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation 5 Characteristics of groundhogs 6 Similar customs 7 Explanatory notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The groundhog ( Marmota monax ) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels . The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania , according to known records . The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2 , 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown , Pennsylvania , in Pennsylvania Dutch Country , according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder . This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock . Punxsutawney beginnings ( edit ) The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper of Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania in 1886 : `` up to the time of going to press , the beast has not seen its shadow '' . However , it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered `` official '' was commemorated here , with a group making a trip to the Gobbler 's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog . People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since . Clymer Freas ( 1867 -- 1942 ) who was city editor at the Punxsutawney Spirit is credited as the `` father '' who conceived the idea of `` Groundhog Day '' . It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated , from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada . The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge . The lodge members were the `` genesis '' of the Groundhog Club formed later , which continued the Groundhog Day tradition . But the lodge started out being interested in the groundhog as a game animal for food . It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge , and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer . The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature . The first `` Groundhog Picnic '' was held in 1887 according to a book for popular reading by an academic , but given as post-circa - 1889 by a local historian in a journal . The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge 's banquet , and the organized hunt started after that . Either way , the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899 , and continued the hunt and `` Groundhog Feast '' , which took place annually in September . The `` hunt '' portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality , because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for marinating . A drink called the `` groundhog punch '' was also served . The flavor has been described as a `` cross between pork and chicken '' . The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest , and the practice discontinued . Punxsutawney Today ( edit ) The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year ( nearly eight times the year - round population of the town ) . The average draw had been about 2,000 until the year after the movie screened in 1993 , after which attendance rose to about 10,000 . The official Phil is pretended to be a supercentenarian , having been the same forecasting beast since 1887 . Other locations ( edit ) Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva ( Groundhog Lodge Number Seven ) , of Pennsburg , Pennsylvania The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge , which was formed in 1907 , has carried out the ceremonies that take place in Quarryville , Pennsylvania . It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame . It employs a taxidermic specimen ( stuffed woodchuck ) . In southeastern Pennsylvania , Groundhog Lodges ( Grundsow Lodges ) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge , social events in which food is served , speeches are made , and one or more g'spiel ( plays or skits ) are performed for entertainment . The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event , and those who speak English pay a penalty , usually in the form of a nickel , dime , or quarter per word spoken , with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table . Staten Island Chuck is the official weather - forecasting woodchuck for New York City . Dunkirk Dave ( a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960 ) is the local groundhog for Western New York , handled by Bob Will , a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs . In Washington , DC , the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil , another taxidermic specimen . In addition to the spring prediction , if Potomac Phil sees its shadow , it portents six more months of political gridlock . In the American South , the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn , Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction , standing at 94 % . The University of Dallas in Irving , Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world . The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States , including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton , Ontario , and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which , due to Nova Scotia 's Atlantic Time Zone , makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America . `` Daks Day '' ( from the German dachs ) is Groundhog Day in the dialect of Lunenburg , Nova Scotia . In French Canada , Fred la marmotte of Val - d'Espoir has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009 . A study also shows that in Quebec , the marmot or groundhog ( siffleux ) are regarded as Candlemas weather - predicting beasts in some scattered spots , but the bear is the more usual animal . In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Samara , Russia . Origins ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German - speaking areas of Europe . The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas ( February 2 ) as `` Badger Day '' ( Dachstag ) , where if a badger emerging found it to be a sunny day thereby casting a shadow , it foreboded the prolonging of winter by four more weeks . Protestant Germany ( edit ) The Candlemas was a Catholic festival officially eliminated by the Protestant Reformers , but it had been retained and continued to be celebrated by the folk . The weather - predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the badger , although regionally the animal was the bear or the fox . The original weather - predicting animal in Germany had been the bear , another hibernating mammal , but when they grew scarce the lore became altered . Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula `` Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche , so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche '' ( If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas - week , for four more weeks he will be back in his hole ) . A slight variant is found in a collection of weather lore ( bauernregeln , lit . `` farmers ' rules '' ) printed in Austria in 1823 . Groundhog as badger ( edit ) So the same tradition as the Germans , except that winter 's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four , was maintained by the Pennsylvanians on Groundhog Day . In Germany , the animal was dachs or badger . For the Pennsylvania Dutch , it became the dox which in Deitsch referred to `` groundhog '' . The standard term for `` groundhog '' was grun ′ daks ( from German dachs ) , with the regional variant in York County being grundsau , a direct translation of the English name , according to a 19th - century book on the dialect . The form was a regional variant according to one 19th century source . However , the weather superstition that begins `` Der zwet Hær ′ ning is Grund ′ sau dåk . Wânn di grundau îr schâtte sent ... ( '' February second is Groundhog day . If the groundhog sees its shadow ... ) '' is given as common to all 14 counties in Dutch Pennsylvania Country , in a 1915 monograph . The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in Allentown and elsewhere . Bear - rat ( edit ) The groundhog was once also known by the obsolete Latin alias Arctomys monax . The genus name signified `` bear - rat '' . The European marmot is of the same genus and was formerly called Arctomys alpinus . It was speculated that the European counterpart might have lore similar to the groundhog attached to it . Simpler Candlemas lore ( edit ) See also : weather lore The German version , with the introduction of the badger ( or other beasts ) was an expansion on a more simple tradition that if the weather was sunny and clear on Candlemas Day people expected winter to continue . The simpler version is summarized in the English ( Scots dialect ) couplet that runs `` If Candlemas is fair and clear / There 'll be twa winters in the year '' , with equivalent phrases in French and German . And the existence of a corresponding Latin couplet has been suggested as evidence of the great antiquity of this tradition . In fact , the Christian Candlemas itself was an assimilation of the Roman rite for the goddess Februa with a procession on February 2 , to honor her , according to Yoder . The Roman calendar , in turn , had Celtic origins . Candlemas concurs with Imbolc , one of the Celtic ' cross-quarter days ' , the four days which marked the midpoints between solstice and equinox . British Isles ( edit ) Scholar Rhys Carpenter in 1946 emphasized that the Badger Day tradition was strong in Germany , but absent in the British Isles ( England , Scotland , or Ireland ) , and he referred to this as a reason that the U.S. Groundhog Day was not brought by immigrants from these places . There did exist a belief among Roman Catholics in Britain that the hedgehog predicted the length of winter , or so it has been claimed , but without demonstration of its age , in a publication by the Scotland - born American journalist Thomas C. MacMillan in 1886 , and American writer / journalist Samuel Adams Drake 's book published in 1900 . There are also claims of Irish lore that the hedgehog emerging out of hibernation on Brigid 's Day ( February 1 ) is a predictor of weather , and a few Celtic scholars advocate this modern Christian Irish lore to be the source of the Groundhog Day tradition in the United States . Accuracy ( edit ) In Pennsylvania , Punxsutawney Phil has become a popular tradition . On February 2nd , people within the city will gather to find out whether or not Phil 's shadow is revealed . With that , he will allegedly determine whether spring will soon begin by not seeing his shadow , or if winter will ensue for six more weeks . Statistics ( edit ) Punxsutawney Phil 's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania 's Groundhog Club which cares for the animal . Phil has predicted 103 forecasts for winter and just 17 for an early spring . Most assessments of Phil 's accuracy have given accuracy lower than would be expected with random chance , with Stormfax Almanac giving an estimate of 39 % , and meteorologist Tim Roche of Weather Underground giving a 36 % accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016 ( a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward ) and a 47 % record in that time span when predicting early spring . Other poor results from analysis are reported by the Farmer 's Almanac ( which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy ) as `` exactly 50 percent '' accuracy , and The National Geographic Society reporting only 28 % success . But a Middlebury College team found that a long - term analysis of temperature high / low predictions were 70 % accurate , although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong . Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia 's `` Shubenacadie Sam '' has an accuracy rate of about 45 % compared to 25 % for Wiarton Willy in Ontario . Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined . Other groundhogs such as Staten Island Chuck do use an objective formula ( in Chuck 's case , a majority of days that reach 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox ) to assess accuracy . Pseudoscientific evaluation ( edit ) Prediction based on an animal 's behavior , which may seem ridiculous nowadays , used to be given more credence in the past when stores of food became scarce as winter progressed . One theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature . Under this theory , if German settlement had been centered further north , Groundhog Day would take place at a later date . However , the observed behavior of groundhogs in central New Jersey was that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid-March , regardless of Groundhog Day weather . Characteristics of groundhogs ( edit ) Further information : Groundhog Groundhogs are creatures within the rodent family that weigh between 12 and 15 pounds and can live up to 8 years . These animals are omnivores , but commonly feast on grass , vegetables , and fruit . Groundhogs have the ability to climb trees and , much like beavers , swim . Each fall , groundhogs go into hibernation until March . When the animals emerge from hibernation , their initial purpose is to find a mate . Similar customs ( edit ) See also : Weather lore § animal signs , and Weather lore § February In Croatia and Serbia , Orthodox Christians have a tradition that on February 2 ( Candlemas ) or February 15 ( Sretenje , The Meeting of the Lord ) , the bear will awaken from winter dormancy , and if it sees ( meets ) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state , it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days , thus prolonging the winter . Thus , if it is sunny on Sretenje , it is a sign that the winter is not over yet . If it is cloudy , it is a good sign that the winter is about to end . Similarly in Germany , on the 27th of June , they recognize the Seven Sleepers ' Day ( Siebenschläfertag ) . If it rains that day , the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy . As well , in the United Kingdom , the 15th of July is known as St. Swithin 's day . It was traditionally believed that , if it rained on that day , it would rain for the next 40 days and nights . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ February 2 , 1840 read : `` Today the Germans say the groundhog comes out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he returns in and remains there 40 days . '' Jump up ^ Some sources stated that Morris 's February 4 , 1841 entry was the oldest . It read : `` Last Tuesday , the 2nd , was Candlemas day , the day on which , according to the Germans , the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap , but if the day be cloudy he remains out , as the weather is to be moderate . '' Jump up ^ Some books attribute this positively to Clymer Freas . Jump up ^ Also styled H.C. Freas , H. Clymer Freas , or Clymer H. Freas Jump up ^ Other contemporaries of Freas ( his colleagues at the paper and fellow - members of the club , etc . ) have been given credit for the promotion of Groundhog Day : W.O. Smith , another editor of the paper and later elected to U.S. Congress , cartoonist C.M. Payne , and John P. Cowan of the Pittsburgh Gazette . Jump up ^ a combination of vodka , milk , eggs and orange juice , among many other ingredients . Jump up ^ There were beliefs in Switzerland and France that the marmot predicted the weather , according to MacMillan . `` S.S.R. '' also speculated there might be similar lore for the European marmot , Arctomys alpinus . Jump up ^ Noted by Uwe Johnson ; the formula was printed in the Voß un Haas ( nds ) `` Fox and Hare '' calendars of Mecklenburg . Jump up ^ `` Of course everybody knows that February 2 is groundhog day . If the dox ( the dialect word for groundhog ) sees its shadow on this day , the belief is that six weeks of bad weather will follow '' . Jump up ^ The letter `` â '' is actually `` a with circumflex below '' . Jump up ^ Signed `` S.S.R. '' of Lancaster , Pennsylvania . Note that S.S. Rathvon wrote the editorial `` The Ground - Hog '' and `` More of the Ground - hogs '' where he refers to the creature as `` Old Arctomyx '' in the editorial in the March 1884 issue of the Lancaster Farmer XV :3 . Jump up ^ A couplet the same as this except `` two winters '' in standard English is given in Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 103 , alongside two other variants . Jump up ^ `` Second Winter '' appears to be a neologism that paraphrases `` two winters '' . Jump up ^ `` Si Sol splenescat Maria purificante / Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante '' . Note that Maria purificante or The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the reference to Candlemas day , since this is the biblical event that Candlemas is supposed to commemorate . Jump up ^ Drake also states that the German lore about the badger predicting the winter 's duration was firmly accepted in New England . The groundhog , badger / bear , and hedgehog are all noted as paralleling each other . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ https://www.livescience.com/49665-groundhog-day-predictions.html ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Alfred L. ( February 1 , 1954 ) , February Lore , 5 ( 11 ) ( download ) ^ Jump up to : Kruesi , Margaret ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Reviewed Work : Groundhog Day by Don Yoder '' . Journal of American Folklore. 120 ( 477 ) : 367 -- 368 . JSTOR 20487565 Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 49 , 54 , 143 , diary printed in `` Folklore from the Diary of James L. Morris , 1845 -- 1646 '' , Pennsylvania Dutchman 3 : 17 ( February 1 , 1952 ) '' Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Is the Story Behind Groundhog Day '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , Chapter II , `` Punxsutawney to the World '' ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Peter ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` His Moment In the Sun '' . The Washington Post . 23 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Original Groundhog Day Involved Eating the Groundhog '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Gazette , September 27 , 1903 , cited by Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 , note 12 . Jump up ^ Park , PhD , David ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Happy Groundhog Day to You ! '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , Homer Tope ( 1966 ) . The Pennsylvania Germans : 1891 -- 1965 . Lancaster , PA : Pennsylvania German Society . pp. 194 -- 199 . OCLC 1745108 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Eli ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Staten Island Groundhog Makes Star Turn , This Year Without de Blasio '' . N.Y. / Region . New York , New York : The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Punxsutawney Phil and seven other famous groundhogs you should know '' . Fox News . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Sean Kirst : For Dunkirk Dave 's caretaker , every day is Groundhog Day '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colleges in the Midwest : Compare Colleges in Your Region ( 24 ed . ) . Peterson 's . 2009 . p. 298 . ISBN 9780768926903 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring '' . Canadian Press . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day '' . King 's County Register . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day : Quebec groundhog disagrees with Shubenacadie Sam , Wiarton Willie '' . The Gazette . Montreal , CA . February 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le jour de la marmotte , science ou folklore ? '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver ! '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . la marmotte officielle du Québec Jump up ^ Rodrigue , Denise ( 1983 ) . Le cycle de Pâques au Québec et dans l'Ouest de la France . Presses Université Laval . pp. 34 , 36 . ISBN 9782763769035 . ^ Jump up to : MacMillan , Thomas C. , ed. ( 1886 ) . Ground - Hog Day ― Candlemas . The Inter Ocean Curiosity Shop for the year 1885 ( 3 ed . ) . Chicago : The Inter Ocean Publishing Company . pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : S.S.R. ( February 15 , 1890 ) , `` Arctomyx monax '' , American Notes and Queries , 4 : 188 Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day 2017 : Furry Forecasters Around the World '' . sputniknews.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Uwe Johnson , cited by Grambow , Jürgen ( 1994 ) , `` Möglichkeiten einer intellektuellen Kritik an diesem Mecklenburg '' , Johnson - Jahrbuch , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Lewenau , Joseph Arnold Ritter von ( 1823 ) , Der angewandte Fresenius ; oder , Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs - und sogenannter Bauernregeln , Vienna , J.G. Mösle , p. 20 : `` Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt , so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch . ( If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas , he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks ) '' ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ dachs is glossed as meaning `` raccoon , groundhog , or short - legged dog '' in : Lambert , Marcus Bachman ( 1924 ) , `` Pennsylvania - German Dictionary '' , Pennsylvania - German Society : 35 ^ Jump up to : Haldeman , Samuel Stehman ( 1872 ) , Pennsylvania Dutch : A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English , Reformed Church Publication Board , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Fogel , Edwin Miller ( 1915 ) . Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans . 18 . Philadelphia : American Germanica Press . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 67 , 76 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1900 ) . The Myths and Fables of To - day . Frank T. Merill ( illustr . ) . Boston : Lee and Shepard . pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Minard , Antone ( 2012 ) , `` Imbolc '' , The Celts , ABC - CLIO , 1 , p. 444 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5988 - 4964 - 6 Jump up ^ Danaher , Kevin ( 1972 ) The Year in Ireland , Cork / Dublin , Mercier Press , pp. 13 -- 14 , cited by MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2003 ) . `` Oenach Aimsire na mBan : Early Irish Seasonal Celebrations , Gender Roles and Mythological Cycles '' . Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 23 : 274 . and note 81. JSTOR 25660739 : `` To see a hedgehog come out of its hole was a good sign . If the animal stayed out , this indicated the return of good weather '' . `` This custom was transformed into Groundhog Day in the United States '' . ^ Jump up to : `` How Accurate Are Punxsutawney Phil 's Groundhog Day Forecasts ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stormfax . `` Groundhog Day History from Stormfax ® 2016 '' . www.stormfax.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thomas , R.B. ( 1998 ) , The Farmer 's Almanac , p. 67 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allison , Christine ( 1995 ) , 365 days of gardening , p. 353 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Aaron , Michael A. ; Boyd , Brewster B. , Jr. ; Curtis , Melanie J. ; Sommers , Paul M. ( January 2001 ) , `` Punxsutawney 's Phenomenal Phorecaster '' , The College Mathematics Journal , 32 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 2687216 . Jump up ^ Tom Ayers , `` Shubenacadie Sam unlikely to see his shadow '' , Chronicle Herald , January 31 , 2018a Jump up ^ Groundhog Day 2017 : Staten Island Chuck calls for an early spring Jump up ^ Lewis , Danny . `` A Short History of Groundhog Day '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coin , Glenn ( February 1 , 2015 ) . Groundhog Day 2016 : Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather ? Syracuse Post-Standard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Groundhog Day ... again ? '' . caucus99percent.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Groundhog Day -- Feb 02 , 1887 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Olive ( 1942 ) , Peasant Life in Yugoslavia , Ams Press Inc , p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Keever , Homer M. ( 1976 ) , Iredell , Piedmont County , Iredell County Bicentennial Commission , p. 26 Bibliography Davis , Christopher R. ( April 1985 ) , `` Totemism and Civic Boosterism in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , 1899 - 1909 '' , The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine , 68 ( 2 ) Yoder , Don ( 2003 ) . Groundhog Day . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0811700291 . OCLC 52542605 . Further reading ( edit ) Old , W.C. , and P. Billin - Frye ( 2004 ) . The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun . Morton Grove , IL : Albert Whitman . Pulling , A.F. ( 2001 ) . Around Punxsutawney . Charleston , S.C. : Arcadia . External links ( edit ) Gobblers Knobb Punxsatawney 's Mascot Groundhog Day -- The Official Website of the Punxsatawney Groundhog Club Groundhogstuff.com . The Official Punxsutawney Phil Souvenir Shop located in Punxsutawney , PA . Short Punxsutawney Groundhog Day Documentary : A Holiday for Everyone Groundhog Days in Woodstock , IL Wiarton Willie Festival -- Wiarton , Ontario Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) movie on IMDb Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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where is the groundhog for groundhog's day located

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Washington, D.C.

Washington , D.C. - Wikipedia Washington , D.C. This article is about the capital of the United States . For the state on the U.S. West Coast , see Washington ( state ) . For other uses , see United States capital ( disambiguation ) , Washington ( disambiguation ) , and Columbia District . Capital of the United States Federal District in United States Washington , D.C. Federal District District of Columbia Clockwise from top right : United States Capitol , Washington Monument , the White House , Smithsonian Institution Building , Lincoln Memorial and Washington National Cathedral Flag Seal Motto ( s ) : Justitia Omnibus ( English : Justice for All ) Location of Washington , D.C. , in the contiguous United States and in relation to Maryland and Virginia Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W  / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W  / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Country United States Residence Act 1790 Organized 1801 Consolidated 1871 Home Rule Act 1973 Named for George Washington Government Mayor Muriel Bowser ( D ) D.C. Council List ( show ) Phil Mendelson ( D ) , Chairman Anita Bonds ( D ) , At ‐ large David Grosso ( I ) , At ‐ large Robert White ( D ) , At ‐ large Elissa Silverman ( I ) , At ‐ large Brianne Nadeau ( D ) , Ward 1 Jack Evans ( D ) , Ward 2 Mary Cheh ( D ) , Ward 3 Brandon Todd ( D ) , Ward 4 Kenyan McDuffie ( D ) , Ward 5 Charles Allen ( D ) , Ward 6 Vincent C. Gray ( D ) , Ward 7 Trayon White ( D ) , Ward 8 U.S. House Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D ) , Delegate ( At - large ) Area Federal District 68.34 sq mi ( 177.0 km ) Land 61.05 sq mi ( 158.1 km ) Water 7.29 sq mi ( 18.9 km ) Highest elevation 409 ft ( 125 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( 2017 estimate ) Federal District 693,972 Rank 20th , U.S. as of 2017 incorporated places estimate Density 11,367 / sq mi ( 4,389 / km ) Metro 6,131,977 ( 6th , U.S. ) CSA 9,665,892 ( 4th , U.S. ) Demonym Washingtonian Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Codes 20001 -- 20098 , 20201 -- 20599 Area code ( s ) 202 Website dc.gov Washington , D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C. , is the capital of the United States of America . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , first President of the United States and Founding Father . Washington is the principal city of the Washington metropolitan area , which has a population of 6,131,977 . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , the city is an important world political capital . Washington is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million annual tourists . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . Named in honor of President George Washington , the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 693,972 as of July 2017 , making it the 20th largest American city by population . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . The Washington metropolitan area , of which the District is the principal city , has a population of over 6 million , the sixth - largest metropolitan statistical area in the country . All three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the District : U.S. Congress ( legislative ) , President ( executive ) , and the U.S. Supreme Court ( judicial ) . Washington is home to many national monuments and museums , which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall . The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations , trade unions , non-profit , lobbying groups , and professional associations , including the Organization of American States , AARP , the National Geographic Society , the Human Rights Campaign , the International Finance Corporation , and the American Red Cross . A locally elected mayor and a 13 ‐ member council have governed the District since 1973 . However , Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws . D.C. residents elect a non-voting , at - large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives , but the District has no representation in the Senate . The District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1961 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Foundation 1.2 Retrocession and the Civil War 1.3 Growth and redevelopment 1.4 Civil rights and home rule era 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 4 Demographics 4.1 Crime 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Landmarks 6.2 Museums 6.3 Arts 6.4 Sports 7 Media 8 Government and politics 8.1 Politics 8.2 Budgetary issues 8.3 Voting rights debate 8.4 Sister cities 9 Education 9.1 Higher education 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Utilities 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History Further information : History of Washington , D.C. and Timeline of Washington , D.C. Various tribes of the Algonquian - speaking Piscataway people ( also known as the Conoy ) inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century . One group known as the Nacotchtank ( also called the Nacostines by Catholic missionaries ) maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present - day District of Columbia . Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people , some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks , Maryland . In his Federalist No. 43 , published January 23 , 1788 , James Madison argued that the new federal government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance and safety . Five years earlier , a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia . Known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security . Article One , Section Eight , of the Constitution permits the establishment of a `` District ( not exceeding ten miles square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States '' . However , the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital . In what is now known as the Compromise of 1790 , Madison , Alexander Hamilton , and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement that the federal government would pay each state 's remaining Revolutionary War debts in exchange for establishing the new national capital in the southern United States . Foundation On July 9 , 1790 , Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington , who signed the bill into law on July 16 . Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia , the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles ( 16 km ) on each side , totaling 100 square miles ( 259 km ) . Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory : the port of Georgetown , Maryland , founded in 1751 , and the city of Alexandria , Virginia , founded in 1749 . During 1791 -- 92 , Andrew Ellicott and several assistants , including a free African American astronomer named Benjamin Banneker , surveyed the borders of the federal district and placed boundary stones at every mile point . Many of the stones are still standing . A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac , to the east of Georgetown . On September 9 , 1791 , the three commissioners overseeing the capital 's construction named the city in honor of President Washington . The federal district was named Columbia , which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time . Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17 , 1800 . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1801 , which officially organized the District and placed the entire territory under the exclusive control of the federal government . Further , the unincorporated area within the District was organized into two counties : the County of Washington to the east of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to the west . After the passage of this Act , citizens living in the District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia , which therefore ended their representation in Congress . On August 24 -- 25 , 1814 , in a raid known as the Burning of Washington , British forces invaded the capital during the War of 1812 . The Capitol , Treasury , and White House were burned and gutted during the attack . Most government buildings were repaired quickly ; however , the Capitol was largely under construction at the time and was not completed in its current form until 1868 . Retrocession and the Civil War See also : District of Columbia retrocession and Washington , D.C. , in the American Civil War President Abraham Lincoln insisted that construction on the United States Capitol dome continue during the American Civil War ; 1861 . In the 1830s , the District 's southern territory of Alexandria went into economic decline partly due to neglect by Congress . The city of Alexandria was a major market in the American slave trade , and pro-slavery residents feared that abolitionists in Congress would end slavery in the District , further depressing the economy . Alexandria 's citizens petitioned Virginia to take back the land it had donated to form the District , through a process known as retrocession . The Virginia General Assembly voted in February 1846 to accept the return of Alexandria and on July 9 , 1846 , Congress agreed to return all the territory that had been ceded by Virginia . Therefore , the District 's current area consists only of the portion originally donated by Maryland . Confirming the fears of pro-slavery Alexandrians , the Compromise of 1850 outlawed the slave trade in the District , although not slavery itself . The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 led to the expansion of the federal government and notable growth in the District 's population , including a large influx of freed slaves . President Abraham Lincoln signed the Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862 , which ended slavery in the District of Columbia and freed about 3,100 enslaved persons , nine months prior to the Emancipation Proclamation . In 1868 , Congress granted the District 's African American male residents the right to vote in municipal elections . Growth and redevelopment Crowds surrounding the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool during the Great March on Washington ; 1963 . By 1870 , the District 's population had grown 75 % from the previous census to nearly 132,000 residents . Despite the city 's growth , Washington still had dirt roads and lacked basic sanitation . Some members of Congress suggested moving the capital further west , but President Ulysses S. Grant refused to consider such a proposal . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871 , which repealed the individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown , and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia . President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd to the position of governor in 1873 . Shepherd authorized large - scale projects that greatly modernized Washington , but ultimately bankrupted the District government . In 1874 , Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three - member Board of Commissioners . The city 's first motorized streetcars began service in 1888 and generated growth in areas of the District beyond the City of Washington 's original boundaries . Washington 's urban plan was expanded throughout the District in the following decades . Georgetown was formally annexed by the City of Washington in 1895 . However , the city had poor housing conditions and strained public works . Washington was the first city in the nation to undergo urban renewal projects as part of the `` City Beautiful movement '' in the early 1900s . Increased federal spending as a result of the New Deal in the 1930s led to the construction of new government buildings , memorials , and museums in Washington . World War II further increased government activity , adding to the number of federal employees in the capital ; by 1950 , the District 's population reached its peak of 802,178 residents . Civil Rights and home Rule era The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1961 , granting the District three votes in the Electoral College for the election of president and vice president , but still no voting representation in Congress . After the assassination of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , on April 4 , 1968 , riots broke out in the District , primarily in the U Street , 14th Street , 7th Street , and H Street corridors , centers of black residential and commercial areas . The riots raged for three days until more than 13,600 federal troops stopped the violence . Many stores and other buildings were burned ; rebuilding was not completed until the late 1990s . In 1973 , Congress enacted the District of Columbia Home Rule Act , providing for an elected mayor and 13 - member council for the District . In 1975 , Walter Washington became the first elected and first black mayor of the District . Geography Main article : Geography of Washington , D.C. Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George 's Alexandria Arlington Clarke Fairfax Fairfax County Falls Church Fauquier Loudoun Manassas Manassas Park Prince William Spotsylvania Stafford Fredericksburg Warren Washington Jefferson The Washington Metropolitan Area has a population of 6,131,977 , as of 2014 . Washington , D.C. , is located in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. East Coast . Due to the District of Columbia retrocession , the city has a total area of 68.34 square miles ( 177.0 km ) , of which 61.05 square miles ( 158.1 km ) is land and 7.29 square miles ( 18.9 km ) ( 10.67 % ) is water . The District is bordered by Montgomery County , Maryland , to the northwest ; Prince George 's County , Maryland , to the east ; and Arlington and Alexandria , Virginia , to the south and west . The south bank of the Potomac River forms the District 's border with Virginia and has two major tributaries : the Anacostia River and Rock Creek . Tiber Creek , a natural watercourse that once passed through the National Mall , was fully enclosed underground during the 1870s . The creek also formed a portion of the now - filled Washington City Canal , which allowed passage through the city to the Anacostia River from 1815 until the 1850s . The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal starts in Georgetown and was used during the 19th century to bypass the Little Falls of the Potomac River , located at the northwest edge of Washington at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line . The highest natural elevation in the District is 409 feet ( 125 m ) above sea level at Fort Reno Park in upper northwest Washington . The lowest point is sea level at the Potomac River . The geographic center of Washington is near the intersection of 4th and L Streets NW . The District has 7,464 acres ( 30.21 km ) of parkland , about 19 % of the city 's total area and the second - highest percentage among high - density U.S. cities . This factor contributed to Washington , D.C. , being ranked as third in the nation for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the park systems of the 100 most populous cities in the United States , according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land . The National Park Service manages most of the 9,122 acres ( 36.92 km ) of city land owned by the U.S. government . Rock Creek Park is a 1,754 - acre ( 7.10 km ) urban forest in Northwest Washington , which extends 9.3 miles ( 15.0 km ) through a stream valley that bisects the city . Established in 1890 , it is the country 's fourth - oldest national park and is home to a variety of plant and animal species , including raccoon , deer , owls , and coyotes . Other National Park Service properties include the C&O Canal National Historical Park , the National Mall and Memorial Parks , Theodore Roosevelt Island , Columbia Island , Fort Dupont Park , Meridian Hill Park , Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens , and Anacostia Park . The D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation maintains the city 's 900 acres ( 3.6 km ) of athletic fields and playgrounds , 40 swimming pools , and 68 recreation centers . The U.S. Department of Agriculture operates the 446 - acre ( 1.80 km ) U.S. National Arboretum in Northeast Washington . Climate See also : List of Maryland hurricanes ( 1950 -- present ) and List of tornadoes of Washington , D.C. The Washington Monument seen across the Tidal Basin during the National Cherry Blossom Festival . Washington is in the northern part of the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen : Cfa ) However , under the Trewartha climate classification , the city has a temperate maritime climate ( Do ) . Winters are usually chilly with light snow , and summers are hot and humid . The District is in plant hardiness zone 8a near downtown , and zone 7b elsewhere in the city , indicating a humid subtropical climate . Spring and fall are mild to warm , while winter is chilly with annual snowfall averaging 15.5 inches ( 39 cm ) . Winter temperatures average around 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) from mid-December to mid-February . Summers are hot and humid with a July daily average of 79.8 ° F ( 26.6 ° C ) and average daily relative humidity around 66 % , which can cause moderate personal discomfort . The combination of heat and humidity in the summer brings very frequent thunderstorms , some of which occasionally produce tornadoes in the area . Meridian Hill Park in Columbia Heights , Northwest , Washington , D.C. Blizzards affect Washington on average once every four to six years . The most violent storms are called `` nor'easters '' , which often affect large sections of the East Coast . From January 27 to January 28 , 1922 , the city officially received 28 inches ( 71 cm ) of snowfall , the largest snowstorm since official measurements began in 1885 . According to notes kept at the time , the city received between 30 and 36 inches ( 76 and 91 cm ) from a snowstorm in January 1772 . Hurricanes ( or their remnants ) occasionally track through the area in late summer and early fall , but are often weak by the time they reach Washington , partly due to the city 's inland location . Flooding of the Potomac River , however , caused by a combination of high tide , storm surge , and runoff , has been known to cause extensive property damage in the neighborhood of Georgetown . Precipitation occurs throughout the year . The highest recorded temperature was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 6 , 1918 , and on July 20 , 1930 . while the lowest recorded temperature was − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) on February 11 , 1899 , right before the Great Blizzard of 1899 . During a typical year , the city averages about 37 days at or above 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and 64 nights at or below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) . On average , the first day at or below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) is November 18 and the last day is March 27 . Climate data for Washington , D.C. ( Reagan National Airport ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1871 − present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 84 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 79 ( 26 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 95.2 ( 35.1 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 91.6 ( 33.1 ) 83.7 ( 28.7 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 84.2 ( 29 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 79.5 ( 26.4 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 30.9 ( − 0.6 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 47.0 ( 8.3 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 50.6 ( 10.3 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 12.9 ( − 10.6 ) 16.6 ( − 8.6 ) 22.9 ( − 5.1 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 18.2 ( − 7.7 ) 9.9 ( − 12.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) ( − 16 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 33 ( 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 52 ( 11 ) 49 ( 9 ) 36 ( 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 11 ( − 12 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.81 ( 71.4 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 3.48 ( 88.4 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 3.99 ( 101.3 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 2.93 ( 74.4 ) 3.72 ( 94.5 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 39.74 ( 1,009.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) 5.7 ( 14.5 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 15.4 ( 39.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 9.0 10.5 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.3 8.2 8.3 7.7 8.6 9.7 114.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 3.0 2.4 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.5 8.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 62.1 60.5 58.6 58.0 64.5 65.8 66.9 69.3 69.7 67.4 64.7 64.1 64.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 144.6 151.8 204.0 228.2 260.5 283.2 280.5 263.1 225.0 203.6 150.2 133.0 2,527.7 Percent possible sunshine 48 50 55 57 59 64 62 62 60 59 50 45 57 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Cityscape See also : Streets and highways of Washington , D.C. ; Neighborhoods in Washington , D.C. ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. The L'Enfant Plan for Washington , D.C. , as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792 Washington , D.C. , is a planned city . In 1791 , President Washington commissioned Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant , a French - born architect and city planner , to design the new capital . He enlisted Scottish surveyor Alexander Ralston to help lay out the city plan . The L'Enfant Plan featured broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles , providing room for open space and landscaping . He based his design on plans of cities such as Paris , Amsterdam , Karlsruhe , and Milan that Thomas Jefferson had sent to him . L'Enfant's design also envisioned a garden - lined `` grand avenue '' approximately 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in length and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide in the area that is now the National Mall . President Washington dismissed L'Enfant in March 1792 due to conflicts with the three commissioners appointed to supervise the capital 's construction . Andrew Ellicott , who had worked with L'Enfant surveying the city , was then tasked with completing the design . Though Ellicott made revisions to the original plans , including changes to some street patterns , L'Enfant is still credited with the overall design of the city . Construction of the 12 - story Cairo Apartment Building ( 1894 ) spurred building height restrictions By the early 1900s , L'Enfant's vision of a grand national capital had become marred by slums and randomly placed buildings , including a railroad station on the National Mall . Congress formed a special committee charged with beautifying Washington 's ceremonial core . What became known as the McMillan Plan was finalized in 1901 and included re-landscaping the Capitol grounds and the National Mall , clearing slums , and establishing a new citywide park system . The plan is thought to have largely preserved L'Enfant's intended design . By law , Washington 's skyline is low and sprawling . The federal Height of Buildings Act of 1910 allows buildings that are no taller than the width of the adjacent street , plus 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) . Despite popular belief , no law has ever limited buildings to the height of the United States Capitol or the 555 - foot ( 169 m ) Washington Monument , which remains the District 's tallest structure . City leaders have criticized the height restriction as a primary reason why the District has limited affordable housing and traffic problems caused by urban sprawl . The District is divided into four quadrants of unequal area : Northwest ( NW ) , Northeast ( NE ) , Southeast ( SE ) , and Southwest ( SW ) . The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building . All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location and house numbers generally correspond with the number of blocks away from the Capitol . Most streets are set out in a grid pattern with east -- west streets named with letters ( e.g. , C Street SW ) , north -- south streets with numbers ( e.g. , 4th Street NW ) , and diagonal avenues , many of which are named after states . The City of Washington was bordered by Boundary Street to the north ( renamed Florida Avenue in 1890 ) , Rock Creek to the west , and the Anacostia River to the east . Washington 's street grid was extended , where possible , throughout the District starting in 1888 . Georgetown 's streets were renamed in 1895 . Some streets are particularly noteworthy , such as Pennsylvania Avenue , which connects the White House to the Capitol and K Street , which houses the offices of many lobbying groups . Washington hosts 177 foreign embassies , constituting approximately 297 buildings beyond the more than 1,600 residential properties owned by foreign countries , many of which are on a section of Massachusetts Avenue informally known as Embassy Row . Architecture The White House ranked second on the AIA 's `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' . The architecture of Washington varies greatly . Six of the top 10 buildings in the American Institute of Architects ' 2007 ranking of `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' are in the District of Columbia : the White House , the Washington National Cathedral , the Thomas Jefferson Memorial , the United States Capitol , the Lincoln Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The neoclassical , Georgian , gothic , and modern architectural styles are all reflected among those six structures and many other prominent edifices in Washington . Notable exceptions include buildings constructed in the French Second Empire style such as the Eisenhower Executive Office Building . Outside downtown Washington , architectural styles are even more varied . Historic buildings are designed primarily in the Queen Anne , Châteauesque , Richardsonian Romanesque , Georgian revival , Beaux - Arts , and a variety of Victorian styles . Rowhouses are especially prominent in areas developed after the Civil War and typically follow Federalist and late Victorian designs . Georgetown 's Old Stone House was built in 1765 , making it the oldest - standing original building in the city . Founded in 1789 , Georgetown University features a mix of Romanesque and Gothic Revival architecture . The Ronald Reagan Building is the largest building in the District with a total area of approximately 3.1 million square feet ( 288,000 m ) . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Washington , D.C. Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 8,144 -- 1810 15,471 90.0 % 1820 23,336 50.8 % 1830 30,261 29.7 % 1840 33,745 11.5 % 1850 51,687 53.2 % 1860 75,080 45.3 % 1870 131,700 75.4 % 1880 177,624 34.9 % 1890 230,392 29.7 % 1900 278,718 21.0 % 1910 331,069 18.8 % 1920 437,571 32.2 % 1930 486,869 11.3 % 1940 663,091 36.2 % 1950 802,178 21.0 % 1960 763,956 − 4.8 % 1970 756,510 − 1.0 % 1980 638,333 − 15.6 % 1990 606,900 − 4.9 % 2000 572,059 − 5.7 % 601,723 5.2 % Est. 2017 693,972 15.3 % Source : Note : hide Demographic profile 1990 1970 1940 White 38.5 % 29.6 % 27.7 % 71.5 % -- Non-Hispanic whites 34.8 % 27.4 % 26.5 % 71.4 % Black or African American 50.7 % 65.8 % 71.1 % 28.2 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 9.1 % 5.4 % 2.1 % 0.1 % Asian 3.5 % 1.8 % 0.6 % 0.2 % The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the District 's population was 693,972 on July 1 , 2017 , a 15.3 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The increase continues a growth trend since 2000 , following a half - century of population decline . The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010 . According to data from 2010 , commuters from the suburbs increase the District 's daytime population to over one million people . If the District were a state it would rank 49th in population , ahead of Vermont and Wyoming . The Washington Metropolitan Area , which includes the District and surrounding suburbs , is the sixth - largest metropolitan area in the United States with an estimated 6 million residents in 2014 . When the Washington area is included with Baltimore and its suburbs , the Baltimore -- Washington Metropolitan Area had a population exceeding 9.6 million residents in 2016 , the fourth - largest combined statistical area in the country . According to 2016 Census Bureau data , the population of Washington , D.C. , was 47.7 % Black or African American , 44.6 % White ( 36.4 % non-Hispanic White ) , 4.1 % Asian , 0.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native , and 0.2 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander . Individuals from two or more races made up 2.7 % of the population . Hispanics of any race made up 10.9 % of the District 's population . Map of racial distribution in Washington , D.C. , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) Washington has had a significant African American population since the city 's foundation . African American residents composed about 30 % of the District 's total population between 1800 and 1940 . The black population reached a peak of 70 % by 1970 , but has since steadily declined due to many African Americans moving to the surrounding suburbs . Partly as a result of gentrification , there was a 31.4 % increase in the non-Hispanic white population and an 11.5 % decrease in the black population between 2000 and 2010 . About 17 % of D.C. residents were age 18 or younger in 2010 ; lower than the U.S. average of 24 % . However , at 34 years old , the District had the lowest median age compared to the 50 states . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 81,734 immigrants living in Washington , D.C. Major sources of immigration include El Salvador , Vietnam , and Ethiopia , with a concentration of Salvadorans in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood . Researchers found that there were 4,822 same - sex couples in the District of Columbia in 2010 ; about 2 % of total households . Legislation authorizing same - sex marriage passed in 2009 and the District began issuing marriage licenses to same - sex couples in March 2010 . A 2007 report found that about one - third of District residents were functionally illiterate , compared to a national rate of about one in five . This is attributed in part to immigrants who are not proficient in English . As of 2011 , 85 % of D.C. residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language . Half of residents had at least a four - year college degree in 2006 . D.C. residents had a personal income per capita of $55,755 ; higher than any of the 50 states . However , 19 % of residents were below the poverty level in 2005 , higher than any state except Mississippi . Of the District 's population , 17 % is Baptist , 13 % is Catholic , 6 % is evangelical Protestant , 4 % is Methodist , 3 % is Episcopalian / Anglican , 3 % is Jewish , 2 % is Eastern Orthodox , 1 % is Pentecostal , 1 % is Buddhist , 1 % is Adventist , 1 % is Lutheran , 1 % is Muslim , 1 % is Presbyterian , 1 % is Mormon , and 1 % is Hindu . As of 2010 , over 90 % of D.C. residents had health insurance coverage , the second - highest rate in the nation . This is due in part to city programs that help provide insurance to low - income individuals who do not qualify for other types of coverage . A 2009 report found that at least 3 % of District residents have HIV or AIDS , which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) characterizes as a `` generalized and severe '' epidemic . Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Study on religion in the Washington , D.C. show Affiliation % of Washington , D.C. adult population Total 100 100 Christian 65 65 Protestant 41 41 Historically Black Protestant 23 23 Catholic 20 20 Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Other Mormon Orthodox Christian Greek Orthodox Other Christian Unaffiliated 25 25 Nontheist 10 10 Atheist Agnostic 6 6 Nothing in particular 14 14 Nothing in particular ( religion not important ) 9 9 Nothing in particular ( religion important ) 6 6 Do n't know Non-Christian faiths 9 9 Jewish 5 5 Muslim Hindu Other non-Christian faiths Crime Main articles : Crime in Washington , D.C. and List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia Crime in Washington , D.C. , is concentrated in areas associated with poverty , drug abuse , and gangs . A 2010 study found that 5 % of city blocks accounted for over one - quarter of the District 's total crime . The more affluent neighborhoods of Northwest Washington are typically safe , especially in areas with concentrations of government operations , such as Downtown Washington , D.C. , Foggy Bottom , Embassy Row , and Penn Quarter , but reports of violent crime increase in poorer neighborhoods generally concentrated in the eastern portion of the city . Approximately 60,000 residents are ex-convicts . In 2012 , Washington 's annual murder count had dropped to 88 , the lowest total since 1961 . The murder rate has since risen from that historic low , though it remains close to half the rate of the early 2000s . Washington was once described as the `` murder capital '' of the United States during the early 1990s . The number of murders peaked in 1991 at 479 , but the level of violence then began to decline significantly . In 2016 , the District 's Metropolitan Police Department tallied 135 homicides , a 53 % increase from 2012 but a 17 % decrease from 2015 . Many neighborhoods such as Columbia Heights and Logan Circle are becoming safer and vibrant . However , incidents of robberies and thefts have remained higher in these areas because of increased nightlife activity and greater numbers of affluent residents . Even still , citywide reports of both property and violent crimes have declined by nearly half since their most recent highs in the mid-1990s . On June 26 , 2008 , the Supreme Court of the United States held in District of Columbia v. Heller that the city 's 1976 handgun ban violated the right to keep and bear arms as protected under the Second Amendment . However , the ruling does not prohibit all forms of gun control ; laws requiring firearm registration remain in place , as does the city 's assault weapon ban . In addition to the District 's own Metropolitan Police Department , many federal law enforcement agencies have jurisdiction in the city as well -- most visibly the U.S. Park Police , founded in 1791 . Economy See also : Category : Companies based in Washington , D.C. and Category : Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Federal Triangle on Pennsylvania Avenue ; the U.S. federal government accounts for about 29 % of D.C. jobs Washington has a growing , diversified economy with an increasing percentage of professional and business service jobs . The gross state product of the District in 2010 was $103.3 billion , which would rank it No. 34 compared to the 50 states . The gross product of the Washington Metropolitan Area was $435 billion in 2014 , making it the sixth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Between 2009 and 2016 , GDP per capita in Washington , D.C has consistently ranked on the very top among U.S. states . In 2016 , at $160,472 , its GDP per capita is almost three times as high as that of Massachusetts , which ranked second place in the country . As of June 2011 , the Washington Metropolitan Area had an unemployment rate of 6.2 % ; the second - lowest rate among the 49 largest metro areas in the nation . The District of Columbia itself had an unemployment rate of 9.8 % during the same time period . In December 2017 , 25 % of the employees in Washington , D.C. , were employed by a federal governmental agency . This is thought to immunize Washington , D.C. , to national economic downturns because the federal government continues operations even during recessions . Many organizations such as law firms , defense contractors , civilian contractors , nonprofit organizations , lobbying firms , trade unions , industry trade groups , and professional associations have their headquarters in or near Washington , D.C. , in order to be close to the federal government . Tourism is Washington 's second - largest industry . Approximately 18.9 million visitors contributed an estimated $4.8 billion to the local economy in 2012 . The District also hosts nearly 200 foreign embassies and international organizations such as the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Organization of American States , the Inter-American Development Bank , and the Pan American Health Organization . In 2008 , the foreign diplomatic corps in Washington employed about 10,000 people and contributed an estimated $400 million annually to the local economy . The District has growing industries not directly related to government , especially in the areas of education , finance , public policy , and scientific research . Georgetown University , George Washington University , Washington Hospital Center , Children 's National Medical Center and Howard University are the top five non-government - related employers in the city as of 2009 . According to statistics compiled in 2011 , four of the largest 500 companies in the country were headquartered in the District . In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index , Washington was ranked as having the 12th most competitive financial center in the world , and fifth most competitive in the United States ( after New York City , San Francisco , Chicago , and Boston ) . Culture Main article : Culture of Washington , D.C. Landmarks The Lincoln Memorial receives approximately 6 million visits annually . See also : List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. ; National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington , D.C. ; and List of museums in Washington , D.C. The National Mall is a large , open park in downtown Washington between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol . Given its prominence , the mall is often the location of political protests , concerts , festivals , and presidential inaugurations . The Washington Monument and the Jefferson Pier are near the center of the mall , south of the White House . Also on the mall are the National World War II Memorial at the east end of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool , the Korean War Veterans Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Directly south of the mall , the Tidal Basin features rows of Japanese cherry blossom trees that originated as gifts from the nation of Japan . The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial , George Mason Memorial , Jefferson Memorial , Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , and the District of Columbia War Memorial are around the Tidal Basin . The National Archives houses thousands of documents important to American history , including the Declaration of Independence , the United States Constitution , and the Bill of Rights . Located in three buildings on Capitol Hill , the Library of Congress is the largest library complex in the world with a collection of over 147 million books , manuscripts , and other materials . The United States Supreme Court Building was completed in 1935 ; before then , the court held sessions in the Old Senate Chamber of the Capitol . Museums The Smithsonian Institution is the world 's largest research and museum complex The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation chartered by Congress in 1846 that maintains most of the nation 's official museums and galleries in Washington , D.C. The U.S. government partially funds the Smithsonian and its collections are open to the public free of charge . The Smithsonian 's locations had a combined total of 30 million visits in 2013 . The most visited museum is the National Museum of Natural History on the National Mall . Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries on the mall are : the National Air and Space Museum ; the National Museum of African Art ; the National Museum of American History ; the National Museum of the American Indian ; the Sackler and Freer galleries , which both focus on Asian art and culture ; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ; the Arts and Industries Building ; the S. Dillon Ripley Center ; and the Smithsonian Institution Building ( also known as `` The Castle '' ) , which serves as the institution 's headquarters . The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are housed in the Old Patent Office Building , near Washington 's Chinatown . The Renwick Gallery is officially part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum but is in a separate building near the White House . Other Smithsonian museums and galleries include : the Anacostia Community Museum in Southeast Washington ; the National Postal Museum near Union Station ; and the National Zoo in Woodley Park . The National Gallery of Art is one of the largest art museums in the world . The National Gallery of Art is on the National Mall near the Capitol and features works of American and European art . The gallery and its collections are owned by the U.S. government but are not a part of the Smithsonian Institution . The National Building Museum , which occupies the former Pension Building near Judiciary Square , was chartered by Congress and hosts exhibits on architecture , urban planning , and design . There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia , which house major collections and exhibits open to the public such as the National Museum of Women in the Arts and The Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle , the first museum of modern art in the United States . Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum , the O Street Museum Foundation , the International Spy Museum , the National Geographic Society Museum , the Marian Koshland Science Museum and the Museum of the Bible . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum near the National Mall maintains exhibits , documentation , and artifacts related to the Holocaust . Arts Main articles : Theater in Washington , D.C. and Music of Washington , D.C. The Kennedy Center for Performing Arts is home to the Washington National Opera and National Symphony Orchestra . Washington , D.C. , is a national center for the arts . The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is home to the National Symphony Orchestra , the Washington National Opera , and the Washington Ballet . The Kennedy Center Honors are awarded each year to those in the performing arts who have contributed greatly to the cultural life of the United States . The historic Ford 's Theatre , site of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , continues to operate as a functioning performance space as well as a museum . The Marine Barracks near Capitol Hill houses the United States Marine Band ; founded in 1798 , it is the country 's oldest professional musical organization . American march composer and Washington - native John Philip Sousa led the Marine Band from 1880 until 1892 . Founded in 1925 , the United States Navy Band has its headquarters at the Washington Navy Yard and performs at official events and public concerts around the city . Washington has a strong local theater tradition . Founded in 1950 , Arena Stage achieved national attention and spurred growth in the city 's independent theater movement that now includes organizations such as the Shakespeare Theatre Company , Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company , and the Studio Theatre . Arena Stage opened its newly renovated home in the city 's emerging Southwest waterfront area in 2010 . The GALA Hispanic Theatre , now housed in the historic Tivoli Theatre in Columbia Heights , was founded in 1976 and is a National Center for the Latino Performing Arts . The U Street Corridor in Northwest D.C. , known as `` Washington 's Black Broadway '' , is home to institutions like the Howard Theatre , Bohemian Caverns , and the Lincoln Theatre , which hosted music legends such as Washington - native Duke Ellington , John Coltrane , and Miles Davis . Washington has its own native music genre called go - go ; a post-funk , percussion - driven flavor of rhythm and blues that was popularized in the late 1970s by D.C. band leader Chuck Brown . The District is an important center for indie culture and music in the United States . The label Dischord Records , formed by Ian MacKaye , was one of the most crucial independent labels in the genesis of 1980s punk and eventually indie rock in the 1990s . Modern alternative and indie music venues like The Black Cat and the 9 : 30 Club bring popular acts to the U Street area . Sports Main article : Sports in Washington , D.C. Nationals Park is the home of the Washington Nationals Washington is one of 13 cities in the United States with teams from all four major professional men 's sports and is home to one major professional women 's team . The Washington Wizards ( National Basketball Association ) , the Washington Capitals ( National Hockey League ) , and the Washington Mystics ( Women 's National Basketball Association ) , play at the Capital One Arena in Chinatown . Nationals Park , which opened in Southeast D.C. in 2008 , is home to the Washington Nationals ( Major League Baseball ) . D.C. United ( Major League Soccer ) plays at Audi Field . The Washington Redskins ( National Football League ) play at FedExField in nearby Landover , Maryland . Current D.C. teams have won a combined eleven professional league championships : the Washington Redskins have won five ; D.C. United has won four ; and the Washington Wizards ( then the Washington Bullets ) and Washington Capitals have each won a single championship . Other professional and semi-professional teams in Washington include : the Washington Kastles ( World TeamTennis ) ; the Washington D.C. Slayers ( USA Rugby League ) ; the Baltimore Washington Eagles ( U.S. Australian Football League ) ; the D.C. Divas ( Independent Women 's Football League ) ; and the Potomac Athletic Club RFC ( Rugby Super League ) . The William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Rock Creek Park hosts the Citi Open . Washington is also home to two major annual marathon races : the Marine Corps Marathon , which is held every autumn , and the Rock ' n ' Roll USA Marathon held in the spring . The Marine Corps Marathon began in 1976 and is sometimes called `` The People 's Marathon '' because it is the largest marathon that does not offer prize money to participants . The District 's four NCAA Division I teams , American Eagles , George Washington Colonials , Georgetown Hoyas and Howard Bison and Lady Bison , have a broad following . The Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team is the most notable and also plays at the Capital One Arena . From 2008 to 2012 , the District hosted an annual college football bowl game at RFK Stadium , called the Military Bowl . The D.C. area is home to one regional sports television network , Comcast SportsNet ( CSN ) , based in Bethesda , Maryland . Media Main article : Media in Washington , D.C. See also : List of newspapers in Washington , D.C. and List of television shows set in Washington , D.C. The Washington Post Building on Franklin Square . Washington , D.C. , is a prominent center for national and international media . The Washington Post , founded in 1877 , is the oldest and most - read local daily newspaper in Washington . `` The Post '' , as it is popularly called , is well known as the newspaper that exposed the Watergate scandal . It had the sixth - highest readership of all news dailies in the country in 2011 . The Washington Post Company also publishes a daily free commuter newspaper called the Express , which summarizes events , sports and entertainment , as well as the Spanish - language paper El Tiempo Latino . Another popular local daily is The Washington Times , the city 's second general interest broadsheet and also an influential paper in political circles . The alternative weekly Washington City Paper also has a substantial readership in the Washington area . The Watergate Complex was the site of the Watergate Scandal , which led to President Nixon 's resignation . Some community and specialty papers focus on neighborhood and cultural issues , including the weekly Washington Blade and Metro Weekly , which focus on LGBT issues ; the Washington Informer and The Washington Afro American , which highlight topics of interest to the black community ; and neighborhood newspapers published by The Current Newspapers . Congressional Quarterly , The Hill , Politico and Roll Call newspapers focus exclusively on issues related to Congress and the federal government . Other publications based in Washington include the National Geographic magazine and political publications such as The Washington Examiner , The New Republic and Washington Monthly . The Washington Metropolitan Area is the ninth - largest television media market in the nation , with two million homes , approximately 2 % of the country 's population . Several media companies and cable television channels have their headquarters in the area , including C - SPAN ; Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) ; Radio One ; the National Geographic Channel ; Smithsonian Networks ; National Public Radio ( NPR ) ; Travel Channel ( in Chevy Chase , Maryland ) ; Discovery Communications ( in Silver Spring , Maryland ) ; and the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) ( in Arlington , Virginia ) . The headquarters of Voice of America , the U.S. government 's international news service , is near the Capitol in Southwest Washington . Government and politics Main article : Government of the District of Columbia Politics See also : District of Columbia home rule ; List of mayors of Washington , D.C. ; and List of District of Columbia symbols Article One , Section Eight of the United States Constitution grants the United States Congress `` exclusive jurisdiction '' over the city . The District did not have an elected local government until the passage of the 1973 Home Rule Act . The Act devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor , currently Muriel Bowser , and the thirteen - member Council of the District of Columbia . However , Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs . Each of the city 's eight wards elects a single member of the council and residents elect four at - large members to represent the District as a whole . The council chair is also elected at - large . There are 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions ( ANCs ) elected by small neighborhood districts . ANCs can issue recommendations on all issues that affect residents ; government agencies take their advice under careful consideration . The Attorney General of the District of Columbia , currently Karl Racine , is elected to a four - year term . Washington , D.C. , observes all federal holidays and also celebrates Emancipation Day on April 16 , which commemorates the end of slavery in the District . The flag of Washington , D.C. , was adopted in 1938 and is a variation on George Washington 's family coat of arms . Budgetary issues The Wilson Building houses the offices of the Mayor of Washington and the Council of the District of Columbia . The mayor and council set local taxes and a budget , which must be approved by Congress . The Government Accountability Office and other analysts have estimated that the city 's high percentage of tax - exempt property and the Congressional prohibition of commuter taxes create a structural deficit in the District 's local budget of anywhere between $470 million and over $1 billion per year . Congress typically provides additional grants for federal programs such as Medicaid and the operation of the local justice system ; however , analysts claim that the payments do not fully resolve the imbalance . The city 's local government , particularly during the mayoralty of Marion Barry , was criticized for mismanagement and waste . During his administration in 1989 , The Washington Monthly magazine claimed that the District had `` the worst city government in America . '' In 1995 , at the start of Barry 's fourth term , Congress created the District of Columbia Financial Control Board to oversee all municipal spending . Mayor Anthony Williams won election in 1998 and oversaw a period of urban renewal and budget surpluses . The District regained control over its finances in 2001 and the oversight board 's operations were suspended . Voting Rights debate Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1964 85.5 % 169,796 14.5 % 28,801 1968 81.8 % 139,566 18.2 % 31,012 1972 78.1 % 127,627 21.6 % 35,226 1976 81.6 % 137,818 16.5 % 27,873 1980 74.9 % 130,231 13.4 % 26,218 1984 85.4 % 180,408 13.7 % 29,009 82.6 % 159,407 14.3 % 27,590 84.6 % 192,619 9.1 % 20,698 85.2 % 158,220 9.3 % 17,339 2000 85.2 % 171,923 9.0 % 18,073 89.0 % 202,970 9.3 % 21,256 2008 92.5 % 245,800 6.5 % 17,367 2012 90.9 % 267,070 7.3 % 21,381 2016 90.9 % 282,830 4.1 % 12,723 Mayoral election results Year Democratic Republican 82.5 % 79,065 3.7 % 3,501 1978 70.2 % 68,354 28.1 % 27,366 1982 81.0 % 95,007 14.1 % 16,502 1986 61.4 % 79,142 32.8 % 42,354 1990 86.2 % 140,011 11.5 % 18,653 56.0 % 102,884 41.9 % 76,902 1998 66.2 % 92,504 30.2 % 42,280 2002 60.6 % 79,841 34.5 % 45,407 2006 89.7 % 98,740 6.1 % 6,744 74.2 % 97,978 No candidate 2014 54.5 % 96,666 See also : District of Columbia voting rights ; District of Columbia retrocession § Proposed Maryland retrocession ; and Political party strength in Washington , D.C. The District is not a state and therefore has no voting representation in Congress . D.C. residents elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives , currently Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D - D.C. At - Large ) , who may sit on committees , participate in debate , and introduce legislation , but can not vote on the House floor . The District has no official representation in the United States Senate . Neither chamber seats the District 's elected `` shadow '' representative or senators . Unlike residents of U.S. territories such as Puerto Rico or Guam , which also have non-voting delegates , D.C. , residents are subject to all federal taxes . In the financial year 2012 , D.C. , residents and businesses paid $20.7 billion in federal taxes ; more than the taxes collected from 19 states and the highest federal taxes per capita . The Eisenhower Executive Office Building , once the world 's largest office building , houses the Executive Office of the President of the United States . A 2005 poll found that 78 % of Americans did not know that residents of the District of Columbia have less representation in Congress than residents of the 50 states . Efforts to raise awareness about the issue have included campaigns by grassroots organizations and featuring the city 's unofficial motto , `` Taxation Without Representation '' , on D.C. vehicle license plates . There is evidence of nationwide approval for D.C. voting rights ; various polls indicate that 61 to 82 % of Americans believe that D.C. should have voting representation in Congress . However , despite public support the solution to the problem is not simple . Several approaches to resolving these concerns been suggested over the years : District of Columbia Statehood : The District of Columbia would become the 51st State in the Union . District of Columbia Retrocession to Maryland : As Arlington County in 1846 was retroceeded to Virginia , proponents believe the rest of the District of Columbia with the exception of a small strip of land around the Capitol and the White House would be given back to the Maryland allowing for DC residents to become Maryland residents as they were prior to the Residence Act of 1790 . District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment : this option would allow DC residents to vote in Maryland or Virginia for their congressional representatives , with the District of Columbia remaining an independent entity . This was in effect from 1790 to 1801 , prior to Organic Act of 1801 . Opponents of D.C. voting rights propose that the Founding Fathers never intended for District residents to have a vote in Congress since the Constitution makes clear that representation must come from the states . Those opposed to making D.C. a state claim that such a move would destroy the notion of a separate national capital and that statehood would unfairly grant Senate representation to a single city , particularly one certain to elect Democratic representatives . Sister cities Washington , D.C. , has fourteen official sister city agreements . Each of the listed cities is a national capital except for Sunderland , which includes the town of Washington , the ancestral home of George Washington 's family . Paris and Rome are each formally recognized as a partner city due to their special one sister city policy . Listed in the order each agreement was first established , they are : Bangkok , Thailand ( 1962 , renewed 2002 ) Dakar , Senegal ( 1980 , renewed 2006 ) Beijing , China ( 1984 , renewed 2004 ) Brussels , Belgium ( 1985 , renewed 2002 ) Athens , Greece ( 2000 ) Paris , France ( 2000 as a friendship and cooperation agreement , renewed 2005 ) Pretoria , South Africa ( 2002 , renewed 2008 ) Seoul , South Korea ( 2006 ) Accra , Ghana ( 2006 ) Sunderland , United Kingdom ( 2006 ) Rome , Italy ( 2011 ) Ankara , Turkey ( 2011 ) Brasília , Brazil ( 2013 ) Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ( 2013 ) . Education See also : List of colleges and universities in Washington , D.C. and List of parochial and private schools in Washington , D.C. The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world , with more than 164 million cataloged items . District of Columbia Public Schools ( DCPS ) operates the city 's 123 public schools . The number of students in DCPS steadily decreased for 39 years until 2009 . In the 2010 -- 11 school year , 46,191 students were enrolled in the public school system . DCPS has one of the highest - cost , yet lowest - performing school systems in the country , both in terms of infrastructure and student achievement . Mayor Adrian Fenty 's administration made sweeping changes to the system by closing schools , replacing teachers , firing principals , and using private education firms to aid curriculum development . The District of Columbia Public Charter School Board monitors the 52 public charter schools in the city . Due to the perceived problems with the traditional public school system , enrollment in public charter schools has steadily increased . As of fall 2010 , D.C. , charter schools had a total enrollment of about 32,000 , a 9 % increase from the prior year . The District is also home to 92 private schools , which enrolled approximately 18,000 students in 2008 . The District of Columbia Public Library operates 25 neighborhood locations including the landmark Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Library . Higher education Private universities include American University ( AU ) , the Catholic University of America ( CUA ) , Gallaudet University , George Washington University ( GW ) , Georgetown University ( GU ) , Howard University , the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) , and Trinity Washington University . The Corcoran College of Art and Design , the oldest arts school in the capital , was absorbed into the George Washington University in 2014 , now serving as its college of arts . The University of the District of Columbia ( UDC ) is a public land - grant university providing undergraduate and graduate education . D.C. residents may also be eligible for a grant of up to $10,000 per year to offset the cost of tuition at any public university in the country . The District is known for its medical research institutions such as Washington Hospital Center and the Children 's National Medical Center , as well as the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland . In addition , the city is home to three medical schools and associated teaching hospitals at George Washington , Georgetown , and Howard universities . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in Washington , D.C. Washington Union Station is one of the busiest rail stations in the United States . There are 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of streets , parkways , and avenues in the District . Due to the freeway revolts of the 1960s , much of the proposed interstate highway system through the middle of Washington was never built . Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) , the nation 's major east coast highway , therefore bends around the District to form the eastern portion of the Capital Beltway . A portion of the proposed highway funding was directed to the region 's public transportation infrastructure instead . The interstate highways that continue into Washington , including I - 66 and I - 395 , both terminate shortly after entering the city . The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) operates the Washington Metro , the city 's rapid transit system , as well as Metrobus . Both systems serve the District and its suburbs . Metro opened on March 27 , 1976 and , as of July 2014 , consists of 91 stations and 117 miles ( 188 km ) of track . With an average of about one million trips each weekday , Metro is the second - busiest rapid transit system in the country . Metrobus serves over 400,000 riders each weekday and is the nation 's fifth - largest bus system . The city also operates its own DC Circulator bus system , which connects commercial areas within central Washington . Union Station is the city 's main train station and services approximately 70,000 people each day . It is Amtrak 's second - busiest station with 4.6 million passengers annually and is the southern terminus for the Northeast Corridor and Acela Express routes . Maryland 's MARC and Virginia 's VRE commuter trains and the Metrorail Red Line also provide service into Union Station . Following renovations in 2011 , Union Station became Washington 's primary intercity bus transit center . Three major airports serve the District . Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is across the Potomac River from downtown Washington in Arlington , Virginia and primarily handles domestic flights . Major international flights arrive and depart from Washington Dulles International Airport , 26.3 miles ( 42.3 km ) west of the District in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia . Baltimore - Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is 31.7 miles ( 51.0 km ) northeast of the District in Anne Arundel County , Maryland . According to a 2010 study , Washington - area commuters spent 70 hours a year in traffic delays , which tied with Chicago for having the nation 's worst road congestion . However , 37 % of Washington - area commuters take public transportation to work , the second - highest rate in the country . An additional 12 % of D.C. commuters walked to work , 6 % carpooled , and 3 % traveled by bicycle in 2010 . A 2011 study by Walk Score found that Washington was the seventh-most walkable city in the country with 80 % of residents living in neighborhoods that are not car dependent . In 2013 , the Washington - Arlington - Alexandria metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had the eighth lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile ( 75.7 percent ) , with 8 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit . An expected 32 % increase in transit usage within the District by 2030 has spurred the construction of a new DC Streetcar system to interconnect the city 's neighborhoods . Construction has also started on an additional Metro line that will connect Washington to Dulles airport . The District is part of the regional Capital Bikeshare program . Started in 2010 , it is currently one of the largest bicycle sharing systems in the country with over 4,351 bicycles and more than 395 stations all provided by PBSC Urban Solutions . By 2012 , the city 's network of marked bicycle lanes covered 56 miles ( 90 km ) of streets . Utilities The Capitol Power Plant , built to supply energy for the U.S. Capitol Complex , is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol . The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority ( i.e. WASA or D.C. Water ) is an independent authority of the D.C. government that provides drinking water and wastewater collection in Washington . WASA purchases water from the historic Washington Aqueduct , which is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers . The water , sourced from the Potomac River , is treated and stored in the city 's Dalecarlia , Georgetown , and McMillan reservoirs . The aqueduct provides drinking water for a total of 1.1 million people in the District and Virginia , including Arlington , Falls Church , and a portion of Fairfax County . The authority also provides sewage treatment services for an additional 1.6 million people in four surrounding Maryland and Virginia counties . Pepco is the city 's electric utility and services 793,000 customers in the District and suburban Maryland . An 1889 law prohibits overhead wires within much of the historic City of Washington . As a result , all power lines and telecommunication cables are located underground in downtown Washington , and traffic signals are placed at the edge of the street . A plan announced in 2013 would bury an additional 60 miles ( 97 km ) of primary power lines throughout the District . Washington Gas is the city 's natural gas utility and serves over one million customers in the District and its suburbs . Incorporated by Congress in 1848 , the company installed the city 's first gas lights in the Capitol , the White House , and along Pennsylvania Avenue . See also Washington , D.C. portal Book : Washington , D.C. Index of Washington , D.C. - related articles Outline of Washington , D.C. Notes Jump up ^ By 1790 , the Southern states had largely repaid their overseas debts from the Revolutionary War . The Northern states had not , and wanted the federal government to take over their outstanding liabilities . Southern Congressmen agreed to the plan in return for establishing the new national capital at their preferred site on the Potomac River . Jump up ^ The Residence Act allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as the Anacostia River . However , Washington shifted the federal territory 's borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the District 's southern tip . In 1791 , Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site , including territory ceded by Virginia . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Washington , D.C. were kept at 24th and M Streets NW from January 1871 to June 1945 , and at Reagan National since July 1945 . Jump up ^ Until 1890 , the Census Bureau counted the City of Washington , Georgetown , and unincorporated portions of Washington County as three separate areas . The data provided in this article from before 1890 are calculated as if the District of Columbia were a single municipality as it is today . Population data for each city prior to 1890 are available . Jump up ^ These figures count adherents , meaning all full members , their children , and others who regularly attend services . In all of the District , 55 % of the population is adherent to any particular religion . Jump up ^ Independents David Catania and Carol Schwartz , both former Republicans , garnered 61,388 and 12,327 votes or 34.6 % and 7.0 % , respectively . References Jump up ^ `` Demonyms for people from the USA '' . www.geography-site.co.uk . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Demonym `` '' . addis.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts : District of Columbia '' . U.S. Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction : Where Oh Where Should the Capital Be ? '' . WHHA . Jump up ^ `` Washington , D.C. History F.A.Q. '' The Historical Society of Washington , D.C . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV '' . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broder , David S. ( February 18 , 1990 ) . `` Nation 's Capital in Eclipse as Pride and Power Slip Away '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . In the days of the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan and the creation of NATO , ( Clark Clifford ) said , we saved the world , and Washington became the capital of the world . Jump up ^ `` The 10 most - visited cities in the US this year '' . Insider . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Rebecca ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` D.C. breaks another domestic tourism record '' . www.bizjournals.com . Washington Business Journal . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Robert Lee ; Chambers , Mary Elizabeth ( 1977 ) . Ancient Washington : American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley . George Washington University . ISBN 9781888028041 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madison , James . `` The Federalist No. 43 '' . The Independent Journal . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Washington Becomes The Capital '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 89 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown Historic District '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandria 's History '' . Alexandria Historical Society . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . pp. 76 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia '' . BoundaryStones.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 101 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know D.C. '' Historical Society of Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Moves to Washington '' . United States Senate . February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Act '' ( PDF ) . American Bar Association . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saving History : Dolley Madison , the White House , and the War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Mark David ( Spring -- Summer 2004 ) . `` The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia , 1801 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Washington History . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. : 54 -- 82 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace ( 1864 ) . The American Conflict : A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States . Chicago : G. & C.W. Sherwood . pp. 142 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Compromise of 1850 '' . Library of Congress . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Walter Fairleigh ( 1909 ) . The government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : John Byrne & Co. pp. 40 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ending Slavery in the District of Columbia '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 13 , 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia '' . Statutes at Large , 41st Congress , 3rd Session . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Delos Franklin ( 1910 ) . Great cities in America : their problems and their government . The Macmillan Company . pp. 27 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Schneider Smith , ed. ( 2010 ) . Washington at Home : An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in the Nation 's Capital ( 2 ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9353 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , William ( 1907 ) . Origin and government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 26 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ramroth , William ( 2007 ) . `` The City Beautiful Movement '' . Planning for Disaster . Kaplan . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4195 - 9373 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 2001 ) . History of American Architecture . Manchester University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4727 - 5 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul Kelsey ( 2004 ) . Washington , D.C. : the World War II years . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1636 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Third Amendment '' . CRS Annotated Constitution . Legal Information Institute ( Cornell University Law School ) . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartzman , Paul ; Robert E. Pierre ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` From Ruins To Rebirth '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Home Rule Act '' . Government of the District of Columbia . February 1999 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jay ( October 11 , 1999 ) . `` City 's 1st Mayoral Race , as Innocent as Young Love '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . June 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & FAQs '' . Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grant III , Ulysses Simpson ( 1950 ) . `` Planning the Nation 's Capital '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 50 : 43 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Heine , Cornelius W. ( 1953 ) . `` The Washington City Canal '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 53 : 1 -- 27 . JSTOR 40067664 . Jump up ^ `` C&O Canal National Historic Park : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dvorak , Petula ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` D.C. 's Puny Peak Enough to Pump Up ' Highpointers ' '' . Washington Post . pp. B01 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winegar , Deane ( 2003 ) . Highroad Guide to the Chesapeake Bay . John F. Blair . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 279 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Science In Your State : District of Columbia '' . United States Geological Survey . July 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Mollie ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Washington 's Myths , Legends , and Tall Tales -- Some of Which Are True '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Built on a Swamp ? Think Again '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City Park Facts '' ( PDF ) . The Trust for Public Land . 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ParkScore '' . www.parkscore.tpl.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of Federally Owned Land with Total Acreage of States '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Creek Park '' . Geology Fieldnotes . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY12 Performance Plan '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Arboretum History and Mission '' . United States National Arboretum . October 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna . November 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trewartha , Glenn Thomas ; Horn , Lyle Henry ( 1980 ) . An introduction to climate ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 9780070651524 . OCLC 4883118 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zones '' . Arbor Day Foundation . 2006 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions : Washington DC , USA '' . BBC Weather . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iovino , Jim . `` Severe Storm Warnings , Tornado Watches Expire '' . NBCWashington.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Barbara McNaught ( November 17 , 1999 ) . `` Washington Area Winters '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Kevin ; Junker , Wes ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` Where Snowzilla fits into D.C. 's top 10 snowstorms '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Heidorn , Keith C. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Washington and Jefferson Snowstorm of 1772 '' . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Rick ( 2007 ) . Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States . Blue Diamond Books . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9786280 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Steve ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Bulk of Flooding Expected in Old Town , Washington Harbour '' . The Washington Post . p . B02 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` WMO Climate Normals for WASHINGTON DC / NATIONAL ARPT VA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Samenow , Jason ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Washington , D.C. shatters all - time June record high , sizzles to 104 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Grieser , Justin ; Livingston , Ian ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The first freeze is coming Saturday and , for most of the D.C. area , it 's historically late '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Livingston , Ian ; Grieser , Justin ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` When will the last freeze happen around the D.C. region , and when is it safe to plant ? '' The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Threaded Station Extremes '' . threadex.rcc-acis.org . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : VA WASHINGTON REAGAN AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Matt ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` April outlook : Winter be gone ! First half of month looks warmer than average '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 21 . For reference , here are the 30 - year climatology benchmarks for Reagan National Airport for April , along with our projections for the coming month : ... Average snowfall : Trace ; Forecast : 0 to trace Jump up ^ Coleman , Christopher Bush ( 1920 ) . Indiana Magazine of History . Indiana Historical Society . p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Minta , Anna ( 2009 ) . Klaus Benesch ; Jeffrey L. Meilke ; David E. Nye ; Miles Orvell , eds . Planning a National Pantheon : Monuments in Washington , D.C. and the Creation of Symbolic Space . Public Space and the Ideology of Place in American Culture . Amsterdam -- New York , NY : Rodopi B.V. p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2574 - 5 . OCLC 644525117 . Jump up ^ `` Map 1 : The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 101 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartzman , Paul ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` High - Level Debate On Future of D.C. '' The Washington Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layout of Washington DC '' . United States Senate . September 30 , 2005 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laws relating to the permanent system of highways outside of the cities of Washington and Georgetown . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . 1908 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Jeffrey H. ( June 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Road to Riches Is Called K Street '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Van Dyne , Larry ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Foreign Affairs : DC 's Best Embassies '' . Washingtonian Magazine . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . American Institute of Architects and Harris Interactive . 2007 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington , D.C. , List of Sites '' . National Park Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Pamela ( 2005 ) . `` Residential Architecture of Washington , D.C. , and Its Suburbs '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Old Stone House '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Building '' . Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . `` Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Characteristics of the District and Metro Area '' ( PDF ) . DC Office of Planning / State Data Center . ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Keating , Dan ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` D.C. population soars past 600,000 for first time in years '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population Change for Places With Populations of 50,000 or More in the United States and Puerto Rico : 2000 to 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Austermuhle , Martin ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` D.C. 's Population Grows 79 Percent Every Workday , Outpacing Other Cities '' . WAMU . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 -- United States -- Combined Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolchin , Peter ( 1994 ) . American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Keating , Dan ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Number of black D.C. residents plummets as majority status slips away '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Age and Sex Composition : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . May 2011 . p. 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Social Characteristics in the United States '' . American Community Survey 2010 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Singer , Audrey ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The World in a Zip Code : Greater Washington , D.C. as a New Region of Immigration '' . The Brookings Institution . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Abigail M. Cooke ( September 2011 ) . `` District of Columbia Census Snapshot : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . The Williams Institute . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Keith L. ; Anne E. Marimow ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. begins licensing same - sex marriages '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Study Finds One - Third in D.C. Illiterate '' . Associated Press . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Camille ( August 2013 ) . `` Language Use in the United States : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . American Community Survey . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Income Per Capita in Current and Constant ( 2000 ) Dollars by State : 2000 to 2006 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals and Families Below Poverty Level -- Number and Rate by State : 2000 and 2005 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` County Membership Report : District of Columbia : Religious Traditions , 2010 '' . Association of Religion Data Archives . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jenny ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` National Health Care Reform is a Win for DC '' . DC Fiscal Policy Institute . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vargas , Jose Antonio ; Darryl Fears ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` HIV / AIDS Rate in D.C. Hits 3 % '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Religious composition of adults in the District of Columbia '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill , Meagan ; John K. Roman ( November 2010 ) . `` Small Number of Blocks Account for Lots of Crime in D.C. '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Crime Policy Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierre , Robert ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Ex-Offenders Protest Dearth of Jobs , Services '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mollenbeck , Andrew ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` District celebrates historically low homicide rate '' . WTOP . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime rate in Washington , District of Columbia ( DC ) '' . City-data.com . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian ( July 13 , 2006 ) . `` Washington Officials Try to Ease Crime Fear '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Klein , Allison ; Matt Zapotosky ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` As homicides fall in D.C. , rise in Prince George 's , numbers meet in the middle '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District Crime Data '' . Mpdc.dc.gov . Jump up ^ Klein , Allison ; Dan Keating ( October 13 , 2006 ) . `` Liveliest D.C. Neighborhoods Also Jumping With Robberies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Crime Rates 1960 -- 2010 '' . Disaster Center . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Ban on Handguns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` D.C. Attorney General : All Guns Must Be Registered '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Park Police Authority and Jurisdiction '' . National Park Service . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` What Housing Crisis ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product by State '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . June 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . www.bea.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Economic Analysis . `` Per capita real GDP by state ( chained 2009 dollars ) '' . www.bea.gov . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment ( Monthly ) News Release '' . United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regional and State Employment and Unemployment ( Monthly ) News Release '' . United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Wage and Salary Employment by Industry and Place of Work 2017 '' . District of Columbia Department of Employment Services , Office of Labor Market Research and Information . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wage and Salary Employment by Industry and Place of Work '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Department of Employment Services . 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Prashant ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Some Cities Will Be Safer in a Recession '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Matt ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` D.C. sets tourism record with 19m visitors in 2012 '' . The Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Chief Executive Officers of the Major Employers in the District of Columbia 2009 '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Department of Employment Services . 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2011 : States : District Of Columbia Companies '' . Fortune Magazine . CNNMoney.com . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 21 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Mall & Memorial Parks : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Cherry Trees '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The National Archives . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . Library of Congress . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Court Building '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Museums and Galleries '' . National Geographic . September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Smithsonian '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Statistics '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Museum and Program Fact Sheets '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( 2006 ) . `` Back To The Future '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the National Gallery of Art '' . National Gallery of Art . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the National Building Museum '' . National Building Museum . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About The Phillips Collection '' . The Phillips Collection . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum . January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About the Kennedy Center Honors '' . The Kennedy Center . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Where a Comedy Turned to Tragedy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . United States Marine Band . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davison , Marjorie Risk ( 1969 ) . `` History of Music in the District of Columbia '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 66 -- 68 : 183 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . United States Navy Band . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilmeth , Don B. ; C.W.E. Bigsby ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge history of American theatre . Cambridge University Press . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66959 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kravitz , Derek ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` The emerging Southwest : Transformation underway '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Gala Theatre History '' . GALA Hispanic Theatre . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( September 10 , 2006 ) . `` Lights Return to ' Black Broadway ' in Northwest Washington , D.C. '' The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wartofsky , Alona ( June 3 , 2001 ) . `` What Go - Goes Around ... '' . The Washington Post . p . G01 . Jump up ^ Constantinou , Costas M. ( 2008 ) . Cultures and politics of global communication . Cambridge University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 72711 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Black Cat : A changing club with a changing scene in a changing city '' . The Georgetown Voice . September 9 , 2001 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History by Decades '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. United History & Tradition '' . D.C. United . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : All - Time Champions '' . National Basketball Association . 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Khurshudyan , Isabelle ; Stubbs , Roman ; Dougherty , Jesse ; Allen , Scott ; Greenberg , Neil ; Steinberg , Dan ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Capitals win Stanley Cup , Washington 's first major sports championship since 1992 '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MCM History '' . Marine Corps Marathon . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emergence of the Bowl '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Bowl Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Post '' . 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Watergate Story Timeline '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edmonds , Rick ; Emily Guskin ; Tom Rosenstiel ; Amy Mitchell . `` Newspapers : By the Numbers '' . The State of the News Media 2012 . Pew Research Center . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Sr. To Celebrate Rev. Sun Myung Moon -- Again '' . Jump up ^ `` Times circulation climbs to buck trend '' . The Washington Times . May 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Washington City Paper '' . Association of Alternative Newsweeklies . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia , 2010 -- 2011 '' . Chronicling America : Historic American Newspapers . Library of Congress . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US TV Households Up 1.5 % -- Asian , Hispanic Households Triple That '' . Nielsen Media Research . September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About VOA '' . Voice of America . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DC Home Rule '' . Council of the District of Columbia . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Elected Officials in DC '' . D.C. Board of Elections and Ethics . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About ANC '' . Government of the District of Columbia . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` § 1 -- 204.35 . Election of the Attorney General '' . Code of the District of Columbia ( Unofficial ) . Open Law DC . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glaser , Jason ( 2003 ) . Washington , D.C. Capstone . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7368 - 2204 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Buildling the Best Capital City in the World '' ( PDF ) . DC Appleseed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Structural Imbalance and Management Issues '' ( PDF ) . Government Accountability Office . May 2003 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Poor Management , Federal Rule , Undermine Services '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeParle , Jason ( January 1 , 1989 ) . `` The worst city government in America '' . The Washington Monthly . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( April 8 , 1995 ) . `` Congress creates board to oversee Washington , D.C. '' The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` After 10 years , D.C. control board is gone but not forgotten '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Dictrict of Columbia '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Has the District of Columbia Never Elected a Republican Mayor ? '' . InsideSources. April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals Living or Working in U.S. Possessions '' . Internal Revenue Service . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Gross Collections , by Type of Tax and State , Fiscal Year 2012 '' ( XLS ) . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poll Shows Nationwide Support for DC Voting Rights '' ( PDF ) . DC Vote Voice. 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Taxation without Representation ' Tags '' . District of Columbia Department of Motor Vehicles . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post Poll : D.C. Voting Rights '' . The Washington Post . April 23 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fortier , John ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` The D.C. colony '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` DC Sister Cities '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twinning with Rome '' . Ville de Paris . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friendship and cooperation agreements '' . Paris : Marie de Paris . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC & Addis to Become Sister Cities '' . Tadias Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 2011 School Opening Report '' . District of Columbia Public Schools . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` DC Public School Enrollment Up for Third Straight Year '' . Office of the State Superintendent of Education . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Best And Worst School Districts For The Buck '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Haynes , V. Dion ; Bill Turque ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Rhee Offers Plan To Improve D.C. 's Troubled Schools '' . The Washington Post . p . B01 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SY2010 - 2011 Charter School Profile '' . D.C. Public Charter School Board . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haynes , V. Dion ; Theola Labbe ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` A Boom for D.C. Charter Schools '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table 15 . Number of private schools , students , full - time equivalent ( FTE ) teachers , and 2006 -- 07 high school graduates , by state : United States , 2007 -- 08 '' . National Center for Education Statistics . 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Your Neighborhood '' . D.C. Public Library . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DC Tuition Assistance Grant '' . Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Inci A. `` Historic Medical Sites in the Washington , DC Area '' . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Public Road Length '' . Highway Statistics 2006 . Federal Highway Administration . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schrag , Zachary ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The Bridge '' . The Great Society Subway . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8906 - 6 . Jump up ^ I - 66 : Kozel , Scott M. ( May 31 , 2000 ) . `` Interstate 66 in Virginia '' . Roads to the Future . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . I - 395 : BMI ( February 1999 ) . I - 95 / i - 395 Hov Restriction Study ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Transportation . p. 70 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metro launches Silver Line , largest expansion of region 's rail system in more than two decades '' ( Press release ) . Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority . July 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christie R. ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Estimated Unliked Transit Passenger Trips '' ( PDF ) . American Public Transport Association . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About DC Circulator '' . DC Circulator . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Amtrak Fact Sheet FY 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Station gets new bus depot '' . WJLA - TV . November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Halsey III , Ashley ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Washington area tied with Chicago for traffic congestion , study finds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` New Yorkers are top transit users '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Commuting Characteristics by Sex '' . 2010 American Community Survey . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. among top 10 most walkable cities '' . WTOP . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Brian ( August 2015 ) . `` Who Drives to Work ? Commuting by Automobile in the United States : 2013 '' ( PDF ) . American Survey Reports . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History -- DC Streetcar '' . District Department of Transportation . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dulles Metrorail Project Overview '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Bike - Share Washington DC / Arlington PBSC '' . PBSC Solutions Urbanes . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Program '' . District Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Aqueduct System '' . National Park Service . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . District of Columbia Washington and Sewer Authority . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Pepco '' . January 5 , 2014 . Pepco . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rein , Lisa ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. streetcar project may get hung up on overhead wires '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Plan to bury D.C. 's outage - prone power lines backed by task force '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . 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Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Indian reservations List of Indian reservations United States Census Regions Division State Federal District Insular area American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands ZIP Code Tabulation Area Native areas Alaska Native corporation Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Off - reservation trust land Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area Metropolitan Primary statistical area list Combined statistical area Core - based statistical area list Metropolitan statistical area list Micropolitan statistical area list New England city and town area Urban area list State - level Congressional district County list Alaska census area Independent city Municipio Place Census - designated Public use microdata area School district lists State legislative district Urban growth area County - level Census county division Minor civil division Traffic analysis zone Voting district Local Block Block group Tract Census Bureau Office of Management and Budget The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte , NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville , FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - Salem , NC Cape Coral , FL Boise , ID Wichita , KS Springfield , MA Madison , WI Lakeland , FL Ogden , UT Toledo , OH Deltona , FL Des Moines , IA Jackson , MS Augusta , GA Scranton , PA Youngstown , OH Harrisburg , PA Provo , UT Palm Bay , FL Chattanooga , TN United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 Northeast megalopolis Major metropolitan areas ( over 1,000,000 ) New York city Philadelphia city Washington city Boston city Baltimore city Providence city Hartford city Other cities ( over 100,000 ) Newark Jersey City Yonkers Worcester Springfield Alexandria Paterson Bridgeport Elizabeth New Haven Stamford Allentown Manchester Waterbury Cambridge Lowell Washington -- Arlington -- Alexandria , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV metropolitan area Principal cities Maryland Silver Spring Frederick Rockville Bethesda Gaithersburg Virginia Arlington County Alexandria Reston District of Columbia Washington Counties and county equivalents * Maryland Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George 's Virginia Arlington Alexandria city Clarke Culpeper Fairfax Fairfax city Falls Church city Fauquier Loudoun Prince William Manassas city Manassas Park city Rappahannock Spotsylvania Fredericksburg city Stafford Warren Other District of Columbia Jefferson County , West Virginia The District of Columbia itself , and Virginia 's incorporated cities , are county equivalents . Virginia 's incorporated cities are listed under their surrounding county . The incorporated cities bordering more than one county ( Alexandria , Falls Church and Fredericksburg ) are listed under the county they were part of before incorporation as a city . Majority - minority counties in the Northeastern United States Mid-Atlantic D.C. Washington Maryland Baltimore City Charles Montgomery Prince George 's New Jersey Cumberland Essex Hudson Middlesex Passaic Union New York Bronx Kings New York Queens Pennsylvania Philadelphia New England Massachusetts Suffolk Capital districts and territories Federal districts Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Federal District ( Brazil ) Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) Australian Capital Territory ( Australia ) Capital District ( Venezuela ) Islamabad Capital Territory ( Pakistan ) Kuala Lumpur ( Malaysia ) National Capital Territory of Delhi ( India ) Mexico City ( Mexico ) District of Columbia ( United States ) Other related topics George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Lafayette dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball Washington ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category Capitals of North America Dependent territories are in italics Basse - Terre , Guadeloupe ( France ) Basseterre , St. Kitts and Nevis Belmopan , Belize Bridgetown , Barbados Castries , St. Lucia Charlotte Amalie , U.S. Virgin Islands ( US ) Cockburn Town , Turks and Caicos ( UK ) Fort - de-France , Martinique ( France ) George Town , Cayman Islands ( UK ) Guatemala City , Guatemala Gustavia , St. Barthélemy ( France ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( UK ) Havana , Cuba Kingston , Jamaica Kingstown , St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kralendijk , Bonaire ( Netherlands ) Managua , Nicaragua Marigot , St. Martin ( France ) Mexico City , Mexico Nassau , The Bahamas Nuuk , Greenland ( Denmark ) Oranjestad , Aruba ( Netherlands ) Oranjestad , Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) Ottawa , Canada Panama City , Panama Philipsburg , Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) Plymouth ( de jure ) Brades ( de facto ) , Montserrat ( UK ) Port - au - Prince , Haiti Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Road Town , British Virgin Islands ( UK ) Roseau , Dominica Saint - Pierre , St. Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) San José , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico ( US ) San Salvador , El Salvador Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic St. George 's , Grenada St. John 's , Antigua and Barbuda Tegucigalpa , Honduras The Bottom , Saba ( Netherlands ) The Valley , Anguilla ( UK ) Washington , D.C. , United States Willemstad , Curaçao ( Netherlands ) Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. BNE : XX451789 BNF : cb11881081d ( data ) GND : 4064682 - 8 ISNI : 0000 0001 2296 8205 LCCN : n79018774 NARA : 10046466 NDL : 00629508 NSK : 000223866 SUDOC : 186343574 VIAF : 312739635 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington,_D.C.&oldid=857053918 '' Categories : Washington , D.C. 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